The Value of Reflection to Critical Thinking and Learning

By Dr. Lynn GrinnellSt. Petersburg College, FLgrinnell.lynn@spcollege.edu

Agenda

Overview

Brief structured experiential activity1. Review of transfer taxonomies

2. Activity: Identify likely transfer levels

3. Debriefing

Discussion

Structured Experiential Activity: Near or Far Transfer?

Review Haskell’s transfer theory

Individually :

Fill out the Near or Far Transfer? activity using Haskell’s levels of transfer

In pairs:

Compare your answers and come to consensus on the anticipated level of transfer

Transfer Theory Research on transfer has shown that the ability to perform a procedure in

one context does not assure the ability to apply the skill in a slightly different situation (Detterman, 1993). Normally, the brain stores information in a highly contextual form, thus allowing transfer only in very similar situations. Haskell (2001) identified five conditions that promote transfer: an extensive knowledge base, a positive emotional connection that gives meaning to the learning, a supportive culture, theoretical knowledge, and extensive practice.

Haskell (2001) described a five-level taxonomy for transfer that identified ever-broadening contexts for transferring learning:

1) Application transfer: from textbook knowledge to a problem or situation

2) Context transfer: from one situation to an identical situation

3) Near transfer: from one situation to a similar situation

4) Far transfer: from one situation to a different situation

5) Creative transfer: finding similarity between one situation and a novel situation

Directions:- Review the five learning activities- Put a number to represent the level of transfer is likely to result from the activity (there is not necessarily one learning activity for each level)- Compare your results with your neighbor

1. Learning to use a video recorder

2. Baking a cake

3. Walking in the woods looking for analogies

4. Doing a needs analysis

5. Developing a college course

1. _____

2. _____

3. _____

4. _____

5. _____

1 2 3 4 5

Application of reading (application transfer)

Identical situations (context transfer)

Similar situations (near transfer)

Very different contexts

(far transfer)

New similarity (creative transfer)

If one level of transfer is not used, what would be a good activity for that level?

Debriefing

Objective review: What happened?

Results Differences Similarities

Subjective review How did you feel as you

were doing the activity? Which ones were difficult

to categorize? Which ones did you agree

on with your neighbor? Was it difficult to come to

consensus on the others?

Build a theory Why were there

difficulties? (If there were) Do you think Haskell’s

taxonomy is valid? Does it fit with your past

experience? How would you change

it? How can you use this in the

classroom? What further

research/practice do you need/want?

Why is reflection important?

What did debriefing the experiential activity do for you?

What did you feel as you were doing the experiential activity? As you were debriefing?

What happens in debriefings? What theory or theories do you know that might

explain what happens?

Background on Reflection

Role of reflection in learning first identified by John Dewey Learning = observing, combining with past knowledge, and

judgment on significance Kolb’s Experiential Learning Theory

Learning from experience is increased when people deliberately reflect on it

Four stage experiential learning cycle: concrete experience reflective observation abstract conceptualization active experimentation

Everything after concrete experience can be done with debriefings

Background on Debriefings

Most literature recommends 4 stages of debriefing: Objective review Subjective review Connecting to prior experience/theory building Planning their next experience

Very little research on debriefings

In my study, my research question was: What cognitive and emotional process occur during debriefings? Qualitative study

Results of Content AnalysisSix variables: Content: references to the textbook increasedProcess: discussion of process low in abstract phaseConnections: depth of learning increasedContext: level of transfer increasedAffect: intensity of emotion as high in objective as subjective phaseRelevance: importance of the material increasedIntent: desire to use the knowledge only expressed in planning phase

Object

ive

Subjectiv

e

Abstract

Planni

ng

Content Process Connections Context Affect Relevance Intent

Belief/ Emotion

Content/Process

Events Emotion Connections

Abstraction

Connections

Content

TransferSelf-Motivation

At least two iterations before abstraction

Key: Cognitive concepts Personal reaction concepts

IntroductionAbstraction

Mental Rehearsal Priming

2. Abstract Conceptualization

3. Active Experimentation

1. Reflective Observation

Learning sequence:

Debriefing sequence:

Learning process map

Discussion

Think back over your past experience with active learning, either as a teacher or a learner … How do these data relate to your past experience?

Have you used experiential activities or active learning in your classes? What kind?

Have you used class activities without debriefings? Did students learn all that you hoped they would learn? Would debriefings have given them an extra opportunity to “get” the point of the lesson?

If you have you debriefed activities in the past, how have those debriefings gone? Have you used other forms of debriefing?

How do debriefings fit into your theory of learning?

Parting thoughts: What can you use from this session in the future?

Bibliography

Haskell, R. (2001). Transfer of learning: Cognition, instruction, and reasoning. San Diego: Academic Press.

Detterman, D. & Sternberg, R. Transfer on trial: Intelligence, cognition, and instruction. Norwood, NJ: Ablex Publishing.

Grinnell, L. (2003). A qualitative exploration of reflective thinking in experiential learning debriefings. Tampa: University of South Florida.