the victorian period

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The Victorian The Victorian Period Period 1830-1901 1830-1901

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Page 1: The victorian period

The Victorian PeriodThe Victorian Period

1830-19011830-1901

Page 2: The victorian period

A Time of ChangeA Time of Change

London becomes most important city in EuropeLondon becomes most important city in EuropePopulation of London expands from two million Population of London expands from two million to six millionto six millionShift from ownership of land to modern urban Shift from ownership of land to modern urban economyeconomyImpact of industrialismImpact of industrialismIncrease in wealthIncrease in wealthWorld’s foremost imperial powerWorld’s foremost imperial powerVictorian people suffered from anxiety, a sense Victorian people suffered from anxiety, a sense of being displaced persons in an age of of being displaced persons in an age of technological advances.technological advances.

Page 3: The victorian period

Queen Victoria and the Victorian Queen Victoria and the Victorian TemperTemper

Ruled England from Ruled England from 1837-19011837-1901

Exemplifies Victorian Exemplifies Victorian qualities: earnestness, qualities: earnestness, moral responsibility, moral responsibility, domestic proprietydomestic propriety

The Victorian Period was The Victorian Period was an age of transitionan age of transition

An age characterized by An age characterized by energy and high moral energy and high moral purposepurpose

Page 4: The victorian period

The Georgian PeriodThe Georgian Period

1911-19361911-1936

A reaction against the A reaction against the achievements of the achievements of the Victorian PeriodVictorian Period

Page 5: The victorian period

The Early Victorian PeriodThe Early Victorian Period1830-18481830-1848

In 1830, the Liverpool and In 1830, the Liverpool and Manchester Railway opened, Manchester Railway opened, the first public railway line in the first public railway line in the world.the world.By 1850, railway lines By 1850, railway lines connected England’s major connected England’s major citiescitiesBy 1900 , England had 15,195 By 1900 , England had 15,195 lines of railroad and an lines of railroad and an underground rail system underground rail system beneath London.beneath London.The train transformed The train transformed England’s landscape, England’s landscape, supported the growth of supported the growth of commerce, and shrank the commerce, and shrank the distance between cities.distance between cities.

Page 6: The victorian period

The Reform Bill of 1832The Reform Bill of 1832

Transformed English Transformed English class structureclass structure

Extended the right to Extended the right to vote to all males vote to all males owning propertyowning property

Second Reform Bill Second Reform Bill passed in 1867passed in 1867

Extended right to vote Extended right to vote to working classto working class

Page 7: The victorian period

The Time of TroublesThe Time of Troubles1830’s and 1840’s1830’s and 1840’s

UnemploymentUnemployment

PovertyPoverty

RiotingRioting

Slums in large citiesSlums in large cities

Working conditions Working conditions for women and for women and children were terriblechildren were terrible

Page 8: The victorian period

Impact on Victorian LiteratureImpact on Victorian Literature

The novelists of the 1840’s and the 1850’s The novelists of the 1840’s and the 1850’s responded to the industrial and political responded to the industrial and political scene:scene: Charles Kingsley- Charles Kingsley- The Water BabiesThe Water Babies Elizabeth Gaskell – Elizabeth Gaskell – North and South; Life of North and South; Life of

Charlotte BronteCharlotte Bronte Benjamin Disraeli- Benjamin Disraeli- SybilSybil

Page 9: The victorian period

The Mid-Victorian PeriodThe Mid-Victorian Period1848-18701848-1870

A time of prosperityA time of prosperity

A time of improvementA time of improvement

A time of stabilityA time of stability

A time of optimismA time of optimism

Page 10: The victorian period

The Crystal PalaceThe Crystal Palace

Erected to display the Erected to display the exhibits of modern exhibits of modern industry and science at industry and science at the 1851 Great Exhibitionthe 1851 Great ExhibitionOne of the first buildings One of the first buildings constructed according to constructed according to modern architectural modern architectural principlesprinciplesThe building symbolized The building symbolized the triumphs of Victorian the triumphs of Victorian industryindustry

Page 11: The victorian period

The British EmpireThe British Empire

Many Between 1853 and Many Between 1853 and 1880, large scale 1880, large scale immigration to British immigration to British coloniescoloniesIn 1857, Parliament took In 1857, Parliament took over the government of over the government of India and Queen Victoria India and Queen Victoria became empress of India. became empress of India. Many British people saw Many British people saw the expansion of empire the expansion of empire as a moral responsibility.as a moral responsibility.Missionaries spread Missionaries spread Christianity in India, Asia, Christianity in India, Asia, and Africa.and Africa.

Page 12: The victorian period

Religious DebateReligious DebateEvangelical movement Evangelical movement emphasized spiritual emphasized spiritual transformation of the transformation of the individual by conversion and a individual by conversion and a moral Christian life.moral Christian life.Their view of life was identical Their view of life was identical with Dissenters.with Dissenters.The High Church emphasized The High Church emphasized the importance of tradition, the importance of tradition, ritual, and authorityritual, and authorityThe Oxford Movement led by The Oxford Movement led by NewmanNewmanThe Broad Church was open The Broad Church was open to modern ideas.to modern ideas.

Page 13: The victorian period

UtilitarianismUtilitarianism

Derived from the ideas of Derived from the ideas of Jeremy Bentham and his Jeremy Bentham and his disciple James Mill, the disciple James Mill, the father of John Stuart Millfather of John Stuart Mill

Rationalist test of valueRationalist test of value

The greatest good for the The greatest good for the greatest numbergreatest number

Utilitarianism failed to Utilitarianism failed to recognize people’s recognize people’s spiritual needsspiritual needs

Page 14: The victorian period

Challenges to Religious Belief Challenges to Religious Belief

ScienceScience HuxleyHuxley Darwin- the Origin of Species and The Descent of Darwin- the Origin of Species and The Descent of

ManMan

Higher CriticismHigher Criticism Examination of the Bible as a mere text of historyExamination of the Bible as a mere text of history Source studiesSource studies GeologyGeology AstronomyAstronomy

Page 15: The victorian period

The Late Victorian PeriodThe Late Victorian Period1870-19011870-1901

Decay of Victorian valuesDecay of Victorian values

British imperialismBritish imperialism

Boer WarBoer War

Irish questionIrish question

Bismarck's Germany became a rival powerBismarck's Germany became a rival power

United States became a rival powerUnited States became a rival power

Economic depression led to mass immigrationEconomic depression led to mass immigration

SocialismSocialism

Page 16: The victorian period

The 1890’sThe 1890’s

Breakdown of Victorian Breakdown of Victorian valuesvaluesMood of melancholyMood of melancholyAesthetic movementAesthetic movementThe beginning of the The beginning of the modern movement in modern movement in literatureliteratureAubrey Beardsley’s Aubrey Beardsley’s drawingsdrawingsProse of George Moore Prose of George Moore and Max Beerbohmand Max BeerbohmPoetry of Ernest DowsonPoetry of Ernest Dowson

Page 17: The victorian period

The Role of WomenThe Role of WomenThe Woman QuestionThe Woman QuestionChanging conditions of women’s Changing conditions of women’s work created by the Industrial work created by the Industrial RevolutionRevolutionThe Factory Acts (1802-78) – The Factory Acts (1802-78) – regulations of the conditions of regulations of the conditions of labor in mines and factorieslabor in mines and factories The Custody Act (1839) – gave a The Custody Act (1839) – gave a mother the right to petition the mother the right to petition the court for access to her minor court for access to her minor children and custody of children children and custody of children under seven and later sixteen.under seven and later sixteen.The Divorce and Matrimonial The Divorce and Matrimonial Causes Act – established a civil Causes Act – established a civil divorce courtdivorce courtMarried Women’s Property Acts Married Women’s Property Acts

Page 18: The victorian period

Educational Opportunities for Educational Opportunities for WomenWomen

First women’s college First women’s college established in 1848 in established in 1848 in London.London.

By the end of By the end of Victoria’s reign, Victoria’s reign, women could take women could take degrees at twelve degrees at twelve university colleges.university colleges.

Page 19: The victorian period

Working Conditions for WomenWorking Conditions for Women Bad working Bad working

conditions and conditions and underemployment underemployment drove thousands of drove thousands of women into women into prostitution.prostitution.

The only occupation at The only occupation at which an unmarried which an unmarried middle-class woman middle-class woman could earn a living and could earn a living and maintain some claim maintain some claim to gentility was that of to gentility was that of a governess.a governess.

Page 20: The victorian period

Victorian Women and the HomeVictorian Women and the Home

Victorian society was Victorian society was preoccupied with the very preoccupied with the very nature of women.nature of women.

Protected and enshrined Protected and enshrined within the home, her role within the home, her role was to create a place of was to create a place of peace where man could peace where man could take refuge from the take refuge from the difficulties of modern life.difficulties of modern life.

Page 21: The victorian period

Literacy, Publication, and ReadingLiteracy, Publication, and Reading

By the end of the century, By the end of the century, literacy was almost universal.literacy was almost universal.Compulsory national education Compulsory national education required to the age of ten. required to the age of ten.Due to technological Due to technological advances, an explosion of advances, an explosion of things to read, including things to read, including newspapers, periodicals, and newspapers, periodicals, and books.books.Growth of the periodicalGrowth of the periodicalNovels and short fiction were Novels and short fiction were published iin serial form.published iin serial form.The reading public expected The reading public expected literature to illuminate social literature to illuminate social problems.problems.

Page 22: The victorian period

The Victorian NovelThe Victorian NovelThe novel was the dominant form The novel was the dominant form in Victorian literature.in Victorian literature.Victorian novels seek to represent Victorian novels seek to represent a large and comprehensive social a large and comprehensive social world, with a variety of classes.world, with a variety of classes.Victorian novels are realistic.Victorian novels are realistic.Major theme is the place of the Major theme is the place of the individual in society, the aspiration individual in society, the aspiration of the hero or heroine for love or of the hero or heroine for love or social position.social position.The protagonist’s search for The protagonist’s search for fulfillment is emblematic of the fulfillment is emblematic of the human condition.human condition.For the first time, women were For the first time, women were major writers: the Brontes. major writers: the Brontes. Elizabeth Gaskell, George Eliot.Elizabeth Gaskell, George Eliot.The Victorian novel was a The Victorian novel was a principal form of entertainment.principal form of entertainment.

Page 23: The victorian period

Victorian PoetryVictorian PoetryVictorian poetry developed in the Victorian poetry developed in the context of the novel. Poets sought new context of the novel. Poets sought new ways of telling stories in verseways of telling stories in verseAll of the Victorian poets show the All of the Victorian poets show the strong influence of the Romantics, but strong influence of the Romantics, but they cannot sustain the confidence the they cannot sustain the confidence the Romantics felt in the power of the Romantics felt in the power of the imagination.imagination.Victorian poets often rewrite Romantic Victorian poets often rewrite Romantic poems with a sense of belatedness.poems with a sense of belatedness.Dramatic monologue – the idea of Dramatic monologue – the idea of creating a lyric poem in the voice of a creating a lyric poem in the voice of a speaker ironically distinct from the poet speaker ironically distinct from the poet is the great achievement of Victorian is the great achievement of Victorian poetry.poetry.Victorian poetry is pictorial; poets use Victorian poetry is pictorial; poets use detail to construct visual images that detail to construct visual images that represent the emotion or situation the represent the emotion or situation the poem concerns.poem concerns.Conflict t between private poetic self Conflict t between private poetic self and public social role.and public social role.

Page 24: The victorian period

Victorian DramaVictorian Drama

The theater was a The theater was a flourishing and popular flourishing and popular institution during the institution during the Victorian period.Victorian period.

The popularity of theater The popularity of theater influenced other genres.influenced other genres.

Bernard Shaw and Oscar Bernard Shaw and Oscar Wilde transformed British Wilde transformed British theater with their comic theater with their comic masterpieces.masterpieces.

Page 25: The victorian period

Images of the Victorian PeriodImages of the Victorian Period