The Voynich Question

A Possible Middle Eastern Connection 

CanBooks Copyright April 2003

First Impressions This is most likely an oriental manuscript (according to the style of the glyphs, styles of the

illustration, and the oriental herb driers illustrated in one section. While the document appears to be left justified, many of the characters appear to be best written

from right to left If the original text read from right to left the back of the book is actually the beginning Several sections of text seem to be right justified. It is my opinion that the text may have originally been written in a derivative of

Nabataean Script(five or six of the letters are still clearly identifiable, as illustrated below) This appears to be a scientific book, most likely related to the scientific knowledge of a

particular civilization, or the accounts of someone on a journey, recording findings along the way. (The second section of the book seems to describe trade winds along his route.)

The European monks/scribes who transcribed the book over the centuries would not have known the Nabataean language, and thus it can be assumed that they made copy errors with the text. These errors were compounded by the next copyist etc. Since the scribes did not know which of the parts of the individual characters were important, the characters slowly evolved over time, until only a small number of them are clearly identifiable. The final copyist seems to have been a professional, but this says nothing of the qualities of previous copyists.

I suspect that the book was recognized as a book of science during the Middle Ages, albeit somewhat exotic, and thus worth preservation, even though the scribes did not know the language of the text. The book lost it's importance with the development of modern science and the introduction of the printing press

The scribes who copied the text made several decorative changes to the text. This was common during the Middle Ages. Thus the first letter of each paragraph was capitalized and decorated. Since the scribes did not know the language of the text, the chose the first (left) letter and made it look special.

The scribes also aligned the text to the left margin, although several places in the text the right alignment still exists

Some of the artwork has been re-interpreted by the artists who re-drew the drawings during the Middle Ages, and adapted the clothing and hair style common to their time.

Many paragraphs are highlighted with stars, typical to the stars used by the Nabataeans The length of the words is too short for European languages, but seems to indicate an unvoweled

text as used in most Semitic scripts (such as Aramaic in its various forms (including Nabataean), Syriac, Hebrew, or Arabic.

First Impressions of George Turnbull (Agricultural Researcher)

The general impression I received is that this a European manuscript on pharmaceutical plants. However it is quite distinct from any other European manuscript in that it should have common

European plants in it. For instance, dandelions are found in almost all ancient European guides. They were a "good for what ails you" type of herb. Theirs and other plants that are absent here is disturbing.

Perhaps this is a pharmaceutical manual from another location that was copied and prepared for a European audience.

 Arguments for a Nabataean manuscript

The presence of Nabataean characters in the character set used The glyphs in the manuscript are of Roman and Arabian origin, pointing to a very early date,

and a location in Romanized Arabia The use of Nabataean stars The collection of plants, stories, etc., from many locations around the earth would have been

typical of a Nabataean scholar/merchant during the Roman Empire. The alphabet uses 22- 27 characters. The Nabataean alphabet has 22 characters The words are short, pointing to an unvoweled text. Nabataean is unvoweled The presence of a number of plants that are native to Nabataea The existance of a  manuscript  with similar script in the country of Jordan.

 The TextThere are several places in the text, where individual letters are used to head sections. (See page 66r and 76r.) These pages are very useful in identifying individual characters. The chart below lists these individual characters. 

  These characters and the others found in the book show considerable likeness to Nabataean characters. The chart below demonstrates this. (The shadowed rows show the characters with a distinct Nabataean likeness). 

While Nabataean letters do show up in the Voynich Manuscript, many of these letters are the same as ancient Syriac letters, or Qumran Hebrew characters. See Chart One.

 It is possible to view the Voynich Manuscript by visiting this web page:http://beinecke.library.yale.edu/dlxc/default.htm. Type in Voynich and search

We are forming a small working group to commence the translation of the VMS into English and Arabic. We believe that the VMS manuscript is written in a ciphered form of a very late form of Nabataean that survived in an enclave in

the mountains of Iraq. The Nabataeans, who were loosing their identity during the years 1100 to 1200 AD began writing their secret knowledge in ciphered script. Various forms of this script emerged from the enclaves that were scattered through out the mountains of Iraq. As far as we know, the VMS is the only manuscript that survived that uses this particular cipher. Other manuscripts also survived, but they used a different alphabet and ciphersystem. If you are fluent in Nabataean and/or Strangali and would like to participate in this project, please contact us.