The War The War Between Between

the Statesthe States

Strengths & Strengths & Weaknesses of Weaknesses of

the North & the North & SouthSouth

Who had the military Who had the military advantage?advantage?

NORTHNORTH ¾ of US Navy’s ¾ of US Navy’s

officers and nearly all officers and nearly all of its sailors were New of its sailors were New EnglandersEnglanders

Nearly all of the U.S. Nearly all of the U.S. Navy’s warships were Navy’s warships were stationed in the North, stationed in the North, so not seized by South so not seized by South during secessionduring secession

All but one major All but one major shipyard was in the shipyard was in the NorthNorth

SOUTHSOUTH 1/3 of the U.S. Army’s 1/3 of the U.S. Army’s

officers resigned to officers resigned to join the Confederacy, join the Confederacy, including Robert E. including Robert E. LeeLee

7 of the 8 military 7 of the 8 military colleges in US were in colleges in US were in the South, so there the South, so there were many more were many more trained soldiers in the trained soldiers in the SouthSouth

Robert E. LeeRobert E. Lee 1807 – 18701807 – 1870 High-ranking officer in High-ranking officer in

US Army at the start US Army at the start of the warof the war

Was offered command Was offered command of Union forcesof Union forces

Opposed secession Opposed secession and abhorred slaveryand abhorred slavery

Still, sided with his Still, sided with his home state of VA, home state of VA, resigned from US resigned from US Army and instead took Army and instead took command of the command of the Confederacy’s forcesConfederacy’s forces

Thomas “Stonewall” Thomas “Stonewall” JacksonJackson

1824 – 18631824 – 1863 Lee’s top officerLee’s top officer Brilliant military Brilliant military

strategiststrategist Accidentally shot by his Accidentally shot by his

Confederate forces, Confederate forces, lost his armlost his arm

Lee: “Jackson has lost Lee: “Jackson has lost his left arm, but I have his left arm, but I have lost my right.”lost my right.”

Died 8 days later from Died 8 days later from pneumoniapneumonia

J.E.B. StuartJ.E.B. Stuart 1833 – 18641833 – 1864 Lee’s commander of Lee’s commander of

cavalrycavalry Present at many major Present at many major

battles of the warbattles of the war Showy, liked to take Showy, liked to take

off on daring attacks off on daring attacks without permission; without permission; one of these forays one of these forays left Lee’s forces left Lee’s forces unprotected at unprotected at GettysburgGettysburg

Killed in action in 1864Killed in action in 1864

George McClellanGeorge McClellan 1826 – 18851826 – 1885 Placed in command of Placed in command of

Union forces twice by Union forces twice by Lincoln, but fired both Lincoln, but fired both times because of his times because of his cautiousness an cautiousness an unwillingness to unwillingness to attack if situation attack if situation wasn’t perfectwasn’t perfect

Ran as a Democrat for Ran as a Democrat for president against president against Lincoln in 1864Lincoln in 1864

Ulysses S. GrantUlysses S. Grant 1822 – 18851822 – 1885 Disgraced and run out Disgraced and run out

of the Army before the of the Army before the war, he returned to war, he returned to duty and was highly duty and was highly successful in the successful in the Western campaignsWestern campaigns

Eventually made Eventually made overall US commander, overall US commander, despite being known for despite being known for sacrificing huge sacrificing huge numbers of his men to numbers of his men to win battleswin battles

Later became PresidentLater became President

William Tecumseh William Tecumseh ShermanSherman

1820 – 18911820 – 1891 Practiced a “scorched Practiced a “scorched

earth” policy in his earth” policy in his “March to the Sea” “March to the Sea” campaign, badly campaign, badly damaging the Southdamaging the South

Captured Raleigh, NC Captured Raleigh, NC near the end of the warnear the end of the war

““War is Hell”War is Hell” After the war, assumed After the war, assumed

command of fighting command of fighting the Indian Wars on the the Indian Wars on the Great PlainsGreat Plains

Who had the manpower Who had the manpower advantage?advantage?

NORTHNORTH Pop. = 22 millionPop. = 22 million More population More population

meant there were meant there were enough men to fight enough men to fight ANDAND work in industry work in industry and farmingand farming

Additionally, Additionally, immigrants from immigrants from Europe all came into Europe all came into northern ports!northern ports!

SOUTHSOUTH Pop. = 9 million (3 Pop. = 9 million (3

million of which were million of which were slaves!)slaves!)

Less population meant Less population meant that nearly every able-that nearly every able-bodied white male bodied white male would have to fight; would have to fight; women would have to women would have to contribute to war contribute to war effort through farming effort through farming and managing slavesand managing slaves

Who had the manufacturing Who had the manufacturing advantage?advantage?

NORTHNORTH 80% of U.S. factories 80% of U.S. factories

were in the Northwere in the North Over 90% of clothes, Over 90% of clothes,

shoes, and iron were shoes, and iron were made in the Northmade in the North

Nearly 100% of guns Nearly 100% of guns and gunpowder were and gunpowder were made in the Northmade in the North

SOUTHSOUTH Had only 1 iron works Had only 1 iron works

which could make which could make proper cannonsproper cannons

Had Had NONO gunpowder gunpowder manufacturingmanufacturing

South did move quickly South did move quickly to build factories to to build factories to make weapons and make weapons and gunpowder, but still gunpowder, but still relied on Europe for relied on Europe for many other goodsmany other goods

RiflesRifles When war started, When war started,

most soldiers still most soldiers still using slow-loading using slow-loading muskets which fired muskets which fired round ballsround balls

Over the course of Over the course of the war, they were the war, they were replaced by faster replaced by faster firing, more firing, more accurate rifles accurate rifles which fired conoidal which fired conoidal bulletsbullets

Monitor & Monitor & MerrimackMerrimack

Both sides began Both sides began using “ironclads” – using “ironclads” – steam-powered ships steam-powered ships covered in sheets of covered in sheets of iron armoriron armor

First battle: March 9, First battle: March 9, 1862 between the 1862 between the USS MonitorUSS Monitor and and CSS CSS VirginiaVirginia (formerly the (formerly the USS MerrimackUSS Merrimack))

Battle was indecisiveBattle was indecisive

CSS HunleyCSS Hunley Both sides developed Both sides developed

submarine technology, submarine technology, but the South was the but the South was the only side to put one only side to put one into actioninto action

The The CSS HunleyCSS Hunley sank sank a northern ship a northern ship blockading Charleston blockading Charleston Harbor on Feb. 18, Harbor on Feb. 18, 1864 – unfortunately, 1864 – unfortunately, the the HunleyHunley also sank also sank in the attackin the attack

Who had the transportation Who had the transportation advantage?advantage?

NORTHNORTH Had 2/3 of Had 2/3 of

railroads, plus railroads, plus turnpikes and the turnpikes and the National Road, plus National Road, plus the Great Lakes and the Great Lakes and connected canals connected canals and waterways for and waterways for moving food and moving food and materials around materials around the Norththe North

SOUTHSOUTH Had only about 1/3 Had only about 1/3

of railroads in USof railroads in US Had only one major Had only one major

east-west rail line east-west rail line for moving food for moving food and materials and materials around the Southaround the South

Depended on the Depended on the Mississippi RiverMississippi River

Who had the financial Who had the financial advantage?advantage?

NORTHNORTH Already had an established Already had an established

treasury to print moneytreasury to print money Received revenues from Received revenues from

tariffstariffs Most powerful banks which Most powerful banks which

could loan money to the could loan money to the government through the government through the purchase of bonds were in purchase of bonds were in the Norththe North

Gold and silver fields of the Gold and silver fields of the West stayed in the UnionWest stayed in the Union

By war’s end, inflation in By war’s end, inflation in the North was at 80% (high, the North was at 80% (high, but not unreasonable)but not unreasonable)

SOUTHSOUTH Most Southern planters Most Southern planters

were “cash poor” & already were “cash poor” & already in debtin debt

Southern banks were small, Southern banks were small, had little cash to buy bondshad little cash to buy bonds

With Southern ports With Southern ports blockaded by Union blockaded by Union warships, South could not warships, South could not rely on tariffs or trade with rely on tariffs or trade with Europe for revenueEurope for revenue

South began to print paper South began to print paper money, but it had little money, but it had little valuevalue

By war’s end, inflation = By war’s end, inflation = 9000% (outrageously high!)9000% (outrageously high!)

South’s Strategy for South’s Strategy for WinningWinning

Choose battles carefully Choose battles carefully and avoid large, risky and avoid large, risky encountersencounters

Wage a defensive war of Wage a defensive war of attrition – make the war as attrition – make the war as expensive in lives and expensive in lives and resources for the Union as resources for the Union as possible. This will make the possible. This will make the war unpopular and force war unpopular and force them to negotiatethem to negotiate

If necessary, pull European If necessary, pull European powers (esp. Great Britain) powers (esp. Great Britain) into the war – their textile into the war – their textile factories depended on factories depended on Southern cottonSouthern cotton

North’s Strategy for North’s Strategy for WinningWinning

The Anaconda PlanThe Anaconda Plan Blockade Southern Blockade Southern

ports and use gunboats ports and use gunboats to seize control of the to seize control of the Mississippi River – this Mississippi River – this would isolate and would isolate and divide the South, divide the South, strangling their access strangling their access to resourcesto resources

Would take time, but Would take time, but be less costly in livesbe less costly in lives

Keep Europe out of the Keep Europe out of the warwar

Europe and the Europe and the WarWar

Britain and France Britain and France depended on Southern depended on Southern cotton for their textile cotton for their textile mills, but were mills, but were reluctant to anger U.S. reluctant to anger U.S. by recognizing the CSAby recognizing the CSA

Both decided on a Both decided on a “wait and see” “wait and see” approach; if the South approach; if the South could prove itself in could prove itself in battle, then European battle, then European powers would show powers would show public supportpublic support

The The TrentTrent Affair Affair November 1861November 1861 CSA sent CSA sent

representatives James representatives James Mason & John Slidell to Mason & John Slidell to Europe via Cuba; they Europe via Cuba; they boarded the British boarded the British ship Trent, but US ship Trent, but US Navy intercepted the Navy intercepted the Trent and arrested Trent and arrested Mason & SlidellMason & Slidell

Britain protested and Britain protested and threatened war; threatened war; Lincoln ordered the Lincoln ordered the two diplomats released two diplomats released to ease tensionsto ease tensions

Divisions in the Republican Divisions in the Republican PartyParty

Most Republicans Most Republicans wanted to see a wanted to see a total end to slaverytotal end to slavery

Pres. Lincoln placed Pres. Lincoln placed preserving the preserving the Union ahead of Union ahead of ending slavery – if ending slavery – if he could put the he could put the country back country back together, he would together, he would tolerate slaverytolerate slavery

Divisions in the Democratic Divisions in the Democratic PartyParty

War Democrats: War Democrats: supported the use supported the use of military force to of military force to restore the Union, restore the Union, opposed ending opposed ending slaveryslavery

Peace Democrats: Peace Democrats: opposed the war, opposed the war, wanted to see wanted to see Union restored Union restored through negotiationthrough negotiation

““Copperheads”Copperheads” Republicans hated Republicans hated

the Peace Democrats the Peace Democrats – considered their – considered their opposition to the war opposition to the war to be treasonto be treason

Republicans Republicans nicknamed the Peace nicknamed the Peace Democrats Democrats “Copperheads” after “Copperheads” after a venomous snakea venomous snake

First Battle of Bull RunFirst Battle of Bull Run July 21, 1861July 21, 1861 First Battle of ManassasFirst Battle of Manassas First major battle of the First major battle of the

warwar Union forces badly Union forces badly

defeated just outside defeated just outside Washington DCWashington DC

South did not press its South did not press its advantage due to advantage due to disorganizationdisorganization

Made it clear to the Made it clear to the North that the war North that the war would not be quickly would not be quickly wonwon

North captured New North captured New OrleansOrleans

April 29, 1862April 29, 1862 US Navy under David US Navy under David

Farragut attacked Farragut attacked and captured New and captured New Orleans, a port vital Orleans, a port vital to the South because to the South because it controlled both the it controlled both the Gulf of Mexico and Gulf of Mexico and the mouth of the the mouth of the Mississippi RiverMississippi River

The DraftThe Draft Summer 1862Summer 1862 US Congress passed militia US Congress passed militia

law which required states law which required states to use conscription (the to use conscription (the draft) if necessary to field draft) if necessary to field enough soldiersenough soldiers

Hurt the poor because the Hurt the poor because the rich could buy out of the rich could buy out of the draft for $300 or hire a draft for $300 or hire a proxy (a substitute) to proxy (a substitute) to serve for themserve for them

Opposed by Democrats, Opposed by Democrats, led to riots in strongly led to riots in strongly Democratic districtsDemocratic districts

CSA would also use CSA would also use conscription to force men conscription to force men into serviceinto service

Lincoln suspends Habeas Lincoln suspends Habeas CorpusCorpus

After anti-conscription After anti-conscription riots, Lincoln suspended riots, Lincoln suspended the requirement that a the requirement that a person could not be person could not be imprisoned without being imprisoned without being charged and given a trialcharged and given a trial

Anyone who aided the Anyone who aided the South or resisted the South or resisted the draft could be imprisoned draft could be imprisoned indefinitely without trialindefinitely without trial

Lincoln was heavily Lincoln was heavily criticizedcriticized

CSA would also suspend CSA would also suspend habeas corpus, for the habeas corpus, for the same reasonssame reasons

Legal Tender Act of 1862Legal Tender Act of 1862

As worried citizens As worried citizens withdrew gold and withdrew gold and silver from US banks, silver from US banks, created a financial created a financial crisiscrisis

US government US government created a national created a national paper currency which paper currency which came to be known as came to be known as “greenbacks”“greenbacks”

CSA also began to print CSA also began to print and use paper moneyand use paper money

Grant’s Western Grant’s Western CampaignCampaign

Ulysses Grant’s forces Ulysses Grant’s forces were put in charge of were put in charge of securing the West securing the West (mainly Kentucky and (mainly Kentucky and Tennessee)Tennessee)

Grant won major Grant won major victories, but only victories, but only because he was because he was willing to make willing to make sacrifices – large sacrifices – large numbers of Union numbers of Union casualtiescasualties

McClellan’s Peninsula McClellan’s Peninsula CampaignCampaign

McClellan attempted to McClellan attempted to end the war by landing end the war by landing forces near Fort Monroe, forces near Fort Monroe, VA and pushing up the VA and pushing up the peninsula between the peninsula between the James and York Rivers to James and York Rivers to attack the Confederate attack the Confederate capital of Richmond, VAcapital of Richmond, VA

The campaign bogged The campaign bogged down and Lincoln ordered down and Lincoln ordered the return of Union forces the return of Union forces to Washington D.C. to to Washington D.C. to protect the US capital.protect the US capital.

Second Battle of Bull RunSecond Battle of Bull Run

Aug. 28-30, 1862Aug. 28-30, 1862Confederate Confederate

forces defeated forces defeated (but did not (but did not destroy) the destroy) the Union Army, Union Army, opening the way opening the way for the South to for the South to invade the Northinvade the North

Battle of AntietamBattle of Antietam September 17, 1862September 17, 1862 Lee secretly planned Lee secretly planned

to invade the North, to invade the North, but his plans were but his plans were discovered and Union discovered and Union forces met his at forces met his at Antietam Creek, MDAntietam Creek, MD

Bloodiest single day of Bloodiest single day of the warthe war

Lee was defeated, but Lee was defeated, but escaped south with his escaped south with his army still intactarmy still intact

The Emancipation The Emancipation ProclamationProclamation

January 1, 1863January 1, 1863 Lincoln issued an Lincoln issued an

executive order freeing all executive order freeing all slaves in any state which slaves in any state which was in armed rebellion, was in armed rebellion, but not in states which but not in states which had stayed in the Union!had stayed in the Union!

This encouraged free This encouraged free blacks to enlist in the blacks to enlist in the Union Army, because it Union Army, because it gave them a moral gave them a moral objective for fighting – to objective for fighting – to free the slaves in the free the slaves in the SouthSouth

Siege of VicksburgSiege of Vicksburg May 15 – July 1, May 15 – July 1,

18631863 After a two month After a two month

siege by Grant’s siege by Grant’s forces, Vicksburg, forces, Vicksburg, MS surrendered, MS surrendered, giving the Union giving the Union total control of the total control of the Mississippi River Mississippi River and permanently and permanently dividing the Southdividing the South

Battle of GettysburgBattle of Gettysburg July 1-3, 1863July 1-3, 1863 In an effort to move the war out In an effort to move the war out

of the South, Lee marched into of the South, Lee marched into Pennsylvania; he hoped to Pennsylvania; he hoped to destroy public support for the destroy public support for the war in the North by bringing the war in the North by bringing the war to their towns and farmswar to their towns and farms

Battle was bloody – nearly 8000 Battle was bloody – nearly 8000 dead and 27,000 woundeddead and 27,000 wounded

Confederate forces were Confederate forces were defeated and turned back to defeated and turned back to VirginiaVirginia

The South would not be able to The South would not be able to invade the North again and invade the North again and would be on the defensive from would be on the defensive from this point forwardthis point forward

The Gettysburg The Gettysburg AddressAddress

November 19, 1863November 19, 1863 Lincoln delivered his Lincoln delivered his

speech 4 months after speech 4 months after the battle, at the the battle, at the dedication of the dedication of the National Cemetery in National Cemetery in GettysburgGettysburg

One of the most One of the most famous speeches in famous speeches in US History – even US History – even though it was only though it was only about 2 minutes longabout 2 minutes long

The Gettysburg AddressThe Gettysburg Address Fourscore and seven years ago, our fathers brought forth on this continent a Fourscore and seven years ago, our fathers brought forth on this continent a

new nation, conceived in liberty, and  dedicated to the proposition that all men new nation, conceived in liberty, and  dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether are created equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battle-field of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion are met on a great battle-field of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field as a final resting-place for those who here gave their lives that of that field as a final resting-place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this. that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this. But, in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate…we cannot consecrate…we cannot But, in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate…we cannot consecrate…we cannot hallow…this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, hallow…this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will have consecrated it far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what little note nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us, the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the they did here. It is for us, the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us…It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us…that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion; that we here highly resolve which they gave the last full measure of devotion; that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain; that this nation, under God, shall that these dead shall not have died in vain; that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom; and that government of the people, by the have a new birth of freedom; and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.

Sherman’s “March to the Sherman’s “March to the Sea”Sea”

Nov.-Dec. 1864Nov.-Dec. 1864 After capturing the key After capturing the key

railroad town of Atlanta, railroad town of Atlanta, GA, Sherman marched his GA, Sherman marched his men across Georgia to the men across Georgia to the port of Savannahport of Savannah

Along the way, Sherman Along the way, Sherman practiced a “scorched practiced a “scorched earth” campaign, burning earth” campaign, burning or destroying nearly or destroying nearly everything he came across everything he came across – plantations, railroads, – plantations, railroads, crops, businesses, and crops, businesses, and factoriesfactories

PhotographyPhotography Civil War is considered to be Civil War is considered to be

the first photographed the first photographed conflictconflict

Citizens could view the Citizens could view the carnage of war from their carnage of war from their homeshomes

In 1861, the newest In 1861, the newest technology was wet-plate technology was wet-plate photography, a process in photography, a process in which an image is captured which an image is captured on chemically coated pieces on chemically coated pieces of plate glass.  This was a of plate glass.  This was a complicated process done complicated process done exclusively by photographic exclusively by photographic professionals.professionals.

Group 1Group 1

Group 2Group 2

Do photos ever lie?Do photos ever lie?Group 1

Group 2

Photos of TodayPhotos of Today

Election of 1864Election of 1864 Democrats ran Democrats ran

George McClellanGeorge McClellan Republicans ran Republicans ran

Abraham Lincoln with Abraham Lincoln with a VP candidate who a VP candidate who was a War Democrat was a War Democrat (Andrew Johnson) to (Andrew Johnson) to broaden their appealbroaden their appeal

Lincoln won with the Lincoln won with the help of some major help of some major Union battle victoriesUnion battle victories

Appomattox CourthouseAppomattox Courthouse

April 9, 1865April 9, 1865 Lee, who saw victory Lee, who saw victory

as hopeless, as hopeless, surrendered to Grant surrendered to Grant in order to avoid in order to avoid needless deathsneedless deaths

2 weeks later, the last 2 weeks later, the last major Confederate major Confederate force surrendered in force surrendered in Durham, NCDurham, NC

The war was overThe war was over

Lincoln Lincoln AssassinatedAssassinated

April 14, 1865April 14, 1865 Lincoln was shot and Lincoln was shot and

killed while watching a killed while watching a play at Ford’s Theater in play at Ford’s Theater in DCDC

Assassin John Wilkes Assassin John Wilkes Booth escaped capture Booth escaped capture for 12 days but was for 12 days but was hunted down and killed hunted down and killed by Union forcesby Union forces

Booth was an ardent Booth was an ardent Southerner who was Southerner who was angered by Lincoln’s angered by Lincoln’s support of voting rights support of voting rights for African-Americansfor African-Americans