the warped side of the universe · 2015. 3. 2. · lyncean group, and caltech alumni association,...
TRANSCRIPT
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The Warped Side of the Universe:From the Big Bang to Black Holes & Gravitational Waves
Lyncean Group, and Caltech Alumni Association, San Diego, 7 April 2010
Kip Thorne
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Phenomena and objectsMade from warped space and time
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Black Hole
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Diameter
Circumference
Diameter >> Circumference
Trampoline
Rock
Hyperspace (“bulk”)
Black Hole
Singularity
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Black Hole
Horizon
Singularity
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Black Hole
Warping of space
Warpingof Time
Timeslows
Time Horizon
Whirl of space
Singularity
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Rate ofTime flow
Map for Fast Spinning Hole
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• The Big Bang Singularity
• Our Universe as a Brane in a. higher-dimensional bulk
OtherExamples
• Cosmic StringC/R = 2π(1-4Gµ/c2)
• Singularity inside a black hole
• Naked Singularity
• Gravitational Waves
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OtherExamples
WHAT ELSE?
WHICH ARE REAL?
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Probing the Warped Side: Tools What kinds of objects might exist?
» General Relativity Theory– Progress has slowed…
» Numerical Relativity– Exciting new era…– Part 1 LIGO
LISA
What kinds of objects do exist?» Electromagnetic observations
–Limited information» Gravitational-Wave observations
–Ideal tool for probing the. Warped Side–Part 2
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Part 1Numerical Relativity
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The “Holy Grail”: Collisions of Black Holes- The most violent events in the Universe
~ 10 % of holes’ mass isconverted into GWs
[contrast with nuclearfusion: < 0.5 %]
GW Luminosity ~ 0.001 c2/G~ 1024 Lsun ~ 104 LEM universe
Gravitational Waves (GW)No Electromagnetic Waves emitted whatsoever
- only Gravitational Waves -
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Collisions of Black Holes:The most violent events in the Universe
Details of the collision are encodedin the gravitational waves’
waveforms
h
time
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Why are Black-Hole Collisions Interesting?
Wild vibrations of warped spacetime
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Numerical Simulations of Black Hole Binaries
Evolve the geometry of space and the warping of time.» Techniques under development since 1970s; only recently
matured» Caltech/Cornell team: 2001 -
spectral methods [vs finite difference]exponential convergence
Example: Identical black holes, not spinning»Caltech/Cornell: Kidder, Lindblom, Pfeiffer, Scheel, Teukolsky
»10,000 cpu-hours on a 264 cpu cluster
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“Rosetta Stone”Numerical simulations and theory provide “rosetta stone” forinterpreting observed Gravitational Waveforms
4100 42000 1000 2000 3000 4000-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
h
time
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“Rosetta Stone” For generic binaries, waveforms are much more complex
» Noncircular orbits; different sized holes, spinning, randomorientations
time
We are beginning to build a catalog of about 1000 waveformsfor use in LIGOʼs searches for gravitational waves(new computer cluster … NSF/Fairchild funded; 50 millioncpu-hours )
We are also exploring the rich & complex dynamics ofwarped spacetime that produces these waveforms.Simple example:
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What we are learning from Simulations
Example: Holes spinning on their sides
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Analogous to 2 Vortices in a Fluid
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Explanation of Bobbing and Kick[Yanbei Chen, Kip, …]
Dis
tanc
e ou
t of s
cree
n
timeGrav’l Waves
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Motion of Space in Horizonas seen in a referenceframe that rotates withthe merged hole
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Dynamics of spacetime near singularity» Approximate analytic calculations suggested (1971):
Singularity Inside a Black Hole
Chaotic pattern of stretchand squeeze
Has been confirmed byNumerical Relativitysimulations [Garfinkle]
Future Challenge: How doessingularity evolve as hole ages?
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Naked Singularities? Cosmic Censorship Conjecture [Penrose 1968]
» All singularities (except the big bang) are hidden insideblack holes.
Numerical SimulationsMatt Choptuik ~ 1994 -(U Texas -> UBC)
Imploding WavesNaked Singularity
Critical behavior & scaling
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Part 2Gravitational Wave Observations
Probe the Warped Side of Universe
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Motivation
ΔL/L = h(t)time
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Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Detector -“GW Interferometer”
GW Field
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How Small is 10-16 Centimeters?
Wavelength of light ~ 1 micron100÷
One centimeter ~ 1/2 inch
Human hair ~ 100 microns
€
÷100
LIGO sensitivity 10-16 cm000,1÷
Nuclear diameter 10-13 cm000,100÷
Atomic diameter 10-8 cm000,10÷
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Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Detector -“GW Interferometer”
GW Field
Isn’t it OUTRAGEOUS to claim one canmeasure mirror displacements ~1000 timessmaller than the nucleus of an atom?
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Keys to Success Thermal Noise:
Average overspace and time
Seismic Noise:Isolate from environment
Photon Shot Noise:Use lots of photons: ~ 1020 in 0.01 second
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Hanford Washington
Began as MIT/Caltech collaboration [Weiss; Drever, Kip]Now: Collaboration of ~650 scientists at ~50 institutions
in 8 nations [J. Marx, Director; D. Rietze, Spokesman]
LIGO: Laser Interferometer Gravitational Wave Observatory
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LIGO
Livingston,Louisiana
USA, UK, Germany, Australia, India, Japan, Russia, Spain
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Earth-Based GW Interferometers
NetworkRequired for:» Detection
Confidence» Waveform
Extraction» Direction by
Triangulation
LIGO Hanford, WA
LIGO Livingston, LA
GEO600 [LIGO]Hanover Germany
TAMA300Tokyo
VIRGOPisa, Italy
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LIGO Timeline 1971-94 R&D 1989: Construction proposal (to NSF). Two Stage Strategy:
» Initial Interferometers: sensitivity where plausible to see GWs» Advanced: sensitivity where high probability to see many GWs
1995-2000: Construction 2001-2005: Initial Interferometers Installed & Commissioned 2005-2007: Initial GW Search 2008-2010: Advanced Interferometer components built;
prepared for installation. Initial interferometers souped up(“Enhanced LIGO”), searching with them until October.
2010-2015: Advanced Interferometers Installed &Commissioned; GW searches begin.
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Design
Livingston, LA Hanford, WA
10 100 1000 10,000Frequency, Hz
10-24
10-23
10-22
10-21
10-2010-20
10-19
10-18
10-17
x √Δf = hrms
h~
Initial Interferometersʼ Noise (2005-07)
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Livingston, LA Hanford, WA
10 100 1000 10,000Frequency, Hz
10-24
10-23
10-22
10-21
10-2010-20
10-19
10-18
10-17
h~
Initial Interferometersʼ Noise (2005-07)
Photon shot noise
Seismic noise
Thermal noise
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10 100 1000 10,000Frequency, Hz10-23
10-22
10-21
10-20
h~
Enhanced Interferometersʼ Noise (2009-10)
Hanford, WA
Initial
Enhanced
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2005-2007, 2009-10 GW Searches
Nothing seen yet
Interesting limits (later)
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From Initial Interferometers to Advanced
Initial Interferometers
Advanced Interferometers
Seismic
Noise
Shot Noise
Thermal Noise
Steel wire
11kg
40 kg
Fused silica
~10kW
ACTIVE VIBRATION ISOLATIONSeismic wall: 40 Hz10 Hz
Signal Recycling
Mirror
~1MW
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Advanced LIGO InterferometersThe Experimental Challenge
Monitor motions of 40 kg mirrors to:» ΔL ~10-17 cm» ~ 1/2 width of Schrödinger
. wave function of
. center of mass
ΔL / L = h
For the first time humans will see human-sized objectsbehave quantum mechanically!
Quantum Nondemolition (QND) Technology to deal with this[Branch of Quantum Information Science]
Yanbei Chen’s talk to Lyncean Group, May 2009
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2005-07 Initial LIGO Search:A few Results from ~1/2 Data
GWs from big bang:GW energy in LIGO band< 1/100,000 of energy toclose the universe
Black Hole Binaries: <1/860 yrs
in Milky Way type galaxy
Crab Pulsar: <7% of spindown
energy goes to GWs
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Advanced LIGO Science [2015…] Will see 15 times farther into the universe than Initial LIGO
» 15 x 15 x 15 = 3000 more sources Black-hole binaries: see to 3 billion light years (1/5 of way
to edge of observable universe)» Predicted rate: ~ 1/month to 1/day
Other sources we expect to see:» Supernova explosions (births of neutron stars)» Pulsars (spinning neutron stars)» Black holes tearing neutron stars apart» Neutron-star binaries … inspiral, collision, merger» Central engines for “gamma ray bursts”» …
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Third-Generation GW Interferometers Design study underway in Europe for Einstein
Telescope» To operate in 2020s
» Tentative goal: reduce noise below AdvancedLIGO by factor 10 to 30
» See all merging black hole binaries in our entireuniverse with masses below about 300 suns.and many many other phenomena on warped side
LIGOʼs third generation should be similar
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Laser Interferometer Space Antenna
L=5 million km
Supermassive holes, ~105 - 107 Msunthroughout universe. S/N ~ 10 to 10,000
GW wavelengths10,000 longer than LIGO
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LISA: Joint ESA/NASA Mission
Technology test flight: 2012 Launch: 2018 or later
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A black hole is BLACK- it emits no light, radiowaves, X-rays, …
Mapping a Quiescent Black Hole
Full Mapis encoded
in the waves
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Some Numbers for LISA
3 billion light yrs
L+Δ L
L-Δ L
L=5 million kmΔ L = 10-8 cm
h ~10 -20
5 million km = 20 light sec
1 millionMsun
10 Msun
Final Year: 100,000 orbits withCircumference <
4 x (Horizon circumference)
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What if the Map is Not that of aBlack Hole?
Dense objects made fromcold, dark matter» (Dark ``Starsʼʼ)» e.g. boson stars
Naked Singularities
May have discovered a new type of “inhabitant” of darkside of the universe. Two long-shot possibilities:
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Over the Next 40 Years
BBO
LISALIGO
Probe the Initial Second of Universeʼs Life
Rich Violence in First Second -- Four Examples
1.
Waves (vacuum fluctuations?) fromsingularity amplified by Inflation.
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Planck Era
Gravitational WavesCMB Polarization
Inflation
Will indirectly study GWs withwavelengths ~ (0.01 to 1) x the sizeof our observed universe
And through them:explore the birth of theuniverse and its inflation
Planck Satellite
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BBO: Big Bang ObserverLaunch ~2030 or later
Will study birth of the universe & inflationwith wavelengths ~ earth-moon distance
also explore many otherobjects on warped side
of universe
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2. Cosmic Strings Inflation enlarges some superstrings to cosmic size Kinks, cusps and waves on cosmic strings produce
gravitational waves
Ken Olum - Tufts
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2. Cosmic Strings Inflation enlarges some superstrings to cosmic size Kinks, cusps and waves on cosmic strings produce
gravitational waves
Ken Olum - Tufts
We are searching for these wavesNOW, with LIGO
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3. Birth of Fundamental Forces At age ~ 10-12 seconds [kT~ 1 TeV … LHC energy]:
» Phase transition: Electroweak force -> EM + Weak
ForcesSeparate
ForcesUnified
Waves are in LISA’s domain
Gravitational Waves
Phase transition at age ~10-22 sec [kT ~ 105 TeV] Is in LIGO’s domain
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4. Our 3-D Universe as a “Brane” in HigherDimensional Bulk
May have formed wrinkled As universe expanded, adjacent
regions discovered the wrinklebetween them
Wrinkle began vibrating -- producing gravitationalwaves - brane smoothed out
Example of the kind of surprisegravitational-waves may bring us
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ConclusionsNumerical Relativity and Gravitational WaveObservations are on the threshold of producinga revolution in our knowledge of the WarpedSide of our Universe
Gravitational-wavetechnology isbringing quantumphysics into realm ofhuman-sized objects