the wealth and poverty of nations

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The Wealth and Poverty of Nations Chapter 4: The Invention of Invention http://ecx.images-amazon.com/images/I/710FVTYJE0L._SL500_.gif

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The Wealth and Poverty of Nations. Chapter 4: The Invention of Invention. http://ecx.images-amazon.com/images/I/710FVTYJE0L._SL500_.gif. Adam Smith: 1776. Technological Innovation encouraged by: Division of Labor Widening Market Both were already happening during Middle Ages. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: The Wealth and Poverty of Nations

The Wealth and Poverty of

Nations• Chapter 4: The

Invention of Invention

http://ecx.images-amazon.com/images/I/710FVTYJE0L._SL500_.gif

Page 2: The Wealth and Poverty of Nations

Adam Smith: 1776

• Technological Innovation encouraged by:– Division of Labor– Widening Market

• Both were already happening during Middle Ages

http://www.undiscoveredscotland.co.uk/usbiography/stu/images/adamsmith-portrait.jpg

Page 3: The Wealth and Poverty of Nations

Important Middle Ages Technologies

• Water Wheel

• Eyeglasses

• Mechanical Clock

• Printing

• Gunpowder

http://www.mtb-routes.co.uk/northyorkmoors/image.aspx?dir=2007_01_02&image=P1020042.JPG&xsize=520

Page 4: The Wealth and Poverty of Nations

Water Wheel

• Revived in 10th century• By 1086 England had 5,600 water

mills• Improved by dams and ponds• Cranks and toothed gears made

possible– Change direction– Power at a distance– Rotary and reciprocal motion

Page 5: The Wealth and Poverty of Nations

Water Wheel

• Applications:– Grinding grain

– Hammering metal

– Rolling and drawing sheet metal and wire

– Mashing hops for beer

– Pulping rags for paper

– Fulling (pounding) cloth • Transformed the

woolen industry

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Page 6: The Wealth and Poverty of Nations

Water Wheel

• “ Paper, which was manufactured by hand and foot for a thousand years or so – following its invention by the Chinese and

adoption by the Arabs,

• was manufactured mechanically – as soon as it reached medieval Europe in

the thirteenth century…

• Paper had traveled nearly halfway around the world, – but no culture or civilization on its route

had tried to mechanize its manufacture”

Europe was a power-based civilization

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Abbot_Richard_Wallingford.jpg

Page 7: The Wealth and Poverty of Nations

Eyeglasses

• By age 40, get farsightedness occurs

• Eyeglasses added 20 years to the working life of skilled craftsmen:– Scribes and readers– Instrument and

toolmakers– Close weavers– Metal workers

http://home.hu.inter.net/~jekely/mfile0734.jpghttp://home.hu.inter.net/~jekely/mfile0734.jpg

Page 8: The Wealth and Poverty of Nations

Eyeglasses

• Invented in Pisa 13th century

• By 15th century Italy making thousands spectacles

• Eyeglasses encouraged invention of fine instruments– Gauges– Micrometers– Fine wheel cutters– Precision tools

http://www.jastown.com/acces/sp-789.jpg

Page 9: The Wealth and Poverty of Nations

Eyeglasses

• Knowledge of lenses produced other inventions– Telescope

– Microscope

• Europe had monopoly

on corrective lenses

for 300-400 years

http://cdn2.libsyn.com/astronomy/hevelius_telescope.gif?nvb=20080725024110&nva=20080726024110&t=07f496eb63a787831d64b

Page 10: The Wealth and Poverty of Nations

Mechanical Clock

• Before its invention: sundials and water clocks– both unreliable

• Reliable time important– Church seven daily prayer offices– Organize time in cities

• Time to wake, sleep

• Time to work, go home

• Time to put out fires (covre-feu became curfew)

http://solar.physics.montana.edu/tslater/plunger/sundial.jpg

Page 11: The Wealth and Poverty of Nations

Mechanical Clock

• Invented in Italy and/or England 13th century

• Early clocks inaccurate

• Relentless pressure to improve technique and design

• Clockmakers lead the way in accuracy and precision– Miniaturization

– Correcting errors

– Searching for new and better

14th century clock

http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/onlinestuff/stories/~/media/Images/header/column_1/turret_clock_mechanism.ashx

Page 12: The Wealth and Poverty of Nations

Mechanical Clock

• Undermined Church authority– equal hours for day and night a new

concept– Resisted by the church for a century

• Every town wanted one – Public clocks installed in towers

• Conquerors seized as spoils of war• Symbol of secular authority• Allowed individual autonomy• Work now measured by time

– increased productivityBern, Switzerland

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Page 13: The Wealth and Poverty of Nations

Mechanical Clock

• European monopoly on clocks for 300 years

• No one else could make them to European standards

Swiss watch mechanism

http://www.dimijianimages.com/More-page9-time/watch-macro.jpg

Page 14: The Wealth and Poverty of Nations

Mechanical Clock

• Chinese treated time as confidential aspect of sovereignty, not to be shared with the people

• Chinese reluctant to acknowledge European technological superiority

• Moslems did not establish public clocks because it would undermine religious authority

Chinese water clockhttp://z.about.com/d/inventors/1/0/G/G/time6.gif

Page 15: The Wealth and Poverty of Nations

Printing

• Invented in China in 9th century

• Chinese language not well suited for movable type– not widely used

• Chinese discouraged dissent and new ideas

Chinese movable type

http://www.bcps.org/offices/lis/models/chinahist/images/print4.jpg

Page 16: The Wealth and Poverty of Nations

Printing

• Europe already interested in written word– Government paper work written in

common language: not Latin

– Scribes could not keep up with demand

• Gutenberg Bible printed in 1452

• By 1501, millions of

books published in Europe

Gutenberg Biblehttp://prodigi.bl.uk/TreasuresImages/Gutenberg/max/kl1/001.jpg

Page 17: The Wealth and Poverty of Nations

Printing

• Moslems did not accept printing– Printed Koran unacceptable

• India also did not accept printing – first printing press in 19th

century

• Europe: Church tried to stop common language printing of Bible

• But political authority too fragmented to stop it

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Page 18: The Wealth and Poverty of Nations

Gunpowder

• Invented by Chinese in 11th century

• Used as incendiary in fireworks, war– Tubed flame lances

– Bombards

– Arrow launchers

– Fire thunder

• Chinese fought nomads

• Not siege warfare

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Page 19: The Wealth and Poverty of Nations

Gunpowder

• Europeans improved gunpowder

• Europeans focused on range and weight of projectiles: siege warfare

• With improved metal casting, made world’s best cannon

• Thus military supremacyhttp://farm2.static.flickr.com/1357/535148829_0dcd536649.jpg?v=0

Page 20: The Wealth and Poverty of Nations

Why did Europe get Ahead?

Page 21: The Wealth and Poverty of Nations

Islam• Islam from 750 to 1100 A.D. far surpassed

Europe in – Science, Technology– Astronomy, Mathematics

• Invented algebra

• Islam was Europe’s teacher• Then Islamic science was denounced as heresy

– by religious zealots

• Islam does not separate religious from secular – as does Christianity

• New ideas dried up under theological pressure

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Page 22: The Wealth and Poverty of Nations

China

• Chinese inventions: – Wheel barrow

– Stirrup and rigid horse collar

– Compass

– Paper

– Printing

– Gunpowder

– Porcelain

Chinese paperhttp://faculty.luther.edu/~martinka/art43/daily/2nd/jap1.jpg

Page 23: The Wealth and Poverty of Nations

China

• Water driven machine for spinning hemp in 12th century – 500 years before Industrial

Revolution in England

• Blast furnaces for smelting iron: 125,000 tons pig iron in 11th century – Amount reached by Britain

700 years later

• But both technologies fell into disuse

http://members.tripod.com/east_west_dialogue/sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderpictures/castbell1.jpg

Page 24: The Wealth and Poverty of Nations

Reasons for Chinese Stagnation

• Absence of a free market and property rights

• Chinese state always interfering with private enterprise– Taking over or prohibiting lucrative

activities– Manipulating prices– Exacting bribes– Curtailing private enrichment

• Government strangled initiative – increased costs of transactions, – diverted talent from commerce and

industryMing Dynasty Emperor

http://www.longtochinatravel.com/images/upload/userfiles/15Zhu%20Yuanzhang-Emperor%20Taizu%20of%20Ming%20Dynasty.jpg

Page 25: The Wealth and Poverty of Nations

Ming Dynasty 1368-1644

• Ming dynasty in 15th century first promoted maritime trade, then prohibited it

• China became isolated

• Before Europeans arrived Chinese fleet huge, advanced– Huge ships compared to European

• By the time Europeans arrived, Chinese fleet not a threatMing Dynasty ship compared

to Columbus ship

http://www.kaichang.net/images/2007/05/30/chinazhengheship1405vssantamaria500.jpg

Page 26: The Wealth and Poverty of Nations

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Page 27: The Wealth and Poverty of Nations

Reasons for Chinese Stagnation

• Confinement of women to the home– made it impossible to exploit

them in textile factories

• Chinese society totalitarian• State monopolies on

– Salt– Iron– Tea– Alcohol– Foreign Trade– Education– Written material

http://www1.chinaculture.org/library/att/att/20060308/xin_330303080933384298495.jpg

Ming Dynasty women

Page 28: The Wealth and Poverty of Nations

Reasons for Chinese Stagnation

• Regulations on • Clothing

– Construction of houses– Colors worn– Music– Festivals

• Rules from birth to death• Endless paperwork and

harassment of people• Result: no one tried. Why

try?

Ming Dynastyhttp://www.dkimages.com/discover/previews/932/45014109.JPG

Page 29: The Wealth and Poverty of Nations

Europe

• Much less interference• Innovation, emulation

challenged forces of conservatism

• Sense of progress replaced reverence for authority

• Freedom in all domains

Copernicus

Page 30: The Wealth and Poverty of Nations

Why Europe?

• Judeo-Christian Beliefs– respect for manual labor

– subordination of nature to man

– sense of linear time (not cyclical): progress

• Market, free enterprise– Innovation worked and paid

– Rulers limited in ability to prevent innovation

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Trade network: not controlled by one empire