The whole is other than the sum of its parts: where is the spatial data infrastructure for cultural heritage? Keep the Revolution Going? - Computer Applications and Quantitative Methods in Archaeology Conference, Siena 1st April 2015.

IThe whole is other than the sum of the parts:where is the Spatial Data Infrastructure for cultural heritage?

#heritage_sdi

Peter McKeague (Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland)

Stefano Campana(McDonald Research Institute, University of Cambridge and the University of Siena)

Keep the Revolution Going? - Computer Applications and Quantitative Methods in Archaeology Conference, Siena 1 st April 2015. 1

The whole is other than the sum of its parts: where is the spatial data infrastructure for cultural heritage? Keep the Revolution Going? - Computer Applications and Quantitative Methods in Archaeology Conference, Siena 1st April 2015.

I wouldn’t start from here

Purpose of the Roundtable

The INSPIRE DirectiveWhat is a Spatial Data Infrastructure What INSPIRE requiresWhat is in scopeDatasets

Why we as a community need a thematic SDIEfficiency savings Build not reinvent What we value Open data

Existing trans-national initiatives?

http://blueeyedennis-siempre.blogspot.co.uk/2011/10/i-wouldnt-start-from-here.htmlReused under http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/

2

The whole is other than the sum of its parts: where is the spatial data infrastructure for cultural heritage? Keep the Revolution Going? - Computer Applications and Quantitative Methods in Archaeology Conference, Siena 1st April 2015.

The Purpose of the roundtable

Evidence gathering

To introduce INSPIRE and Spatial Data Infrastructures

To discover what work is going on in preparing cultural heritage datasets for INSPIRE

To demonstrate the need for building on the INSPIRE Directive to develop a thematic SDI for heritage

To demonstrate relevance – why we need to develop an SDI

To understand how spatial data is addressed in existing EU funded research projects:

and to help define business cases

•Protected Sites•Undesignated Assets•Primary observed data•Historic landuse characterisation

•Arcland •Ariadne•Europeana

3

The whole is other than the sum of its parts: where is the spatial data infrastructure for cultural heritage?Keep the Revolution Going? - Computer Applications and Quantitative Methods in Archaeology Conference, Siena 1st April 2015.

The INSPIRE Directive

• Requires that existing data held by member states is compliant with INSPIRE standards

• It does not require the creation of new datasets but it does state that when new datasets are created they must comply with INSPIRE standards

• INSPIRE requires Metadata for the creation and maintenance of searchable catalogues to identify what data is available ,who holds it and any access constraints.

• INSPIRE requires data publishers to setup network servicesView Services (WMS) Transformation services (From British National Grid to WGS 84)Data harmonisation – consistent schemaDownload services (WFS and ATOM feed)

• INSPIRE outlines charging for public access to services

• Monitoring and reporting on INSPIRE compliance

• INSPIRE is about Public Sector data – it does not address data created by the private sector

4

The whole is other than the sum of its parts: where is the spatial data infrastructure for cultural heritage? Keep the Revolution Going? - Computer Applications and Quantitative Methods in Archaeology Conference, Siena 1st April 2015.

What is a Spatial Data Infrastructure?

Coordinating body

Component GI Services

Framework GI / Thematic GI

Interoperability Standards

Resources Research & Development

Polic

ies

/ Le

gal F

ram

ewor

k

Acce

ss M

echa

nism

SDI is the technology, policies, standards, human resources and related activities necessary to acquire, process, distribute, use,maintain and preserve spatial data

5

The whole is other than the sum of its parts: where is the spatial data infrastructure for cultural heritage? Keep the Revolution Going? - Computer Applications and Quantitative Methods in Archaeology Conference, Siena 1st April 2015.

What is a Spatial Data Infrastructure? … and why it matters

GI Enabled Business Applications and Services

Coordinating body

Component GI Services

Framework GI / Thematic GI

Interoperability Standards

Resources Research & Development

Polic

ies

/ Le

gal F

ram

ewor

k

Acce

ss M

echa

nism

Social, Economic and Environmental Benefits

6

The whole is other than the sum of its parts: where is the spatial data infrastructure for cultural heritage? Keep the Revolution Going? - Computer Applications and Quantitative Methods in Archaeology Conference, Siena 1st April 2015.

The INSPIRE Directive

Source: http://inspire.jrc.ec.europa.eu/reports/ImplementingRules/inspireDataspecD2_3v2.0.pdf

Annex I1. Coordinate reference systems2. Geographical grid systems3. Geographical names4. Administrative units5. Addresses6. Cadastral parcels7. Transport networks8. Hydrography9. Protected sites - *

Annex II1. Elevation2. Land cover3. Ortho-imagery4. Geology

Annex III 1. Statistical units 2. Buildings 3. Soil 4. Land use 5. Human health and safety 6. Utility and governmental services 7. Environmental monitoring facilities - * 8. Production and industrial facilities - * 9. Agricultural and aquaculture facilities - * 10. Population distribution – demography 11. Area management/restriction/regulation zones & reporting units - * 12. Natural risk zones 13. Atmospheric conditions - * 14. Meteorological geographical features - * 15. Oceanographic geographical features 16. Sea regions 17. Bio-geographical regions - * 18. Habitats and biotopes - * 19. Species distribution - * 20. Energy Resources - * 21. Mineral resources - *

-* heavy weighting towards the natural environment

7

The whole is other than the sum of its parts: where is the spatial data infrastructure for cultural heritage? Keep the Revolution Going? - Computer Applications and Quantitative Methods in Archaeology Conference, Siena 1st April 2015.

Cluster INSPIRE Themes

1 Statistical Cluster Statistical Units, Population Distribution, Human Health and Safety

2 Marine and Atmosphere Cluster Oceanographic Geographical Features, Sea Regions, Atmospheric Conditions and Meteorological Geographical Features

3 Earth Science Cluster Geology, Soil, Natural Risk Zones, Mineral resources, Energy resources

4 Land Cover and Land Use Cluster Land Use, Land Cover

5 Elevation, Orthoimagery, Reference Systems, Geographical Grids Cluster

Elevation, Orthoimagery, Coordinate Reference Systems, Geographical Grid

6 Environmental Monitoring and Observations Cluster

Environmental Monitoring Facilities, Observations and Measurements

7 Biodiversity and Management Areas Cluster Protected Sites, Area Management/Restriction/Regulation Zones and Reporting Units, Habitats and Biotopes, Species Distribution, Bio-geographical Regions

8 Facilities, Utilities and Public Services Cluster Facilities, Utilities and Public Services

9 Topographic and Cadastral Reference Data Hydrography, Geographical Names, Administrative Units, Cadastral Parcels, Addresses, Buildings, Transport Networks

8

The whole is other than the sum of its parts: where is the spatial data infrastructure for cultural heritage? Keep the Revolution Going? - Computer Applications and Quantitative Methods in Archaeology Conference, Siena 1st April 2015.

The INSPIRE Directive - Protected Sites

Grade A Listed building:Gardner’s warehouse36 Jamaica Street and 10 Midland Street, Glasgow, Scotland

Scheduled monuments Roman fort, fort annexes and temporary campsNewstead, Scottish Borders, Scotland

Copyright and database right 2015. All rights reserved, Ordnance Survey licence number 100020548

9

The whole is other than the sum of its parts: where is the spatial data infrastructure for cultural heritage? Keep the Revolution Going? - Computer Applications and Quantitative Methods in Archaeology Conference, Siena 1st April 2015.

The INSPIRE Directive – much richer cultural heritage

Cropmark sites

Upstanding archaeology

Copyright and database right 2015. All rights reserved, Ordnance Survey licence number 100020548

ExcavationsGeophysical survey Laser scanning

Lost heritage Landscape and landuse

10

The whole is other than the sum of its parts: where is the spatial data infrastructure for cultural heritage? Keep the Revolution Going? - Computer Applications and Quantitative Methods in Archaeology Conference, Siena 1st April 2015.

Data specific metadata

Spatial Discovery metadata: Describes the nature and content of the dataset

Exploration metadata:The information required to ensure the data is appropriate for purpose

Exploitation metadata:The information required to access, transfer and apply the data

Geophysical survey Airborne Laser Scanning Laser scanning

After:Shaw, R., Corns, A. and McAuley J. Archiving Archaeological Spatial Data: Standards and MetadataOnline proceedings CAA 2009 : http://www.caa2009.org/articles/shaw_contribution187_c%20(1).pdf

11

The whole is other than the sum of its parts: where is the spatial data infrastructure for cultural heritage? Keep the Revolution Going? - Computer Applications and Quantitative Methods in Archaeology Conference, Siena 1st April 2015.

Spatial – much more than a dot on a map

The extent of the magnetometer survey helps inform the definition of the Antonine Wall World Heritage Site

Copyright and database right 2015. All rights reserved, Ordnance Survey licence number 100020548

12

After Rennie, 2006

The whole is other than the sum of its parts: where is the spatial data infrastructure for cultural heritage? Keep the Revolution Going? - Computer Applications and Quantitative Methods in Archaeology Conference, Siena 1st April 2015.

Locked in data

Spatial data is locked into reports and publications whereas it should be mapped to build knowledge

Copyright and database right 2015. All rights reserved, Ordnance Survey licence number 100020548

13

The whole is other than the sum of its parts: where is the spatial data infrastructure for cultural heritage? Keep the Revolution Going? - Computer Applications and Quantitative Methods in Archaeology Conference, Siena 1st April 2015.

Delivering efficiency

INSPIRE sets down the general rules for establishing an infrastructure for spatial information in Europe for the purposes Community environmental policies and policies or activities which may have an impact on the environment

• Data should be collected once and maintained at the level where this can be done most effectively

• The ability to combine seamlessly spatial data from different sources and share it between many users and applications

• Spatial data should be collected at one level of Government and shared between all levels

• Spatial data needed for good Governance should be available on conditions that are not restricting its extensive use • It should be easy to discover which spatial data is available, to evaluate its fitness for purpose, and to know which conditions apply for its use.

Source: David Fry, Inspire Directive: GIS Professional issue 15, April 2007, 18

14

The whole is other than the sum of its parts: where is the spatial data infrastructure for cultural heritage? Keep the Revolution Going? - Computer Applications and Quantitative Methods in Archaeology Conference, Siena 1st April 2015.

Standards and schema

Extract from Ordnance Survey 1:10,000 scale conventions Copyright 2015. All rights reserved, Ordnance Survey licence number 100020548

INSPIRE technical specificationsProtected Sites

Fernandez Freire, C. Et al. (2014) A data model for Cultural Heritage within INSPIRE, Cadernos de Arqueoloxía e Patrimonio (CAPA) no.35

15

The whole is other than the sum of its parts: where is the spatial data infrastructure for cultural heritage? Keep the Revolution Going? - Computer Applications and Quantitative Methods in Archaeology Conference, Siena 1st April 2015.

Towards standardisation

http://canmore.rcahms.gov.uk/en/site/294740/ Courtesy: GSB Prospection

16

The whole is other than the sum of its parts: where is the spatial data infrastructure for cultural heritage? Keep the Revolution Going? - Computer Applications and Quantitative Methods in Archaeology Conference, Siena 1st April 2015.

3887 projects reported through OASIS in Scotland since April 2007 (2372 completed)

310 projects have spatial extents attached.

156 completed projects with spatial extents attached

Commercial units are ready to complysubmitting project extents as part of adischarge of a Planning Condition

Copyright and database right 2015. All rights reserved, Ordnance Survey licence number 100020548

17

The whole is other than the sum of its parts: where is the spatial data infrastructure for cultural heritage? Keep the Revolution Going? - Computer Applications and Quantitative Methods in Archaeology Conference, Siena 1st April 2015.

Common terminologies

Brandenburg Tor, Berlin, Germany The East Port, Dundee, Scotland http://canmore.rcahms.gov.uk/en/details/1232014/Attribution: James Denham

Bootham Bar, York, England

18

The whole is other than the sum of its parts: where is the spatial data infrastructure for cultural heritage? Keep the Revolution Going? - Computer Applications and Quantitative Methods in Archaeology Conference, Siena 1st April 2015.

What we value: Eco-system services

http://www.openness-project.eu/

Managing change in landscapes throughdecision support tools (Quickscan)

Data needs to be understood by the non-specialist user

19

The whole is other than the sum of its parts: where is the spatial data infrastructure for cultural heritage? Keep the Revolution Going? - Computer Applications and Quantitative Methods in Archaeology Conference, Siena 1st April 2015.

The bigger picture: Historic Landuse and landscape characterisation

The landscapes of Europe have been shaped through human interaction to form a rich tapestry that documents development and change over centuries and provides people with a sense of place and identity.

Historic landuse tools inform strategic decision making for the environment, policy and planning.There are multiple audiences: the land owner; the land manager and farmer; Planners and architects; developers, consultants and contractors, academics and researchers and curators.

Copyright and database right 2015. All rights reserved, Ordnance Survey licence number 100020548

Landscape: ‘... an area, as perceived by people, whose character is the result of the action and interaction of natural and/or human factors’ (Article 1, European Landscape Convention)

20

The whole is other than the sum of its parts: where is the spatial data infrastructure for cultural heritage?Keep the Revolution Going? - Computer Applications and Quantitative Methods in Archaeology Conference, Siena 1 st April 2015.

Changing work patterns

Open Data Charter A key driver for change

A balancing act between developing sustainable services, fostering interestin the cultural heritage and contributing to economic and environmental development

INSPIRE requires that data publishers ensure appropriate rights management and licencing agreements are in place that don’t restrict use and reuse of data.• Discovery services should be free of charge • View services should generally not be charged• Any charging models must be transparent • Publication must respect third party Intellectual Property Rights

There is a need to recognise that how information is accessed – heritage curators can no longer expect to act as gatekeepers to knowledge

Need to recognise the need to manage sensitive information

21

The whole is other than the sum of its parts: where is the spatial data infrastructure for cultural heritage? Keep the Revolution Going? - Computer Applications and Quantitative Methods in Archaeology Conference, Siena 1st April 2015.

Is a cultural heritage SDI already addressed by existing initiatives?

Integrates European Research Infrastructures on archaeological datasets. Aims to overcome fragmentation of archaeological data repositories and to foster a culture of data sharing and re-use

Aims to address existing imbalances in the use of modern surveying and remote sensing techniques and to create conditions for the regular use of these strikingly successful techniques across the Continent as a whole.

Has a mission to transform the world with culture. Aims to build on Europe’s rich heritage and make it easier for people to use, whether for work, for learning or just for fun

http://www.europeana.eu/portal/

http://ariadne-infrastructure.eu/

http://www.arcland.eu/

Brings together heritage bodies from all over Europe to establish a service that will make digital content for Europe's unique archaeological monuments and historic sites interoperable with Europeana.

http://www.carare.eu/

22

The whole is other than the sum of its parts: where is the spatial data infrastructure for cultural heritage? Keep the Revolution Going? - Computer Applications and Quantitative Methods in Archaeology Conference, Siena 1st April 2015.

The knowledge pyramid

After: https://kvaes.wordpress.com/2013/05/31/data-knowledge-information-wisdom/

WisdomKnowledge

The InventoryInformationProject reports / Site

records(Raw) Data

Events and archive

Cont

ext

Understanding

PastExperience

NoveltyFuture

Gatheringof parts

Connectionof parts

Formationof a whole

Joining of wholes

Researching &

Understanding

InterpretationAcce

ss &

delivery

Application

Portals WMS, WFS, APIs

23

The whole is other than the sum of its parts: where is the spatial data infrastructure for cultural heritage? Keep the Revolution Going? - Computer Applications and Quantitative Methods in Archaeology Conference, Siena 1st April 2015.

The whole is other than the sum of the parts...

Gatekeepers to knowledgeProject based approachData not discoverableData locked into reports No set standard for information collection

Meeting INSPIRE requirements Developing an evidence based approach Harmonisation of datasets Consistent message to remote users Long term efficiencies

SDI

Contact: Peter McKeague - peter.mckeague@rcahms.gov.uk Stefano Campana - srlc3@cam.ac.uk

24