List of Figures and Tables vii

Preface ix

CHAPTER 1 Questions Frequently Asked About the WISC–IV 1

CHAPTER 2 Intelligence and the WISC–IV: Some Considerations 17What Is Intelligence? 17

Is Intelligence Fixed? 22

How Much Can Intelligence Scores Change? 25

Direct Teaching of Intelligence: Recent Formulations 29

Importance of the Home 33

Intelligence—More Defi nitions 37

What Is Potential, Anyway? 38

Bannatyne’s Recategorizations 45

Interpreting a WISC–IV Score: Some Initial Considerations 46

Diagnosing Learning Disabilities in North America 57

CHAPTER 3 Affective and Behavioral Considerations in WISC–IV Testing and Reading Success 61The Effects of Stress 62

Self-Concept and Self-Esteem 67

Breaking the Stress Cycle and Improving Self-Esteem and Reading 69

Attention-Defi cit/Hyperactivity Disorder 81

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CHAPTER 4 The Reading Process and Some Links to WISC–IV Testing 89What Is Reading? 89

The WISC–IV and Dual-Coding Theory 107

The Report of the National Reading Panel 112

CHAPTER 5 WISC–IV Interpretation: Steps 1 to 3 119Step 1—The Full Scale IQ Score 121

Step 2—The Verbal Comprehension Index 130

Step 3—The Perceptual Reasoning Index 151

Nonverbal Learning Disabilities 153

Gifted Students and the WISC–IV 157

CHAPTER 6 WISC–IV Interpretation: Steps 4 to 10 171Step 4—The Working Memory Index 171

Step 5—The Processing Speed Index 181

Steps 6 to 10 188

CHAPTER 7 WISC–IV Differential Diagnosis and Learning Styles 203Diagnosing Handicapping Conditions with the WISC–IV 203

The WISC–IV and Learning Styles 206

A Critique of Learning Styles 235

References 239

Appendix A Self-Rating Scales for Teacher Effectiveness 253

Appendix B Questions that Encourage Higher Level Thinking 259

Appendix C Potential Reinforcers 263

Appendix D Reading Attitude Questions 267

Appendix E Changing Learned Helplessness 269

Appendix F Relaxation Procedures for Teachers and Students 273

Appendix G Additional Suggestions for Distractibility and Sequencing Problems 277

Appendix H Features of an Effective Remedial Reading Program 281

Appendix I Using Visualizing with Word Banks and Word Sorts 283

Appendix J Language Instruction Using Mental Imagery 289

Afterword 297

Index 299

About the Author 307

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