the world as we know it

8/8/2019 The World as We Know It...

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By: Samantha Malima


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Click an element...

H (Hydrogen) Al (Aluminum)

C (Carbon) S (Sulfur)

O (Oxygen) Cl (Chlorine)

F (Fluorine) K (Potassium)

Na (Sodium) Ca (Calcium)

Fe (Iron) I (Iodine)

Ni (Nickel) Au (Gold)

Cu (Copper) Hg (Mercury)

Ag (Silver) Pb (Lead)

Sn (Tin) Ra (Radium)

SOURCES


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State: Gaseous

Type: Non-metal

Atomic Weight: 1.0079

Melting Point: 14.01 K (-259.14 C)

Boiling Point: 20.28 K (-252.87 C)

Harmful Effects:

Hydrogen is highly flammable and has an almost invisible flame,

which can lead to accidental burns.

Characteristics:

Hydrogen is the simplest element of all, and the lightest. It is also

by far the most common element in the Universe. Over 90

percent of the atoms in the Universe are hydrogen.


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Characteristics (contd):

In its commonest form, the hydrogen atom is made of one

proton, one electron, and no neutrons. Hydrogen is the onlyelement that can exist without neutrons.

Hydrogen is a colorless, odorless gas which exists, at standard

temperature and pressure, as diatomic molecules, H2.

It burns and forms explosive mixtures in air and it reacts violently

with oxidants.

On Earth, the major location of hydrogen is in water, H2O. There

is little free hydrogen on Earth because it is so light it escapes

from the atmosphere into space.


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Uses:

Haber Process (production of Ammonia)

Hydrogenation of fats and oilsMethanol production

Hydrocracking a catalytic chemical process used in petroleum

refineries for converting the high-boiling constituent

hydrocarbons in petroleum crude oils to more valuable

lower-boiling products such as gasoline, kerosene, jet fueland diesel oil.

Hydrodesulfurization a catalytic chemical process widely used

to remove sulfur (S) from natural gas and from refined

petroleum products such as gasoline or petrol, jet fuel,

kerosene, diesel fuel, and fuel oils

Metal refining

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State: Gaseous

Type: Non-metal, Carbon Group


Melting Point: 3823 K (3550 C)Boiling Point: 4300 K (4027 C)

Harmful Effects:

Pure carbon has very low toxicity. Inhalation of large quantities of

carbon black dust (soot/coal dust) can cause irritation and

damage to the lungs.

Characteristics:

Carbon can exist in several allotropes, including graphite,

diamond, amorphous carbon, fullerines and nanotubes.


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Interestingly, graphite is one of the softest substances and diamond

was thought, until recently, to be the hardest naturally occurring

substance.

An extremely rare allotrope of carbon, Lonsdaleite, has been

calculated, in pure form, to be 58% stronger than diamond. Lonsdaleite

is made when meteorites containing graphite hit another body, such as

Earth. The high temperatures and pressures of the impact transformthe graphite into Lonsdaleite, a diamond-like substance that retains

graphite's hexagonal structure.

Carbon has the highest melting/sublimation point of all the elements

and, in the form of diamond, has the highest thermal conductivity ofany element. This is the origin of the slang term "ice" - diamond, at

room temperature, carries heat away from your warmer skin faster

than any other material and so feels cold to touch.


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Uses:

Carbon coal and fuels

Graphite used as a lubricant, for pencil tips, high temperature

crucibles, dry cells and electrodes.

Diamonds used in jewelry and - because they are so hard - in

industry for cutting, drilling, grinding, and polishing.

Carbon black used as the black pigment in printing ink.

Carbon steel alloys merged with iron

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State: Gaseous

Type: Non-metal, Chalcogen


Melting Point: 54.8 K (-218.3 C)Boiling Point: 90.2 K (-182.9 C)

Harmful Effects:

O2 is non-toxic under normal conditions. However, exposure to

oxygen at higher than normal pressures, e.g. scuba divers, canlead to convulsions. Ozone (O3) is toxic and if inhaled can damage

the lungs.


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Characteristics:

Oxygen in its common form (O2) is a colorless, odorless and tasteless diatomic

gas. Oxygen is extremely reactive and forms oxides with nearly all other

elements except noble gases.

Earth's atmosphere at first contained no free oxygen. It only contains free

oxygen now because green plants - not initially present on Earth - produce it

during photosynthesis.

If green plants were to disappear, all the oxygen in Earth's atmosphere wouldreact over a period of time and the atmosphere would once again contain no

free oxygen. If we discover any other planets with atmospheres rich in oxygen,

we will be able to infer that life is almost certainly present on these planets.

Liquid and solid oxygen are pale blue and are strongly paramagnetic. Ozone

(O3), another form (allotrope) of oxygen, occurs naturally in the Earth's upper

atmosphere.

The reaction with oxygen is one of the criteria we use to distinguish between

metals (these form basic oxides) and non-metals (these form acidic oxides).


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Uses:

Steel production

Oxyacetylene welding - use fuel gases and oxygen to weld and

cut metals

Oxidant for rocket fuel

Methanol and ethylene oxide production

Respiration

Ozone layer

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State: Gaseous

Type: Non-metal, Halogen


Melting Point: 53.6 K (-219.6 C)Boiling Point: 85.1 K (-188.1 C)

Harmful Effects:

Fluorine is highly toxic and corrosive.

Characteristics:

Fluorine is the most reactive and the most electronegative of all

the elements.


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Fluorine is a pale yellow, diatomic, highly corrosive, flammable

gas, with a pungent odor. It is the lightest halogen.

It reacts violently with water to produce oxygen and the

extremely corrosive hydrofluoric acid.

Uses:

Uranium processingProduction of fluorochemicals (including many high-

temperature plastics such as Teflon)

Compunds of fluorine including sodium fluoride used in

toothpaste and in drinking water to prevent dental

cavitiesHydrofluoric acid dissolve glass and is used to etch the glass

in light bulbs and in other products

Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) used in as refrigerants in air

conditioning units and freezers Back to top...


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State: Solid

Type: Alkali Metal


Melting Point: 370.87 K (97.72 C)

Boiling Point: 1156 K (883 C)

Harmful Effects:

Sodium is considered to be non-toxic. Contact with the skin may,

however, cause irritation and burns.

Characteristics:Sodium is a soft, silvery-white metal. It is soft enough to cut with

the edge of a coin. Freshly cut surfaces oxidize rapidly in air to

form a dull, oxide coating. Sodium burns in air with a brilliant

yellow flame.


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Sodium floats on water, because its density is lower than water's.

It also reacts vigorously with water - violently if more than a small

amount of sodium meets water (see video on left) - to produce

sodium hydroxide and hydrogen gas. Sodium reacts with water

more vigorously than lithium and less vigorously than potassium.

Explosions occur when the heat generated by the sodium-water

reaction ignites the resulting hydrogen gas.

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Uses:

Metallic sodium used in the manufacture of sodamide and

esters, and in the preparation of organic compounds;

modify alloys such as aluminum-silicon by improving their

mechanical properties and fluidity

Sodium vapor lamps used in city street lamps

Heat transfer agent

Sodium chloride (table salt) vital for good nutrition


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State: Solid

Type: Metal


Melting Point: 933.57 K (660.32 C)Boiling Point: 2740 K (2466.85 C)

Harmful Effects:

No proven issues; ingestion may cause alzheimer's disease

Characteristics:Aluminum is a silvery-white metal. It is non-magnetic and an

excellent electrical conductor. It is of low density and high

ductility. It is too reactive to be commonly found as the metal

although, very rarely, the native metal can be found.


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Aluminum's appearance is dulled and its reactivity is passivated by a

film of aluminum oxide that naturally forms on the surface of the metal

under normal conditions. The oxide film results in a material thatresists corrosion. The film can be thickened using electrolysis or

oxidizing agents and aluminum in this form will resist attack by dilute

acids, dilute alkalis and concentrated nitric acid.

Aluminum lies sufficiently far on the right side of the periodic table thatit shows some hints of nonmetal behavior, reacting with hot alkalis to

form aluminate ions [Al(OH)4]- as well as the more typical metal

reaction with acids to release hydrogen gas and form the positively

charged metal ion, Al3+. i.e. aluminum is amphoteric.

Pure aluminum is quite soft and lacking in strength. Aluminum used in

commercial applications has small amounts of silicon and iron (less

than 1%) added, resulting in greatly improved strength and hardness.


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Uses:

Drinking cans

Window framesBoats and aircraft

Food packaging and cooking pots

Electrical conductor

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State: Solid

Type: Non-metal, Chalcogen


Melting Point: 388.4 K (115.2 C)Boiling Point: 717.9 K (444.7C)

Harmful Effects:

Elemental sulfur is considered to be of low toxicity. Compounds such as

carbon disulfide, hydrogen sulfide, and sulfur dioxide are toxic. For

example, at 0.03 parts per million, we can smell hydrogen sulfide but itis regarded as safe for eight hours of exposure. At 4 ppm it may cause

eye irritation. At 20 ppm exposure for more than a minute causes

severe injury to eye nerves. At 700 ppm breathing stops. Death will

result if there is not a quick rescue. Permanent brain damage may

result.


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Characteristics :

Sulfur is a soft, pale yellow, odorless, brittle solid. It is insoluble in

water, but soluble in carbon disulfide. It burns with a blue flame,

oxidizing to sulfur dioxide.

Sulfur exists in several crystalline and amorphous allotropes. The

most common form is yellow, orthorhombic alpha-sulfur, which

contains puckered rings of S8.

Sulfur is multivalent and combines, with valence 2, 4, or 6, with

almost all other elements. The best known sulfur compound is

hydrogen sulfide (H2S). This is a toxic gas that smells like rotten

eggs; the smell is used in stink bombs, many of which release asmall amount of hydrogen sulfide.


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Uses:

Reactant in the production of sulfuric acid (H2SO4)

Sulfuric acid - the industrialized world's number one bulk

chemical, required in large quantities in lead-acid batteries

for automotive use

Vulcanization of natural rubber

Fungicide

Black gunpowderDetergents

Manufacture of phosphate fertilizers

Components of amino acids cysteine and methionine

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State: Gaseous

Type: Non-metal, Halogen


Melting Point: 172 K (-101 C)Boiling Point: 239 K (-34 C)

Harmful Effects:

Chlorine is a toxic gas that irritates the skin, the eyes and the

respiratory system.


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Characteristics:

Chlorine is a greenish-yellow, diatomic, dense gas with a sharp

smell (the smell of bleach).

It is not found free in nature as it combines readily with nearly all

other elements.

Chlorine occurs in nature mainly as common salt (NaCl), carnallite[ KMgCl2.6(H20) ], and sylvite (KCl).

In its liquid and solid form it is a powerful bleaching, oxidizing and

disinfecting agent.


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Uses:

Safe-drinking water

Sanitation, pulp bleaching, disinfectants, and textile processing

Dyestuffs

Petroleum products

Medicines, antiseptics

Insecticides

FoodstuffsSolvents, paints, plastics

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State: Solid

Type: Alkali Metal


Melting Point: 336.5 K (63.4 C)Boiling Point: 1038 K (765.6 C)

Harmful Effects:

Potassium is considered to be non-toxic. Due to its highly reactive

nature, elemental potassium must be handled with extreme care.


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Characteristics :

Potassium is silvery-white, low melting, metal soft enough to be

easily cut with a knife. It tarnishes rapidly in air, forming a dull

oxide coating.

Potassium burns with a lilac colored flame. It is extremely

reactive, reacting violently with water, for example, to produce

hydrogen gas and potassium hydroxide.Uses:

Fertilizers essential for plant growth

Electrolyte essential for human growth

Potassium hydroxide used in manufacture of soaps and as an

electrolyte in alkaline batteries

Potassium chloride used as a healthier alternative to table

salt.

Potassium nitrate a main explosive ingredient in gunpowder.

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State: Solid

Type: Alkali Earth Metal



Harmful Effects:

Non toxic and an essential metal for living organisms.


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Characteristics :

Calcium is reactive and, for a metal, soft (with difficulty, it can be

cut with a knife).

In contact with air, calcium develops a mixed oxide and nitride

coating, which protects it from further corrosion.

Calcium reacts easily with water and acids and the metal burnsbrightly in air, forming mainly the nitride.

Uses:

Major electrolyte for muscle contraction

Used to remove oxygen, sulfur, and carbon from alloys

Portland cement is the most common type of cement in

general use around the world

Water treatment

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State: Solid

Type: Transition Metal


Melting Point: 1808.2 K (1535.1C)Boiling Point: 3023 K (2750C)

Harmful Effects:

Iron is considered to be non-toxic.

Characteristics:Iron is a ductile, gray, relatively soft metal and is a moderately

good conductor of heat and electricity.


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It is attracted by magnets and can be readily magnetized. The

pure metal is chemically very reactive and rusts readily in moist

air, forming red-brown oxides. There are three allotropic forms ofiron, known as alpha, gamma, and delta.

Alpha iron, also known as ferrite, is the stable form of iron at

normal temperatures.Uses:

Most commonly used metal (nails, cans, automotives,

infrastructures)

Manufacture steel and alloys use for construction and

manufacturing

Transporting oxygen in blood via the hemoglobin molecule

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State: Solid




Harmful Effects:

Nickel and its compounds are considered to be carcinogenic.

Approximately 10 to 20 percent of people are sensitive to nickel.

Repeated contact with it leads to skin complaints (dermatitis). Suchpeople should avoid contact with nickel, which can be found in jewelry.

Workers who have breathed very large amounts of nickel compounds

have developed chronic bronchitis and lung and nasal cancers. Nickel

carbonyl is a very toxic gas.


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Characteristics :

Nickel is a hard, silvery-white metal, which is malleable and

ductile. The metal can take on a high polish and it resists

tarnishing in air.

Nickel is ferromagnetic and is a fair conductor of heat and

electricity.

Most nickel compounds are blue or green.

Uses:

Corrosion-resistant alloys, such as stainless steel

Coin-making

Nickel steel for burglar-proof vaults and armour plateBatteries and magnets

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State: Solid



Melting Point: 1357.77 K (1084.62C)

Boiling Point: 2833 K (2560C)

Harmful Effects:

Copper is essential in all plants and animals. Excess copper is,

however, toxic.

Cooking acidic food in copper pots can cause toxicity. Copper

cookware should be lined to prevent ingestion of toxic verdigris

(compounds formed when copper corrodes).


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Characteristics :

Copper is a reddish orange, soft metal that takes on a bright

metallic luster. It is malleable, ductile, and an excellent conductor

of heat and electricity - only silver has a higher electricalconductivity than copper.

Copper surfaces exposed to air gradually tarnish to a dull,

brownish color. If water and air are present, copper will slowly

corrode to form the carbonate verdigris often seen on roofs andstatues.

Uses:

Most commonly used in electrical equipment

Roofing, guttering, and as rainspouts on buildingsPlumbing and in cookware and cooking utensils

Gun metals and coins

Fungicide and algicide

Fehlings Solution testing for presence of monosaccharides

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State: Solid





Harmful Effects:

Silver is considered to be non-toxic. However, most silver salts are

poisonous and some may be carcinogenic.

Characteristics:

Silver is a soft, ductile, malleable, lustrous metal. It has the

highest electrical and thermal conductivity of all metals. Silver is

stable in oxygen and water, but tarnishes when exposed to sulfur

compounds in air or water to form a black sulfide layer.


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Uses:

Sterling silver and Britannia silver used in jewelry and

silverwareFood additive/coloring

Photography

Solders, electrical contacts, and silver-cadmium and silver-zinc

batteries

Silver paints used in the manufacture of electronic printedcircuits

Superior mirror production as silver is the best known

reflector of visible light

Silver iodide used in artificial rain making to seed clouds

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State: Solid

Type: Metal, Carbon Group




Harmful Effects:

Tin is considered to be non-toxic but most tin salts are toxic. The

inorganic salts are caustic but of low toxicity. Organometallic

compounds of tin are highly toxic.Characteristics:

Tin is a silvery-white, soft, malleable metal that can be highly

polished. Tin has a highly crystalline structure and when a tin bar

is bent, a 'tin cry' is heard, due to the breaking of these crystals.


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It resists oxygen and water but dissolves in acids and bases.

Exposed surfaces form an oxide film. When heated in air, tin

forms tin(IV) oxide (stannic oxide) which is feebly acidic.

Tin has two allotropic forms at normal pressure, gray tin and

white tin. Pure white tin slowly tends to become the gray powder

(gray tin), a change commonly called 'tin pest' at temperatures

below 13.2 oC . Gray tin has no metallic properties at all.Commercial quality tins are resistant to tin pest as a result of the

inhibiting effects of minor impurities.

Uses:

Coating on the surface of other metals to prevent corrosion

Drinking cans

Soft solder, pewter, bronze, and phosphor bronze

Tin chlorideused as a mordant in dyeing textiles and for

increasing the weight of silk

Stannous fluoride - toothpastes Back to top...


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State: Solid

Type: Halogen




Harmful Effects:

In small doses, iodine is slightly toxic and it is highly poisonous in large

amounts. Elemental iodine is an irritant which can cause sores on the

skin. Iodine vapor causes extreme eye irritation.Characteristics:

Iodine is a bluish-black, lustrous solid. Although it is less reactive than

the elements above it in group 17 (fluorine, chlorine and bromine) it

still forms compounds with many other elements.


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Characteristics(contd):

Although iodine is a non-metal, it displays some metallic

properties.

When dissolved in chloroform, carbon tetrachloride or carbon

disulphide, Iodine yields purple colored solutions. It is barely

soluble in water, giving a yellow solution.

Uses:

Iodide and thyroxin (iodine derivative) used in the human

body

Radiotherapy

Potassium iodide and iodine in alcohol used to disinfect

external woundsSilver iodide photography

Added to table salt to prevent thyroid disease

Catalysts

Animal feeds

Inks and dyes Back to top...


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State: Solid



Melting Point: 1337.33 K (1064.18 C)


Harmful Effects:

Gold is considered to be non-toxic

Characteristics:

Gold is an excellent conductor of heat and electricity. It is a soft,yellow, metal with a beautiful lustrous sheen. It is the most

malleable and ductile of all the elements and a single gram can

be beaten into a sheet one square meter sheet of gold leaf.


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Gold has a very high density, 19.32 g/cm3. (A tennis ball sized

sphere of gold would weigh about 5.7 pounds (2.6 kilograms).

Gold is not the densest natural element, however. That honorbelongs to osmium, followed very closely by iridium. Tennis ball

sized spheres of these elements would each weigh about 6.8

pounds (3.1 kilograms).

Gold is unaffected by air, water, alkalis and all acids except aqua

regia (a mixture of hydrochloric acid and nitric acid) which can

dissolve gold. Gold does react with halogens. It will, for example,

react very slowly with chlorine gas at room temperature to form

gold chloride, AuCl3. If gold chloride is heated gently, it willdecompose to release the pure elements again.


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Uses:

Jewelry and coinage

Dental work crowns

Solar heat shield for satellites and astronauts helmet visors

Microelectronic circuits

Treatment of cancers especially of the bladder, cervix, and

prostate

Gold flake added to some gourmet sweets and drinksChloroauric acid (HAuCl4) used in photography for toning the

silver image

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State: Liquid



Melting Point: 234.32 K (-38.83C)

Boiling Point: 629.88 K (356.73C)

Harmful Effects:

Mercury and most of its compounds are highly toxic.

The pure metal is absorbed easily by inhalation, ingestion orthrough the skin.

It is also a chronic pollutant and mercury concentrates in

animal/fish tissues in increasing amounts up the food chain.


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Characteristics :

Mercury is a dense, silvery-white, poisonous metal with a mirror-

like appearance.

It is the only common metal that is liquid at room temperature.

Mercury evaporates slowly at room temperature.

The metal is relatively stable in dry air, but in moist air tarnishes

slowly to form a gray oxide coating.

Mercury has high surface tension and, when spilled, breaks up

into tiny beads.

Mercury readily forms alloys (called amalgams) with other

metals, such as silver, gold and tin. As it does not amalgamate

with iron, mercury is often stored in iron containers.


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Uses:

Barometers and manometers

Thermometers

Made use in extracting gold, silver, and platinum from their

ores

Mercury-vapor lights emit light rich in ultraviolet radiation

Fungicides

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State: Solid

Type: Metal, Carbon Group




Harmful Effects:

Lead and its compounds are poisonous.

Characteristics:

Lead is a bluish-gray, soft, dense metal that has a bright lusterwhen freshly cut. It tarnishes slowly in moist air to form a dull

gray coating. The metal is highly ductile and malleable. Lead is

extremely resistant to corrosion and is a poor conductor of

electricity.


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Uses:

Storage batteries

Cable covering

Ammunition

Electrodes

Solder and roofing material

Shielding from radiation

Lead oxide manufacture of fine crystal glassPlumbing

Additive in paints

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State: Solid

Type: Alkali Earth Metal


Melting Point: 973 K (700 C)


Harmful Effects:

Radium is highly radioactive and hence carcinogenic. Microscopic

quantities of radium in the environment can lead to some

accumulation of radium in bone tissue. Radium, like calcium, is agroup II element and our bodies treat it in a similar way.


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Characteristics :

Radium is a silvery-white metal. It is highly radioactive and its

decay product, radon gas, is also radioactive. One result of

radium's intense radioactivity is that the metal and itscompounds glow in the dark. When it is exposed to air, it reacts

with nitrogen to quickly form a black coating of radium nitride.

Radium's chemistry is similar to that of the other alkali earth

metals. It reacts very vigorously with water to form hydrogen gas

and radium hydroxide. It reacts with even more vigorously with

hydrochloric acid to form radium chloride.

Uses:

Production of luminous paintsRadium chloride used medicinally to produce radon gas for

cancer treatment

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Sources:y http://www.chemicool.com/

y http://www.google.com.ph/imghp?hl=tl&tab=wi

yhttp://www.wikipedia.org/

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