the world economy (1).ppt

8/9/2019 the World Economy (1).ppt

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The World Economy

Chapter 16


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Introduction How did sliver mined by conscripted South

American Indians change Chinas ta!system" #lobali$ation and world economy A%ter 1&'' sliver became the power behind

the world economy( )otosi* +olivia Sliver allowed Europeans to buy Asian goods( In,u! o% silver %ueled the Chinese economy

and helped -eep a higher standard o% livingin Asia than in western Europe. /ew 0ing ta!in China periodic ta! payments o% sliver

What are the conse2uences o% e!plorations3coloni$ation by Europe* Americas* A%rica* andAsia""" 0ore than 4ust Europe to this story


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Wests 1stoutreach

5rom about the 11''s Europeans hadstarted to reali$e the larger world %romthe Crusades and Islamic merchants

Islamic merchants and the 0ongolEmpire allowed %or Asian goods to ,owinto Europe which many upper classhad become accustomed to spices7

8ttoman Empire cut o% this trade Europeans tried to e!pand into islands

in the Atlantic* but didnt have goodship technology and were scared(


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Technology(

1&thcentury technological improvementsallowed %or Europeans to sail beyond theirprevious limits(

9eveloped deep:dra%t* round:hulled sailingships

Compass %rom China

+etter maps

+etter de%ended gunpowder %rom China wasused %or the gunnery

0ade ;rst guns and cannons


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)ortugal and Spain

)ortugal being on the coast made sense to be interested in

e!ploration. They were led by their prince* Henry the/avigator. He organi$ed e!peditions along the coast o% A%ricabeginning in 1


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/orth European E!peditions In the 16thcentury northern European states li-e England* Holland*

and 5rance got into the act o% e!ploration and coloni$ation

They too produced better technology which supported this actionlighter* %aster ships than Spain and )ortuguese In 1&>> England de%eated the Spanish Armada which gave them

even more legitimacy The Spanish and )ortuguese were busy with their colonies and

while north western European states were becoming 2uic-ly morepower%ul

Amerigo espucci /ew WorldAmericas 5rench e!plorers reached Canada in 1&=


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Toward a World EconomyColumbian E!change

5oods* diseases* and people were e!changed +etween 16thand 1thcenturies at least J o% the

entire native population o% the Americas died %romdiseases li-e smallpo! and measles. They had no builtup immunities

This also occurred when the Europeans made contactwith the )olynesians and )aci;c Coast peoples

This death toll re2uired that Europeans ;nd a laborsource elsewhere that was resistant to their diseasesA%rica

)lants were also e!changed( The Americas introducedcorn and potatoes( These became very important insupporting population growth around the world andwere important in A%rica* China* and Europe. SomeEuropeans were scared o% the tomato and potato andthought it caused the plague or other diseases.


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8utreach

0uslims did still remain active in A%rica* India*and Asia trade* but started to ta-e a bac-seat to

Europe Spain under )hilip II de%eated the 8ttoman Tur-s

in the naval battle o% Depanto in 1&1 eBectivelyending the 0uslim Tur-s hope %or advancementinto Europe

With no 0uslim %orce to chec- the routesEuropean trade grew into large internationalroutes. Soon Europeans were establishing portsand harbors along the coasts to %acilitate trade

In some areas with power%ul governments

European merchants were granted special legalrights which allowed them to tradeConstantinople* Kussia* Lapan7. The internationaltrade run now by Europeans7 supported theirlocal regional economies and thus Europeans

won special rights o% access


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Imbalances in World Trade Competition in world trade was essentially between

western European states Spain brie,y7 England*Holland* and 5rance

They would import raw materials %rom colonies andma-e lu!ury goods to be sold around the world atvarious mar-ets

0ercantilism Mnations not import goods %rom outside

o% its empire* but strive to sell their e!ported goodsas widely as possible became the new world system.I% one state was doing better then it was at thee!pense o% other states. There was an idea that theirwas only a ;!ed amount o% wealth in the world. Thiswas supported by various political policies li-e tariBs.

Some economies became dependent on largermar-et %or supporting low cost goods li-e cash crops.Slaves were re2uired to -eep costs down. Slavescame %rom A%rica. The trade patterns within A%ricashi%t towards the Atlantic and sub:Saharan A%rica

became the main supplier o% slaves.


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International Ine2uality The new world economic relationships proved to be

very durable and many areas that carried burdens thenstill do today

0uch o% Asia and A%rica were not core:dependent areas 9ependent areas were Datin America and slave:

supplying parts o% A%rica not all were impoverished(A%rican slave trades and princes who ta!ed the slavetrade grew rich( 0any local %armers were still

subsistence %armers too and were not involved in amar-et economy. 0any A%rican and Datin American merchants didnt %ully

control the terms o% trade. Their wealth was used toimport lu!ury goods o% Europe and not %or supportinglocal manu%acturing

Coercive labor systems spread due to the need o%cheap costs to produce raw goods. The plantationsystems o% the Americas re2uired huge amounts o%cheap labor. In the Indies peasants became li-e ser%sand couldnt leave the lands they were %orced to wor-


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E!pansionist Trend

World economy e!panded and gained newlands over time

16thcentury dependencies South America*west A%rica* West Indies* and /orth America

E!panded into southeast Asia 1thcentury e!panded into India and the

0ughal Empire. Trade companies e!pandedand more tariBs passed to protect mother

countrys industries mercantilism7 Eastern Europe started to produce grains

%or e!port ser%dom supported 7


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Americas

Spain ;rst to coloni$e several West Indian islandsHispaniola* Cuba* Lamaica* and )uerto Kico7. 1&'? startedto coloni$e the mainland in search %or gold. They were able

to establish colonies b3c o% guns* horses* and iron. 5irst mainland colony established by asco de +alboa in

)anama. E!peditions %anned out %rom there into A$tec landsthat were con2uered by Cortes in 1&@1 and later to theIncas where )i$arro con2uered in 1&=1. )i$arro 4oined+alboa and got a cattle %arm. He heard rumors o% the wealth

o% )eru and 4oined with an illiterate soldier* a priest* andlead to %ailed e!peditions. In 1&@> he gained the -ingspermission to attac- the Inca empire %or which he would bethe governor7 and with a %orce o% 1>' men attac-ed theempire. He captured Emperor Atahuallpa and accepted ahuge ransom %or him only then to strangle him( He looselyruled the lands and there were several revolts under hisrule. )i$arro was assassinated by a group o% Inca rebels in1&


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Fears War1&6:16=

)russia* Hanover* andEngland vs. Kussia*5rance* and Austria

Austria attac-ed %or

Silesia %rom )russia Kussia gained territory in

)russia* however )eter IIIgave bac- the land

Signed peace and Austria

was driven out o% Silesia 5ought in Americas and

India between 5ranceand England

)eter III worshipped5rederic- the #reatand when hebecame tsar 2uic-ly

negotiated a peace He abandoned his

allies and land gains

/ot long a%terwards*

Catherine came tothe throne and heRdied


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English and 5rench more attached to West Indian holdings than Americaand there%ore didnt regulate their economic actions as much. Theywere seen as a Rbac-water compared to other landholdings

A%ter the 16 revolution where the colonists o% northeast America split%rom +ritish control. The Gnited States o% America emerged similarly to

Datin America produce cash crop tobacco* sugar* cotton7 on largeestates supported by slave labor. Then the wealthy planter class wouldimport European lu!ury produces and altogether possess wea- %ormalgovernments

Colonies were more similar to Europe own assemblies where they wererepresented* discussed ideals o% the Enlightenment* Lohn Doc-e*imitated European institutions o% science and philosophy* they alsoeasily displaced the natives by disease and their smaller numbers innorth America and their hunting and slash and burn agriculture. )ushedthem west and didnt combine with natives to %orm a new culture li-e inDatin America

Colonies did branch out in their trade and some +ritish colonies eventraded with the Chinese. In order to pay %or the e!penses o% the FearsWar a colonial war seen by many +ritish7 the +ritish governmentstarted to impose more ta!es and tariBs. They hope to ma-e more ta!

revenue and guarantee mar-ets %or their goods in the colonies. Thisonly enraged the colonists who were used to hearing the great ideas o%the Enlightenment and they considered themselves +ritish without theright o% representation. Thus a civil war where in 16 the colonists%ought against England.

8ver time the GS* especially the southern colonies became increasinglydependent on slavery. +y the 1>thcentury @= o% the English colonieswere o% A%rican origin. Something that did distinguish GS %rom the +ritish

)hili II % S i


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)hilip II o% Spain Spain greatest power in

Europe during mid 1&''snavy Spanish Armada7

)hilip was very responsibleand paid attention to evendetailed paperwor-

0a4or concerned was 8ttomanadvance in the 0editerranean

1&1 Depanto Spain vs.

8ttomans* Spain won ending8ttoman advances

)hilip viewed himsel% as aChristian monarch %ending oBthe advances o% the in;dels8ttomans and )rotestantsCalvinism spreading7

Supported St.+artholomews 9aymassacre sent U*

advisers* and troops 0arried 0ary I o%

England. WhenHenry III andEdward died she too-

over crown and madeEn land a Catholic
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:PhilipII.jpg


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)hilip II o% Spain 0ary I died and )hilip

attempted to marry hersister* Eli$abeth* but she saidno

Eli$abeth not only ma-esEngland a )rotestant stateagain* but supports the)rotestants in 5rance and

9utch by sending aid made)hilip II angry7

)hilip II decided to invadeEngland and sent Armada*but was de%eated:it mar-ed ahuge psychological blow to

the soldiers and )hilip himsel%

Kevolt in the /etherlands1&''s7 /etherlandswere 1 separateprovinces that )hilipcontrolled in /. Europerich and populated area3

regional diBerences7 )hilip II le%t area when he

became Ning o% SpanishEmpire* which inspiredlocal discontent. Thiscame to the %ore%ront over

his religious policies


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)hilip II o% Spain and


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)hilip II o% Spain and/etherlands

)hilip II intended toweed out heretic)rotestants7 by

V Increasing the numbero% Catholic priest

V Inviting Lesuits in thearea to establishChurches and schools

V Strengthen the powero% In2uisition and

en%orcing the Council o%Trent

)rotestant soughtprotection %rom localnobility:who opposed)hilip regardless o% theirnobility because hedisregarded localautonomy. They re%usedto en%orce his laws

Adapted policy o%tolerance. Calvinistactively resisted and

stormed Catholicchurches


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)hilip II treated this asan open revolt andrebellion. He sent 9u-eo% Alba -nown %or his

brutality7 in to stop theheretics. Alba believedindividuals should be-ept in constant state o%%ear. Held e!ecution and

allowed soldiers to stormtowns who participated inrevolt slaughtered andburned to the ground7

Alba drove out many)rotestants and droverest into state o% openrebellion

Spain increased ta!esto %und army loyalprovinces not so loyalanymore7

)rotestants madesuccess%ul assaults in/orthern provincesHolland7

)hilip II o% Spain and


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1&6 Antwerp soldiers

sac-ed city limited pay andno plundering led to this.''' slaughtered and cityburned. Ended )hilips ruleover his +urgundianinheritance RSpanish %ury

)rotestants made apermanent home in/orthern provinces li-eHolland

States:#eneral establishedin south assembly o% local

representatives to help rule:ta!ation problems

)aci;cation o% #hent

1&6 V Conceded local

autonomy o% ta!es

V Kole o% States:#eneralmade legal

:Withdrawal o% troops %orthe low countriesnorthern Europe7

:16'? 1@ Fears Trucerecogni$ed e!istence o%Holland. However* )hilip II

didnt want to have topermanently recogni$e it


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/orth America and Westernideas

5amily pattern nuclear unit

Gnusual concern %or their childrenand larger %amiliesdependedheavily on their wor- in a labor scareenvironment(

#overnment responded to newwestern political ideas


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A%rica

A%rica Europeans primarily had coastal %ortresseswhere they negotiated with -ings and merchants.They did not try to claim large lands %orthemselves b3c o% climate* disease* and non:navigable rivers

E!ceptions )ortugal in Angola in search o% slaves.Holland in Cape o% #ood Hope in the Cape Colonyestablished in 16&@. This station was meant tosupply 9utch ships on their way to Asia. However*some 9utch started to set up %arms and became

%armers or +oers. They %anned out and 2uic-lytoo- over lands in this lightly populated area. They%ought and enslaved A%ricans. This ;ght continueduntil the @'thcentury in the nation o% South A%rica

Asia


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Asia Set up administrations in early Asia trade posts li-e the

)hilippines* Indonesia* and Taiwan +ritish and 5rench struggled %or control o% a wea-ening India

and crumbling 0ughal empire %ollowing the death o% its lastgreat -ing* Aurang$eb in 1'. Kegional -ingdoms startedpopping up along with e!isting ports o% 5rance and England.The +ritish East India Company had more political clout* abetter port in Calcutta* and the +ritish had a superior navy

War%are erupted in 1thcentury:+ritish government too- a more active role inIndian aBairs. They supplemented the unoQcial government

o% the East India Company. They did not control the entiresubcontinent %or the 0ughal empire still remained although itwas wea- and regional -ingdoms e!isted. In most colonies theEuropean administration remained wea- with %ew settlers.Colonial administrations pressed %or economic advantage %orthe home country by opening up mar-ets %or home countrygoods and producing raw goods and cheap %oods


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Western Europe

9iplomatically and economically aBected Kivalries and wars( This ended in what is re%erred to as the ;rst world war

Seven Fears War 1&6:16=7 %ought in Europe* India* and/orth America

Dower classes in Europe had access to previously highpriced goods li-e sugar due to plantations(

With in,u! o% raw products many Europeans started toturn towards the idea o% manu%acturing to e!port theirgoods and ma-e a large pro;t(

Cons Increase o% un%ree labor systems* slavery* ser%dom

with millions o% people +ene;ts new %oods* wider trade patterns* gain o% wealth

%or merchants and landholders* Kange o% relationships with European and world economy

conscious isolation* controlled participation* to undeniabledependency

the world economy (1).ppt

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