the world war i era (1914–1920) chapter 19 section 1: the road to war
TRANSCRIPT
The World War I The World War I EraEra(1914–1920)(1914–1920)
Chapter 19Chapter 19
Section 1:The Road to War
A. Causes of World War IA. Causes of World War I
Competition for colonial lands in Africa and elsewhere led to conflict among the major European powers.
1 .Imperialism
Main Causes of World War I
By the early 1900s, powerful nations in Europe had adopted policies of militarism, or aggressively building up armed forces and giving the military more authority over government and foreign policy.
2 .Militarism
One type of nationalism inspired the great powers of Europe to act in their own interests. Another emerged as ethnic minorities within larger nations sought self-government.
3.Nationalism
In a complicated system of alliances, different groups of European nations had pledged to come to one another’s aid in the event of attack.
4. Alliances
Chapter 19, Section 1
1. Imperialism --Economic & 1. Imperialism --Economic & Imperial RivalriesImperial Rivalries
1. Imperialism --Economic & 1. Imperialism --Economic & Imperial RivalriesImperial Rivalries
2. Militarism (& Arms Race)
2. Militarism (& Arms Race)
1870
1880 1890190
01910 1914
94 130 154 268 289 398
Total Defense Expenditures for the Total Defense Expenditures for the Great Powers [Ger., A-H, It., Fr., Br., Great Powers [Ger., A-H, It., Fr., Br.,
Rus.] Rus.] in millions of £s.in millions of £s.
1910-1914 Increase in Defense
Expenditures
France 10%
Britain 13%
Russia 39%
Germany
73%
Militarism cont.Militarism cont.• Germany was
competing with the UK to build battleships.
• The British feared an attack on their Empire
Militarism cont.
• Germany was competing with Russia and France to expand their armies
1880 1914
• Germany 1.3m 5.0m• France 0.73m 4.0m• Russia 0.40m 1.2m
3. Nationalism3. Nationalism
4. The Alliance System
4. The Alliance System
Allied PowersAllied Powers::Allied PowersAllied Powers::
Central Central PowersPowers::Central Central PowersPowers::
The Major Players: 1914-17
The Major Players: 1914-17
Nicholas II Nicholas II [Rus][Rus]
Nicholas II Nicholas II [Rus][Rus]
George V [Br]George V [Br]George V [Br]George V [Br]
Pres. Poincare Pres. Poincare [Fr][Fr]
Pres. Poincare Pres. Poincare [Fr][Fr]
Allied PowersAllied Powers::Allied PowersAllied Powers::
Franz Josef [A-H]Franz Josef [A-H]Franz Josef [A-H]Franz Josef [A-H]
Wilhelm II [Ger]Wilhelm II [Ger]Wilhelm II [Ger]Wilhelm II [Ger]
Victor Emmanuel Victor Emmanuel II [It]II [It]
Victor Emmanuel Victor Emmanuel II [It]II [It]
Central PowersCentral Powers::Central PowersCentral Powers::
Enver PashaEnver Pasha[Turkey][Turkey]
Enver PashaEnver Pasha[Turkey][Turkey]
The Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary
The spark that ignited the power keg and started World War I:
B. How the War began-the sparkB. How the War began-the spark
Who’s To Blame?Who’s To Blame?
Seal of the Black Hand group
• Convinced that Serbia was behind the Archduke’s assassination, Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia on July 28, 1914.
• Russia, as Serbia’s protector, began mobilization, or the readying of troops for war.
• France, Russia’s ally, and Germany, Austria-Hungary’s ally, also began mobilization.
• Germany, located between France and Russia, wanted to conquer France quickly to avoid the need to fight on two fronts. To get to France, German forces had to pass through neutral Belgium; the invasion of Belgium brought Britain into the conflict as well.
• One week after the war started, all the great powers of Europe had been drawn into it. Germany and Austria-Hungary formed the Central Powers, while Russia, France, Serbia, and Great Britain were called the Allies.
The Crisis cont.
• “Black Hand” terrorists attack the Arch Duke
• Bomb attempt fails in morning
• Gavrilo Princip shoots Archduke and wife in the afternoon.
• Austrians blame Serbia for supporting terrorists.
C. The Schlieffen PlanC. The Schlieffen Plan• Germany’s Germany’s
military plan military plan to defeat to defeat France and France and Russia.Russia.
• Germany could Germany could not win a two not win a two front war. front war. They must They must deliver a deliver a “Knock out “Knock out blow” aimed blow” aimed at France first.at France first.
• Avoid French Avoid French defences by defences by invasion of invasion of Belgium.Belgium.
Britain’s Reaction to invasion of neutral Belgium
• 1838- UK had signed a Treaty to protect Belgium.
• Britain also scared of Germany controlling Channel ports.
• Did not want Germany to defeat France and dominate Europe. Britain next?
• UK issued ultimatum to Germany to withdraw troops from Belgium. War declared August 4 1914
German Atrocities in German Atrocities in BelgiumBelgium
German Atrocities in German Atrocities in BelgiumBelgium
D. Stalemate and Modern WarfareD. Stalemate and Modern WarfareStalemate on the Western Front• By September 1914 the German advance on
Paris had been stopped. The war had reached a stalemate, a situation in which neither side is able to gain an advantage.
• Both sides holed up in trenches separated by an empty “no man’s land.” Small gains in land resulted in huge numbers of human casualties.
• Both sides continued to add new allies, hoping to gain an advantage.
Allied Powers
Central Powers
Trench Trench WarfareWarfare
The soldiers had very little decent food, and what food they had was often attacked by rats.
These rats were the size of small rabbits and badgers because they had fed on the decomposing bodies of dead soldiers.
Many men killed in the trenches were buried almost where they fell. If a trench subsided, or new trenches or dugouts were needed, large numbers of decomposing bodies would be found just below the surface. These corpses, as well as the food scraps that littered the trenches, attracted rats. One pair of rats can produce 880 offspring in a year and so the trenches were soon swarming with them.
• Some of these rats grew extremely large. One soldier wrote: "The rats were huge. They were so big they would eat a wounded man if he couldn't defend himself." These rats became very bold and would attempt to take food from the pockets of sleeping men. Two or three rats would always be found on a dead body. They usually went for the eyes first and then they burrowed their way right into the corpse.
• One soldier described finding a group of dead bodies while on patrol: "I saw some rats running from under the dead men's greatcoats, enormous rats, fat with human flesh. My heart pounded as we edged towards one of the bodies. His helmet had rolled off. The man displayed a grimacing face, stripped of flesh; the skull bare, the eyes devoured and from the yawning mouth leapt a rat."
Rats killed in one trench
The British government wanted to encourage men to enlist for war.
They said the war would be safe, hardly any fighting, a good lark and over by Christmas.
They used advertising posters to encourage this idea!
A picture of soldiers going ‘Over the Top’
Modern Warfare• Neither soldiers nor officers were
prepared for the new, highly efficient killing machines used in World War I.
• New weapons killed thousands of soldiers who left their trenches to attack the enemy.
• The machine gun / hand grenade / artillery / bayonet / poison gas / flame thrower / submarine / airplane /barbed wire /
Weapons of WWIWeapons of WWI
New Technology + old tactics = horrible losses
Trench knife
Trench Shovel-Germans
Gas Masks
German stick grenade
WWII grenade
Barbed wire strung out over No Man’s Land slowed speed of the advance of the attacking troops
At times electrified cable ran thru the mass of barbed wire-had to be cut first!!
The Machine Gun
Germans first to mass produce it– the British thought it was not “sporting”
Poison Gas
Chlorine Gas – 1915 Germans first used it
Mustard Gas-sulfuric acid gas - yellow
rags soaked in water or urine
Gas Mask
The most lethal of all the poisonous chemicals used The most lethal of all the poisonous chemicals used during the war, it was almost odorless and took twelve during the war, it was almost odorless and took twelve hours to take effect. Yperite was so powerful that only hours to take effect. Yperite was so powerful that only small amounts had to be added to high explosive shells small amounts had to be added to high explosive shells to be effective. Once in the soil, mustard gas remained to be effective. Once in the soil, mustard gas remained active for several weeks.active for several weeks.The skin of victims of mustard gas blistered, the eyes The skin of victims of mustard gas blistered, the eyes became very sore and they began to vomit. Mustard gas became very sore and they began to vomit. Mustard gas caused internal and external bleeding and attacked the caused internal and external bleeding and attacked the bronchial tubes, stripping off the mucous membrane. bronchial tubes, stripping off the mucous membrane. This was extremely painful and most soldiers had to be This was extremely painful and most soldiers had to be strapped to their beds. It usually took a person four or strapped to their beds. It usually took a person four or five weeks to die of mustard gas poisoning. One nurse, five weeks to die of mustard gas poisoning. One nurse, Vera Brittain, wrote: "I wish those people who talk about Vera Brittain, wrote: "I wish those people who talk about going on with this war whatever it costs could see the going on with this war whatever it costs could see the soldiers suffering from mustard gas poisoning. Great soldiers suffering from mustard gas poisoning. Great mustard-coloured blisters, blind eyes, all sticky and stuck mustard-coloured blisters, blind eyes, all sticky and stuck together, always fighting for breath, with voices a mere together, always fighting for breath, with voices a mere whisper, saying that their throats are closing and they whisper, saying that their throats are closing and they know they will choke."know they will choke."
Mustard Gas
TanksBritish-first tanks
Early tank-Little Willie 1915
French Tank
German Tank – lagged behind Allies in tank development
Both sides used bolt action rifles for the infantry
U-boatsSubmarines
U-BoatsU-Boats
In the beginning they surfacedto warn the other ship
1918 depth charges improved
1917 Convoy system used by British + French to get US weapons to Europe
Fokker
Airplanes
Dog Fight
The Flying Aces of World War I
The Flying Aces of World War I
Eddie Rickenbacher, US
FrancescoBarraco, It.
Rene PaukFonck, Fr.
Manfred vonRichtoffen, Ger.
[The “Red Baron”]
Willy Coppens deHolthust, Belg.
Eddie “Mick”Mannoch, Br.
Zeppelins
Flamethrowers
• By 1912 Krupp had produced a 420mm weapon that fired a 2,100 lb shell over 16,000 yards. As it weighed 175 tons, it was designed to be transported in five sections by rail and assembled at the firing site. This concerned the German Army and they asked for it to be adapted to be moved by road. By 1914 company had produced a mobile howitzer called Big Bertha (named after Gustav Krupp's wife). This 43 ton howitzer could fire a 2,200 lb shell over 9 miles. Transported by Daimler-Benz tractors, it took its 200-man crew, over six hours to re-assemble it on the site.
E.E. The American Response The American Response 1914 -19161914 -1916
E.E. The American Response The American Response 1914 -19161914 -1916
• Because many Americans were European immigrants or the children of European immigrants, many felt personally involved in the escalating war. Although some had sympathies for the Central Powers, most Americans supported the Allies.
• Support for the Allies was partially caused by Germany’s rule by an autocratautocrat, a ruler with unlimited power. In addition, anti-German propaganda, or information intended to sway public opinion, turned many Americans against the Central Powers.
• To protect American investments overseas , President Wilson officially proclaimed the United Wilson officially proclaimed the United States a neutral countryStates a neutral country on August 4, 1914.
Chapter 19, Section 1
F. The Preparedness and Peace Movements
F. The Preparedness and Peace Movements
The Preparedness Movement
• Americans with business ties to Great Britain wanted their country to be prepared to come to Britain’s aid if necessary.
• In an effort to promote “preparedness,” the movement’s leaders persuaded the government to set up military training camps and increase funding for the armed forces.
The Peace Movement• Other Americans, including
women, former Populists, Midwest progressives, and social reformers, advocated peace.
• Peace activists in Congress insisted on paying for preparedness by increasing taxes. Although they had hoped that a tax increase would decrease support for preparedness, the movement remained strong.
Chapter 19, Section 1
Section 2: The United States Declares The United States Declares
WarWar
1914-1915 Germans stopped in the West—1915-1916 trench warfare brings stalemate in the West.Russians retreat in the East
Both sides use a naval blockadeto stop supplies-British surface shipsGermans -- submarines
A. The course of the war 1914-1916A. The course of the war 1914-1916
• When the British cut the transatlantic cable, which connected Germany and the United States, only news with a pro-Allied bias was able to reach America. American public opinion was therefore swayed against Germany’s U-boat tactics.
• Sinking of passenger ships and a proposed deal with Mexico also hurt German popularity.
B.B.The Germans lost the propaganda The Germans lost the propaganda war to win the U.S. over to its’ side.war to win the U.S. over to its’ side.
1. The Sinking of the Lusitania
• On May 7,1915, a German U-boat sank the British passenger liner Lusitania, which had been carrying both passengers and weapons for the Allies.
• Since 128 American passengers had been on board, the sinking of the Lusitania brought the United States closer to involvement in the war.
• More Americans were killed when Germany sank the Sussex, a French passenger steamship, on March 24,1916.
• In what came to be known as the Sussex pledge, the German government promised that U-boats would warn ships before attacking, a promise it had made and broken before.
2. The Sussex Pledge
The Sinking of the Lusitania
The Sinking of the Lusitania
3. The Zimmerman Note
• During this time, Britain revealed an intercepted telegram to the government of Mexico from Germany’s foreign minister, Arthur Zimmermann.
• In this telegram, known as the Zimmermann note, Germany offered to return American lands to Mexico if Mexico declared war on the United States.
• Neither Mexico nor President Wilson took the Zimmermann note seriously, but it brought America closer to entering the war.
C. Early 1917C. Early 1917 –The pivotal time. –The pivotal time.
• Germans gamble on (Feb. 1917) unrestricted submarine blockade of England and France. (They know that the U.S. may enter the war against them but they believe that the U.S. can not help enough in time.)
• The all out sub blockade works!! The Allies are in danger of loosing the war!!!
• April 1917— Wilson asks for and Congress issues a declaration of war against declaration of war against GermanyGermany ETC.
• The U.S. does make a difference—Convoy System of escorting merchant ships across the Atlantic brings supplies to Br. and Fr.
Allied Allied Ships Ships
Sunk by Sunk by U-BoatsU-Boats
Sept. 1916-April 1917
May 1917-Jan 1918
In the final analysis, why did the In the final analysis, why did the U.S. go to war vs Germany?U.S. go to war vs Germany?
• Sub blockade by Germans—we violated the German zone (subs had to sink) and not the Br. zone (surface ships could just stop).
• Anti German propaganda—only one source of news—sent by the British.
• U.S. sales and loans to Allies –$$$ Billions-we enter the war at Allies darkest hour to save our investment.
• Wilson favored and admired the British.
Section 3Section 3
Americans on the Americans on the European FrontEuropean Front
Americans on the Americans on the European FrontEuropean Front
A. Us had to build an army from nothing
Building an Army• The United States lacked
a large and available military force. Congress therefore passed a Selective Service Act in May 1917, draftingdrafting many young men into the military.
• Draftees, volunteers, and National Guardsmen made up what was called the American Expeditionary Force (AEF), led by General John J. Pershing.
Training for War• New recruits were
trained in the weapons and tactics of the war by American and British lecturers at new and expanded training camps around the country.
• Ideally, the military planned to give new soldiers several months of training. However, the need to send forces to Europe quickly sometimes cut training time short.Chapter 19, Section 3
•Convoy system allows supplies to get Convoy system allows supplies to get to Br. and Fr.thru German sub blockadeto Br. and Fr.thru German sub blockade—Germans get no supplies thru Br. —Germans get no supplies thru Br. Blockade.Blockade.•US troops not yet in Europe but the US troops not yet in Europe but the allies push back Germans in mid to late allies push back Germans in mid to late 1917.1917.•In the spring of 1917, Germany In the spring of 1917, Germany provided safe passage for provided safe passage for Vladimir Vladimir LeninLenin, leader of the Russian , leader of the Russian Bolsheviks, from Switzerland to Russia.Bolsheviks, from Switzerland to Russia.•November 1917November 1917 Communist Communist Revolution in Russia overthrows govt Revolution in Russia overthrows govt and made peace with Germany.and made peace with Germany.
B. April 1917--Nov. 1917: With U.S. B. April 1917--Nov. 1917: With U.S. supplies the Fr. and Br. make gainssupplies the Fr. and Br. make gains
C. Spring 1918--Germans make one last all out attackC. Spring 1918--Germans make one last all out attack
•Without Russia in the war it Without Russia in the war it meant that the meant that the German military could concentrate German military could concentrate exclusively on the Western frontexclusively on the Western front. . •( March – June 1918) Before the arrival of ( March – June 1918) Before the arrival of American troops, Germany launched a American troops, Germany launched a furious attack that was able to gain ground furious attack that was able to gain ground in France, coming within 50 miles of Paris.in France, coming within 50 miles of Paris.•AEF begins to arrive in large numbers.AEF begins to arrive in large numbers.•General Pershing’s troops (AEF) pushed General Pershing’s troops (AEF) pushed back the Germans in a series of attacks. back the Germans in a series of attacks. •Finally, the German army was driven to full Finally, the German army was driven to full retreat in the retreat in the Meuse-Argonne OffensiveMeuse-Argonne Offensive begun on September 26, 1918.begun on September 26, 1918.
D. American Soldiers in EuropeD. American Soldiers in Europe
• By 1918, European nations had begun to run out of men to recruit. Energetic American soldiers, nicknamed doughboys, helped replace the tired fighters of Europe.
• Amer. soldiers were plugged into the front lines where need -most often as part of Br. or Fr. units. Pershing and his AEF were finally given a section of the front to control at St. Mihiel.
• Many African Americans volunteered or were drafted for service. However, these men served in segregated units and were often relegated to noncombat roles.
E. Ending the War- late 1918E. Ending the War- late 1918
• In the face of Allied attacks and domestic revolutions, the Central Powers collapsed one by one. Austria-Hungary splintered into smaller nations of ethnic groups, and German soldiers mutinied, feeling that defeat was inevitable.
• When the Kaiser of Germany fled to Holland, a civilian representative of the new German republic signed an armistice, or cease-fire, in a French railroad car at 5am on November 11, 1918.
• Although guns fell silent six hours later, many more deaths were to follow. The influenza epidemic of 1918 killed more people, both in the United States and Europe, than all of the wartime battles.
Chapter 19, Section 3
1918 Flu Pandemic: Depletes All Armies1918 Flu Pandemic: Depletes All Armies
50,000,000 – 50,000,000 – 100,000,000 died100,000,000 died
50,000,000 – 50,000,000 – 100,000,000 died100,000,000 died
Some estimates place the dead at 20-40 million
By the fall of 1918 a strain of influenza seemingly no different from that of previous years suddenly turned so deadly, and engendered such a state of panic and chaos in communities across the globe, that many people believed the world was coming to an end. It struck with amazing speed, often killing its victims within just hours of the first signs of infection. So fast did the 1918 strain overwhelm the body's natural defenses, that the usual cause of death in influenza patients---a secondary infection of lethal pneumonia---oftentimes never had a chance to establish itself. Instead, the virus caused an uncontrollable hemorrhaging that filled the lungs, and patients would drown in their own body fluids. As their lungs filled … the patients became short of breath and increasingly cyanotic. After gasping for several hours they became delirious and incontinent, and many died struggling to clear their airways of a blood-tinged froth that sometimes gushed from their nose and mouth. It was a dreadful business.
Not only was the Spanish Flu strikingly virulent, but it displayed an unusual preference in its choice of victims---tending to select young healthy adults over those with weakened immune systems, as in the very young, the very old, and the infirm. The normal age distribution for flu mortality was completely reversed, and had the effect of gouging from society's infrastructure the bulk of those responsible for its day to day maintenance. No wonder people thought the social order was breaking down. It very nearly did.
Americans on the Home FrontAmericans on the Home FrontSection 4Section 4
Americans on the Home FrontAmericans on the Home FrontSection 4Section 4
A. Financing the War--how we paid for it
• The government raised money for the war in part by selling Liberty Bonds, special war bonds to support the Allied cause.
• Like all bonds, these could be redeemed later for their original value plus interest.
• Many patriotic Americans bought liberty bonds, raising more than $20 billion for the war effort.
Chapter 19, Section 4
B. Managing the EconomyB. Managing the Economy
•United States entry into the war caused many industries to switch from commercial to military production. Industry was forced to produce war materials and workers could not strike.•Using the slogan, “Food will win the war,” Herbert Hoover, head of the Food Administration. Voluntary meatless-wheatless-heatless days of the week. “Victory gardens” planted. Save Grain-WWI added strength to the prohibition movement --18th Amendment. •Although he had the power to impose price controls, a system of pricing determined by the government, and rationing, or distributing goods to customers in a fixed amount, Hoover preferred to rely on voluntary restraint and increased efficiency.•Daylight savings time was created to save on fuel use and increase the number of daylight hours available for work. This involved turning clocks back one hour for the summer, creating one more hour of daylight.•Women filled “men’s jobs” – earned them the right to vote 19th Amendment.
Chapter 19, Section 4
Enforcing American Loyalty During World War I
Fear of espionage, or spying, was widespread; restrictions on immigration were called for and achieved.
Fear of Foreigners
The war spurred a general hostility toward Germans, often referred to as Huns in reference to European invaders of the fourth and fifth centuries. German music, literature, language, and cuisine became banned or unpopular.
“Hate the Hun”
Despite Wilson’s claim that the United States fought for liberty and democracy, freedom of speech was reduced during the war. Sedition, or any speech or action that encourages rebellion, became a crime.
Repression of Civil Liberties
Socialists, who argued that workers had no stake in the war, won popular support in some states. The radical labor organization Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) tried to interfere with war production; vigilantes took the law into their own hands.
Political Radicals
C. Enforcing LoyaltyChapter 19, Section 4
D. Changing People’s Lives
African Americans and Other Minorities• With much of the work
force in the military, factory owners and managers who had once discriminated against minorities began actively recruiting them.
• The flood of African Americans leaving the South to work in northern factories became known as the Great Migration.
New Roles for Women
• The diminished male work force also created new opportunities for women.
• Many women joined the work force for the first time during the war. Some found work on farms with the Woman’s Land Army; others took jobs traditionally reserved for men.
Chapter 19, Section 4
Posters:
WartimePropaganda
Posters:
WartimePropaganda
Section 5
Global Peacemaker
Global Peacemaker
A. President Wilson’s ProposalsA. President Wilson’s Proposals
• As the war neared an end, President Wilson developed a program for peace around the world known as the Fourteen Points, named for the number of provisions it contained.
• One of Wilson’s Fourteen Points called for an end to entangling alliances; another involved a reduction of military forces. Another dealt with the right of Austria-Hungary’s ethnic groups to self-determination, or the power to make decisions about their own future.
• Although both Wilson and the German government assumed that the Fourteen Points would form the basis of peace negotiations, the Allies disagreed. During During peace negotiations, Wilson’speace negotiations, Wilson’s Fourteen Fourteen Points were discarded one by onePoints were discarded one by one.
Chapter 19, Section 5
B. The Paris Peace ConferenceB. The Paris Peace Conference
Wilson Forced to Compromise
• Although Wilson claimed that he was not interested in the spoils, or rewards, of war, his Allied colleagues were interested in making the Central Powers pay for war damages.
• Wilson was forced to compromise on his views, especially concerning self-determination for former German colonies.
The League of Nations• One of Wilson’s ideas, the
formation of a League of Nations, was agreed upon at the Paris Peace Conference. The League of Nations was designed to bring the nations of the world together to ensure peace and security.
• Republicans in Congress, however, were concerned about Article 10 of the League’s charter, which contained a provision that they claimed might draw the United States into unpopular foreign wars.
Chapter 19, Section 5
C. The Peace TreatyC. The Peace Treaty• The treaty which was negotiated at the Paris
Peace Conference redrew the map of Europe to the Allies’ advantage.
• Nine new nations were created from territory taken from Austria-Hungary, Russia, and Germany. Although most borders were drawn with the division of ethnic minorities in mind, the redivisions created new ethnic minorities in several countries.
• France insisted that Germany be humiliated and financially crippled. The peace treaty required Germany to pay billions of dollars in reparations, or payment for economic injury suffered during the war. Wilson, however, opposed this plan, claiming that these demands would lead to future wars.
• On June 28, 1919, the peace treaty, which came to be known as the Versailles Treaty, was signed at Versailles, outside of Paris.
Chapter 19, Section 5
D. Reactions at HomeD. Reactions at Home
Congress and the Treaty of Versailles• Despite Wilson’s
intensive campaign (suffered stroke) in favor of the Versailles Treaty, Congress voted against ratifying it in November 1919.
• The United States declared the war officially over on May 20, 1920. It ratified separate peace treaties with Germany, Austria, and Hungary. However, the United States did not join the newly formed League of Nations.
Difficult Postwar Adjustments
• The war had given a large boost to the American economy, making the United States the world’s largest creditor nation.
• Soldiers returned home to a hero’s welcome but found that jobs were scarce.
• African American soldiers, despite their service to their country, returned to find continued discrimination.
Chapter 19, Section 5
Republicans angry they were not invited
The Somme American Cemetery, France
The Somme American Cemetery, France
116,516 Americans Died116,516 Americans Died116,516 Americans Died116,516 Americans Died
World War I CasualtiesWorld War I CasualtiesWorld War I CasualtiesWorld War I Casualties
01,000,0002,000,0003,000,0004,000,0005,000,0006,000,0007,000,0008,000,0009,000,000
10,000,000RussiaGermanyAustria-HungaryFranceGreat BritainItalyTurkeyUS