the worldest tallest buildings
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THE WORLDS TALLEST BUILDINGS
Submitted in partial fulfillment of therequirements for
AAE 456 20th century Architecture
University of Nevada, Las VegasSchool of architecture
Frank Reynolds AICP Instructor
ByJacob BuntingApril 8, 2002
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List of Illustrations iiWhy Build Tall 1Existing Towers
Jin Mao Tower 2Sears Tower 4Petronas Towers 6
Future Superstructures
Taipei Financial Center 8Union Square 9
Conclusion 10
Appendix
The worlds 50 Tallest skyscrapers 12Chronology of the worlds tallest buildings 14
Works Cited 17
Table of Contents
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Figure 1 Empire State Building 1
Figure 2 Detail of Jin Mao glass and steel Faade 2
Figure 3 Section of Jin Mao Tower 2
Figure 4 Floor Plan of Jin Mao Tower 3
Figure 5 Jin Mao Tower 3
Figure 6 Profile of Sears Tower 4
Figure 7 Ground view of Sears Tower 4
Figure 8 Sears Tower Megaclusters 5
Figure 9 Sears Tower 5
Figure 10 View of Petronas form Across the Bay 6
Figure 11 Profile of Petronas Towers 6
Figure 12 Petronas Design Scheme 7
Figure 13 Petronas Towers 7
Figure 14 Taipei Financial Center 8
Figure 15 Proposed Rendering of Taipei Financial Center 8
Figure 16 Union Square Park 9
Figure 17 Union Square 9
Figure 18 Bank of China 11
Figure 19 Ryugyong Hotel 13
Figure 20 T & C Tower 15
Figure 21 John Hancock Center 17
List of Illustrations
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Why Build Tall
Since the beginning of time, man has been fascinated
by height of construction. Starting from the biblical story of the
tower of Babel to gothic cathedrals, people used large buildings
as a symbol of reaching divinity. Now, super tall structures
have put on a different meaning. For financial employers and
hotel operators, height has become a synonymous with power.
Placing their structure in the view for thousands to see reminds
people of their presence or dominance over other companies.
Many cities do not have much land, therefore height is the only
way to increase their commerce. Building up increases
population and promotes business.
Currently the four tallest towers in the world are
Petronas towers one and two in Kula Lumpur, the Sears Tower
in Chicago, and Jin Mao in Shanghai. These towers, despite
the reasons for their height, lead the world as examples for their
height and structure. These towers will not keep their record
status for long as there are a few buildings that are currently in
planning and under construction that will surpass these current
record heights.
Figure 1 Empire State Building
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The Jin Mao Tower is Symmetrical in plan . This
symmetry is reinforced by the four entrances on ground
level. Office space occupies the lower 47 floors and a five
star Grand Hyatt Hotel resides in the top 38 floors. This
composition allows easy access for employees to their
offices and impressive view for the residence. On the 88th
floor there is an observation deck that allow panoramic
view of Shanghai. This deck is the largest (1520 m2) and
the tallest (340.1 m) observation deck in the China.
Underneath the impressive tower lies a three story parking
garage. This garage houses the mechanical, electrical,
and sewage equipment as well as holds up to 993 cars and
1000 bicycles, the most popular way to travel in China.
Surrounding the tallest building in China lies a
landscaped courtyard and a six story arcade of shops and
services. This green space is intended to be a transition
between the busy street of Shanghais financial district and
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Jin Mao Tower
Figure 2 Detail of Jin Maos glass and steel Faade
Figure 3 Section of Jin Mao Tower
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Location2 shi Ji Avenue, Lujiazui Centeral
Financial District, PudongShanghai, China 200121
HeightTip Structure 421 mRoof 370 Top floor 366
Floors Above ground Below ground
Design TeamArchitects
Skidmore, Owings & MerrillShanghai Institute of Architecture
StructuralSkidmore, Owings & Merrill
General InformationDeveloper
China Shanghai Foreign TradeCenter Ltd
Style
Function Materials Reinforced concrete,
steel, and glassYears of construction
1993-1998Gross floor area
278,707 m2 (3,000,002 ft2)
the Jin Mao Tower. Whether people come to enjoy the reflecting
pool or to sit among the trees it is also a place to relax.
The stepped heights and the final crown of the Jin Mao
Tower is designed after the Chinese pagoda. This ancient
structure is a sacred vernacular symbol for the country, in which
one may honor Buddha. The 1380 foot tall tower also refers to
the number eight, a lucky number in Chinese tradition. The tower
has 88 floors which signifies double good fortune. Starting from
the 56th floor, an atrium opens up from the center of the building
all the way to the crown creating interesting views for hotel
occupants ( see figure 3).
The building resists lateral loads by a central reinforced
concrete core surrounded by a compellation of eight slabbed
pillars and eight smaller pillars around the perimeter ( as seen in
figure 4).
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Figure 5 Jin Mao Tower
Figure 4 Floor Plan of Jin Mao Tower
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The Sears Tower was the tallest building in
the world for over twenty years , only recently to be
surpassed by the Petronas Towers. The Sears,
Roebuck and Company wanted a headquarters
where they could consolidate all of their many
functions into one structure. SOM was hired to build
the Sears Tower. This tower contains almost 98
acres of office space. The first 49 floors were
designed for the use of Sears, Roebuck and
Company and the remaining floors were designed to
be leased out to tenants.
The shape of the structure became an
inspiration for other buildings. Most of its
predecessors were rectangular in shape no matter
the height. The Sears Tower tapers at the
50th, 60th, and 90th floors creating a massive
structure that appears to be getting lighter as it
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Sears Tower
Figure 6 Profile of Sears Tower
Figure 7 Ground view of Sears Tower
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Location233 south Wacker Drive
Chicago, Illinois 60606United States of America
HeightTip Structure 4Roof 44Top floor 43
Floors Above ground
Design TeamArchitect
Skidmore, Owings & MerrillStructural
Skidmore, Owings & MerrillMechanical
Jaros Baum & Bolles
General InformationOwner
TrizecHahn PropertiesDeveloper
Sears, Roebuck and Co.Construction company
Morse DieselStyle
Function Materials steel, a
and glassYears of construction
1974Gross floor area
320,171 m2 (3,446,321 ft2 )
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ascends. The stepped profile and smooth curtain walls are
constructed from darkly clad aluminum and glass.
The great structure is
supported by nine seventy-five
foot square cluster tubes,
creating nine separate towers
combined to make one. Each
cluster has a different height with
only two reaching the full height
(see figure 8). The building
resists lateral loads by dividing
the stress among the nine
megaclusters.
The monstrous building is just that. The building
creates extreme high winds at the foot of the tower creating
discomfort for pedestrians. Tenants are subject to terrifying
heights. One employee reported creaking columns, vibrating
window panes, and noticeable swaying of the building. Birds
and bats are unable to distinguish between the reflective glass
and the sky, crashing into the solid wall to their deaths. In 1988,
the Sears, Roebuck and Company relocated to the suburbs
due to the problems caused by the monster and unexpected
commercial inactivity.
This building was not only a lesson for a better faade,
but it was a lesson for a poor climatic design.
Figure 9 Sears Tower
Figure 8 Sears Tower Megaclusters
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Petronas Towers
Upon completion of the Petronas
Towers, the United States lost a symbol of its
own invention, the worlds tallest tower. The
national oil company, Petronas, occupies both
towers. Each tower consists of conference
rooms, dining facilities, observation decks, and
shared facilities on the 41st and 42nd floors,
the same level as the sky bridge connecting the
two towers. Each of the twin towers also have
a Surau, which is a small prayer mosque where Muslim employees can go to pray toward
Mecca. The ground level holds a symphonic concert hall and commercial centers. The
Petronas towers are the first phase of a master project encompassing 96 acres in Kuala
Lumpurs business center. The new city
center will encompass 21 million square
feet of office space, hotel rooms, shops
and recreation, all surrounding a core of
a large park.
The main requirement at the
beginning of the project was to keep a
Malaysian style of architecture. Cesar
Pelli embraced this concept and
designed the towers after traditional
Figure 10 View of Petronas form Across the Bay
Figure 11 Profile of Petronas Towers
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LocationKuala Lumpur City Centre 50088
Kuala Lumpur, MalaysiaHeightTip Structure 452 mRoof 378 Top floor 375 Floors Above ground Below ground Design TeamArchitect Cesar Pelli & Assoc.Structural Thornton-TomasettMechanical Flack + KurtzFaade Design Enclos Co
General InformationDeveloper
Kuala Lumpur City CentreConstruction company
Pavarini Construction Co., Inc.Style
Function Materials Reinforced concrete,
steel, and glassYears of construction
1992-1998Gross floor area
395,000 m2 (4,251,780 ft2)
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Malaysian buildings and objects, the climate and, more
importantly, the dominant Islamic culture. The impressive towers
create a portal into Kuala Lumpur, created not by the building but
by the void in between the two towers.
The Petronas towers consist of a simple structure. Cast
in place high strength concrete core and 16 cylindrical tube
framing around the exterior hold the building erect. The
foundation is a thick concrete raft under each tower supported by
104 barrette piles, ranging up to 340
feet deep. Even at that depth, the
piles dont reach bedrock.
The plan of the towers
consists of two interlocking squares
underlying eight small circles,
creating a 16 pointed figure. A
similar feature to many Islamic
temples (see figure 12).
Figure 13 Petronas Towers
Figure 12 Petronas Design Scheme
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Under Construction
Location8, Sung-Chih Road,
Shin-Yi District, Taipei, Taiwan
HeightTip 508 m (1667 ft)Structure 508 m (1667 ft)Roof 448 m (1470 ft)Top floor 438 m (1437 ft)
Floors Above ground 101Below ground 5Design TeamArchitect C.Y. Lee & PartnersStructural Thornton-Tomasetti
General InformationDeveloper
Taipei Financial Center Corp.Construction company
The Turner CorporationStyle setback skyscraperFunction off iceMaterials
Reinforced concrete, Steel,and glass
Years of construction
1999-2003Gross floor area
412,500 m2 (4,440,150 ft2)
The Taipei Financial Center will be the largest project in the
history of the National Architectural field, as well as the tallest building
in Taiwan. This project, which is currently under construction, will be
include an arched shopping mall, a multi-functional social space, and
an observation loft in the tower.
The financial center takes advantage of traditional Japanese
architecture for the creation of it form. The building also was designed
after a blossoming flower. In the Japanese culture this type of flower
signifies financial richness and everlasting vitality. The newest tower in
Taipei takes on these characteristics by opening upward.
The tower will be built with high technological, energy conserv-
ing equipment, including crystal clear, low-e glazing and economical,
innovative lighting. With this combination the building will radiate at
night and be beautifully transparent during the day. The Taipei Finan-
cial Center will reorganize the citys skyline and provide a light of hope
to all that live there.
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Figure 14 Taipei Financial Center
Figure 15 Proposed Rendering ofTaipei Financial Center
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Proposed Tower
LocationKowloon Station
Hong Kong, ChinaHeight
Tip Structure Roof
Floors Above ground
Design TeamArchitects
Kohn Pedersen Fox AssociatesDLN Architects & Engineers
Skidmore, Owings, & Merrill LLP
General InformationDeveloper
Sun Hung Properties
Function Years of construction
2003-2007Gross floor area
356,838 m2 (3,841,004 ft2)
Union Square is a proposed land development using the latest
technology in every aspect. Situated on 266.8 acres, this master
complex will include luxury apartments, two high class hotels, one
million square foot indoor shopping mall, 2.5 million square foot state
of the art office space, 700,000 square foot beautifully landscaped
park, and plenty of parking
spaces for residents, workers and
guests. Residential living
includes three 75 story towers
providing 1,122 high quality
apartments, top class clubhouse,
and serviced apartments. The
soon to be largest shopping mall in Asia will include a range of
international and local brands, as well as, a wide variety of different
cuisines. The Park will include a multi-sport and entertainment
complex. Residents, workers, guests, and tourists will have
panoramic views over Victoria Harbor to the sea.
Union Square is conveniently placed minutes from the airport,
the business district of Hong Kong, and a new Disneyland Theme
Park in Hong Kong. Union Square is also traveling distance from
mainland China. Proposed roadways and railways will help to
improve traffic.
In 2007, upon completion, Union Square will be the tallest
building in the world. Officials are hoping that this will be the global
gateway of the world as China becomes the new focal point of the
21st century. This will be the trademark of Hong Kong and an
architectural icon to the world.
Figure 17 Union Square
Figure 16 Union Square Park
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Buildings of the Future
Despite the collapse of the World Trade Center in New
York, construction of new towers will continue to soar higher and
higher into the sky. New technology, New materials, and new
construction methods unknown to us today will let us build taller
then ever before. Perhaps up is not the direction of the future.
Future structures could easily be build underground, in the sea, or
even on the moon. In the 1960s, people never dreamed of anyone
being able to reach the moon, yet Neil Armstrong touched the lunar
surface in 1969. We cannot predict the future of our built
environment, but we do know that it will be grand.
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Appendix
Appendix AThe worlds 50 Tallest skyscrapers
Appendix B
Chronology of the worlds tallest buildings 14
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Figure 18 Bank of China
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# Building City Height Floors Year1 Petronas Tower Kuala Lumpur
2 Petronas Tower II Kuala Lumpur 452
3 Sears Tower Chicago 442 m 108 1974
4 Jin Mao Tower Shanghai
5 CITIC Plaza Guangzhou 391 m 80 1997
6 Shun Hing Square Shenzhen 384 m 69 1996
7 Empire State Building New York City 381 m 102 1931
8 Central Plaza Hong Kong 374 m 78 1992
9 Bank of China Tower Hong Kong 369 m 72 1989
10 Emirates Office Tower Dubai 355 m 54
11 The Center Hong Ko
12 T & C Tower Kaohsiung 348 m 85 1997
13 Aon Center Chicago 346 m 83 197314 John Hancock Center Chicago 344 m 100 1969
15 Burj Al Arab Dubai 321 m 60 1999
16 Baiyoke Tower II Bangkok 320 m 9
17 Chrysler Building New York City 319 m 77
18 Bank of America Plaza Atlanta 312 m 55 1992
19 Library Tower Los Angeles 310 m 73 1990
20 Menara Telekom Kuala Lumpur 310 m 55 2000
21 Emirates Hotel Tower Dubai 309 m 56 2000
22 AT&T Corporate Center Chicago 307 m 60 1989
23 Chase Tower Houston 305 m 75 1982
24 Two Prudential Plaza Chicago 303 m 64 1990
25 Ryugyong Hotel Pyongyang 300 m 105 1991
26 First Canadian Place Toronto 298 m 72 1975
27 Kingdom Centre Riyadh 296 m 30 2001
28 Wells Fargo Plaza Houston 296 m 71 1983
29 Landmark Tower Yokohama 296 m 70 1993
This was taken from the official SKYSCRAPERS.COM Tallest Buildings Listing of The World's100 Tallest buildings. This page holds the World's Top 50 high-rise buildings and is the mostaccurate compilation of its kind worldwide. The listing is determined through the members of theSBDC and is updated every three to twelve months. It contains completed and topped outtowers which are under construction or on hold. This Listing is based entirely on the buildings'structural height. TV towers, masts, or any other building types are not included. For moreinformation go to WWW.SKYSCRAPERS.COM.
The Worlds 50 Tallest Skyscrapers
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# Building City Height Floors Year30 Bank of America Tower Seattle 295 m 76 1985
31 311 South Wacker Drive Chicago 293 m 65 199032 SEG Plaza Shenzhen 292 m 72 2000
33 American International New York City 290 m 66 1932
34 Cheung Kong Center Hong Kong 290 m 70 1999
35 Key Tower Cleveland 289 m 57 1991
36 One Liberty Place Philadelphia 288 m 61 1987
37 Plaza 66 Shanghai 288 m 66 2001
38 Tomorrow Square Shanghai 285 m 55 2001
39 Trump Building New York City 283 m 71 1930
40 Bank of America Plaza Dallas 281 m 72 1985
41 United Overseas Bank Plaza One Singapore 280 m 66 1992
42 Republic Plaza Singapore 280 m 66 1995
43 OUB Centre Singapore 280 m 63 1986
44 Citigroup Center New York City 279 m 59 1977
45 Scotia Plaza Toronto 275 m 68 1989
46 Williams Tower Houston 275 m 64 1983
47 Renaissance Tower Dallas 270 m 56 1974
48 Heyin Plaza Guangzhou 269 m 66 2002
49 Trump World Tower New York City 269 m 72 2001
50 Al Faisaliah Center
Riyadh267 m 30 2000
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Figure 19 Ryugyong Hotel
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Chronology of the worldstallest buildings
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This page was taken From www.skyscrapers.com.This is a listing of the tallest buildings in the world inthe order of their construction. This chronology datesback to 1890. For further information go to
WWW.SKYSCRAPERS.COM.
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Works Cited
Figure 21 John Hancock Center
Cerver, Francisco Asensio. The Architecture of Skyscrapers. New York:Watson-Guptill Publications, 1997.
Pelli, Cesar and Michael j. Crosbie. Petronas Towers. New York: WileyAcademy, 2001.
Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat. 100 of the Worlds TallestBuildings. Corte Madera, CA: Gingko Press Inc., 1998.
Pelli, Cesar. The Petronas Towers. Architectural Design. 65.7/8 (July-
August 1995) 62-65.
Jin Mao Building. Architectural Design. 65.7/8 (July-August 1995) 96.
Mierop, Caroline. Skyscrapers, Higher and Higher. France: Institut Fran-cais DArchitecture, 1995.
Dupre, Judith. Skyscrapers. New York: Black Dog and Leventhal Publish-ers, Inc., 1996.
www.Skyscrapers.com
www.skyscraperpage.com
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