The Worlds of the 15The Worlds of the 15thth centurycentury

Chapter 13Chapter 13

Global Maritime Expansion Before 1450

The Pacific Ocean

Over period of several thousand years, Over period of several thousand years, people from people from Malay PeninsulaMalay Peninsula crossed the crossed the water to settle in the islands of:water to settle in the islands of: East IndiesEast Indies New GuineaNew Guinea Melanesian Melanesian Polynesian Polynesian MarquesasMarquesas New ZealandNew Zealand HawaiiHawaii

Polynesian expansion was a result of Polynesian expansion was a result of planned voyages with intention of planned voyages with intention of colonization (before Europe). colonization (before Europe). They navigated using the stars and ocean They navigated using the stars and ocean

currents.currents.

The Indian OceanThe Indian Ocean

Malayo-Indonesians colonized the island Malayo-Indonesians colonized the island of Madagascar in a series of voyages of Madagascar in a series of voyages through the 15through the 15thth century. century.

Arab sailor technique used monsoon Arab sailor technique used monsoon winds to establish trade routes. winds to establish trade routes. How did Muslims benefit other travelers?How did Muslims benefit other travelers?

• They shared trade routesThey shared trade routes

Ming Dynasty ChinaMing Dynasty China After end of Mongol rule, China was looking to resurrect its past After end of Mongol rule, China was looking to resurrect its past

under emperor Yongle (1402-1422). under emperor Yongle (1402-1422). Civil ServiceCivil Service ReforestationReforestation Emphasis on centralized governmentEmphasis on centralized government Population growthPopulation growth

In 1405 the Ming took on the world’s largest In 1405 the Ming took on the world’s largest maritime expeditions in the history of the maritime expeditions in the history of the world. Lead by the eunuch Muslim, Zheng Heworld. Lead by the eunuch Muslim, Zheng He Southeast Asia, Indonesia, India, Arabia, E. Southeast Asia, Indonesia, India, Arabia, E.

AfricaAfrica Showed to establish prestige by “showing off” Showed to establish prestige by “showing off”

Ming wealth and bringing back tribute. Ming wealth and bringing back tribute. No colonies or conquestNo colonies or conquest Came to an abrupt end. Why?Came to an abrupt end. Why?

• Yongle diedYongle died• Waste of moneyWaste of money• Focus on Mongol threatFocus on Mongol threat

European Comparisons: State European Comparisons: State Building and Cultural RenewalBuilding and Cultural Renewal

China was centralized and unifiedChina was centralized and unified Europe was independent and competitive Europe was independent and competitive

amongst its states (Spain and Portugal)amongst its states (Spain and Portugal) Sophisticated tax system to raise armiesSophisticated tax system to raise armies

• France v. Spain (Hundred Years War 1337-1453)France v. Spain (Hundred Years War 1337-1453)

Europe moved away from past Europe moved away from past (Renaissance)(Renaissance)

China moved toward the past China moved toward the past (Confucianism)(Confucianism)

European Comparisons: Maritime European Comparisons: Maritime VoyagingVoyaging

Europe had four shipsEurope had four ships China had hundredsChina had hundreds Europe was seeking wealth and converts Europe was seeking wealth and converts

America and S.E. AsiaAmerica and S.E. Asia China did not need wealth, allies, or convertsChina did not need wealth, allies, or converts European voyages had a signifigant effect on European voyages had a signifigant effect on

world power.world power. Chinese voyages ended with no long lasting Chinese voyages ended with no long lasting

effects. effects.

The Atlantic OceanThe Atlantic Ocean

VikingsVikings During 10During 10thth century century Iceland, Greenland, NewfoundlandIceland, Greenland, Newfoundland How did climate effect their voyages?How did climate effect their voyages?

• Sailed in warm weatherSailed in warm weather

AfricanAfrican AttemptsAttempts

• Genoa 1291Genoa 1291• Mali 1300sMali 1300s

Genoa and PortugalGenoa and Portugal• MadeirasMadeiras• AzoresAzores• CanariesCanaries

AmericasAmericas Arawak from S. AmericaArawak from S. America

• Lesser and Greater Antilles (1000)Lesser and Greater Antilles (1000)• Conquered by The Carib in 15Conquered by The Carib in 15thth century century

The Post-Classic Period in Mesoamerica, 900-1500

The Aztecs/Mexica

Originally northern people with clan based social organization. Established the cities of Tenochtitlan and Tlateloco (present Mexico City) around 1325.

Monarchy-no absolute power No primogeniture

How did kings increase their wealth and power? Territorial conquest

Aztec Empire increased resulting in: unequal distribution of wealth and commoners lost political influence

Agricultural production was increased by undertaking land reclamation projects and constructing irrigated fields and chinampas.

Merchants Simple technology: no wheeled vehicles, no large animals to

work, no money used Economy

Disproportionate income barter

Tribute was needed for survival

Religion Polytheistic

• Huitzilopochtli, sun god• Healthy diet of human hearts to make crops grow.

Thousands of sacrifices a year.

Andean Civilizations, 200-1500

Cultural Response to Environment Challenge

How did the harsh high altitudes affect the life of inhabitants? Organization of labor efficient systems Harsh climate but more consistent agriculture

(no droughts) Ayllu- clan held land collectively, obligated to

work together for food and supplies them to chief.

After 1000 introduced mit’a, an organized members of the ayllu to organized members of the ayllu to provide a quota or labor workers for religious establishments, royal provide a quota or labor workers for religious establishments, royal court, and aristocracycourt, and aristocracy

Gender- . Men for hunting, war, and government. . Men for hunting, war, and government. Divided responsibilities. . Men for hunting, war, and government; women . Men for hunting, war, and government; women wove clothes and cared for the crops at home,wove clothes and cared for the crops at home,

Four Zones Vertical integration

• 4 zones with different goods all exchanged goods through a 4 zones with different goods all exchanged goods through a network of exchange routes; exchange along ecological network of exchange routes; exchange along ecological boundaries. They were interdependent. boundaries. They were interdependent.

The Inca

Small chiefdom in Cuzco until military expansion in 1430s. By 1525, the Inca constructed a huge empire (6 million).

What was the key to their wealth? Strong military; trade

Expansion of the mit’a Provide for the: old, sick, and weak System was similar to modern socialism

Local rulers Control by way of: military garrisons, taking

hostages Central rule

King How did the king prove himself worthy?

• Conquering more territory

Cuzco- capital city homogeneous Puma- worshiped Rituals, feasts, sacrifice

Cultural achievements Didn’t create, made better Astronomical observation Metallurgy

Inca domination resulted in increased wealth, but also in reduced levels of local autonomy. When the elite fell into civil war in 1525, Inca control over its vast territories was weakened.

Comparison Both: highly integrated political economic systems

long before 1500s; women important; highly stratified society; simple technology, influenced heavily by climate and geography, huge populations, conquests ruled by elites; using religion for legitimacy

In the Andes, more geographical influenced cultural integration and state formation. Use of domesticated animals, broad control expand vertical exchange system, used more trade to combat the region

Mesoamerica; no total dominant ruler, pyramids, sacrifice, tribute relationships and markets, used more technology to combat climate.