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The XyloScope—A Field- Deployable Macroscopic Digital Imaging Device for Wood John C. Hermanson David Dostal Joseph C. Destree Alex C. Wiedenhoeft United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service Forest Products Laboratory Research Note FPL–RN–0367 October 2019

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  • The XyloScope—A Field-Deployable Macroscopic Digital Imaging Device for WoodJohn C. HermansonDavid DostalJoseph C. DestreeAlex C. Wiedenhoeft

    United States Department of Agriculture

    ForestService

    Forest ProductsLaboratory

    Research NoteFPL–RN–0367

    October2019

  • October 2019Hermanson, John C.; Dostal, David; Destree, Joseph C.; Wiedenhoeft, Alex C. 2019. The XyloScope—A field-deployable macroscopic digital imaging device for wood. Research Note FPL-RN-0367. Madison, WI: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory. 18 p.A limited number of free copies of this publication are available to the public from the Forest Products Laboratory, One Gifford Pinchot Drive, Madison, WI 53726-2398. This publication is also available online at www.fpl.fs.fed.us. Laboratory publications are sent to hundreds of libraries in the United States and elsewhere.The Forest Products Laboratory is maintained in cooperation with the University of Wisconsin. The use of trade or firm names in this publication is for reader information and does not imply endorsement by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) of any product or service.

    In accordance with Federal civil rights law and U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) civil rights regulations and policies, the USDA, its Agencies, offices, and employees, and institutions participating in or administering USDA programs are prohibited from discriminating based on race, color, national origin, religion, sex, gender identity (including gender expression), sexual orientation, disability, age, marital status, family/parental status, income derived from a public assistance program, political beliefs, or reprisal or retaliation for prior civil rights activity, in any program or activity conducted or funded by USDA (not all bases apply to all programs). Remedies and complaint filing deadlines vary by program or incident. Persons with disabilities who require alternative means of communication for program information (e.g., Braille, large print, audiotape, American Sign Language, etc.) should contact the responsible Agency or USDA’s TARGET Center at (202) 720–2600 (voice and TTY) or contact USDA through the Federal Relay Service at (800) 877–8339. Additionally, program information may be made available in languages other than English. To file a program discrimination complaint, complete the USDA Program Discrimination Complaint Form, AD-3027, found online at http://www.ascr.usda.gov/complaint_filing_cust.html and at any USDA office or write a letter addressed to USDA and provide in the letter all of the information requested in the form. To request a copy of the complaint form, call (866) 632–9992. Submit your completed form or letter to USDA by: (1) mail: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Civil Rights, 1400 Independence Avenue, SW, Washington, D.C. 20250–9410; (2) fax: (202) 690–7442; or (3) email: [email protected]. USDA is an equal opportunity provider, employer, and lender.

    AbstractThis Research Note describes the rationale for and design of a XyloScope, a digital imaging system for viewing and recording macroscopic images of wood for a XyloTron machine-vision wood identification system, and provides a bill of materials and the associated technical drawings of its components.

    Keywords: XyloTron, wood identification, machine vision, XyloScope

    ContentsIntroduction ..........................................................................1

    Internal Components ............................................................2

    External Component—Stainless Steel Tube ........................5

    Electrical Components—Lighting .......................................5

    Literature Cited ....................................................................6

    Appendix A—Bill of Materials ............................................7

    Appendix B—Specifications of Component Parts ..............8

    Appendix C—Specifications of Electrical Components .......................................................................16

    Appendix D—Graphics File for 3D-Printed Components .......................................................................18

  • 1Currently Senior Scientist, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA; and Affiliate Professor, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.2Also Adjunct Associate Professor, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA; Adjunct Assistant Professor, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA; and Professor Estrangeiro, Universidade Estadual Paulista – Botucatu, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil.

    IntroductionIn 2010, in cooperation with Forest Service International Programs and with the support of the U.S. Department of State, the Forest Products Laboratory initiated a project to develop a prototype machine vision wood identification system, the XyloTron. The XyloTron is a field-deployable system for imaging and identifying wood species, thus requiring a robust digital imaging device, the XyloScope. From broad conception (Hermanson and Wiedenhoeft 2011) to early development (Hermanson and Wiedenhoeft 2015) to the first documentation in the scientific literature of its efficacy for wood identification (Ravindran et al. 2018), the XyloTron has been intended to be an open source, community-driven initiative. To facilitate the adoption of this technology, this note describes the XyloScope and provides a bill of materials (App. A) and drawings and files detailing its design and assembly (Apps. B and C) as deployed and distributed to cooperators since 2015. Additional research and development—with attendant design modifications and improvements—is ongoing, and subsequent designs will be published in the future as warranted.

    The primary function of the XyloScope is to capture high-fidelity (evenly illuminated and in-focus) macroscopic images of wood suitable for human or machine vision evaluation for wood identification. Although many routes to such a result are possible, this project reflected several design constraints: a minimal requirement for machining;

    The XyloScope—A Field-Deployable Macroscopic Digital Imaging Device for WoodJohn C. Hermanson,1 Research General EngineerUSDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin, USADavid Dostal, EngineerStrandex Corporation, Madison, Wisconsin, USAJoseph C. Destree, MachinistUSDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin, USA

    Alex C. Wiedenhoeft,2 Research BotanistUSDA Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin, USA

    use of three-dimensional- (3D-) printed components; use of off-the-shelf components; field-portability and durability; uniform lighting; images that are recognizable by human wood anatomists as would be seen through a loupe; and a simple, intuitive design without moving parts or the requirement for extensive user expertise or decision-making in focusing, lighting, or setting camera parameters.

    Each of the following sections corresponds to a component of the XyloScope, beginning with internal mechanical and optical components (Fig. 1), then the external steel housing, and concluding with electrical lighting components. Internal components are described starting from the front of the XyloScope and progressing toward the back of the device (left to right in Fig. 1). Dimensions in the engineering drawings and design files for the 3D-printed components are based on idiosyncrasies of the 3D printer and polymer we used to fabricate the printed components. As such, the dimensions will likely require slight modifications for other printers or polymers, especially features like small printed holes for thread-forming screws and slots for drop-in components. Each printed component is shown in a figure, and one or more engineering drawings with orthographic projections and an isometric view are included for each component in Appendix B. Section views are provided for the LED holder to better detail its intricate structure. Electrical diagrams are presented in Appendix C. A 3D graphics file created in FreeCAD (an open-source 3D parametric modeler) for each of the 3D-printed components is attached in Appendix D.

  • Research Note FPL–RN–0367

    2

    Internal ComponentsFront CapThe front cap (component A in Fig. 1 and shown in Fig. 2) provides a surface to place flush against a specimen. The opening size and the beveling of the opening edges of the front cap allow direct lighting of the specimen. The four cylindrical projections mate with the LED holder (Fig. 3) to reduce alignment error with the LED holder and camera. The diameter and length of the mating cylinders and the corresponding holes on the LED holder are designed to provide a tight fit. Specifications for this part are provided in Sheet 1 of 8 (App. B).

    LED HolderThe role of the LED holder (component B in Fig. 1 and shown in Fig. 3) is to position the LEDs at a specified distance and angle to provide consistent illumination across the wood surface. Printed circuit boards with LEDs soldered in place slide into the slots provided. When the front cap (Fig. 2) is mated with the LED holder (Fig. 3), it secures the LEDs in place. Specifications for this part are provided in Sheets 2, 3, and 4 of 8 (App. B).

    LED Driver HoldersThe LED driver holders (component C in Fig. 1 and shown in Fig. 4) restrain the LED driver and the front cap–LED holder combination to the stainless steel tube (detailed below). Thread-forming screws for plastic pass through the preformed holes in the LED driver holder and LED holder into the cylindrical projections on the front cap. The screws pull the three components securely together, and this assembly is held in place at the front of the XyloScope by thread-forming screws passing through the stainless steel tube into the printed holes in the LED driver holders. Specifications for this part are provided in Sheet 5 of 8 (App. B).

    LensAn Edmund Optics 0.5×, 65-mm WD CompactTL™ Telecentric Lens #63-741 (Edmund Optics, Barrington, New Jersey, USA) (component D in Fig. 1 and shown in Fig. 5) is screwed directly to the camera using a C-mount connection. Table 1 provides the manufacturer’s specifications for this lens.

    Figure 1—Ray tracing of the XyloScope internal components (wiring and some electrical components not shown, not all components placed to scale). The right side of the figure is the back of the device where the external cables are connected. From left to right: A, front cap; B, LED holder; C, LED driver holders (two); D, lens (ray tracing based on CAD drawing courtesy of Edmund Optics); E, camera (ray tracing based on CAD drawing downloaded from https://flir.app.boxcn.net/s/vyji6o86n7t0tidd2ilrtfd3cm84h3cj); F, camera shoes (two); G, back cap.

  • The XyloScope—A Field-Deployable Macroscopic Digital Imaging Device for Wood

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    Figure 2—Front cap ray tracing viewed from internal surface. The beveled edges of the opening are designed to allow direct illumination of the specimen, and the cylinders mate with the LED driver holder.

    Figure 3—LED holder ray tracing viewed from the front (specimen-imaging) side. The printed circuit board assemblies, with LEDs soldered in place, slide into the slots with the surface shown and mate with the front cap (Fig. 2).

    Figure 4—LED driver holder ray tracing. The LED driver seats in the square through-hole at the bottom right of the part. The top left of the part mates against the LED holder.

    Figure 5—Edmund Optics 0.5×, 65 mm WD CompactTL™ Telecentric Lens #63-741. Ray tracing based on CAD drawing courtesy of Edmund Optics.

    Table 1—Specifications of the Edmunds Optics 0.5×, 65 mm WD CompactTL™ Telecentric Lens #63-741 (information reproduced with permission of Edmund Optics)Parameter ValueCoating MgF2Mount C-mountType Telecentric lensPrimary magnification PMAG 0.5×Maximum camera sensor format (in.) 2/3Aperture (f/#) f/9Working distance (mm) 65Coating specification λ/4 MgF2

    @ 550 nmDepth of field (mm) ±1.85 (20% @

    20 lp/mm)Field of view, 1/2-in. sensor (mm) 12.8Field of view, 1/3-in. sensor (mm) 9.6Field of view, 2/3-in. sensor (mm) 17.6Length excluding threads (mm) 86.7Maximum diameter (mm) 32Number of elements (groups) 5 (3)Numerical aperture NA, object side 0.028Typical distortion @ 588 nm (%)

  • Research Note FPL–RN–0367

    4

    Back CapThe back cap (component G in Fig. 1 and shown in Fig. 8) protects the camera, provides a mount for the barrel connector to power the LED lights, permits the passage of the USB 3.0 cable to connect to the camera, and includes a small port to observe the camera’s LED status light. This piece is held in place by three thread-forming screws passing through the milled holes in the stainless steel tube and into printed holes in the three posts. Specifications for this part are provided in Sheet 7 of 8 (App. B).

    CameraThe original camera for the XyloScope was the Point Grey Research Flea3: FL3-U3-88S2C-C, chosen in part for the ability to manually define the imaging parameters (Table 2). The Flea3 series cameras are small volume, 29- by 29- by 30-mm (component E in Fig. 1 and shown in Fig. 6). The FL3-U3-88S2C-C was discontinued and has been superseded by the FLIR FL3-U3-120S3C-C (FLIR, Wilsonville, Oregon, USA). The parameters used for the FL3-U3-88S2C-C (Table 2) are the same used in the FL3-U3-120S3C-C camera.

    Camera ShoesThe camera is placed between two camera shoes (component F in Fig. 1 and shown in Fig. 7). The camera shoes situate the camera near the center of the stainless steel tube case. Three screws pass through the stainless steel tube (detailed below) and the bottom camera shoe and thread into the camera. By loosening these screws and sliding the assembly, the XyloScope can be focused, and then by tightening the screws, the focus is fixed. The second camera shoe on the top side of the camera is held in place by the tube and the camera body. The camera shoes are dimensioned to provide a secure fit between the shoes and the stainless steel case. It can be necessary to alter the outer wall thickness of the mounting-side camera shoe to center the camera, and sometimes to reduce the outer wall thickness of the nonmounting side shoe accordingly. Specifications for this part are provided in Sheet 6 of 8 (App. B).

    Table 2—Camera parameter settings for Flea3 camerasa

    Parameter Value RemarkBrightness 0Sharpness 1000 Neither blurs nor sharpens the imageGain 0 No signal amplificationFrames per second 10 Close to the maximum bandwidth achievable

    by USB 2.0 bus for the image sizeRed and blue channels Individually set Adjusted to achieve the same mean pixel

    value as the green channel when imaging a neutral grey target

    Gamma 100%Hue 0EV 0.799 Adjusted to give the best image of the wood

    transverse surface for the lens-lighting configuration presented here

    Exposure Floating The only parameter allowed to float in automatic mode

    aWhen either camera is coupled with the specified lens and a 2048- by 2048-pixel area of the detector is selected, the resulting image represents a 6.35- by 6.35-mm field of view.

    Figure 6—FLIR Flea3, FL3-U3-120S3C-C. Ray tracing based on CAD drawing downloaded from https://flir.app.boxcn.net/s/vyji6o86n7t0tidd2ilrtfd3cm84h3cj.

  • The XyloScope—A Field-Deployable Macroscopic Digital Imaging Device for Wood

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    Figure 7—Camera shoe ray tracing. The orientation of the camera shoes will be dictated by the threaded mounting holes on the camera and the stainless steel tube.

    Figure 8—Back cap ray tracing. The orientation of the back cap is determined by the milled holes in the stainless steel tube.

    Figure 9—Stainless steel tube ray tracing. All components except the front and back caps are completely enclosed in the tube.

    External Component—Stainless Steel TubeThe external case of the XyloScope is a 1.5- by 1.5-in. (38.1- by 38.1-mm) brushed stainless steel tube (Fig. 9) and serves two purposes: (1) It encloses and protects the optical components, lighting, lens, and camera. (2) It acts as a structural frame to position the camera and lens at the correct focal length so that the object is in focus. Three slots are milled in the tube for adjusting the position of the camera to bring the wood for imaging into focus—tightening the camera mounting screws locks the focal position for use. The tube has seven additional holes for mounting or securing internal XyloScope components. If the tube has a welded seam, it is advisable to grind down the internal weld prior to assembling a XyloScope, and it is recommended to mill the camera mounting slots such that the welded seam is on a lateral wall (the left or right wall in Fig. 9). Specifications for this part are provided in Sheet 8 of 8 (App. B).

    Electrical Components—LightingThe lighting system incorporates four Lite-On LTPL-P00DWS57 light emitting diodes (Lite-On, Taipei, Taiwan) driven by a RECOM RCD-24-0.30 constant-current LED driver (RECOM Power, Arvada, Colorado, USA). The current output of the RECOM LED driver in this design is analog and fixed. The analog voltage is set using an

    Figure 10—Lighting components: A, barrel connector; B, LED driver input printed circuit board with components; C, LED driver; D, LED driver output printed circuit board with component; E, four LED printed circuit board assemblies. Components are not to scale.

  • Research Note FPL–RN–0367

    6

    Analog Devices AD680 low-power, low-cost 2.5-V voltage reference (Analog Devices, Norwood, Massachusetts, USA). The system is powered by 3.5 to 18 V supplied to a barrel connector affixed to the back cap. Figure 10 illustrates the lighting components and Sheet 1 of 2 (App. C) provides a schematic. The printed circuit boards ease interconnecting the barrel connector, LED driver, and LEDs. Dimensioned drawings of the printed circuit boards are provided in Sheet 2 of 2 (App. C).

    Literature CitedHermanson, J.C.; Wiedenhoeft, A.C. 2011. A brief review of machine vision in the context of automated wood identification systems. IAWA Journal. 32(2): 233-250.

    Hermanson, J.C.; Wiedenhoeft, A.C. 2015. Data-driven wood anatomy: using machine vision for wood identification (and beyond). Annual Meeting of the Society-for-Integrative-Biology. Vol. 55, Suppl. 1, p. E273.

    Ravindran, P.; Costa, A.; Soares, R.; Wiedenhoeft, A.C. 2018. Classification of CITES-listed and other neotropical Meliaceae wood images using convolutional neural networks. Plant Methods. 14:25. 10 pp. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13007-018-0292-9

  • The XyloScope—A Field-Deployable Macroscopic Digital Imaging Device for Wood

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    Appendix A—Bill of Materials

    1 203-mm 304 stainless steel tube, brushed finish, 0.065-in. thick, 1-1/2 by 1-1/2 in.1 3D-printed front cap1 3D-printed LED holder2 3D-printed LED driver holders1 Edmund Optics 0.5×, 65-mm WD CompactTL™ Telecentric Lens #63-74311 FLIR Flea3, FL3-U3-120S3C-C 2 3D-printed camera shoes1 3D-printed back cap1 CUI Inc. PJ-011A power connector 2×5.5 mm1 USB 3.1 type micro B cable1 USB-A 5.5 × 2.1 center position cable3 M3 × 0.5 mm thread size by 8 mm (or two of these and one M3 × 0.5 mm thread

    size by 5 mm for the FLIR FL3-U3-120S3C-C camera)11 Number 2 × 1/2-in. stainless steel thread forming screws4 Lite-On LTPL-P00DWS57 light emitting diodes4 LED printed circuit boards1 LED driver input printed circuit board1 LED driver output printed circuit board1 RECOM RCD-24-0.30 constant-current LED driver1 Analog Devices AD680 Low Power Low Cost 2.5 V voltage reference TO-92-31 0.1μF 50 V 10% radial ceramic capacitor2 JST right-angle connector, through-hole two-pin2 JST Jumper 2 Wire Assembly

    200 mm Two-conductor hook-up wireSolder

  • Research Note FPL–RN–0367

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    Appendix B—Specifications of Component Parts

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  • The XyloScope—A Field-Deployable Macroscopic Digital Imaging Device for Wood

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  • Research Note FPL–RN–0367

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    Appendix C—Specifications of Electrical Components

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  • The XyloScope—A Field-Deployable Macroscopic Digital Imaging Device for Wood

    17

  • Research Note FPL–RN–0367

    18

    Appendix D—Graphics File for 3D-Printed Components

    The attached file is a 3D graphics file created in FreeCAD (an open-source 3D parametric modeler) for each of the 3D-printed components.

    Document.xml

    PartShape.brp

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