theimportanceofvuquangnature reserve,vietnam ......vietnam(stattersfieldet al....
TRANSCRIPT
Bird Conservation International (2001) 11:247–285. BirdLife International 2001
The importance of Vu Quang NatureReserve, Vietnam, for bird conservation, inthe context of the Annamese LowlandsEndemic Bird AreaJ.C. EAMES, R . EVE and A.W. TORDOFF
Summary
Vu Quang Nature Reserve, Vietnam, was brought to the attention of the world scientificcommunity following the discovery of two previously undescribed large mammal speciesin the early 1990s. In light of the identification of other sites of high biodiversity value inthe Annamite mountains of Vietnam and Laos, the relative importance for biodiversityconservation of Vu Quang needs to be reassessed. In this paper we evaluate theimportance of the site for bird conservation, in relation to 13 other protected areas in theAnnamese Lowlands Endemic Bird Area (EBA) and present species lists for all 14 sites.Whilst Vu Quang supports one of the highest numbers of recorded bird species of all 14protected areas, a complementarity analysis revealed that Vu Quang does not fall withinthe critical subset of sites necessary to conserve 95% of the avifaunal diversity of theEBA. The site should not, therefore, be considered a regional bird conservation priority.Furthermore, of the nine restricted-range species known from the Annamese LowlandsEBA, only three are known from Vu Quang, which is not, therefore, a priority site for theconservation of endemic bird species. We also evaluate the conservation status of theavifauna of Vu Quang, and propose potential conservation measures to enhance itsimportance for bird conservation.
Introduction
In 1992, the attention of the world scientific community was focused on VuQuang Nature Reserve, Ha Tinh province, Vietnam following the discovery of apreviously undescribed large mammal species, Saola Pseudoryx nghetinhensis (VuVan Dung et al. 1993). This discovery, together with that of Giant Muntjac Mega-muntiacus vuquangensis in 1994 (Do Tuoc et al. 1994), led to the creation of VuQuang Nature Reserve, and a global publicity campaign that succeeded in mysti-fying the site (Eve et al. 1998). The idea of Vu Quang as a ‘‘lost world’’ and ahigh conservation priority was seared in the consciousness of the conservationcommunity.Since the discoveries at Vu Quang, biodiversity surveys have been conducted
at a number of other sites in the Annamite mountains of Vietnam and Laos,many of which have also proven to be rich in biodiversity (Eve et al. 1998). Inthe light of these recent survey results, there is a need to re-evaluate the relativeimportance of Vu Quang for the conservation of biodiversity. The purpose of
J.C. Eames, R. Eve and A.W. Tordoff 248
this paper is to evaluate the importance of Vu Quang for bird conservation, inthe context of the Annamese Lowlands Endemic Bird Area (EBA).
Study area
Biogeographical setting
Vu Quang Nature Reserve lies in North Annam, subunit 05c of the Indo-Malayanbiogeographical realm, comprising the northern Annamite mountains of Vietnamand Laos and the coastal plain of Vietnam between the Hai Van pass and theRed River (MacKinnon 1997). The classification developed by MacKinnon (1997)was based on that of Udvardy (1975), who subdivided the Indo-Malayan Realminto 27 units and included Vu Quang in unit 4.5.1 (Indochinese Rainforest).Vu Quang is situated in the Annamese Lowlands EBA, one of three EBAs in
Vietnam (Stattersfield et al. 1998). Nine restricted-range species occur within theEBA, of which five are confined to it (Stattersfield et al. 1998) (Table 1).
Geographical setting
Vu Quang Nature Reserve (18°09′–18°27′N, 105°16′–105°35′E) covers 54,000 ha,including a strict protection area of 39,000 ha, and a forest rehabilitation area of15,000 ha. The eastern boundary lies on the coastal plain, some 50 km from theSouth China Sea, while the northern, western and southern boundaries are loc-
Table 1. Status and habitat of restricted-range bird species in the Annamese Lowlands Endemic BirdArea (EBA)
Global status(BirdLife Occurrence Altitude
International in other rangeSpecies 2001) EBAs (m asl) Habitat
Annam Partridge Arborophila merlini Not evaluated 0 0–600 Lowlandevergreen forest
Imperial Pheasant Lophura imperialis Data deficient 0 0–200 Lowlandevergreen forest
Edwards’s Pheasant Lophura edwardsi Endangered 0 0–600 Lowlandevergreen forest
Vietnamese Pheasant Lophura Endangered 0 0–200 Lowlandhatinhensis evergreen forestCrested Argus Rheinardia Vulnerable 2 0–1,500 Lowland andocellata montane evergreen
forestWhite-cheeked Laughingthrush Least concern 1 600–900 Evergreen forestGarrulax vassali edge and secondary
habitatsShort-tailed Scimitar Babbler Near 1 50–900 Evergreen forestJabouilleia danjoui threatenedSooty Babbler Stachyris Near 0 c.200 Lowland evergreenherberti threatened forest on limestone
karstGrey-faced Tit Babbler Macronous Least concern 1 50–700 Lowlandkelleyi evergreen forest
Importance of Vu Quang for bird conservation 249
ated in the Annamite mountains, the latter following the international borderwith Laos. The nature reserve is located in Huong Son and Huong Khe districtsof Ha Tinh province, and covers 9% of the land area of the province (Eve 2000).Vu Quang incorporates lowlands and mountains and is ecologically diverse.
The landscape can be broadly divided into three sections: river valleys, hills andmountains. The main river valleys are those of the Nam Truoi, Rao No and KheTre rivers, whose headwaters rise in the nature reserve. The topography of thenorth-east is characterized by plains and hills, from 30 to 600 m, while the southand west of the nature reserve is mountainous. The highest point is Mount RaoCo at 2,286 m (Eve 2000).At low altitudes, the landscape is largely anthropogenic, including human hab-
itation, irrigated and non-irrigated agricultural land (including tree cropplantations), bare land, grassland and scrub. Patches of natural forest remain onsteep and inaccessible slopes, and isolated stands of trees and bamboo alongrivers and streams. At medium altitudes, deeper within the nature reserve, thelandscape consists of open secondary forest, and other seral forest formations.Between 100 and 500 m, much of the forest has been selectively logged. Above500 m, the slopes are covered by primary forest (Eve 2000).
Vegetation
There are five major forest types at Vu Quang (Eve 2000). Lowland evergreenforest (100–300 m), which formerly covered much of the nature reserve, is foundin the north and north-east. Lower montane evergreen forest (300–1,000 m)covers the centre of the nature reserve, with small patches in the north and north-east. Medium montane evergreen forest (1,000–1,400 m) occupies a narrow strip,stretching from the west to the south-east. Upper montane evergreen forest(1,400–1,900 m) is found on steep slopes and ridges, in the south-west and south.In the southernmost part of the nature reserve, between 1,900 and 2,200 m, thereare patches of elfin forest. The remainder is covered by a range of secondaryvegetation types.
Rainfall
Average annual rainfall is 2,418 mm in Huong Khe district and 2,390 mm inHuong Son district. The highest rainfall occurs in September and October, butthe number of rainy days per month is remarkably regular over the year, rangingfrom 11 to 18 days in Huong Son, and from 10 to 18 days in Huong Khe (Eve2000).
Methods
Field surveys
A bird species list for Vu Quang Nature Reserve was compiled from the resultsof several field surveys. The first multidisciplinary biodiversity survey was inMay 1992 (MacKinnon and Vu Van Dung 1992). Although no specific localitiesare mentioned, the montane species included on the bird list suggest the survey
J.C. Eames, R. Eve and A.W. Tordoff 250
team traversed a wide altitudinal gradient. MacKinnon and Vu Van Dung (1992)used direct observation and identification of calls to record most species, andused 20-species lists in order to generate curves showing the cumulative numberof bird species recorded against the number of lists made (MacKinnon and Phil-lips 1993). They also interviewed hunters and examined trophies in their posses-sion.The first specific ornithological survey was undertaken in June 1994 by staff
from BirdLife International, in collaboration with the Species Survival Commis-sion of IUCN (Eames et al. 1994, Lambert et al. 1994). Since the aim of this surveywas to identify areas supporting populations of endemic Lophura pheasants, onlylowland forest south of Kim Quang village was surveyed. Pre-existing trails werewalked, particularly from dawn until late morning (c. 11h00) and from c. 14h00until dusk, and birds were identified using direct observation assisted by play-back of species’ calls. In addition, local hunters were interviewed by showingthem illustrations of species, and they were encouraged to present feathers andskins of birds they had trapped or shot. Local hunters were also employed to setnon-lethal trap lines, composed of up to 50 snares across the forest floor, andblood samples were collected from trapped galliformes (Lambert et al. 1994).From July to September 1997, a joint expedition by staff from the Vietnam–
Russia Tropical Centre (VRTC) and the Institute of Ecology and BiologicalResources (IEBR) collected bird specimens using mist-nets and identified speciesby direct observation while slowly walking trails or from fixed points. Thesurvey team visited four sites: primary and secondary montane forest between1,200 and 1,400 m; primary lower montane forest between 600 and 800 m; seralforest formations along the Con River between 200 and 300 m; and anthropogenichabitats around Huong Dai village between 100 and 150 m (Kalyakin and Korzun1997).As part of the WWF Indochina Programme-Vu Quang Conservation Project, a
joint BirdLife/WWF mission surveyed montane forest between 1,000 and 2,200m on the border with Laos, between 2 and 15 July 1999, using direct observations,assisted by playback of species’ calls (Eames and Eve 1999). Observations weremade while walking pre-existing trails and while surveying the canopy from anexposed hill-top. Observer effort was concentrated at higher elevations in theupper montane and elfin forest zones.During 1998 and 1999, additional species were added to the list of the nature
reserve opportunistically in the anthropogenic habitats around the nature reserveheadquarters (Eve unpubl. data).
Comparison with other protected areas in the Annamese Lowlands EBA
The bird species list for Vu Quang was compared with species lists from 13 otherprotected areas within the Annamese Lowlands EBA. These comprise Bach Ma,Ben En and Cuc Phuong National Parks; Dakrong, Ke Go, Phong Dien, PhongNha, Pu Huong, Pu Hoat, Pu Mat and Xuan Lien Nature Reserves in Vietnam;and Him Namno and Nakai Nam Theun National Biodiversity ConservationAreas (NBCAs) in Laos (Figure 1). It should be noted, however, that observereffort was not constant across these sites; Nakai Nam Theun NBCA, and Vu
Importance of Vu Quang for bird conservation 251
Figure 1. Location of protected areas mentioned in the text.
J.C. Eames, R. Eve and A.W. Tordoff 252
Quang, Ke Go and Pu Mat Nature Reserves in particular have received a dispro-portionately high amount of survey effort compared with other sites.
Complementarity
To evaluate the importance of Vu Quang Nature Reserve for bird conservationat regional and national levels, complementarity analyses were undertaken for allprotected areas within the Annamese Lowlands EBA, all protected areas withinbiogeographical subunit 05c, all Vietnamese protected areas within the Anna-mese Lowlands EBA, and all Vietnamese protected areas within biogeographicalsubunit 05c. In complimentarity analysis, the site with the largest number ofspecies is first selected from any given set of sites. Sites which add the greatestnumber of further species are then included in a stepwise fashion, until 95% of allspecies known from the set are incorporated. This exercise enables conservationplanners to select an optimum subset of critical sites.
Similarity
The degree of similarity between the bird species composition of Vu QuangNature Reserve and those of the 13 other protected areas was measured usingSorenson’s Similarity Index (Magurran 1988). This index is given by the formula:
2jCs = (a+b)
Where: j is the number of shared species between two areas; a is the number ofspecies in area A; and b is the number of species in area B.
Results
Avifauna
The 1992 survey recorded a total of 211 bird species, including 13 that were notobserved or heard but only reported by villagers (MacKinnon and Vu Van Dung1992). The 1994 BirdLife/IUCN survey generated a list of 125 taxa (123 species)seen or heard (Eames et al. 1994, Lambert et al. 1994). The VRTC/IEBR expeditioncollected 138 specimens and, in total, recorded 170 taxa, of which 169 were identi-fied to species level (Kalyakin and Korzun 1997). Finally, the 1999 BirdLife/WWFsurvey identified 110 taxa (107 species; Eames and Eve 1999). Taking all previousresearch into account, 274 bird species are currently known from Vu QuangNature Reserve, including 13 known only from anecdotal reports. Of these, 214(78%) are forest dependent. The remaining 60 are species of open country andwetlands, although some species within this category are tree nesting. Of the 214forest-dependent species, 196 are residents and 18 are migrants, whereas of the60 open country/wetland species, only 24 are residents, and 36 are Palearcticmigrants.
Notes on selected species
This section includes all known records of the 12 species confirmed to occurat Vu Quang Nature Reserve that are considered to be restricted-range species
Importance of Vu Quang for bird conservation 253
(Stattersfield et al. 1998) and/or globally threatened or near threatened (BirdLifeInternational 2001). Additionally, an account is included for Green Peafowl Pavomuticus, the occurrence of which at Vu Quang has yet to be confirmed.
Chestnut-necklaced Partridge Arborophila charltonii Near ThreatenedDuring 1994, this species was observed and heard on several occasions in low-land forest south of Kim Quang village: a pair were heard on 3 June; a singlebird was trapped and prepared as a cabinet skin on 5 June; three or four pairswere also heard on 5 June; a single bird was heard on 6 June; and one bird wastrapped on 14 June (Eames unpubl. data, Eames et al. 1994, Lambert et al. 1994).
Siamese Fireback Lophura diardi Near ThreatenedThis species was reported by hunters in 1992 (MacKinnon and Vu Van Dung1992) and reported with uncertainty by hunters at Kim Quang village on 2 June1994 (Eames unpubl. data). A male was seen in secondary scrub along the roadnorth of Sao La camp on 21 August 1997 (Kalyakin and Korzun 1997).
Crested Argus Rheinardia ocellata Vulnerable; Restricted RangeDuring the 1992 survey, this species was heard calling regularly and a malewas observed on a display ground from which leaves had been cleared from anestimated 25%. The authors also reported that this species was subject to huntingand was shy and difficult to observe (MacKinnon and Vu Van Dung 1992).Feathers were observed in hunters’ houses during June 1994 (Eames et al. 1994),and calls heard on 3 and 5 June 1994 (Eames unpubl. data). The species washeard calling from slopes and ridges in valley systems south of Kim Quangvillage but the incidence of calling was low, involving only a few individuals;all calling appeared to be at altitudes above 300 m (Lambert et al. 1994). Kalyakinand Korzun (1997) reported it to be relatively common at all altitudes wheresecondary or primary forest remained, and heard 10–14 males between July andSeptember 1997 in four forest plots with a total area of 15 km2. The species wasalso heard on 4 July 1999 (Eames and Eve 1999).
[Green Peafowl Pavo muticus VulnerableDuring the 1994 survey, this species was recognized by hunters, with a vaguereport that one had been shot in the district in 1972 (Eames unpubl. data, Eameset al. 1994, Lambert et al. 1994). There is, therefore, no confirmed record from VuQuang Nature Reserve.]
Red-collared Woodpecker Picus rabieri Near ThreatenedDuring the 1994 survey, two males were recorded on 5 June, a single male on 8June and a pair on 13 June (Eames unpubl. data, Eames et al. 1994, Lambert et al.1994). A male was mist-netted at c. 700 m on 28 August, and single birds wereseen on 30 August and 2 September 1997 (Kalyakin and Korzun 1997).
Great Hornbill Buceros bicornis Near ThreatenedDuring the 1992 survey, this species was reported to be rare, seemingly as aresult of high hunting pressure (MacKinnon and Vu Van Dung 1992). The specieswas also recorded on the 1994 survey (Eames et al. 1994).
Brown Hornbill Anorrhinus tickelli Near ThreatenedIn 1992 this species was included on the bird list on the basis of anecdotal
J.C. Eames, R. Eve and A.W. Tordoff 254
information (MacKinnon and Vu Van Dung 1992). One or two birds were heardon 3 June 1994 (Eames unpubl., Eames et al. 1994, Lambert et al. 1994). Four flocksof between 5 and 30 birds and two additional flocks were heard at elevationsbetween 450 and 800 m between 28 August and 5 September 1997 (Kalyakin andKorzun 1997). The species was heard on 3 July and 25 birds were seen on 14 July1999, south of Kim Quang village (Eames and Eve 1999).
Blyth’s Kingfisher Alcedo hercules Near ThreatenedThis species was recorded twice by MacKinnon and Vu Van Dung (1992), in bothprimary and secondary habitats. During the 1994 survey, up to two birds wererecorded on 3 June and single birds on 4 and 5 June (Eames unpubl. data, Eameset al. 1994, Lambert et al. 1994). Two specimens were mist-netted above the ConRiver, 2.5 km east of Sao La camp, on 30 July and 1 August, and a single birdwas observed on rocks in this river, 5.5 km from Sao La camp on 31 July 1997(Kalyakin and Korzun 1997).
Lesser Fish Eagle Ichthyophaga humilis Near ThreatenedOne was observed near Kim Quang village on 9 June 1994 (Eames unpubl. data,Eames et al. 1994, Lambert et al. 1994), and two birds seen on 14 July 1999 (Eamesand Eve 1999).
Grey-headed Fish Eagle Ichthyophaga ichthyaetus Near ThreatenedThis species was included on the bird list on the basis of anecdotal information(MacKinnon and Vu Van Dung 1992). There are no other records of this speciesfrom Vu Quang Nature Reserve.
Spot-billed Pelican Pelecanus philippensis VulnerableAn upper mandible from this species was examined in a hunter’s house in KimQuang village in 1992 (MacKinnon and Vu Van Dung 1992), and the same speci-men was examined again two years later (Lambert et al. 1994). This bird wasreportedly shot from a flock of six seen perched in a tree around 1988 (Eamesunpubl. data).
Short-tailed Scimitar Babbler Jabouilleia danjoui Near Threatened; Restricted RangeThis species was recorded with uncertainty during 1994 (Eames et al. 1994, Lam-bert et al. 1994), but between July and September 1997, it was commonly recordedbetween 600 and 1,200 m (Kalyakin and Korzun 1997). It was also recorded on 3July and, at 1,900 m, on 8 July 1999 (Eames unpubl. data).
Grey-faced Tit Babbler Macronous kelleyi Restricted RangeHeard on 3 June 1994 (Eames unpublished data), and recorded during 1994(Eames et al. 1994, Lambert et al. 1994). Fledged young were seen with a flock ofMountain Fulvettas Alcippe peracensis near Sao La camp at 300 m on 30 July 1997(Kalyakin and Korzun 1997).
Species number
In terms of overall bird species number, Nakai Nam Theun NBCA is ranked firstamong the 14 protected areas within the Annamese Lowlands EBA, with 439species. It is followed by Pu Mat Nature Reserve (283 species), Vu Quang NatureReserve (274 species), Ke Go Nature Reserve (270 species) and Bach Ma National
Importance of Vu Quang for bird conservation 255
Park (249 species). Ten of the sites (Bach Ma and Cuc Phuong National Parks,Dakrong, Ke Go, Phong Dien, Pu Mat, Phong Nha and Vu Quang NatureReserves, and Nakai Nam Theun and Hin Namno NBCAs) lie within biogeo-graphical subunit 05c, North Annam, of the Indo-Malayan Realm (MacKinnon1997). Among these sites, Vu Quang Nature Reserve is also ranked third but,when the two protected areas in Laos are excluded, Vu Quang occupies secondposition behind Pu Mat Nature Reserve.
Complementarity
Complementarity analyses revealed that Vu Quang fell within the critical subsetof sites only when the analysis excluded non-Vietnamese sites. For the 14 siteswithin the Annamese Lowlands EBA (supporting 534 species), Nakai NamTheun (439 species) NBCA incorporates 82.2% of these species, Bach Ma NationalPark adds 37 species (89.1%), Ke Go Nature Reserve a further 19 species (92.7%),Ben En National Park a further eight species (94.2%) and Hin Namno NCBA afurther seven species, thereby reaching the 95% threshold. Vu Quang NatureReserve is placed in ninth position, adding only four species to include 98.7% ofall species.For the 10 sites within biogeographical subunit 05c (supporting 522 species),
the 95% threshold is reached with the inclusion (in descending order of addi-tional species contributed) of Nakai Nam Theun NCBA (439 species, 84.1%), BachMa National Park (37 species, 91.2%), Ke Go Nature Reserve (19 species, 94.8%)and Hin Namno NCBA (seven species, 96.2%). Vu Quang Nature Reserve isplaced in eighth position, adding only four species to include 99.4% of all species.For the eight Vietnamese protected areas within biogeographical subunit 05c
(Bach Ma and Cuc Phuong National Parks, and Dakrong, Ke Go, Phong Dien,Phong Nha, Pu Mat and Vu Quang Nature Reserves), supporting 452 species,the 95% threshold is reached with the inclusion of Pu Mat Nature Reserve (283species, 62.6%), Ke Go Nature Reserve (87 species, 81.9%), Bach Ma NationalPark (38 species, 90.3%), Vu Quang Nature Reserve (21 species, 94.9%) and CucPhuong National Park (11 species, 97.3%).Finally, for the 12 Vietnamese protected areas within the Annamese Lowlands
EBA, (supporting 471 species), the first four sites in the previous analysis retaintheir ranking but the 95% threshold is reached with the addition of Ben EnNational Park (15 species, 94.3%) and Phong Nha Nature Reserve (10 species,96.4%). Cuc Phuong National Park is relegated to seventh position (seven species,97.9%).In all four complementarity analyses, at least seven of the nine restricted-range
species were always included within the critical subset of sites. Eight out of ninewere included in the analysis on all 14 protected areas in the Annamese Low-lands EBA, on the 10 sites within biogeographical subunit 05c, and the set ofVietnamese protected areas within the Annamese Lowlands EBA. Seven of thenine restricted-range species were included within the critical subset of sites inthe analysis of all Vietnamese protected areas within biogeographical subunit05c. Note that Ben En National Park is not known to support any restricted-rangespecies. The species that consistently falls outside the critical subset of sites isWhite-cheeked Laughingthrush Garrulax vassali, which occurs at Phong Dien
J.C. Eames, R. Eve and A.W. Tordoff 256
Nature Reserve. This species also occurs in the Da Lat Plateau EBA and hasonly marginal occurrence within the Annamese Lowlands EBA (Stattersfield etal. 1998).
Similarity
High Sorenson’s Similarity Index values indicate a high degree of similaritybetween the species assemblages at a pair of sites. The comparison revealed thatthe bird species composition of VuQuang ismost similar to those of PuMatNatureReserve (0.758), Nakai Nam Theun NCBA (0.701) and Ke Go Nature Reserve(0.699), and least similar to those of Dakrong Nature Reserve (0.452), Pu HoatNature Reserve (0.537) and PuHuongNature Reserve (0.557) (Figure 2). This indic-ates that the avifauna of Vu Quang is most similar to those of protected areas withthe closest geographical proximity and least similar to those furthest away.
Discussion
Avifauna
The avifauna of Vu Quang is typically Indo-Malayan. Genera typical of, but notconfined to, this faunal region that occur here include Polyplectron, Pavo, Mega-laima, Treron, Pitta, Pericrocotus, Dicrurus, Cochoa and Dicaeum. MacKinnon (1997)subdivided the region and, in common with other authors, defined the Indo-Chinese peninsula as a distinct subunit. Typical Indo-Chinese species occurringat Vu Quang include Siamese Fireback, Red-collared Woodpecker, Red-ventedBarbet Megalaima lagrandieri, Coral-billed Ground Cuckoo Carpococcyx renauldi,Indo-Chinese Green Magpie Cissa hypoleuca and Ratchet-tailed Treepie Temnurustemnurus. Indo-Chinese faunal elements predominate in the lowlands, whereasSino-Himalayan faunal elements predominate in the highlands. Notably, there isa high diversity of babblers (Timaliini) in the montane avifauna, including threeMinla species, Heterophasia, Paradoxornis and Yuhina. Vu Quang Nature Reservealso supports a very few typically Sundaic species, such as Scaly-crowned Bab-bler Malacopteron cinereum.There are few species typically associated with lowland evergreen forest (100–
300 m) at the nature reserve, and fewer still that are confined to it. One of the fewextreme lowland forest specialists found here is Siamese Fireback. The ranges ofseveral other lowland species, including Chestnut-necklaced Partridge, Bar-bellied Pitta Pitta elliotii and Racket-tailed Treepie Crypsirina temia, extend tohigher altitudes, until they are either replaced by a congener or are restricted bysome environmental parameter. For example, Chestnut-necklaced Partridge isreplaced at higher elevations by Bar-backed Partridge Arborophila brunneopectus.The altitude ranges of most bird species occurring at Vu Quang include the
zone between 300 and 1,400 m, which supports lower montane and mediummontane evergreen forest. Examples of species with wide altitudinal ranges thatinclude this zone are Bay Woodpecker Blythipicus pyrrhotis (up to 2,745 m), Red-headed Trogon Harpactes erythrocephalus (between 305 and 2,590 m), and ScarletMinivet Pericrocotus flammeus (up to 1,700 m; Robson 2000). This zone encom-passes the transition from the lowland to montane avifauna. In the Indo-Chinese
Importance of Vu Quang for bird conservation 257
Figure
2.Sorenson’sSimilarity
Index
comparing
bird
speciescomposition
atVuQuang
NatureReserve,Vietnam
withthoseat
13other
protectedareasintheAnnam
eseLow
landsEBA.
J.C. Eames, R. Eve and A.W. Tordoff 258
subregion, this transition occurs at around 500 m, but is further dependent onlatitude and aspect. Typical of the lower montane avifauna are Long-tailedBroadbill Psarisomus dalhousiae and Green Cochoa Cochoa viridis. Both these spe-cies are known, however, to have broad altitudinal ranges, from 500 to 2,000 mand from 700 to 2,565 m respectively (Robson 2000), but are probably moreabundant between 500 and 1,000 m.The two higher-altitude forest types at Vu Quang are distributed from 1,400
to 2,200 m. Within this zone, bird diversity decreases with increasing altitude.Typical of the montane avifauna are Golden-throated Barbet Megalaima franklinii,Orange-bellied Leafbird Chloropsis hardwickii, Lesser Shortwing Brachypteryxleucophrys, White-tailed Robin Myiomela leucura and Red-tailed LaughingthrushGarrulax milnei. Characteristic species of the depauperate elfin forest avifaunainclude Spectacled Fulvetta Alcippe ruficapilla, Chestnut-tailed Minla Minlastrigula and Green-tailed Sunbird Aethopyga nipalensis.
Species number
Vu Quang Nature Reserve supports one of the highest recorded numbers ofspecies of any protected area within the Annamese Lowlands EBA and biogeo-graphical subunit 05c. However, as observer effort varied among sites, this maynot accurately reflect the true species number, although the high number atNakai Nam Theun NBCA is likely to be due to its significantly larger area andwider range of habitat types than any of the other protected areas in the EBA(Thewlis et al. 1998). It is not therefore possible to draw any firm conclusionsabout overall number of species at Vu Quang relative to other sites.
Complementarity
When considering priority clusters of protected areas at the regional level, VuQuang Nature Reserve does not fall within the critical sub-set of sites requiredto support 95% of the species of either the Annamese Lowlands EBA or biogeo-graphical subunit 05c. Vu Quang should not, therefore, be considered a regionalconservation priority. However, at the national level, Vu Quang Nature Reserveis included within the critical subset of sites for both the Annamese LowlandsEBA and biogeographical subunit 05c. It should, therefore, be considered a prior-ity site for conserving bird species diversity at the national level.
Similarity
Vu Quang Nature Reserve performs relatively poorly in the complementarityanalyses because of the high degree of similarity it shares with other sites, par-ticularly Nakai Nam Theun NBCA. This explains why the importance of VuQuang for the conservation of bird diversity is greater at the national level thanat the regional level.
Endemism
Of the nine restricted-range species known from the Annamese Lowlands EBA,only three are known from Vu Quang: Crested Argus, Short-tailed Scimitar Bab-
Importance of Vu Quang for bird conservation 259
bler and Grey-faced Tit Babbler. All three occur in at least one other EBA. Amongthe 14 protected areas in the Annamese Lowlands EBA, Crested Argus and Short-tailed Scimitar Babbler are each known from nine, while Grey-faced Tit Babbleris known from four. Vu Quang Nature Reserve is not known to support any ofthe five restricted-range species that are believed to be confined to the AnnameseLowlands EBA: Annam Partridge Arborophila merlini, Edwards’s PheasantLophura edwardsi, Vietnamese Pheasant L. hatinhensis, Imperial Pheasant L. imper-ialis and Sooty Babbler Stachyris herberti. We can, therefore, conclude that VuQuang Nature Reserve is not a priority site for the conservation of endemic birdspecies.
Changes to avifaunal composition among species of conservation concern
Globally threatened species that may have been extirpated from Vu Quang asbreeding species in recent times include Green Peafowl, Vietnamese Pheasant,White-winged Duck Cairina scutulata, Rufous-necked Hornbill Aceros nipalensisand Masked Finfoot Heliopais personata. All six are resident species, and, withthe exception of Rufous-necked Hornbill, all are associated with lowland forestformations.Globally threatened and near-threatened resident forest species that may
become extinct here during the next 50 years include Siamese Fireback, GreatHornbill, Lesser Fish Eagle and Grey-headed Fish Eagle. To this list may beadded a keystone species (i.e. a species that is believed to play a major role inmaintaining ecosystem function and stability): Wreathed Hornbill Aceros undul-atus. The pheasant and the two raptors are lowland forest specialists, while thetwo hornbills depend on lowland forests but may forage or disperse throughmontane forests. They are vulnerable to extirpation for a number of reasons.They all occur at low densities and have small population sizes. The two fisheagles occur at Vu Quang in riverine habitats and are, therefore, dependent onnarrow ecotones, which are of limited extent within the nature reserve. The largehornbills are particularly vulnerable to hunting pressure because they congregateat fruiting trees, where they may easily be shot. Siamese Fireback, like all galli-formes, is highly vulnerable to hunting pressure because it may be easily snared.It should also be noted that, irrespective of anthropogenic pressures such ashunting and habitat loss, it is not known whether Vu Quang Nature Reserve islarge enough to support viable populations of these species. The continued exist-ence of large hornbill and raptor populations is likely to be dependent on in-migration of birds dispersing from adjacent forest areas.Globally threatened and near-threatened species that may yet be added to the
avifauna during the next 50 years because their global ranges encompass VuQuang and suitable habitats are present include Vietnamese Pheasant, White-winged Duck, Pale-capped Pigeon Columba punicea, Greater Spotted Eagle, Aquilaclanga, Imperial Eagle A. heliaca, Fairy Pitta Pitta nympha and Japanese ParadiseFlycatcher Terpsiphone atrocaudata. This group comprises three resident speciesand four migrants, all of which are forest-dependent. With the possible exceptionof Vietnamese Pheasant, all are likely to be added to the list as a result ofincreased levels of observer coverage rather than as a result of colonization fol-lowing changes in habitat structure.
J.C. Eames, R. Eve and A.W. Tordoff 260
Lack of evidence from Vu Quang suggests that Vietnamese Pheasant mayeither have never occurred or, if it once did, be now very rare or, as noted earlier,extirpated due to loss of lowland forest. If the species occurred previously, itcould only recolonize Vu Quang if the lowland forest area was rehabilitated, ifhunting pressure was reduced, and if contiguous lowland forest areas supportpopulations of the species. It is unlikely that sufficient undisturbed tracts of low-land riverine habitat remain to support a population of White-winged Duck butthe species could occur as a straggler.
Avifaunal composition and climate change
The avifaunal composition of Vu Quang is likely to alter as a result of globalclimatic change and local climatic events. The latter have probably alreadyoccurred as a result of the reduction in forest cover documented in the region(Wege et al. 1999). As Vu Quang experiences year-round high levels of precipita-tion and a lack of any pronounced seasonal fluctuations in precipitation andtemperature, its avifauna lacks some faunal elements found on the drier, westernflanks of the Annamite mountains in Laos, and to the north and south withinVietnam. Here, the climate is more seasonal, reflected by the presence of semi-deciduous or more open forests. Examples of species inhabiting such forestsinclude Common Flameback Dinopium javanense, Great Slaty WoodpeckerMulleripicus pulverulentus, Lineated Barbet Megalaima lineata, Blue Pitta Pittacyanea, Banded Broadbill Eurylaimus javanicus, Eurasian Jay Garrulus glandarius,Rufous Treepie Dendrocitta vagabunda and Common Woodshrike Terphrodornispondicerianus. However, the failure to detect these species in Vu Quang maysimply reflect observer effort. If, as a result of climate change, there was a shifttowards a more seasonal climate, one could reasonably expect some of thesespecies to colonize Vu Quang. One could also reasonably expect to observechanges in population size and altitude range of some resident species, althoughit is difficult to speculate as to which species might be affected.
Can the importance of Vu Quang Nature Reserve for bird conservation be enhanced?
Detailed spatial planning for conservation at Vu Quang Nature Reserve at thecommune, nature reserve and regional levels is provided in Eve (2000). Of theforest types that occur at Vu Quang, lowland forest has suffered the greatest lossin overall extent and quality. This is because the direction of human immigrationto the Vu Quang area has been from east to west. Humans have shown, andcontinue to show, a preference for clearing forests of the level lowlands alongmajor permanent water courses for agriculture. In addition, they continue todegrade adjacent lowland forest to meet their demands for timber (for commer-cial and local use) and other forest products. It is predominantly lowland speciesthat have become extinct to date and, if current trends continue, are prone tofuture extinction. As species become extinct, the conservation importance of thenature reserve will decrease.The lowland forest avifauna is the most threatened, but its conservation would
be enhanced by a programme that prevents further forest clearance and rehabilit-ates degraded lowland forest. The success of any such programme would depend
Importance of Vu Quang for bird conservation 261
on the capacity of the nature reserve authority, the level of resources availableto them, the political will to implement nature reserve regulations, and thecooperation of local communities. Conservation actions to maintain bird divers-ity must be realistic, which, under the prevailing socioeconomic conditions,means highly targeted.Given the importance of lowland riverine habitats for globally threatened and
near-threatened bird species, conservation effort should focus on preventingtheir further disturbance, degradation and clearance. Any programme to pro-mote the rehabilitation of lowland forest should, as part of its strategy, focus onmajor permanent water courses. The programme should promote regrowth alongthe cline of degradation from the strict protection area outwards, first along thewater course and then outwards from it. Rivers should be selected on the basisof their importance for bird species of conservation concern, and the current leveland trend of degradation. The distance between rivers and the opportunities forconnecting any intervening forest patches should also be taken into account, andfull use should be made of the processes of natural regeneration and recoloniza-tion. The nature reserve management authority should take full advantage ofany opportunities presented under government directive 661, the Five MillionHectares Reforestation Programme, implementation of which has recently begun.The conservation status of species of conservation concern and keystone spe-
cies would be enhanced by stricter enforcement of nature reserve regulations onhunting, amnesties for illegally held firearms, and awareness-raising activities.The five species identified earlier as being in particular danger of going extinct
at Vu Quang within the next 50 years are all good indicators of lowland forestquality. Since all are large, conspicuous species that can easily be surveyed for,they should be the focus of monitoring programmes.At the Annamite mountains level, the suggestion has been made of placing
the forest between Pu Mat and Vu Quang Nature Reserves under some form ofprotection. While we support this idea in principle it should be noted that, withinVietnam, the North-East Indo-China Montane Forests Ecoregion, as defined byWikramanayake et al. (1997), currently enjoys 24% coverage in the protectedareas network, compared with 4% coverage for Vietnam as a whole. This ecore-gion should, therefore, be considered a low priority for further protection (Wegeet al. 1999). The conservation of a forest corridor could also be assured withoutexpanding the Vietnamese protected areas system, if, for instance, the interven-ing forest was designated as watershed protection forest (which confers a similarlevel of protection) or if intervening forest on the Laotian side of the Annamitemountains was protected. Indeed, a proposal exists to establish Nam TheunExtension NBCA in Laos, which would provide such a link (Duckworth et al.1999).To the west, Nakai Nam Theun NBCA is contiguous with Vu Quang Nature
Reserve (Duckworth et al. 1999), and its presence significantly enhances the con-servation importance of Vu Quang, particularly if the potential for trans-boundary cooperation in protected area management is fully realized.According to Wikramanayake et al. (1997), Vu Quang is situated in both the
North-East Indo-China Montane Forest Ecoregion and the Annamite RangeMoist Forests Ecoregion. The latter ecoregion, although enjoying 52% forest cov-erage, has a conservation coverage of only 17% (Wege et al. 1999). Any regional
J.C. Eames, R. Eve and A.W. Tordoff 262
approach should, therefore, explore ways in which Vu Quang could be linked toremaining areas of lowland forest within this ecoregion. This is particularly relev-ant when one considers that it is this ecoregion that supports Vietnamese Pheas-ant, a species that may recolonize Vu Quang if lowland forest rehabilitation issuccessful. Linking Vu Quang in this way would, thereby, increase its conserva-tion importance. It is very unfortunate, therefore, that almost all of the interven-ing lowland forest between Vu Quang and Ke Go Nature Reserve (the nearestprotected area in this ecoregion and one which is known to support this globallyendangered species) has been cleared and settled by humans.
Acknowledgments
This paper was commissioned by the WWF Indo-China Programme and com-prises an output of the WWF Indo-China-Vu Quang Conservation Project fundedby the Royal Netherlands Government. The authors would like to thank DrNguyen Cu and Nguyen Duc Tu at the BirdLife International Vietnam Pro-gramme for their contributions to this paper.
Importance of Vu Quang for bird conservation 263A
pp
end
ix:B
ird
spec
ies
reco
rded
at14
site
sin
the
An
nam
ese
Low
lan
ds
EB
A.
Taxonom
yandspeciesorderintheappendixfollowInskipp
etal
.(19
96),exceptinthecaseof
Arb
orop
hilapartridges,wheretheyfollowSibleyandMonroe(1
990)
Nakai
Total
Nam
Hin
Phong
Ke
Xuan
Pu
Ben
Phong
Pu
Pu
Cuc
Bach
Vu
no.of
Species
ScientificNam
eTheun
Nam
noDien
Dakrong
Go
Lien
Huong
En
Nha
Mat
HoatPhuong
Ma
Quang
Sites
ChineseFrancolin
Fran
colin
uspi
ntad
eanu
s1
11
11
11
18
JapaneseQuail
Cot
urni
xja
poni
ca1
1Rufous-throated
Partridge
Arb
orop
hila
rufo
gula
ris
11
11
4Bar-backedPartridge
A.b
runn
eope
ctus
11
11
11
11
11
11
113
Scaly-breasted
Partridge
A.c
hlor
opus
11
2Annam
Partridge
A.m
erlin
i1
11
3Chestnut-necklaced
A.c
harl
toni
i1
11
11
5Partridge
Red
Junglefowl
Gal
lus
gallu
s1
11
11
11
11
11
11
114
SilverPheasant
Loph
ura
nyct
hem
era
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
14ImperialPheasant
L.im
peri
alis
11
Edwards’sPheasant
L.ed
war
dsi
11
13
Vietnam
esePheasant
L.ha
tinh
ensi
s1
1Siam
eseFireback
L.di
ardi
11
11
11
11
8GreyPeacockPheasant
Pol
yple
ctro
n1
11
11
11
11
11
11
13bi
calc
arat
umCrested
Argus
Rhe
inar
dia
ocel
lata
11
11
11
11
19
Green
Peafowl
Pav
om
utic
us1
12
LesserWhistling-duck
Den
droc
ygna
java
nica
11
Greylag
Goose
Ans
eran
ser
11
White-wingedDuck
Cai
rina
scut
ulat
a1
12
NorthernPintail
Ana
sac
uta
11
Com
mon
Teal
A.c
recc
a1
1Garganey
A.q
uerq
uedu
la1
12
SmallButtonquail
Tur
nix
sylv
atic
a1
1Yellow-leggedButtonquail
T.t
anki
11
11
4BarredButtonquail
T.s
usci
tato
r1
11
11
16
Speckled
Piculet
Pic
umnu
sin
nom
inat
us1
11
11
5White-browed
Piculet
Sasi
aoc
hrac
ea1
11
11
11
11
11
11
114
J.C. Eames, R. Eve and A.W. Tordoff 264A
pp
end
ix:C
onti
nued.
Nakai
Nam
Hin
Phong
KeXuan
Pu
Ben
Phong
Pu
Pu
Cuc
Bach
Vu
Total
Species
ScientificNam
eTheun
Nam
noDien
Dakrong
Go
Lien
Huong
En
Nha
Mat
HoatPhuong
Ma
Quang
no.of
Sites
Grey-capped
Pygmy
Den
droc
opos
11
11
11
11
11
111
Woodpecker
cani
capi
llus
Fulvous-breasted
D.m
acei
11
Woodpecker
Stripe-breasted
D.a
trat
us1
12
Woodpecker
GreatSpotted
D.m
ajor
11
Woodpecker
RufousWoodpecker
Cel
eus
brac
hyur
us1
11
11
11
18
LesserYellownape
Pic
usch
loro
loph
us1
11
11
11
11
11
11GreaterYellownape
P.fl
avin
ucha
11
11
11
11
11
11
113
Laced
Woodpecker
P.v
itta
tus
11
11
11
17
Red-collared
P.r
abie
ri1
11
11
11
11
9Woodpecker
Grey-headed
P.c
anus
11
Woodpecker
Com
mon
Flam
eback
Din
opiu
mja
vane
nse
11
11
4GreaterFlam
eback
Chr
ysoc
olap
tes
luci
dus
11
11
11
6Pale-headed
Gec
inul
usgr
anti
a1
11
11
16
Woodpecker
Bay
Woodpecker
Bly
thip
icus
pyrr
hoti
s1
11
11
11
11
11
11
114
Black-and-buff
Mei
glyp
tes
jugu
lari
s1
1Woodpecker
Heart-spotted
Hem
icir
cus
cane
nte
11
2Woodpecker
GreatSlatyWoodpecker
Mul
leri
picu
s1
11
3pu
lver
ulen
tus
GreatBarbet
Meg
alai
ma
vire
ns1
12
Red-ventedBarbet
M.l
agra
ndie
ri1
11
11
11
11
11
11
114
LineatedBarbet
M.l
inea
ta1
12
Green-eared
Barbet
M.f
aios
tric
ta1
11
11
11
11
11
11
13
Importance of Vu Quang for bird conservation 265A
pp
end
ix:C
onti
nued.
Nakai
Nam
Hin
Phong
KeXuan
Pu
Ben
Phong
Pu
Pu
Cuc
Bach
Vu
Total
Species
ScientificNam
eTheun
Nam
noDien
Dakrong
Go
Lien
Huong
En
Nha
Mat
HoatPhuong
Ma
Quang
no.of
Sites
Golden-throatedBarbet
M.f
rank
linii
11
11
11
6Black-browed
Barbet
M.o
orti
11
Blue-throated
Barbet
M.a
siat
ica
11
MoustachedBarbet
M.i
ncog
nita
11
11
4Blue-earedBarbet
M.a
ustr
alis
11
13
CoppersmithBarbet
M.h
aem
acep
hala
11
11
4OrientalPiedHornbill
Ant
hrac
ocer
os1
11
11
11
11
110
albi
rost
ris
GreatHornbill
Buc
eros
bico
rnis
11
11
11
11
11
10BrownHornbill
Ano
rrhi
nus
tick
elli
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
14Rufous-necked
Hornbill
Ace
ros
nipa
lens
is1
11
3WreathedHornbill
A.u
ndul
atus
11
11
11
6Com
mon
Hoopoe
Upu
paep
ops
11
11
15
Orange-breasted
Trogon
Har
pact
esor
eski
os1
11
11
16
Red-headed
Trogon
H.e
ryth
roce
phal
us1
11
11
11
11
11
11
114
IndianRoller
Cor
acia
sbe
ngha
lens
is1
11
11
5Dollarbird
Eur
ysto
mus
orie
ntal
is1
11
11
11
11
11
112
Blyth’sKingfisher
Alc
edo
herc
ules
11
11
11
11
19
Com
mon
Kingfisher
A.a
tthi
s1
11
11
11
11
11
11
114
Blue-earedKingfisher
A.m
enin
ting
11
13
OrientalDwarf
Cey
xer
itha
cus
11
11
11
6Kingfisher
Banded
Kingfisher
Lace
dopu
lche
lla1
11
11
5Stork-billedKingfisher
Hal
cyon
cape
nsis
11
13
RuddyKingfisher
H.c
orom
anda
11
11
15
White-throated
H.s
myr
nens
is1
11
11
11
11
11
11
114
Kingfisher
Black-cappedKingfisher
H.p
ileat
a1
11
11
16
Crested
Kingfisher
Meg
acer
yle
lugu
bris
11
11
11
11
8PiedKingfisher
Cer
yle
rudi
s1
11
11
5Blue-bearded
Bee-eater
Nyc
tyor
nis
athe
rton
i1
11
11
11
11
9
J.C. Eames, R. Eve and A.W. Tordoff 266A
pp
end
ix:C
onti
nued.
Nakai
Nam
Hin
Phong
KeXuan
Pu
Ben
Phong
Pu
Pu
Cuc
Bach
Vu
Total
Species
ScientificNam
eTheun
Nam
noDien
Dakrong
Go
Lien
Huong
En
Nha
Mat
HoatPhuong
Ma
Quang
no.of
Sites
Green
Bee-eater
Mer
ops
orie
ntal
is1
12
Blue-throated
Bee-eater
M.v
irid
is1
11
11
11
7Blue-tailedBee-eater
M.p
hilip
pinu
s1
11
14
Chestnut-headed
M.l
esch
enau
lti
11
11
4Bee-eater
Chestnut-winged
Cla
mat
orco
rom
andu
s1
11
11
11
7Cuckoo
Large
HawkCuckoo
Hie
roco
ccyx
11
11
11
11
8sp
arve
rioi
des
Hodgson’sHawk
H.f
ugax
11
13
Cuckoo
IndianCuckoo
Cuc
ulus
mic
ropt
erus
11
11
11
11
11
11
12EurasianCuckoo
C.c
anor
us1
11
11
5OrientalCuckoo
C.s
atur
atus
11
2Banded
Bay
Cuckoo
Cac
oman
tis
sonn
erat
ii1
11
11
16
Plaintive
Cuckoo
C.m
erul
inus
11
11
11
11
19
Asian
EmeraldCuckoo
Chr
ysoc
occy
x1
11
11
5m
acul
atus
VioletCuckoo
C.x
anth
orhy
nchu
s1
11
3DrongoCuckoo
Surn
icul
uslu
gubr
is1
11
11
11
11
11
11
114
Asian
Koel
Eud
ynam
yssc
olop
acea
11
11
11
11
11
10Green-billed
Malkoha
Pha
enic
opha
eus
tris
tis
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
14Coral-billed
Ground
Car
poco
ccyx
rena
uldi
11
11
11
11
8Cuckoo
GreaterCoucal
Cen
trop
ussi
nens
is1
11
11
11
11
11
11
114
LesserCoucal
C.b
enga
lens
is1
11
11
11
11
11
11
13VernalH
anging
Parrot
Lori
culu
sve
rnal
is1
11
11
5Grey-headed
Parakeet
Psi
ttac
ula
finsc
hii
11
11
4Blossom
-headed
P.r
osea
ta1
12
Parakeet
Red-breastedParakeet
P.a
lexa
ndri
11
11
15
Importance of Vu Quang for bird conservation 267A
pp
end
ix:C
onti
nued.
Nakai
Nam
Hin
Phong
KeXuan
Pu
Ben
Phong
Pu
Pu
Cuc
Bach
Vu
Total
Species
ScientificNam
eTheun
Nam
noDien
Dakrong
Go
Lien
Huong
En
Nha
Mat
HoatPhuong
Ma
Quang
no.of
Sites
Himalayan
Swiftlet
Col
loca
liabr
evir
ostr
is1
11
11
5Germain’sSw
iftlet
C.g
erm
ani
11
13
White-throated
Hir
unda
pus
11
Needletail
caud
acut
usSilver-backedNeedletail
H.c
ochi
nchi
nens
is1
11
11
5Brown-backed
H.g
igan
teus
11
11
15
Needletail
Asian
PalmSw
ift
Cyp
siur
usba
lasi
ensi
s1
11
11
11
11
11
11
114
Fork-tailedSw
ift
Apu
spa
cific
us1
11
11
11
11
11
112
HouseSw
ift
A.a
ffini
s1
11
11
16
Crested
Treeswift
Hem
ipro
cne
coro
nata
11
BarnOwl
Tyt
oal
ba1
1OrientalBay
Owl
Pho
dilu
sba
dius
11
2MountainScopsOwl
Otu
ssp
iloce
phal
us1
11
11
11
11
11
11
114
EurasianScopsOwl
O.s
cops
11
OrientalScopsOwl
O.s
unia
11
13
CollaredScopsOwl
O.b
akka
moe
na1
11
11
11
11
11
11
13Spot-belliedEagleOwl
Bub
oni
pale
nsis
11
BrownFishOwl
Ket
upa
zeyl
onen
sis
11
Tawny
FishOwl
K.fl
avip
es1
1BuffyFishOwl
K.k
etup
u1
1BrownWoodOwl
Stri
xle
ptog
ram
mic
a1
11
14
CollaredOwlet
Gla
ucid
ium
brod
iei
11
11
11
11
11
11
12Asian
BarredOwlet
G.c
ucul
oide
s1
11
11
11
11
11
11
13BrownHawkOwl
Nin
oxsc
utul
ata
11
11
11
17
Hodgson’sFrogmouth
Bat
rach
osto
mus
11
2ho
dgso
niGreatEared
Nightjar
Eur
osto
podu
sm
acro
tis
11
2GreyNightjar
Cap
rim
ulgu
sin
dicu
s1
11
11
16
Large-tailedNightjar
C.m
acru
rus
11
11
15
SavannaNightjar
C.a
ffini
s1
1
J.C. Eames, R. Eve and A.W. Tordoff 268A
pp
end
ix:C
onti
nued.
Nakai
Nam
Hin
Phong
KeXuan
Pu
Ben
Phong
Pu
Pu
Cuc
Bach
Vu
Total
Species
ScientificNam
eTheun
Nam
noDien
Dakrong
Go
Lien
Huong
En
Nha
Mat
HoatPhuong
Ma
Quang
no.of
Sites
OrientalTurtleDove
Stre
ptop
elia
orie
ntal
is1
11
11
11
18
SpottedDove
S.ch
inen
sis
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
14Red
CollaredDove
S.tr
anqu
ebar
ica
11
11
11
11
8BarredCuckooDove
Mac
ropy
gia
unch
all
11
11
11
11
8LittleCuckooDove
M.r
ufice
ps1
1EmeraldDove
Cha
lcop
haps
indi
ca1
11
11
11
11
11
11
13Pink-necked
Green
Tre
ron
vern
ans
11
Pigeon
Orange-breasted
Green
T.b
icin
cta
11
2Pigeon
Thick-billed
Green
T.c
urvi
rost
ra1
11
11
11
11
11
11Pigeon
Pin-tailedGreen
Pigeon
T.a
pica
uda
11
11
11
11
8Yellow-ventedGreen
T.s
eim
undi
11
11
11
17
Pigeon
Wedge-tailedGreen
T.s
phen
ura
11
13
Pigeon
White-belliedGreen
T.s
eibo
ldii
11
2Pigeon
Green
ImperialPigeon
Duc
ula
aene
a1
11
14
MountainImperial
D.b
adia
11
11
11
11
11
11
12Pigeon
Slaty-legged
Crake
Ral
lina
euri
zono
ides
11
Slaty-breasted
Rail
Gal
liral
lus
stri
atus
11
13
White-breasted
Am
auro
rnis
11
11
11
11
11
10Waterhen
phoe
nicu
rus
Ruddy-breasted
Crake
Por
zana
fusc
a1
12
Com
mon
Moorhen
Gal
linul
ach
loro
pus
11
11
4EurasianWoodcock
Scol
opax
rust
icol
a1
11
11
11
7WoodSnipe
Gal
linag
one
mor
icol
a1
1PintailSnipe
G.s
tenu
ra1
11
3
Importance of Vu Quang for bird conservation 269A
pp
end
ix:C
onti
nued.
Nakai
Nam
Hin
Phong
KeXuan
Pu
Ben
Phong
Pu
Pu
Cuc
Bach
Vu
Total
Species
ScientificNam
eTheun
Nam
noDien
Dakrong
Go
Lien
Huong
En
Nha
Mat
HoatPhuong
Ma
Quang
no.of
Sites
Com
mon
Snipe
G.g
allin
ago
11
2SpottedRedshank
Tri
nga
eryt
hopu
s1
12
Com
mon
Redshank
T.t
otan
us1
1MarshSandpiper
T.s
tagn
atili
s1
1Com
mon
Greenshank
T.n
ebul
aria
11
11
4Green
Sandpiper
T.o
chro
pus
11
11
11
17
WoodSandpiper
T.g
lare
ola
11
11
4Com
mon
Sandpiper
Act
itis
hypo
leuc
os1
11
11
11
18
Pheasant-tailedJacana
Hyd
roph
asia
nus
11
2ch
irur
gus
Black-wingedStilt
Him
anto
pus
11
him
anto
pus
PacificGolden
Plover
Plu
vial
isfu
lva
11
LittleRingedPlover
Cha
radr
ius
dubi
us1
11
11
16
KentishPlover
C.a
lexa
ndri
nus
11
2RiverLapwing
Van
ellu
sdu
vauc
elii
11
13
Grey-headed
Lapwing
V.c
iner
eus
11
11
15
Red-wattled
Lapwing
V.i
ndic
us1
11
11
5OrientalPratincole
Gla
reol
am
aldi
varu
m1
1Sm
allPratincole
G.l
acte
a1
1BridledTern
Ster
naan
aeth
etus
11
Whiskered
Tern
Chl
idon
ias
hybr
idus
11
White-wingedTern
C.l
euco
pter
us1
1Osprey
Pan
dion
halia
etus
11
2Jerdon’sBaza
Avi
ceda
jerd
oni
11
BlackBaza
A.l
euph
otes
11
11
11
11
11
10OrientalHoney-buzzard
Per
nis
ptilo
rhyn
chus
11
11
11
17
Black-shouldered
Kite
Ela
nus
caer
uleu
s1
11
3BlackKite
Milv
usm
igra
ns1
11
11
5Brahm
inyKite
Hal
iast
urin
dus
11
LesserFishEagle
Icht
hyop
haga
hum
ilis
11
11
4
J.C. Eames, R. Eve and A.W. Tordoff 270A
pp
end
ix:C
onti
nued.
Nakai
Nam
Hin
Phong
KeXuan
Pu
Ben
Phong
Pu
Pu
Cuc
Bach
Vu
Total
Species
ScientificNam
eTheun
Nam
noDien
Dakrong
Go
Lien
Huong
En
Nha
Mat
HoatPhuong
Ma
Quang
no.of
Sites
Grey-headed
FishEagle
I.ic
hthy
aetu
s1
11
11
5Crested
SerpentEagle
Spilo
rnis
chee
la1
11
11
11
11
11
11
13EurasianMarshHarrier
Cir
cus
aeru
gino
sus
11
13
Hen
Harrier
C.c
yane
us1
1PiedHarrier
C.m
elan
oleu
cos
11
2Crested
Goshawk
Acc
ipit
ertr
ivir
gatu
s1
11
11
11
11
11
11
13Shikra
A.b
adiu
s1
11
11
16
ChineseSparrowhawk
A.s
oloe
nsis
11
2JapaneseSparrowhawk
A.g
ular
is1
11
3Besra
A.v
irga
tus
11
2EurasianSparrowhawk
A.n
isus
11
2Rufous-wingedBuzzard
But
astu
rliv
ente
r1
1Grey-facedBuzzard
B.i
ndic
us1
12
Com
mon
Buzzard
But
eobu
teo
11
2BlackEagle
Icti
naet
usm
alay
ensi
s1
11
11
11
11
11
11
13GreaterSpottedEagle
Aqu
ilacl
anga
11
Rufous-bellied
Eagle
Hie
raae
tus
kien
erii
11
11
11
6ChangeableHawkEagle
Spiz
aetu
sci
rrha
tus
11
11
15
MountainHawkEagle
S.ni
pale
nsis
11
11
11
6PiedFalconet
Mic
rohi
erax
11
11
11
11
8m
elan
oleu
cos
Com
mon
Kestrel
Falc
oti
nnun
culu
s1
11
14
OrientalHobby
F.se
veru
s1
11
11
16
Peregrine
Falcon
F.pe
regr
inus
11
11
11
6LittleGrebe
Tac
hyba
ptus
rufic
ollis
11
13
GreatCormorant
Pha
lacr
ocor
axca
rbo
11
LittleEgret
Egr
etta
garz
etta
11
11
11
11
8GreyHeron
Ard
eaci
nere
a1
11
14
PurpleHeron
A.p
urpu
rea
11
13
GreatEgret
Cas
mer
odiu
sal
bus
11
11
4IntermediateEgret
Mes
opho
yxin
term
edia
11
13
Importance of Vu Quang for bird conservation 271A
pp
end
ix:C
onti
nued.
Nakai
Nam
Hin
Phong
KeXuan
Pu
Ben
Phong
Pu
Pu
Cuc
Bach
Vu
Total
Species
ScientificNam
eTheun
Nam
noDien
Dakrong
Go
Lien
Huong
En
Nha
Mat
HoatPhuong
Ma
Quang
no.of
Sites
CattleEgret
Bub
ulcu
sib
is1
11
14
ChinesePondHeron
Ard
eola
bacc
hus
11
11
11
11
19
LittleHeron
But
orid
esst
riat
us1
11
11
11
11
110
Black-crownedNight
Nyc
tico
rax
nyct
icor
ax1
1Heron
Malayan
NightHeron
Gor
sach
ius
11
2m
elan
olop
hus
YellowBittern
Ixob
rych
ussi
nens
is1
11
3Von
Schrenck’sBittern
I.eu
rhyt
hmus
11
2Cinnamon
Bittern
I.ci
nnam
omeu
s1
11
11
11
11
110
BlackBittern
Dup
etor
flavi
colli
s1
11
14
Spot-billed
Pelican
Pel
ecan
usph
ilipp
ensi
s1
12
Painted
Stork
Myc
teri
ale
ucoc
epha
la1
1BlackStork
Cic
onia
nigr
a1
1Woolly-neckedStork
C.e
pisc
opus
11
Eared
Pitta
Pit
taph
ayre
i1
11
3Blue-napedPitta
P.n
ipal
ensi
s1
1Blue-rumpedPitta
P.s
oror
11
11
11
11
11
11
113
Rusty-naped
Pitta
P.o
ates
i1
11
14
BluePitta
P.c
yane
a1
11
3Bar-belliedPitta
P.e
lliot
ii1
11
11
11
11
110
Blue-wingedPitta
P.m
oluc
cens
is1
12
Dusky
Broadbill
Cor
ydon
sum
atra
nus
11
2Banded
Broadbill
Eur
ylai
mus
java
nicu
s1
12
Silver-breastedBroadbill
Seri
loph
uslu
natu
s1
11
11
11
18
Long-tailedBroadbill
Psa
riso
mus
dalh
ousi
ae1
11
11
11
11
11
112
Asian
FairyBluebird
Iren
apu
ella
11
11
11
11
11
11
113
Blue-wingedLeafbird
Chl
orop
sis
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
14co
chin
chin
ensi
sGolden-fronted
Leafbird
C.a
urifr
ons
11
11
15
Orange-bellied
Leafbird
C.h
ardw
icki
i1
11
11
11
11
11
11
J.C. Eames, R. Eve and A.W. Tordoff 272A
pp
end
ix:C
onti
nued.
Nakai
Nam
Hin
Phong
KeXuan
Pu
Ben
Phong
Pu
Pu
Cuc
Bach
Vu
Total
Species
ScientificNam
eTheun
Nam
noDien
Dakrong
Go
Lien
Huong
En
Nha
Mat
HoatPhuong
Ma
Quang
no.of
Sites
TigerShrike
Lani
usti
grin
us1
11
14
BrownShrike
L.cr
ista
tus
11
11
11
11
11
10BurmeseShrike
L.co
lluri
oide
s1
11
14
Long-tailedShrike
L.sc
hach
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
14Grey-backed
Shrike
L.te
phro
notu
s1
11
11
11
7EurasianJay
Gar
rulu
sgl
anda
rius
11
2Red-billed
BlueMagpie
Uro
ciss
a1
11
11
16
eryt
hror
hync
haWhite-wingedMagpie
U.w
hite
head
i1
11
11
11
11
11
11Com
mon
Green
Magpie
Cis
sach
inen
sis
11
11
11
17
IndochineseGreen
C.h
ypol
euca
11
11
11
11
11
111
Magpie
RufousTreepie
Den
droc
itta
vaga
bund
a1
12
GreyTreepie
D.f
orm
osae
11
11
15
Racket-tailedTreepie
Cry
psir
ina
tem
ia1
11
11
11
11
11
11
114
Ratchet-tailedTreepie
Tem
nuru
ste
mnu
rus
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
14Large-billed
Crow
Cor
vus
mac
rorh
ynch
os1
11
11
11
11
11
11
114
CollaredCrow
C.t
orqu
atus
11
AshyWoodswallow
Art
amus
fusc
us1
11
11
11
11
110
Black-naped
Oriole
Ori
olus
chin
ensi
s1
11
3Black-hooded
Oriole
O.x
anth
ornu
s1
11
3MaroonOriole
O.t
raill
ii1
11
11
11
7Large
Cuckooshrike
Cor
acin
am
acei
11
11
11
11
11
11
113
Indochinese
C.p
olio
pter
a1
1Cuckooshrike
Black-winged
C.m
elas
chis
tos
11
11
11
11
19
Cuckooshrike
Swinhoe’sMinivet
Per
icro
cotu
s1
1ca
nton
ensi
sAshyMinivet
P.d
ivar
icat
us1
11
14
SmallMinivet
P.c
inna
mom
eus
11
13
Importance of Vu Quang for bird conservation 273A
pp
end
ix:C
onti
nued.
Nakai
Nam
Hin
Phong
KeXuan
Pu
Ben
Phong
Pu
Pu
Cuc
Bach
Vu
Total
Species
ScientificNam
eTheun
Nam
noDien
Dakrong
Go
Lien
Huong
En
Nha
Mat
HoatPhuong
Ma
Quang
no.of
Sites
Grey-chinnedMinivet
P.s
olar
is1
11
11
5Long-tailedMinivet
P.e
thol
ogus
11
2Short-billedMinivet
P.b
revi
rost
ris
11
ScarletMinivet
P.fl
amm
eus
11
11
11
11
11
11
113
Bar-winged
Hem
ipus
pica
tus
11
11
11
11
11
111
Flycatcher-shrike
White-throatedFantail
Rhi
pidu
raal
bico
llis
11
11
11
11
11
10BlackDrongo
Dic
ruru
sm
acro
cerc
us1
11
11
11
11
11
112
AshyDrongo
D.l
euco
phae
us1
11
11
11
11
11
11
13Crow-billed
Drongo
D.a
nnec
tans
11
11
11
11
11
111
Bronzed
Drongo
D.a
eneu
s1
11
11
11
11
11
11
114
LesserRacket-tailed
D.r
emife
r1
11
11
11
18
Drongo
Spangled
Drongo
D.h
otte
ntot
tus
11
11
11
11
11
11
12GreaterRacket-tailed
D.p
arad
iseu
s1
11
11
11
11
11
11
114
Drongo
Black-naped
Monarch
Hyp
othy
mis
azur
ea1
11
11
11
11
11
11
114
Asian
Ter
psip
hone
para
disi
11
11
11
11
11
11
113
Paradise-flycatcher
Japaneses
T.a
troc
auda
ta1
1Paradise-flycatcher
Com
mon
Iora
Aeg
ithi
nati
phia
11
11
11
17
GreatIora
A.l
afre
snay
ei1
11
11
11
11
11
112
Large
Woodshrike
Tep
hrod
orni
sgu
lari
s1
11
11
11
11
11
112
Com
mon
Woodshrike
T.p
ondi
ceri
anus
11
2BrownDipper
Cin
clus
palla
sii
11
11
4White-throatedRock
Mon
tico
lagu
lari
s1
11
3Thrush
BlueRockThrush
M.s
olit
ariu
s1
11
11
11
18
BlueWhistlingThrush
Myo
phon
usca
erul
eus
11
11
11
11
11
11
12Orange-headed
Thrush
Zoo
ther
aci
trin
a1
11
11
16
J.C. Eames, R. Eve and A.W. Tordoff 274A
pp
end
ix:C
onti
nued.
Nakai
Nam
Hin
Phong
KeXuan
Pu
Ben
Phong
Pu
Pu
Cuc
Bach
Vu
Total
Species
ScientificNam
eTheun
Nam
noDien
Dakrong
Go
Lien
Huong
En
Nha
Mat
HoatPhuong
Ma
Quang
no.of
Sites
Siberian
Thrush
Z.s
ibir
ica
11
11
11
6ScalyThrush
Z.d
aum
a1
11
11
16
Dark-sided
Thrush
Z.m
argi
nata
11
13
Grey-backed
Thrush
Tur
dus
hort
ulor
um1
1Black-breastedThrush
T.d
issi
mili
s1
12
JapaneseThrush
T.c
ardi
s1
11
14
Grey-wingedBlackbird
T.b
oulb
oul
11
EurasianBlackbird
T.m
erul
a1
11
11
11
7ChestnutThrush
T.r
ubro
canu
s1
1Grey-sided
Thrush
T.f
eae
11
Eyebrow
edThrush
T.o
bscu
rus
11
2LesserShortwing
Bra
chyp
tery
x1
11
3le
ucop
hrys
Grey-streaked
Flycatcher
Mus
cica
pagr
isei
stic
ta1
1Dark-sided
Flycatcher
M.s
ibir
ica
11
11
15
Asian
BrownFlycatcher
M.d
auur
ica
11
11
11
11
8FerruginousFlycatcher
M.f
erru
gine
a1
1Yellow-rum
ped
Fice
dula
zant
hopy
gia
11
2Flycatcher
Narcissus
Flycatcher
F.na
rcis
sina
11
2MugimakiFlycatcher
F.m
ugim
aki
11
13
Slaty-backed
Flycatcher
F.ho
dgso
nii
11
Rufous-gorgeted
F.st
roph
iata
11
Flycatcher
Red-throatedFlycatcher
F.pa
rva
11
11
11
11
19
White-gorgeted
F.m
onile
ger
11
11
15
Flycatcher
Snow
y-brow
edF.
hype
ryth
ra1
12
Flycatcher
Importance of Vu Quang for bird conservation 275A
pp
end
ix:C
onti
nued.
Nakai
Nam
Hin
Phong
KeXuan
Pu
Ben
Phong
Pu
Pu
Cuc
Bach
Vu
Total
Species
ScientificNam
eTheun
Nam
noDien
Dakrong
Go
Lien
Huong
En
Nha
Mat
HoatPhuong
Ma
Quang
no.of
Sites
Rufous-chested
F.du
met
oria
11
Flycatcher
LittlePiedFlycatcher
F.w
este
rman
ni1
11
3SapphireFlycatcher
F.sa
pphi
ra1
1Blue-and-white
Cya
nopt
ila1
11
3Flycatcher
cyan
omel
ana
VerditerFlycatcher
Eum
yias
thal
assi
na1
11
11
16
Large
Niltava
Nilt
ava
gran
dis
11
11
11
6Sm
allNiltava
N.m
acgr
igor
iae
11
13
FujianNiltava
N.d
avid
i1
11
11
5Rufous-bellied
Niltava
N.s
unda
ra1
12
White-tailedFlycatcher
Cyo
rnis
conc
retu
s1
11
11
11
11
110
HainanBlueFlycatcher
C.h
aina
nus
11
11
11
11
11
11
12PaleBlueFlycatcher
C.u
nico
lor
11
13
Blue-throated
Flycatcher
C.r
ubec
uloi
des
11
13
HillBlueFlycatcher
C.b
anyu
mas
11
11
4Tickell’sBlueFlycatcher
C.t
icke
lliae
11
11
4PygmyBlueFlycatcher
Mus
cica
pella
hodg
soni
11
Grey-headed
Canary
Cul
icic
apa
ceyl
onen
sis
11
11
11
11
11
111
Flycatcher
Rufous-tailedRobin
Lusc
inia
sibi
lans
11
11
15
Siberian
Rubythroat
L.ca
lliop
e1
11
11
16
Bluethroat
L.sv
ecic
a1
1Siberian
BlueRobin
L.cy
ane
11
11
11
17
Orange-flankedBush
Tar
sige
rcy
anur
us1
11
14
Robin
OrientalMagpieRobin
Cop
sych
ussa
ular
is1
11
11
11
11
11
11
114
White-rum
pedSham
aC
.mal
abar
icus
11
11
11
11
11
11
12Daurian
Redstart
Pho
enic
urus
auro
reus
11
J.C. Eames, R. Eve and A.W. Tordoff 276A
pp
end
ix:C
onti
nued.
Nakai
Nam
Hin
Phong
KeXuan
Pu
Ben
Phong
Pu
Pu
Cuc
Bach
Vu
Total
Species
ScientificNam
eTheun
Nam
noDien
Dakrong
Go
Lien
Huong
En
Nha
Mat
HoatPhuong
Ma
Quang
no.of
Sites
White-cappedWater
Cha
imar
rorn
is1
12
Redstart
leuc
ocep
halu
sPlumbeousWater
Rhy
acor
nis
fulig
inos
us1
11
14
Redstart
White-tailedRobin
Myi
omel
ale
ucur
a1
11
11
5Slaty-backed
Forktail
Eni
curu
ssc
hist
aceu
s1
11
11
11
11
11
11
13White-crownedForktail
E.l
esch
enau
lti
11
11
11
11
19
PurpleCochoa
Coc
hoa
purp
urea
11
Green
Cochoa
C.v
irid
is1
11
14
Com
mon
Stonechat
Saxi
cola
torq
uata
11
11
11
11
8GreyBushchat
S.fe
rrea
11
2Chestnut-tailedStarling
Stur
nus
mal
abar
icus
11
13
Purple-backed
Starling
S.st
urni
nus
11
White-shouldered
S.si
nens
is1
11
11
11
7Starling
Com
mon
Starling
S.vu
lgar
is1
1Black-collaredStarling
S.ni
gric
ollis
11
11
11
11
11
11
113
Vinous-breasted
Starling
S.bu
rman
nicu
s1
1Com
mon
Myna
Acr
idot
here
str
isti
s1
11
11
11
18
White-ventedMyna
A.c
iner
eus
11
11
11
17
Crested
Myna
A.c
rist
atel
lus
11
11
11
11
11
11
12Golden-crested
Myna
Am
pelic
eps
coro
natu
s1
11
14
HillMyna
Gra
cula
relig
iosa
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
14Chestnut-bellied
Sitt
aca
stan
ea1
11
14
Nuthatch
Velvet-frontedNuthatch
S.fr
onta
lis1
11
11
11
7BeautifulNuthatch
S.fo
rmos
a1
1GreatTit
Par
usm
ajor
11
11
15
Green-backedTit
P.m
onti
colu
s1
1Yellow-cheeked
Tit
P.s
pilo
notu
s1
11
3Sultan
Tit
Mel
anoc
hlor
asu
ltan
ea1
11
11
11
11
11
11
13
Importance of Vu Quang for bird conservation 277A
pp
end
ix:C
onti
nued.
Nakai
Nam
Hin
Phong
KeXuan
Pu
Ben
Phong
Pu
Pu
Cuc
Bach
Vu
Total
Species
ScientificNam
eTheun
Nam
noDien
Dakrong
Go
Lien
Huong
En
Nha
Mat
HoatPhuong
Ma
Quang
no.of
Sites
Black-throatedTit
Aeg
itha
los
conc
innu
s1
11
3Sand
Martin
Rip
aria
ripa
ria
11
Dusky
CragMartin
Hir
undo
conc
olor
11
2BarnSw
allow
H.r
usti
ca1
11
11
11
18
Red-rum
pedSw
allow
H.d
auri
ca1
11
11
16
Striated
Swallow
H.s
trio
lata
11
13
NorthernHouseMartin
Del
icho
nur
bica
11
Asian
HouseMartin
D.d
asyp
us1
1Striated
Bulbul
Pyc
nono
tus
stri
atus
11
2Black-headed
Bulbul
P.a
tric
eps
11
2Black-crested
Bulbul
P.m
elan
icte
rus
11
11
11
11
11
11
12Red-whiskered
Bulbul
P.j
ocos
us1
11
11
11
11
11
11
114
Light-ventedBulbul
P.s
inen
sis
11
11
15
Sooty-headed
Bulbul
P.a
urig
aste
r1
11
11
11
11
11
11Stripe-throatedBulbul
P.fi
nlay
soni
11
11
11
11
11
111
FlavescentBulbul
P.fl
aves
cens
11
Puff-throated
Bulbul
Alo
phoi
xus
palli
dus
11
11
11
11
11
11
113
OchraceousBulbul
A.o
chra
ceus
11
11
15
Grey-eyed
Bulbul
Iole
prop
inqu
a1
11
11
11
11
11
11AshyBulbul
Hem
ixos
flava
la1
11
11
5MountainBulbul
Hyp
sipe
tes
mcc
lella
ndii
11
11
4BlackBulbul
H.l
euco
ceph
alus
11
11
11
11
11
10Zitting
Cisticola
Cis
tico
laju
ncid
is1
11
14
Bright-headed
Cisticola
C.e
xilis
11
HillPrinia
Pri
nia
atro
gula
ris
11
13
RufescentPrinia
P.r
ufes
cens
11
11
11
11
8Grey-breasted
Prinia
P.h
odgs
onii
11
11
15
Yellow-belliedPrinia
P.fl
aviv
entr
is1
11
11
5PlainPrinia
P.i
norn
ata
11
11
4Chestnut-flanked
Zos
tero
ps1
1White-eye
eryt
hrop
leur
us
J.C. Eames, R. Eve and A.W. Tordoff 278A
pp
end
ix:C
onti
nued.
Nakai
Nam
Hin
Phong
KeXuan
Pu
Ben
Phong
Pu
Pu
Cuc
Bach
Vu
Total
Species
ScientificNam
eTheun
Nam
noDien
Dakrong
Go
Lien
Huong
En
Nha
Mat
HoatPhuong
Ma
Quang
no.of
Sites
OrientalWhite-eye
Z.p
alpe
bros
us1
11
11
11
7JapaneseWhite-eye
Z.j
apon
icus
11
11
11
17
Slaty-bellied
Tesia
Tes
iaol
ivea
11
11
4Grey-bellied
Tesia
T.c
yani
vent
er1
11
3Asian
Stubtail
Uro
sphe
nasq
uam
icep
s1
11
11
11
18
Pale-footed
Bush
Cet
tia
palli
dipe
s1
1Warbler
JapaneseBushWarbler
C.d
ipho
ne1
11
3BrownBushWarbler
Bra
dypt
erus
11
lute
oven
tris
Lanceolated
Warbler
Locu
stel
lala
nceo
lata
11
11
11
17
Rusty-rum
pedWarbler
L.ce
rthi
ola
11
2Black-browed
Reed
Acr
ocep
halu
s1
12
Warbler
bist
rigi
ceps
OrientalReedWarbler
A.o
rien
talis
11
2Thick-billed
Warbler
A.a
edon
11
11
4MountainTailorbird
Ort
hoto
mus
cucu
latu
s1
11
3Com
mon
Tailorbird
O.s
utor
ius
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
14Dark-necked
Tailorbird
O.a
trog
ular
is1
11
11
11
11
11
11
13Dusky
Warbler
Phy
llosc
opus
fusc
atus
11
11
11
11
8Buff-throated
Warbler
P.s
ubaf
finis
11
Radde’sWarbler
P.s
chw
arzi
11
11
11
17
Pallas’sLeafWarbler
P.p
rore
gulu
s1
1Yellow-browed
Warbler
P.i
norn
atus
11
11
11
11
8ArcticWarbler
P.b
orea
lis1
11
11
11
7GreenishWarbler
P.t
roch
iloid
es1
11
11
16
Pale-legged
Leaf
P.t
enel
lipes
11
11
11
6Warbler
EasternCrowned
P.c
oron
atus
11
13
Warbler
Blyth’sLeafWarbler
P.r
egul
oide
s1
11
14
Importance of Vu Quang for bird conservation 279A
pp
end
ix:C
onti
nued.
Nakai
Nam
Hin
Phong
KeXuan
Pu
Ben
Phong
Pu
Pu
Cuc
Bach
Vu
Total
Species
ScientificNam
eTheun
Nam
noDien
Dakrong
Go
Lien
Huong
En
Nha
Mat
HoatPhuong
Ma
Quang
no.of
Sites
White-tailedLeaf
P.d
avis
oni
11
11
11
17
Warbler
Yellow-ventedWarbler
P.c
anta
tor
11
Sulphur-breasted
P.r
icke
tti
11
11
4Warbler
Golden-spectacled
Seic
ercu
sbu
rkii
11
11
11
11
8Warbler
Grey-cheekedWarbler
S.po
lioge
nys
11
11
15
Chestnut-crow
ned
S.ca
stan
icep
s1
11
3Warbler
Rufous-facedWarbler
Abr
osco
pus
albo
gula
ris
11
11
4Yellow-belliedWarbler
A.s
uper
cilia
ris
11
11
11
11
11
10Striated
Grassbird
Meg
alur
uspa
lust
ris
11
11
15
MaskedLaughingthrush
Gar
rula
xpe
rspi
cilla
tus
11
11
11
17
White-crested
G.l
euco
loph
us1
11
11
11
11
11
11
114
Laughingthrush
LesserNecklaced
G.m
onile
ger
11
11
11
11
11
11
113
Laughingthrush
GreaterNecklaced
G.p
ecto
ralis
11
11
15
Laughingthrush
GreyLaughingthrush
G.m
aesi
11
11
11
6Black-throated
G.c
hine
nsis
11
11
11
11
11
11
113
Laughingthrush
White-cheeked
G.v
assa
li1
1Laughingthrush
Rufous-vented
G.g
ular
is1
1Laughingthrush
Spot-breasted
G.m
erul
inus
11
Laughingthrush
Hwam
eiG
.can
orus
11
11
11
6
J.C. Eames, R. Eve and A.W. Tordoff 280A
pp
end
ix:C
onti
nued.
Nakai
Nam
Hin
Phong
KeXuan
Pu
Ben
Phong
Pu
Pu
Cuc
Bach
Vu
Total
Species
ScientificNam
eTheun
Nam
noDien
Dakrong
Go
Lien
Huong
En
Nha
Mat
HoatPhuong
Ma
Quang
no.of
Sites
Chestnut-crow
ned
G.e
ryth
roce
phal
us1
12
Laughingthrush
Red-tailed
G.m
ilnei
11
2Laughingthrush
Abbott’sBabbler
Mal
acoc
incl
aab
bott
i1
11
14
Buff-breasted
Babbler
Pel
lorn
eum
tick
elli
11
11
11
11
11
11
113
Spot-throatedBabbler
P.a
lbiv
entr
e1
11
14
Puff-throated
Babbler
P.r
ufice
ps1
11
11
11
11
11
11Scaly-crow
nedBabbler
Mal
acop
tero
nci
nere
um1
11
11
11
11
11
112
Large
ScimitarBabbler
Pom
ator
hinu
s1
11
11
11
11
11
11
13hy
pole
ucos
White-browed
Scimitar
P.s
chis
tice
ps1
11
11
11
7Babbler
Streak-breastedScimitar
P.r
ufico
llis
11
11
11
17
Babbler
Red-billed
Scimitar
P.o
chra
cice
ps1
11
3Babbler
Coral-billed
Scimitar
P.f
erru
gino
sus
11
13
Babbler
Short-tailedScimitar
Jabo
uille
iada
njou
i1
11
11
11
11
9Babbler
Limestone
WrenBabbler
Nap
othe
racr
ispi
fron
s1
1Streaked
WrenBabbler
N.b
revi
caud
ata
11
11
11
11
11
10Eyebrow
edWren
N.e
pile
pido
ta1
11
11
11
11
110
Babbler
PygmyWrenBabbler
Pno
epyg
apu
silla
11
11
4SpottedWrenBabbler
Spel
aeor
nis
form
osus
11
2Rufous-frontedBabbler
Stac
hyri
sru
fifro
ns1
11
11
16
Rufous-capped
Babbler
S.ru
ficep
s1
11
14
Golden
Babbler
S.ch
rysa
ea1
11
11
11
7
Importance of Vu Quang for bird conservation 281A
pp
end
ix:C
onti
nued.
Nakai
Nam
Hin
Phong
KeXuan
Pu
Ben
Phong
Pu
Pu
Cuc
Bach
Vu
Total
Species
ScientificNam
eTheun
Nam
noDien
Dakrong
Go
Lien
Huong
En
Nha
Mat
HoatPhuong
Ma
Quang
no.of
Sites
SootyBabbler
S.he
rbet
i1
12
Grey-throated
Babbler
S.ni
gric
eps
11
11
11
11
11
111
Spot-neckedBabbler
S.st
riol
ata
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
14StripedTitBabbler
Mac
rono
usgu
lari
s1
11
11
11
11
11
11
114
Grey-facedTitBabbler
M.k
elle
yi1
11
14
Chestnut-capped
Tim
alia
pile
ata
11
11
11
11
19
Babbler
Yellow-eyedBabbler
Chr
ysom
ma
sine
nse
11
2Silver-eared
Mesia
Leio
thri
xar
gent
auri
s1
11
3Cutia
Cut
iani
pale
nsis
11
White-browed
Shrike
Pte
ruth
ius
flavi
scap
is1
11
11
5Babbler
Black-eared
Shrike
P.m
elan
otis
11
13
Babbler
Chestnut-frontedShrike
P.a
enob
arbu
s1
11
3Babbler
White-hooded
Babbler
Gam
psor
hync
hus
11
11
15
rufu
lus
Spectacled
Barwing
Act
inod
ura
ram
sayi
11
Blue-wingedMinla
Min
lacy
anou
ropt
era
11
13
Chestnut-tailedMinla
M.s
trig
ula
11
2Red-tailedMinla
M.i
gnot
inct
a1
11
3Yellow-throatedFulvetta
Alc
ippe
cine
rea
11
Rufous-wingedFulvetta
A.c
asta
nece
ps1
11
3Spectacled
Fulvetta
A.r
ufica
pilla
11
2Rufous-throated
Fulvetta
A.r
ufog
ular
is1
11
11
11
11
11
112
Dusky
Fulvetta
A.b
runn
ea1
1Rusty-cappedFulvetta
A.d
ubia
11
2Brown-cheekedFulvetta
A.p
oioi
ceph
ala
11
11
15
MountainFulvetta
A.p
erac
ensi
s1
11
11
11
11
11
112
Grey-cheekedFulvetta
A.m
orri
soni
a1
11
14
J.C. Eames, R. Eve and A.W. Tordoff 282A
pp
end
ix:C
onti
nued.
Nakai
Nam
Hin
Phong
KeXuan
Pu
Ben
Phong
Pu
Pu
Cuc
Bach
Vu
Total
Species
ScientificNam
eTheun
Nam
noDien
Dakrong
Go
Lien
Huong
En
Nha
Mat
HoatPhuong
Ma
Quang
no.of
Sites
Rufous-backed
Sibia
Het
erop
hasi
aan
nect
ans
11
2Long-tailedSibia
H.p
icao
ides
11
2Striated
Yuhina
Yuh
ina
cast
anic
eps
11
11
15
Whiskered
Yuhina
Y.fl
avic
ollis
11
11
4Black-chinned
Yuhina
Y.n
igri
men
ta1
11
3White-belliedYuhina
Y.z
anth
oleu
ca1
11
11
11
11
11
11
114
Grey-headed
Parrotbill
Par
adox
orni
sgu
lari
s1
11
14
Black-throatedParrotbill
P.n
ipal
ensi
s1
11
3Short-tailedParrotbill
P.d
avid
ianu
s1
11
14
LesserRufous-headed
P.a
tros
uper
cilia
ris
11
Parrotbill
Rufous-wingedBushlark
Mir
afra
assa
mic
a1
1OrientalSkylark
Ala
uda
gulg
ula
11
13
Thick-billed
Dic
aeum
agile
11
11
15
Flow
erpecker
Yellow-vented
D.c
hrys
orrh
eum
11
11
11
11
8Flow
erpecker
PlainFlow
erpecker
D.c
onco
lor
11
11
11
11
11
11
12Fire-breasted
D.i
gnip
ectu
s1
11
14
Flow
erpecker
Scarlet-backed
D.c
ruen
tatu
m1
11
11
16
Flow
erpecker
Ruby-cheekedSunbird
Ant
hrep
tes
sing
alen
sis
11
11
11
17
Purple-napedSunbird
Hyp
ogra
mm
a1
11
11
11
11
110
hypo
gram
mic
umOlive-backed
Sunbird
Nec
tari
nia
jugu
lari
s1
11
11
11
18
MrsGould’sSunbird
Aet
hopy
gago
uldi
ae1
11
3Green-tailedSunbird
A.n
ipal
ensi
s1
11
3Fork-tailedSunbird
A.c
hris
tina
e1
11
11
11
11
11
11
13Black-throatedSunbird
A.s
atur
ata
11
11
15
CrimsonSunbird
A.s
ipar
aja
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
14
Importance of Vu Quang for bird conservation 283A
pp
end
ix:C
onti
nued.
Nakai
Nam
Hin
Phong
KeXuan
Pu
Ben
Phong
Pu
Pu
Cuc
Bach
Vu
Total
Species
ScientificNam
eTheun
Nam
noDien
Dakrong
Go
Lien
Huong
En
Nha
Mat
HoatPhuong
Ma
Quang
no.of
Sites
LittleSpiderhunter
Ara
chno
ther
a1
11
11
11
11
110
long
iros
tra
Streaked
Spiderhunter
A.m
agna
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
14RussetSparrow
Pas
ser
ruti
lans
11
Plain-backedSparrow
P.fl
aveo
lus
11
2EurasianTreeSparrow
P.m
onta
nus
11
11
11
11
11
11
12ForestWagtail
Den
dron
anth
usin
dicu
s1
11
11
5WhiteWagtail
Mot
acill
aal
ba1
11
11
11
11
9YellowWagtail
M.fl
ava
11
11
11
17
GreyWagtail
M.c
iner
ea1
11
11
11
11
9Richard’sPipit
Ant
hus
rich
ardi
11
11
15
PaddyfieldPipit
A.r
uful
us1
11
3Olive-backed
Pipit
A.h
odgs
oni
11
11
11
11
19
Red-throatedPipit
A.c
ervi
nus
11
11
4Pin-tailedParrotfinch
Ery
thru
rapr
asin
a1
1White-rum
pedMunia
Lonc
hura
stri
ata
11
11
11
11
11
11
113
Scaly-breasted
Munia
L.pu
nctu
lata
11
11
11
6Crested
Bunting
Mel
ophu
sla
tham
i1
12
Chestnut-earedBunting
Em
beri
zafu
cata
11
LittleBunting
E.p
usill
a1
1Yellow-breastedBunting
E.a
ureo
la1
12
ChestnutBunting
E.r
utila
11
11
4Black-faced
Bunting
E.s
podo
ceph
ala
11
Totalno.ofspeciesatsite
439
220
158
102
270
133
146
191
213
283
128
171
249
274
Sorenson’ssimilarityindexwithVuQuang
0.70
10.
619
0.58
80.
4520.6
990.
580
0.55
70.
581
0.64
50.
758
0.53
70.
598
0.64
2n/a
Specieslistswerederived
from
anumberofpublishedandunpublishedsources:forCuc
PhuongNationalPark,Robson
etal
.(1
989),Eam
eset
al.(1
999)and
Tordoff
etal
.(1
999);forBachMaNationalPark,Eve
(199
6);forBen
EnNationalPark,Tordoff
etal
.(2
000);forDakrong
NatureReserve,LeTrong
Trai
etal
.(1
999c);forHinNam
noNBCA,Eve
etal
.(19
98);forKeGoNatureReserve,LeTrong
Traie
tal
.(19
99b);forNakaiNam
Theun
NBCA,Eve
etal
.(19
98);forPhong
DienNatureReserve,LeTrong
Trai
etal
.(1
999c);forPhong
Nha
NatureReserve,Eam
eset
al.(1
994),Kalyakin(1
999)andTimmins
etal
.(1
999);forPuHoat
NatureReserve,Anon.(1
997);forPuHuong
NatureReserve,Kem
pandDilger(1
996);forPuMatNatureReserve,Round
(199
9);and,forXuanLienNature
Reserve,LeTrong
Trai
etal
.(19
99a).
J.C. Eames, R. Eve and A.W. Tordoff 284
References
Anon. (1997) [Investment plan for Pu Hoat Nature Reserve, Nghe An province.] Unpub-lished report to Nghe An Provincial People’s Committee, Vinh, Vietnam. (InVietnamese.)
BirdLife International (2001) Threatened birds of Asia: the BirdLife International red data book.Cambridge, U.K.: BirdLife International.
Do Tuoc, Vu Van Dung, Dawson, S., Arctander, P. and MacKinnon, J. (1994) Introductionof a new large mammal species in Vietnam. Technical Report. Hanoi, Vietnam: Ministry ofForestry. (In Vietnamese.)
Duckworth, J. W., Salter, R. E. and Khounboline, K. (compilers) (1999) Wildlife in LaoPDR: 1999 status report. Vientiane, Laos: IUCN-The World Conservation Union/WildlifeConservation Society/Centre for Protected Areas and Watershed Management.
Eames, J. C. and Eve, R. (1999) Bird species recorded during the survey from 2 July to 15July 1999 in forest unit 224. Unpublished.
Eames, J. C., Lambert, F. R. and Nguyen Cu (1994) A survey of the Annamese Lowlands,Vietnam, and its implications for the conservation of Vietnamese and Imperial Pheas-ants Lophura hatinhensis and Lophura imperialis. Bird Conserv. Internatn. 4: 343–382.
Eames, J. C., Tordoff, A. W. and Wege, D. C. (1999) Bird list from Cuc Phuong NationalPark 10 and 11 April 1999. Unpublished.
Eve, R. (1996) Birdlist of Bach Ma National Park, Hai Van Pass, Bana. Hue, Vietnam: BachMa National Park Project WWF/EC.
Eve, R. (2000) Spatial planning for nature conservation in Vu Quang Nature Reserve, HaTinh province. Unpublished report to WWF Indo-China Programme, Hanoi, Vietnam.
Eve, R. Nguyen Viet Dung and Meijboom, M. (1998) Vu Quang Nature Reserve: a link inthe Annamite chain. Vol. 2, 0: list of species: fauna and flora. Unpublished report toWWF Indo-China Programme, Hanoi, Vietnam.
Inskipp, T., Lindsey, N. and Duckworth, W. (1996) Annotated checklist of the birds of theOriental Region. Sandy, Bedfordshire, U. K.: Oriental Bird Club.
Kalyakin, M. V. (1999) Ornithological studies in Ke Bang area, central Vietnam in March–April 1999. Unpublished report to the Vietnam–Russia Tropical Centre, Hanoi, Vietnam.
Kalyakin, M. V. and Korzun, L. P. (1997) Ornithological studies in Vu Quang NatureReserve, July–September 1997. Final Report. Unpublished report to the Vietnam–RussiaTropical Centre, Hanoi, Vietnam.
Kemp, N. and Dilger, M. (1996) Bu Huong proposed nature reserve. London, U.K: Societyfor Environmental Exploration.
Lambert, F. R., Eames, J. C. and Nguyen Cu (1994) Surveys for endemic Pheasants in theAnnamese Lowlands of Vietnam, June–July, 1994: status and conservation recommendationsfor Vietnamese Pheasant Lophura hatinhensis and Imperial Pheasant L. imperialis. Gland,Switzerland and Cambridge, U.K.: IUCN Species Survival Commission.
Le Trong Trai, Le Van Cham, Bui Dac Tuyen, Tran Hieu Minh, Tran Quang Ngoc, NguyenVan Sang, Monastyrskii, A. L. and Eames, J. C. (1999a) A feasibility study for the establish-ment of Xuan Lien Nature Reserve, Thanh Hoa province. Hanoi, Vietnam: BirdLife Interna-tional Vietnam Programme.
Le Trong Trai, Nguyen Huy Dung, Nguyen Cu, Le Van Cham, Eames, J. C. and Chicoine,G. (1999b) An investment plan for Ke Go Nature Reserve, Ha Tinh province, Vietnam: acontribution to the management plan. Hanoi, Vietnam: BirdLife International Vietnam Pro-gramme.
Le Trong Trai, Richardson, W. J., Le Van Cham, Tran Quang Ngoc, Nguyen Van Sang,Monastyrskii, A. L. and Eames, J. C. (1999c) A feasibility study for the establishment ofPhong Dien (Thua Thien Hue province) and Dakrong (Quang Tri province) Nature Reserves.Hanoi, Vietnam: BirdLife International Vietnam Programme.
Importance of Vu Quang for bird conservation 285
MacKinnon, J. R. (1997) Protected areas system review of the Indo-Malayan Realm. Gland,Switzerland: the Asian Bureau for Conservation (ABC) and the World ConservationMonitoring Centre (WCMC).
MacKinnon, J. R. and Phillips, K. (1993) A field guide to the birds of Sumatra, Java and Bali.Oxford, U.K.: Oxford University Press.
MacKinnon, J. R. and Vu Van Dung (1992) Draft management plan for Vu Quang NatureReserve, Huong Khe district, Ha Tinh province, Vietnam. Unpublished report to theMinistry of Forestry, Hanoi, Vietnam.
Magurran, A. E. (1988) Ecological diversity and its measurement. London, U.K.: Chapmanand Hall.
Robson, C. (2000) A field guide to the birds of Thailand and South-East Asia. Bangkok, Thai-land: Asia Books Co.
Robson, C. R., Eames, J. C., Wolstencroft, J. A., Nguyen Cu and Truong Van La (1989)Recent records of birds from Viet Nam. Forktail 5: 71–97.
Round, P. D. (1999) Avifaunal surveys of the Pu Mat Nature Reserve, Nghe An province,Vietnam 1998–1999. Unpublished report to Social Forestry and Nature Conservation inNghe An Province, Vinh, Vietnam.
Sibley, C. G. and Monroe, B. L. (1990) Distribution and taxonomy of birds of the world. NewHaven, CT. and London, U.K.: Yale University Press.
Stattersfield, A. J., Crosby, M. J., Long, A. J. and Wege, D. C. (1998) Endemic bird areas ofthe world. Cambridge, U.K: BirdLife International.
Thewlis, R. M., Timmins, R. J., Evans, T. D. and Duckworth, J. W. (1998) The conservationstatus of birds in Laos: a review of key species. Bird Conserv. Internatn. 8(Suppl.): 1–159.
Timmins, R. J., Do Tuoc, Trinh Viet Cuong and Hendrichsen, D. K. (1999) A preliminaryassessment of the conservation importance and conservation priorities of the Phong Nha-KeBang proposed national park, Quang Binh province, Vietnam. Hanoi, Vietnam: Fauna andFlora International Indochina Programme.
Tordoff, A. W., Buckton, S. T. and Hughes, N. R. (1999) List of birds recorded at CucPhuong National Park, 4 December 1999. Unpublished.
Tordoff, A. W., Swan, S. and Grindley, M. (2000) Ben En National Park. London, U.K.:Society for Environmental Exploration.
Udvardy, M. D. F. (1975) A classification of the biogeographical provinces of the world. Gland,Switzerland: IUCN.
Vu Van Dung, Pham Mong Giao, Nguyen Ngoc Chinh, Do Tuoc, Arctander, P. and MacK-innon, J. (1993) A new species of living bovid from Vietnam. Nature 363: 443–445.
Wege, D. C., Long, A. J., Mai Ky Vinh, Vu Van Dung and Eames, J. C. (1999) Expandingthe protected areas network in Vietnam for the 21st century: an analysis of the current systemwith recommendations for equitable expansion. Hanoi, Vietnam: BirdLife International Viet-nam Programme.
Wikramanayake, E., Dinerstein, E., Hedao, P. and Olson, D. (1997) A conservation assess-ment of terrestrial ecoregons of the Indo-Pacific region. Washington D.C.: WWF-US Conser-vation Science Programme.
JONATHAN C. EAMES and ANDREW W. TORDOFFBirdLife International Vietnam Programme, 11, Lane 167, Tay Son, Dong Da, Hanoi, Vietnam.
E-mail: [email protected]
ROLAND EVEWWF Indochina Programme Office, No. 7, Yet Kieu, Hanoi, Vietnam.
E-mail: [email protected]
Received 3 April 2001; revision accepted 4 July 2001