Theories of PersonalityTheories of PersonalityWhat is it?What is it?

Do you have a "good" personality?Do you have a "good" personality?

Do you have a "lot" of personality?Do you have a "lot" of personality?

Most think of it as social Most think of it as social attractivenessattractiveness

EvaluativeEvaluative

DescriptiveDescriptive

Does not consider actual behavior only Does not consider actual behavior only the effects of the behaviorthe effects of the behavior

Define:Define: Essentially the study of individual Essentially the study of individual

differencedifference Predicated on this positionPredicated on this position

““The unique organization of The unique organization of characteristics that is typical of an characteristics that is typical of an individual's recurrent behaviors.”individual's recurrent behaviors.”

Book–The underlying causes within Book–The underlying causes within the person of individual behavior and the person of individual behavior and experience.experience.

As many definitions as there are As many definitions as there are personologists.personologists.

How StudiedHow Studied Idiographic—stresses the unique Idiographic—stresses the unique

personality. No two people are personality. No two people are alike. Must study them individuallyalike. Must study them individually

Nomothetic—personality is unique Nomothetic—personality is unique but it is not profitable to discuss but it is not profitable to discuss personality in this way. Rather, personality in this way. Rather, they are going to use norms.they are going to use norms.

We will see different theoretical We will see different theoretical orientations using different orientations using different methods to study personality.methods to study personality.

Theories differ in:Theories differ in: Main ThemeMain Theme Aspects of Personality–constructsAspects of Personality–constructs How constructs are relatedHow constructs are related DevelopmentDevelopment Range of convenienceRange of convenience Methods and tools of assessmentMethods and tools of assessment Hypothesis/empiricalHypothesis/empirical

A theory is basically a set of A theory is basically a set of assumptions assumptions about behavior.about behavior.

A “good” theory will:A “good” theory will: Be Logically RelatedBe Logically Related Have Operational DefinitionsHave Operational Definitions Be of high Usefulness–applied valueBe of high Usefulness–applied value Have a high degree of Verifiability Have a high degree of Verifiability

(Proof—NO!)(Proof—NO!) Show a high degree of Show a high degree of

comprehensivenesscomprehensiveness Which theory is the “BEST” theory?Which theory is the “BEST” theory? None reallyNone really Should be EclecticShould be Eclectic

Sigmund Freud (1856-Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)1939)

BackgroundBackground One of eightOne of eight Oldest of Oldest of

MotherMother Mother’s “Pet”Mother’s “Pet” Wanted to be a Wanted to be a

teacher-but was teacher-but was JewishJewish

Thus, went into Thus, went into private practiceprivate practice

Major Theme:Major Theme: The wanting of satisfaction and the The wanting of satisfaction and the

avoidance of pain.avoidance of pain. To try to maximize instinctual To try to maximize instinctual

gratification while minimizing gratification while minimizing punishment and guilt.punishment and guilt.

HedonisticHedonistic The Ego is important but the Id is The Ego is important but the Id is

the major impetusthe major impetus Psychoanalysis–emphasizes the Psychoanalysis–emphasizes the

content of thought rather than the content of thought rather than the pure neurological aspects of pure neurological aspects of thought.thought.

Mind:Mind: ConsciousConscious PreconsciousPreconscious Unconscious – most of the Unconscious – most of the

important aspects of personality important aspects of personality are unconsciousare unconscious RepressedRepressed Dreams–Royal Road to the Dreams–Royal Road to the UnconsciousUnconscious

Manifest content (overt) and Manifest content (overt) and Latent content (interpretation)Latent content (interpretation)

Parapraxes or slips of the tongueParapraxes or slips of the tongue Personality is Irrational according to Personality is Irrational according to

Freud and he considers all of us to Freud and he considers all of us to be irrational be irrational

Systems of Personality–Freud Systems of Personality–Freud developed these late in his life.developed these late in his life. Interaction of the three Rarely Interaction of the three Rarely

does one take complete controldoes one take complete control What happens if it doesWhat happens if it does

IDID Innate/inheritedInnate/inherited Primitive and biologicalPrimitive and biological Libido – Source is the Id.Libido – Source is the Id.

Psychic energy–not sexual energy Psychic energy–not sexual energy Libidinal energy is never lost it is Libidinal energy is never lost it is only transformedonly transformed

Pleasure Principle-Minimize Pleasure Principle-Minimize pleasure–hedonisticpleasure–hedonistic

Tension reductionTension reduction Reflex action - Automatic Reflex action - Automatic reaction/reduces tension reaction/reduces tension immediatelyimmediately

Primary Process - Rids tension by Primary Process - Rids tension by forming an imageforming an image

Wish-fulfillment - Mental image Wish-fulfillment - Mental image (ID (ID cathexis)/Dreams/Hallucinations. cathexis)/Dreams/Hallucinations. Can tell a lotCan tell a lot

Has no idea of time. No past and Has no idea of time. No past and no future, only present moment no future, only present moment countscounts

Personality is Basically evil/irrationalPersonality is Basically evil/irrational Instincts - inborn psychological Instincts - inborn psychological

representations of an inner somatic representations of an inner somatic source of excitationsource of excitation Psychological representation = Psychological representation =

wish/motive/foodwish/motive/food Body excitement = need/nutritionBody excitement = need/nutrition

Eros – life, pleasureEros – life, pleasure Thanatos – death, aggressiveThanatos – death, aggressive

Aspects of InstinctsAspects of Instincts SourceSource - body condition/need, does - body condition/need, does

not changenot change Aim or PressureAim or Pressure - removal of body - removal of body

condition, does not change, condition, does not change, regressive, motivational qualityregressive, motivational quality

ObjectObject - behavior used to secure - behavior used to secure satisfaction, can change, seeks satisfaction, can change, seeks homeostasis, reduce tensionhomeostasis, reduce tension

ImpetusImpetus - strength, can change, - strength, can change, most variation for satisfactionmost variation for satisfaction

Strives for balanceStrives for balance

EgoEgo Initially develops to control the Initially develops to control the

urges of the Idurges of the Id Develops from Id - displaced energy Develops from Id - displaced energy

from Idfrom Id Libidinal displacements - "X" amountLibidinal displacements - "X" amount Cathects energy - invests psychic Cathects energy - invests psychic

energy in need satisfying objects - energy in need satisfying objects - Object cathexis. If not satisfying Object cathexis. If not satisfying redirects to Egoredirects to Ego Id – image of bottle or breast Id – image of bottle or breast Ego – FoodEgo – Food

Cathexis - Driving forceCathexis - Driving force As Ego becomes more successful it gets As Ego becomes more successful it gets

more energy - if fails it loses energymore energy - if fails it loses energy Identification - matches mental image Identification - matches mental image

with realitywith reality Reality Principle – Delay gratification Reality Principle – Delay gratification

until appropriate – mature individuals until appropriate – mature individuals because it considers consequencesbecause it considers consequences

Secondary Process - Realistic thinkingSecondary Process - Realistic thinking Helps to get the ID real rather than Helps to get the ID real rather than imaginary satisfactionimaginary satisfaction

Finds satisfying objects for ID’s needsFinds satisfying objects for ID’s needs

Reality testing Reality testing "Executive" of personality"Executive" of personality Ultimate purposeUltimate purpose - further Id's aims - further Id's aims Mostly a Rational systemMostly a Rational system Strives for balanceStrives for balance Defines the “I”– who we think we Defines the “I”– who we think we

are are Strong, independent, and effective Strong, independent, and effective

when it is able to effectively when it is able to effectively cooperate with the Id and Superegocooperate with the Id and Superego Is this rational?Is this rational?

Defense Mechanisms—protect the ego Defense Mechanisms—protect the ego from itselffrom itself They are not concerned directly with They are not concerned directly with conflict or frustration.conflict or frustration.

How do they function:How do they function: They protect the Ego from They protect the Ego from ANXIETYANXIETY

Anxiety signals the Ego there is Anxiety signals the Ego there is tension within the personality tension within the personality system that need to be reducedsystem that need to be reduced

UnconsciousUnconscious Distort, deny, falsify realityDistort, deny, falsify reality

Types of Defense MechanismsTypes of Defense Mechanisms Denial–Primitive–more in childhoodDenial–Primitive–more in childhood Reaction FormationReaction Formation ProjectionProjection IdentificationIdentification DisplacementDisplacement Rationalization–to disguise true Rationalization–to disguise true

motives–little distortion so motives–little distortion so considered a mature defenseconsidered a mature defense

Intellectualization–sour grapesIntellectualization–sour grapes Sublimation–most desirable–creative Sublimation–most desirable–creative

individualsindividuals

Superego or Super EgoSuperego or Super Ego Values, norms, ethics - "Moral Arm“Values, norms, ethics - "Moral Arm“

Develops from Ego Develops from Ego Strength and content of Superego Strength and content of Superego

primarily determined by our parentsprimarily determined by our parents Ego Ideal – reinforcementsEgo Ideal – reinforcements

Allows individual to set Allows individual to set goalsgoals If attains, self-esteemIf attains, self-esteem

Conscience – punishedConscience – punished Demands perfection - Tries to Demands perfection - Tries to persuade Ego that Perfectionistic persuade Ego that Perfectionistic goals better than realistic onesgoals better than realistic ones

Similar to Ego - controls Id impulsesSimilar to Ego - controls Id impulses

Similar to Id – irrationalSimilar to Id – irrational

Ego now balances the demands of the Ego now balances the demands of the Id and the Superego. “I can have one Id and the Superego. “I can have one more drink if I ask someone to drive more drink if I ask someone to drive me home.”me home.”

Conscious

Unconscious

Superego Preconscious

Id

Ego

Informationwhich can

easily bemade

conscious

Thoughts,feelings,

urges, and otherinformation

that is difficultto bring toconsciousawareness

Informationin your

immediateawareness

Rational, mediating dimension

of personality

Moralistic,judgmental, perfectionistdimension of

personality

Irrational, illogical,

impulsivedimension ofpersonality

AnxietyAnxiety Tension - needs to be reducedTension - needs to be reduced Signals Ego dangerSignals Ego danger Reaction to an unfamiliar situationReaction to an unfamiliar situation

Reality - real dangers - EgoReality - real dangers - Ego Neurotic - fear something will be Neurotic - fear something will be

punished – Shame - Idpunished – Shame - Id Moral - conscience – guilt - Moral - conscience – guilt -

SuperegoSuperego

Psychosexual development (not Psychosexual development (not really)really) Libidinal energy, progress from Libidinal energy, progress from

autoerotic to more mature agents autoerotic to more mature agents of pleasureof pleasure

FixationFixation OvergratificationOvergratification UndergratificationUndergratification

Oral - birth to 1 yearOral - birth to 1 year Anal - 1 year to 2 yearsAnal - 1 year to 2 years

Sad/masochistic behaviorSad/masochistic behavior Environmental constraintsEnvironmental constraints

Phallic - 2 to 6 years--Sex role Phallic - 2 to 6 years--Sex role identificationidentification Oedipus Complex Resolution - Oedipus Complex Resolution -

castration anxiety - provides the castration anxiety - provides the motivation for resolutionmotivation for resolution

Electra Complex - Penis envyElectra Complex - Penis envy LatencyLatency

Suspended animationSuspended animation Is Freud wrong here?Is Freud wrong here?

GenitalGenital NarcissisticNarcissistic ““Lieben und arbeiten” Lieben und arbeiten”

““To love and to work”To love and to work” Descriptive of adult personalitiesDescriptive of adult personalities

Personality is essentially Personality is essentially developed by age 6developed by age 6

Early childhood experiencesEarly childhood experiences

People tend to be highly People tend to be highly irrational.irrational.

Defense MechanismsDefense Mechanisms Abnormal - overuseAbnormal - overuse

Very comprehensive theory - most of Very comprehensive theory - most of any we will discuss.any we will discuss. Precise and testable? NoPrecise and testable? No Lacks applied value? NoLacks applied value? No Totally lacks value? NoTotally lacks value? No

Unit of Analysis (data):Unit of Analysis (data): Free Association – tool for gaining Free Association – tool for gaining

access into unconscious mind.access into unconscious mind. Dream AnalysisDream Analysis

Remember, dreams are the Remember, dreams are the “Royal Road to the Unconscious” “Royal Road to the Unconscious” for Freudfor Freud

BackgroundBackground SwissSwiss Clergy FamilyClergy Family Dreams shaped Dreams shaped

his lifehis life ““Interpretation Interpretation

of Dreams”of Dreams”

Carl G. Jung (1875-1961)Carl G. Jung (1875-1961)

Differ with Freud:Differ with Freud: De-emphasis sexuality especially De-emphasis sexuality especially

infantile sexualityinfantile sexuality Greater emphasis on spirituality Greater emphasis on spirituality

(mystical and religious).(mystical and religious). Emphasis on cultural universals in our Emphasis on cultural universals in our

experienceexperience

Main Theme:Main Theme: The tendency toward attainment of The tendency toward attainment of

selfhoodselfhood Balance between opposing forces of Balance between opposing forces of

personalitypersonality Main Aspects:Main Aspects:

Self–the integrated personalitySelf–the integrated personality All of the individual’s qualities and All of the individual’s qualities and potentialspotentials

Conglomeration of all the opposing Conglomeration of all the opposing forcesforces

Motivates person to wholenessMotivates person to wholeness

Individuation process-Individuation process-conglomeration of all the processesconglomeration of all the processes

Psyche - thoughts, feelings, Psyche - thoughts, feelings, behavior, conscious, unconsciousbehavior, conscious, unconscious Helps us adapt to social and Helps us adapt to social and physical environmentphysical environment

Strives for wholenessStrives for wholeness Compensation – relationship of Compensation – relationship of conscious and unconsciousconscious and unconscious

Need bothNeed both

Individuation–restoring wholeness Individuation–restoring wholeness to the psyche in adult to the psyche in adult development–mid life–becoming a development–mid life–becoming a fully developed person with all fully developed person with all psychic functions developedpsychic functions developed

Transcendent Function–integration Transcendent Function–integration

of all opposing aspects of of all opposing aspects of personality into a unified whole.personality into a unified whole. The integration of the already The integration of the already differentiate systems of differentiate systems of personalitypersonality

Ego:Ego: Conscious - individualistic mindConscious - individualistic mind DifferentiationDifferentiation Gatekeeper - SelectiveGatekeeper - Selective Directs business of everyday lifeDirects business of everyday life Sense of identity and continuitySense of identity and continuity

Personal Unconscious:Personal Unconscious: Preconscious and unconsciousPreconscious and unconscious DefensesDefenses Develops out of learning and Develops out of learning and

experienceexperience

Complexes - a cluster of ideasComplexes - a cluster of ideas Strong emotional contentStrong emotional content Preoccupied–obsessionPreoccupied–obsession Interferes with normal Interferes with normal functioningfunctioning

Generally healthy - unhealthy in Generally healthy - unhealthy in overuseoveruse

IndividualisticIndividualistic

Collective Unconscious:Collective Unconscious: Most unique contribution to Most unique contribution to personality theory–most personality theory–most importantimportant

Communal, species memory–Communal, species memory–represents accumulated culture represents accumulated culture of humankind (even subhuman of humankind (even subhuman life). Lodged in psyche at birthlife). Lodged in psyche at birth

Due to genetic inheritanceDue to genetic inheritance Not inherit specific memories/ Not inherit specific memories/ predispositions inheritedpredispositions inherited

Achieves consciousness through Achieves consciousness through dreams and psychosisdreams and psychosis

Includes the archetypesIncludes the archetypes Similar for allSimilar for all Younger generations have more Younger generations have more Collective Unconscious.Collective Unconscious.

Why?Why?

Archetypes:Archetypes: Dominants/Primordial images - Dominants/Primordial images -

thought forms from past thought forms from past Common experiencesCommon experiences Psychic InstinctsPsychic Instincts They have both positive and They have both positive and

negative negative aspects about them aspects about them Determines, in part, perceptionsDetermines, in part, perceptions PsychosisPsychosis

Shadow-animalistic possibilitiesShadow-animalistic possibilities Most powerful/dangerousMost powerful/dangerous Sexuality/aggressionSexuality/aggression Leads to vitality and passionLeads to vitality and passion Freud?Freud?

Anima - feminine possibility in manAnima - feminine possibility in man Animus - masculine possibility in Animus - masculine possibility in

womenwomen Help understand opposite sexHelp understand opposite sex Freud?Freud?

Persona - Conventional mask Persona - Conventional mask adopted in face of social pressures adopted in face of social pressures – how society expects us to act– how society expects us to act Freud?Freud?

The Great Mother–ancestral The Great Mother–ancestral experience of being raised by experience of being raised by mothers. mothers.

The Spiritual Father–wise old manThe Spiritual Father–wise old man The Hero–special forces allows to The Hero–special forces allows to

beat tough opponentsbeat tough opponents The Trickster–ultimately brings The Trickster–ultimately brings

about positive resultsabout positive results Mandela–archetype of orderMandela–archetype of order Transformation–alchemistsTransformation–alchemists

Synchronicity–meaningful coincidenceSynchronicity–meaningful coincidence Phenomena which seem logically to Phenomena which seem logically to

be coincidental have connections be coincidental have connections that feel meaningful.that feel meaningful.

Psychic Energy–life energyPsychic Energy–life energy Psychic value–cathexed energy in an Psychic value–cathexed energy in an

objectobject

Principle of equivalence - if value of Principle of equivalence - if value of any aspect of personality increases\any aspect of personality increases\decreases will be compensated by decreases will be compensated by opposite shift in another aspectopposite shift in another aspect

Principle of entropy–the distribution Principle of entropy–the distribution of energy in the personality seeks an of energy in the personality seeks an equilibrium or balanceequilibrium or balance

Energy never lost, just transferredEnergy never lost, just transferred

Development:Development: No real stages per se.No real stages per se. Causality - influence on behavior Causality - influence on behavior

from pastfrom past Teleology - influence on behavior Teleology - influence on behavior

due to the anticipated futuredue to the anticipated future

Psychological TypesPsychological Types Person’s grouping based upon the Person’s grouping based upon the

three major dimensions of three major dimensions of personality–eight different personality–eight different psychetypes based one the two psychetypes based one the two attitudes and the four functions.attitudes and the four functions.

Fundamental Attitudes:Fundamental Attitudes: IntroversionIntroversion (inner world) versus (inner world) versus

ExtraversionExtraversion (outer world) (outer world) Dominant Functions:Dominant Functions:

ThinkingThinking–intellectual and rational –intellectual and rational versus versus FeelingFeeling–evaluation and –evaluation and rationalrational

SensingSensing–reality and irrational –reality and irrational versus versus IntuitionIntuition--perception via --perception via unconscious processes and unconscious processes and irrationalirrational

Word Association Technique:Word Association Technique: Give a word, say the first thing that Give a word, say the first thing that

comes to mindcomes to mind Used to help uncover complexesUsed to help uncover complexes

Alfred Adler (1870-1937)Alfred Adler (1870-1937)

BackgroundBackground Health-rickets, Health-rickets,

pneumoniapneumonia Older brother-Older brother-

compensationcompensation Freud’s Freud’s

personal personal physicianphysician

How he differs from Freud:How he differs from Freud: Fulfillment theorist.Fulfillment theorist. Individual Psychology-Unique–focus Individual Psychology-Unique–focus

on the ego.on the ego. He changed theory as time went on.He changed theory as time went on.

Main basic motive underlying Main basic motive underlying human behavior is the need to human behavior is the need to overcome inferiority.overcome inferiority.

Main Theme:Main Theme: Striving toward superiority and Striving toward superiority and

perfection. perfection. Good for the individual and society. Good for the individual and society. Striving for a goal.Striving for a goal.

The same goal of wanting a The same goal of wanting a perfect society.perfect society.

Going from a felt minus to felt plus Going from a felt minus to felt plus situation.situation.

Dissatisfaction of the felt minus.Dissatisfaction of the felt minus. Present in infancy.Present in infancy.

Main Ideas:Main Ideas: Organ Inferiorities–real physical Organ Inferiorities–real physical

weaknesses.weaknesses. Inferiority Complex–when growth process Inferiority Complex–when growth process

stagnates. Felt Minusstagnates. Felt Minus All neurotics have an inferiority complexAll neurotics have an inferiority complex

Feelings of Inferiority–psychological Feelings of Inferiority–psychological perceptions of weakness or inferiority.perceptions of weakness or inferiority. Has nothing to do with reality.Has nothing to do with reality. ““I’m not smart–I cannot do well in I’m not smart–I cannot do well in

college.”college.” Can influence the individual greatly.Can influence the individual greatly.

Compensation-Attempt to overcome Compensation-Attempt to overcome real and/or imagined inferiorities. real and/or imagined inferiorities. No legs–becomes a sports announcer.No legs–becomes a sports announcer. Believe dumb–work all the harder.Believe dumb–work all the harder. If compensation does not work ideas If compensation does not work ideas

become an inferiority complex.become an inferiority complex.

Creative Self – trying to find or create Creative Self – trying to find or create experiences that will lead to experiences that will lead to fulfillment.fulfillment. Expressing the capacity of exercising Expressing the capacity of exercising

free will to transcend the forces free will to transcend the forces acting upon the person acting upon the person

It is compensatory–creative way to It is compensatory–creative way to compensate for feelings of inferioritycompensate for feelings of inferiority

Fictional Finalisms--Ideals of Fictional Finalisms--Ideals of perfection and superiority. perfection and superiority. Subjective experience rather than Subjective experience rather than

objective realityobjective reality Usually are a fiction–“All people are Usually are a fiction–“All people are

created equal.” Normals can see the created equal.” Normals can see the fiction but they can still use the fiction but they can still use the finalism to spur or drive their finalism to spur or drive their behavior. behavior.

Unique to the individual. Unique to the individual. Helps us to set goals and reach Helps us to set goals and reach

achievements.achievements. May be conscious or unconscious.May be conscious or unconscious.

Social Interest–How we take an Social Interest–How we take an interest in others.interest in others. Occupational Tasks - vocation, Occupational Tasks - vocation,

productive.productive. Societal Tasks - adapt to others & show Societal Tasks - adapt to others & show

an interest in others. an interest in others. Love Tasks - relationships between and Love Tasks - relationships between and

among the sexes. The three are tasks are among the sexes. The three are tasks are highly related.highly related.

Neurotics-strives for self-interests. Neurotics-strives for self-interests. Normals-wants to help advance a perfect Normals-wants to help advance a perfect

society.society.

Style of Life--How we fit into our own Style of Life--How we fit into our own particular niche-what we are like.particular niche-what we are like. Established by age 4 or 5Established by age 4 or 5 All other needs are subordinate to All other needs are subordinate to

it. it. "The very pattern of each existence "The very pattern of each existence

as the person creates it.“as the person creates it.“ Based on unique interrelations of Based on unique interrelations of

inferiorities. inferiorities. The unique way in which a person The unique way in which a person

pursues her/his goalspursues her/his goals Must first develop social interest.Must first develop social interest.

First memories–do not have to be First memories–do not have to be accurate–psychological aspects effect accurate–psychological aspects effect memory and that is what is importantmemory and that is what is important Can highly influence behaviorCan highly influence behavior Key to understanding a personKey to understanding a person

Mistaken Styles of LifeMistaken Styles of Life Ruling Type–want to dominate othersRuling Type–want to dominate others

Sadistic, tyrannical, delinquentSadistic, tyrannical, delinquent Getting Type–dependently leans on Getting Type–dependently leans on

others others Passive, lazy, depressedPassive, lazy, depressed

Avoiding Type–do not want to deal Avoiding Type–do not want to deal with problems with problems Isolated, coldIsolated, cold

Socially Useful Type–helps othersSocially Useful Type–helps others

Development--No real stages per se.Development--No real stages per se. Based on quantitative and Based on quantitative and

qualitative nature of the family.qualitative nature of the family.

Family ConstellationFamily Constellation The unique sociological factors of The unique sociological factors of

the family and how those factors the family and how those factors influence each child.influence each child.

Gives each child a particular set of Gives each child a particular set of problems with problems with which to cope.which to cope. Only child, first child, absence of Only child, first child, absence of parent, etc.parent, etc.

Family Atmosphere–The unique Family Atmosphere–The unique emotional relationships between the emotional relationships between the different family members.different family members. Cooperative atmosphere of Cooperative atmosphere of mutualmutual

trust and respect leads to trust and respect leads to constructiveness. constructiveness. Opposite leads to Opposite leads to destructiveness. destructiveness.

Personal initiative atmosphere Personal initiative atmosphere leads to leads to activeness. activeness. Opposite leads to passiveness.Opposite leads to passiveness.

Styles of LifeStyles of LifeComprised of Fictional Finalisms and Comprised of Fictional Finalisms and Traits. Traits.

Active-Constructive.Active-Constructive. Highly service Highly service oriented (this is the Fictional oriented (this is the Fictional Finalisms for these folks). Positively Finalisms for these folks). Positively ambitious. Most positive style of life. ambitious. Most positive style of life. Adlerian IdealAdlerian Ideal

Passive-Constructive.Passive-Constructive. Tend to seek Tend to seek attention (FF). A positive style of life. attention (FF). A positive style of life.

11 Active-Destructive.Active-Destructive. Hurts others. Hurts others.

Spiteful, wants power (FF) over Spiteful, wants power (FF) over others. Negative.others. Negative.

Passive-Destructive.Passive-Destructive. Lazy, gets Lazy, gets power (FF) by being lazy. Negative.power (FF) by being lazy. Negative.