theories & translation (1) 2008. aims of the course introducing students to basic translation...

Theories & Translation (1)Theories & Translation (1)

20082008

Aims of the courseAims of the course

Introducing students to basic Introducing students to basic translation theories and skills. translation theories and skills.

Consolidating the learners’ Consolidating the learners’ knowledge of English through knowledge of English through providing them with sufficient providing them with sufficient training in translating a variety of training in translating a variety of sentence and text-types.sentence and text-types.

ObjectivesObjectives Upon completing this course, students Upon completing this course, students

should be able to: should be able to: 1.1. Make good use of reference books Make good use of reference books

(dictionaries, glossaries, etc.)(dictionaries, glossaries, etc.)2.2. Be aware of the basic differences and Be aware of the basic differences and

similarities between certain aspects and similarities between certain aspects and conventions of Arabic and Englishconventions of Arabic and English

3.3. Translate from English into Arabic a Translate from English into Arabic a variety of text-types of diversified variety of text-types of diversified contexts. contexts.

4.4. Render suitable translations of texts Render suitable translations of texts containing cultural text-specific or non containing cultural text-specific or non equivalent words or phrases. equivalent words or phrases.

Course UnitsCourse Units

1. 1. Unit 1Unit 1: An Introduction to Translation : An Introduction to Translation ComprehensionComprehension

2. 2. Unit 2Unit 2: Translating the English Sentence: Translating the English Sentence 3. 3. Unit 3Unit 3: Verbs and Verb Phrases: Verbs and Verb Phrases 4. 4. Unit 4Unit 4: Adjectives, Adverbs and Prepositions: Adjectives, Adverbs and Prepositions 5. 5. Unit 5Unit 5: Sentence Expansion and : Sentence Expansion and

TransformationTransformation 6. 6. Unit 6Unit 6: Block Language and Abbreviations: Block Language and Abbreviations

Unit (1)Unit (1)An Introduction to Translation An Introduction to Translation

ComprehensionComprehension Unit Objectives: Unit Objectives: 1.1. Identify the qualities and functions of a good Identify the qualities and functions of a good

translator. translator. 2.2. Recognize the types and demands of translationRecognize the types and demands of translation3.3. Use some of the translation strategies Use some of the translation strategies

suggested when encountering unfamiliar items. suggested when encountering unfamiliar items. 4.4. Choose the dictionary that may best meet your Choose the dictionary that may best meet your

needs. needs. 5.5. Know the principles and methods guiding Know the principles and methods guiding

effective word choice. effective word choice. ……etc. etc.

An IntroductionAn Introduction

1. What is translation?1. What is translation?


1. What is translation?1. What is translation?

Language A

( S L)

Language B

(TL)

Meaning

Interlingual Communication


What is the difference?What is the difference?

Interlingual CommunicationInteralingual Communication

Whatever exercises we engage ourselves in within the same language: paraphrase, explanation, interprestaiotn.e.g. Translation

An Introduction An Introduction

Translation: (Key words)Translation: (Key words)- Transferring & MeaningTransferring & Meaning- Capturing & Conveying MeaningCapturing & Conveying Meaning- Interlingual CommunicationInterlingual Communication


Translation: (Key words)Translation: (Key words)- Transferring & Transferring & ((Meaning)Meaning)- Capturing & Conveying MeaningCapturing & Conveying Meaning- Interlingual CommunicationInterlingual Communication


MeaningMeaning

denotation

Connotation

The basic meaning of the word

(e.g. die/ pass away, mother, friend/comrade)

The shades of meaning that are sometimes added to the word

(e.g. die/ pass away, mother, friend/comrade)

Give example

s!

Exercise (1)Exercise (1)

Translate the following English sentences into Translate the following English sentences into Arabic.Arabic.

Example: Example:

Sami’s grandmother passed away last month. Sami’s grandmother passed away last month.

الشهر في الله رحمة إلى سامي جدة الشهر انتقلت في الله رحمة إلى سامي جدة انتقلت الماضيالماضي


Translate the following English sentences into Translate the following English sentences into Arabic.Arabic.

1. Ali often goes to bed early1. Ali often goes to bed early

2. Sarah went shopping last night2. Sarah went shopping last night

3. Maha is twenty years old3. Maha is twenty years old

4. Finally, the police have manged to capture the 4. Finally, the police have manged to capture the killerkiller


Explain and/or paraphrase the following English:Explain and/or paraphrase the following English:

Example: Example:

I didn’t know that Sue moonlights.I didn’t know that Sue moonlights. I didn’t know that Sue has another job at I didn’t know that Sue has another job at

nightnight


Explain and/or paraphrase the following English:Explain and/or paraphrase the following English:- I turned to Peter for help, but he gave me the I turned to Peter for help, but he gave me the

cold shoulder.cold shoulder.

- Jane takes after her motherJane takes after her mother

- The match was called off on account of rainThe match was called off on account of rain


Translate the following English expression into Translate the following English expression into Arabic making sure that you transfer the Arabic making sure that you transfer the denotations and connotations of these expressions. denotations and connotations of these expressions. (For many of these important colloquial expressions (For many of these important colloquial expressions in English, you may have to use colloquial Arabic in English, you may have to use colloquial Arabic expressions in order to capture both denotation expressions in order to capture both denotation and connotation)and connotation)

Example: Boys are boys Example: Boys are boys ( قاضي لوأنه ولد قاضي ) الولد لوأنه ولد الولدبلد(بلد(


Translate the following English expression into Translate the following English expression into Arabic making sure that you transfer the Arabic making sure that you transfer the denotations and connotations of these expressions. denotations and connotations of these expressions.

1. Business is business1. Business is business 2. let bygones be bygones2. let bygones be bygones 3. Enough is enough3. Enough is enough


EquivalenceEquivalence Why equivalence is an important Why equivalence is an important

concept in translation?concept in translation?


EquivalenceEquivalence

(3 types)(3 types)

Formal

(1)

Functional

(2)

Ideational

(3)

To capture the form

(the image) of

the SL

To capture the function of the SL

To convey the meaning of the SL idependently of function and form


EquivalenceEquivalenceExamples: The treaty has remained Examples: The treaty has remained deadletterdeadletter since then since then1. Formal Equivalence:1. Formal Equivalence: المعاهدة بقيت المعاهدة وقد بقيت ميتا وقد ميتا حرفا الوقت حرفا ذلك الوقت منذ ذلك منذ 2.2. Functional EquivalenceFunctional Equivalence

المعاهدة بقيت قد المعاهدة و بقيت قد ورق و على ورق حبرا على الوقت حبرا ذلك الوقت منذ ذلك منذ3.3. Ideational EquivalenceIdeational Equivalence

تطبيق يتم تطبيق ولم يتم الوقت ولم ذلك منذ الوقت المعاهدة ذلك منذ المعاهدة .\.\المعاهدة بقيت المعاهدة وقد بقيت مفعلة وقد مفعلة غير الوقت غير ذلك الوقت منذ ذلك منذ


EquivalenceEquivalence Optimal tranlatability:Optimal tranlatability: the functional and the functional and

formal equivalence may coincide formal equivalence may coincide

Example:Example:

Birds of a feather flock together. Birds of a feather flock together.

تقع أشكالها على الطيور تقع إن أشكالها على الطيور إن

An Introduction: An Introduction: EquivalenceEquivalenceExercise (4)Exercise (4)

Translate the following English proverbs into Translate the following English proverbs into corresponding corresponding formal equivalentsformal equivalents in Arabic in Arabic (colloquial Arabic is possible here): (colloquial Arabic is possible here):

Example:Example:

A drowning man clutches at a straw. A drowning man clutches at a straw.

بقشة يتعلق بقشة الغريق يتعلق الغريق


Translate the following English proverbs into corresponding Translate the following English proverbs into corresponding formal equivalents in Arabic (colloquial Arabic is possible formal equivalents in Arabic (colloquial Arabic is possible here): here):

1. All that gitters is not gold1. All that gitters is not gold --------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------- 2. Necessity is the mother of invention2. Necessity is the mother of invention ----------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------- 3. The end justifies the means. 3. The end justifies the means. ----------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------- 4. A man is known by the company he keeps.4. A man is known by the company he keeps. ------------------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------ 5. Strike while the iron is hot5. Strike while the iron is hot ----------------------------------------------------- ----------------------------------------------------- 6. There is no smoke without fire6. There is no smoke without fire


Translate the following English proverbs into Translate the following English proverbs into corresponding functional equivalents in Arabic corresponding functional equivalents in Arabic (colloquial Arabic is possible here): (colloquial Arabic is possible here):

Example:Example:

Like father like son. Like father like son. ظلم ما أباه شابه ظلم من ما أباه شابه من


Translate the following English proverbs into Translate the following English proverbs into corresponding corresponding functionalfunctional equivalents in Arabic equivalents in Arabic (colloquial Arabic is possible here): (colloquial Arabic is possible here):

Example:Example:

Like father like son. Like father like son. ظلم ما أباه شابه ظلم من ما أباه شابه من


Translate the following English proverbs into Translate the following English proverbs into corresponding corresponding functionalfunctional equivalents in Arabic equivalents in Arabic (colloquial Arabic is possible here): (colloquial Arabic is possible here):

1.1. Cleanliness is next to godlinessCleanliness is next to godliness

2.2. A bird in the hand is worth two in the bushA bird in the hand is worth two in the bush

3.3. Actions speak louder than wordsActions speak louder than words

4.4. Silence gives consentSilence gives consent


Translate the following English proverbs into Translate the following English proverbs into corresponding corresponding functionalfunctional equivalents in Arabic equivalents in Arabic which do not feature any formal equivalence at which do not feature any formal equivalence at all (colloquial Arabic is possible here):all (colloquial Arabic is possible here):

Example:Example:

The spirit is willing, but the flesh is weakThe spirit is willing, but the flesh is weak

قصيرة واليد بصيرة قصيرة العين واليد بصيرة العين


Translate the following English proverbs into Translate the following English proverbs into corresponding corresponding functionalfunctional equivalents in Arabic equivalents in Arabic which do not feature any formal equivalence at which do not feature any formal equivalence at all (colloquial Arabic is possible here):all (colloquial Arabic is possible here):

1. One man’s meat is another man’s poison1. One man’s meat is another man’s poison

2. Beauty is in the eye of the beholder2. Beauty is in the eye of the beholder

3. After a storm comes a calm3. After a storm comes a calm

4. A live dog is better than a dead lion. 4. A live dog is better than a dead lion.


Translate the following English expressions into Arabic Translate the following English expressions into Arabic functional equivalents and then into ideational functional equivalents and then into ideational equivalents: equivalents:

Example: Example:

Instead of solving the problem, Ali added insult to Instead of solving the problem, Ali added insult to injury.injury.

Functional: Functional:

المشكلة يحل أن من بدال بله الطين على المشكلة زاد يحل أن من بدال بله الطين على زاد

Ideational: Ideational:

يحلها أن من بدال المشكلة على يحلها عقد أن من بدال المشكلة على عقد


Translate the following English expressions into Translate the following English expressions into Arabic functional equivalents and then into Arabic functional equivalents and then into ideational equivalents: ideational equivalents:

1. Zayed turned a deaf ear to his father’s 1. Zayed turned a deaf ear to his father’s suggestion. suggestion.

2. My friend is going to move heaven and earth 2. My friend is going to move heaven and earth in order to get the new job. in order to get the new job.

3. I want you to tell me the story from A to Z3. I want you to tell me the story from A to Z 4. We should be patient with Ramsy because 4. We should be patient with Ramsy because

he’s still wet behind the ear. he’s still wet behind the ear.

An Introduction: An Introduction: ContextContext

The type of eqivalence that the The type of eqivalence that the competent translator opts for competent translator opts for depends primarily on depends primarily on contextual contextual factorsfactors. .

Audience

Author

text

Which is more important?

Explain the relationship between context and equivalence?

An Introduction: An Introduction: ContextContext

Examples:Examples:

Text:Text: legal texts legal texts Audience:Audience: Author:Author: the poetry of Nizar Qabbani and Mahmoud the poetry of Nizar Qabbani and Mahmoud

Darwish. Darwish.

الماليين بين من أنثاي يا الماليين بيروت بين من أنثاي يا بيروت‘‘O Beirut, my female from among millions of wormen’ O Beirut, my female from among millions of wormen’ femalefemale Beloved/ lady

An Introduction: An Introduction: ContextContextExercise (8)Exercise (8)

Translate the following extract from an English news report Translate the following extract from an English news report into Arabic: into Arabic:

Baby Steps for PeaceBaby Steps for Peace There will be no Hail May passes in this round of the Arab-There will be no Hail May passes in this round of the Arab-

Israeli search. As he completed his trip to the Middle East Israeli search. As he completed his trip to the Middle East last week, Secretary of State James Baker argued for last week, Secretary of State James Baker argued for incremental princremental proogress, not a big, bold plan. ‘You have to gress, not a big, bold plan. ‘You have to crawl before you walk, and you have to walk before you crawl before you walk, and you have to walk before you run,’ he said in Damascus. Baker didn’t lean on anyone run,’ he said in Damascus. Baker didn’t lean on anyone during this visit. The pressure will begin gently this week during this visit. The pressure will begin gently this week with Baker’s follow-up phone calls to the leaders he saw, with Baker’s follow-up phone calls to the leaders he saw, then intensify when President Bush makes his own trip to then intensify when President Bush makes his own trip to the region, expected later this spring. Bush aides say....the region, expected later this spring. Bush aides say....

(From the Time Magazine)(From the Time Magazine)

- Is formal equivalence a priority in this text type? Why? Is formal equivalence a priority in this text type? Why? - What type of equivalence have you used for the metaphors What type of equivalence have you used for the metaphors

‘baby steps’ and ‘Hail Mary passes’?‘baby steps’ and ‘Hail Mary passes’?


Baby Steps for PeaceBaby Steps for Peace There will be no There will be no Hail May passesHail May passes in this round of the Arab- in this round of the Arab-

Israeli search. As he completed his trip to the Middle East Israeli search. As he completed his trip to the Middle East last week, Secretary of State James Baker argued for last week, Secretary of State James Baker argued for incremental princremental proogress, not a big, bold plan. ‘You have to gress, not a big, bold plan. ‘You have to crawl before you walk, and you have to walk before you run,’ crawl before you walk, and you have to walk before you run,’ he said in Damascus. Baker didn’t lean on anyone during this he said in Damascus. Baker didn’t lean on anyone during this visit. The pressure will begin gently this week with Baker’s visit. The pressure will begin gently this week with Baker’s follow-up phone calls to the leaders he saw, then intensify follow-up phone calls to the leaders he saw, then intensify when President Bush makes his own trip to the region, when President Bush makes his own trip to the region, expected later this spring. Bush aides say....expected later this spring. Bush aides say....

(From the Time Magazine(From the Time Magazine))--------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- السالم اتجاه بطيئة السالم خطوات اتجاه بطيئة خطوات

) عن ) البحث من الجولة هذه في حاسم سريع تقدم هناك يكون ( لن عن ) البحث من الجولة هذه في حاسم سريع تقدم هناك يكون لنوزير بها قام التي الرحلة انتهاء فمع وإسرائيلز العرب بين وزير سالم بها قام التي الرحلة انتهاء فمع وإسرائيلز العرب بين سالم

األوسط الشرق منطقة إلى بيكر جيمس األمريكي األوسط الخارجية الشرق منطقة إلى بيكر جيمس األمريكي الخارجية , شاملة خطة إلى وليس تدريجي تقدم إل دعى الماضي , األسبوع شاملة خطة إلى وليس تدريجي تقدم إل دعى الماضي األسبوع

أن. قبل يحبو أن المرء على إن جمسق في قال حيث أن. وجريئة قبل يحبو أن المرء على إن جمسق في قال حيث وجريئةفي أحد على بيكر يضغط ولم يركضز أن قبل يمشي وأن في يمشي أحد على بيكر يضغط ولم يركضز أن قبل يمشي وأن يمشي

متابعة عبر األسبوع هذا خفيفا الضغط سيبدأ حيث الزيارة متابعة هذه عبر األسبوع هذا خفيفا الضغط سيبدأ حيث الزيارة هذهبوش يقوم عندما يشتد ثم رآهم الذين الزعماء مع الهاتفية بوش بيكر يقوم عندما يشتد ثم رآهم الذين الزعماء مع الهاتفية بيكر

الحالي الربيع فصل في بعد فيما والمتوقعة المنطقة إلى الحالي برحلته الربيع فصل في بعد فيما والمتوقعة المنطقة إلى برحلته


Translate the following extract from one of Nizar Qabbani’s poems Translate the following extract from one of Nizar Qabbani’s poems on the Lebanese situation into Englishon the Lebanese situation into English: :

تالقينا عام تالقينا قبل عام قبلبدايته في يزال ال جرحي بدايته كان في يزال ال جرحي كان

تالقينا عام تالقينا بعد عام بعدالجراح من قبيلة جرحي الجراح أصبح من قبيلة جرحي أصبح

صديقا يصبح أن يمكن الحزن أن أتصور صديقا كنت يصبح أن يمكن الحزن أن أتصور كنتوطنا سيصبح أنه أتصور لم وطنا لكننى سيصبح أنه أتصور لم لكننى

نسكنهنسكنهلغته لغته ونتكلم ونتكلم

األوطان ككل جنسيته األوطان ونحمل ككل جنسيته ونحملIs formal equivalence a priority in this text type? Why?Is formal equivalence a priority in this text type? Why?What type of eqivalence have you used for the creative metaphor What type of eqivalence have you used for the creative metaphor

الجراح؟ من الجراح؟ قبيلة من قبيلة


تالقينا عام تالقينا قبل عام قبلبدايته في يزال ال جرحي بدايته كان في يزال ال جرحي كان

تالقينا عام تالقينا بعد عام بعدالجراح من قبيلة جرحي الجراح أصبح من قبيلة جرحي أصبح

صديقا يصبح أن يمكن الحزن أن أتصور صديقا كنت يصبح أن يمكن الحزن أن أتصور كنتوطنا سيصبح أنه أتصور لم وطنا لكننى سيصبح أنه أتصور لم لكننى

نسكنهنسكنهلغته لغته ونتكلم ونتكلم

األوطان ككل جنسيته األوطان ونحمل ككل جنسيته ونحمل----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

A year ago we met.A year ago we met.My wound was in its beginning. My wound was in its beginning. Ayear later we met. Ayear later we met. My wouldn became a clan of wounds. My wouldn became a clan of wounds. I could imagine that sandness would be a friendI could imagine that sandness would be a friendBut I never imagined it would be a homeland, But I never imagined it would be a homeland, That we live in, That we live in, And speak its language, And speak its language, And bear its nationality as other homelands. And bear its nationality as other homelands.

Types of Translation Types of Translation

Literal Translation

(1)

Metaphorical Translation

(2)

Precise Translation

(3)

Free Translation and Adaptation

(4)

Types of Translation: Types of Translation: Literal TranslationLiteral Translation The oldest type of translation practice.The oldest type of translation practice.

The conveyance of the denotative meaning of The conveyance of the denotative meaning of phrases and sentences.phrases and sentences.

In this type of translation, there is a In this type of translation, there is a correspondence between the two languages in correspondence between the two languages in terms of semantics (meaning) & Grammarterms of semantics (meaning) & Grammar

Example:Example: Ali went to the market yesterday. Ali went to the market yesterday.

أمس السوق إلى على أمس ذهب السوق إلى على ذهب

Types of Translation: Types of Translation: Literal TranslationLiteral Translation

What is the difference between literal and What is the difference between literal and word-for –word translation? word-for –word translation?

(I bought a red car)(I bought a red car)

Literal Translation: Literal Translation: اشتريت اشتريت أنا حمراء أنا حمراء سيارة سيارة

Word-for-word Translation: Word-for-word Translation: اشتريت اشتريت أنا حمراء حمراء أنا سيارةسيارة


Word-for-word Translation: Word-for-word Translation: اشتريت اشتريت أنا حمراء حمراء أنا سيارةسيارة

• What about ‘structural’ differences between English and Arabic?

(Bad/ Immature translation!

---especially between languages of remote origins like English and Arabic.

Types of Translation: Types of Translation: Literal TranslationLiteral Translation Explain how literal translation sometimes worlds, at other Explain how literal translation sometimes worlds, at other

times does not work in the case of multi-word units?times does not work in the case of multi-word units? Examples:Examples: - To pay a visit To pay a visit - ) بزيارة ) يقوم زيارة (يدفع بزيارة ) يقوم زيارة يدفع- To take afterTo take after- ) يشابه ) بعد (يأخذ يشابه ) بعد يأخذ- To rain cats and dogsTo rain cats and dogs- ) بغزارة ) تمطر كالبا و قططا (تمطر بغزارة ) تمطر كالبا و قططا تمطر- Strong teaStrong tea- ) ثقيل ) شاي قوي (شاي ثقيل ) شاي قوي شاي


Give literal translations of the Give literal translations of the following English sentences: following English sentences:

1.1. Ali saw a snake in the garden two days a go. Ali saw a snake in the garden two days a go.

2.2. When will you travel to the United States. When will you travel to the United States.

3.3. My friend speaks German fluentlyMy friend speaks German fluently

Types of Translation: Types of Translation: Literal TranslationLiteral Translation ))Ex. 10)Ex. 10) Give literal translations of the following Give literal translations of the following

English sentences:English sentences: Example:Example: Ahmed reads the newspaper every morning. Ahmed reads the newspaper every morning.

صباح كل الصحيفة أحمد صباح يقرأ كل الصحيفة أحمد يقرأ

1.1. Ali saw a snake in the garden two days a go. Ali saw a snake in the garden two days a go. 2.2. When will you travel to the United States. When will you travel to the United States. 3.3. My friend speaks German fluentlyMy friend speaks German fluently

Types of Translation: Types of Translation: Literal TranslationLiteral Translation (Ex. 13) (Ex. 13) Translate the following English collocations into Arabic; Translate the following English collocations into Arabic;

(pay special attention to the different collocation patterns (pay special attention to the different collocation patterns in English and Arabic)in English and Arabic)

Example:Example: deliver a letter deliver a letter \ خطابا رسالة \ يسلم خطابا رسالة يسلم

Deliver a speech ----------------------------- Deliver a speech ----------------------------- Deliver a baby ----------------------------- Deliver a baby ----------------------------- Deliver a blow ------------------------------ Deliver a blow ------------------------------ Deliver a verdict -------------------------------Deliver a verdict ------------------------------- Deliver news -----------------------------Deliver news -----------------------------

Types of Translation: Types of Translation: Literal TranslationLiteral Translation (Ex.14) (Ex.14) Translate the following Arabic collocations into Translate the following Arabic collocations into

English; (pay special attention to the different English; (pay special attention to the different collocation patterns):collocation patterns):

Example: to cut diplomatic relations Example: to cut diplomatic relations الدبلوماسية العالقات الدبلوماسية يقطع العالقات يقطع الطريق الطريق يقطع -------------------------------------------------------- يقطع الضوئية اإلشارة الضوئية يقطع اإلشارة --------------------------------------------------يقطع عهدا عهدا يقطع ------------------------------------------------------يقطع إجازته إجازته يقطع ------------------------- -------------------------يقطع طويلة مسافة طويلة يقطع مسافة ------------------------ ------------------------يقطع سواقه رخصة سواقه يقطع رخصة ----------------------------------------------------------------يقطع

Types of TranslationTypes of Translation(2) (2) Metaphorical TranslationMetaphorical Translation

--SL Metaphors TL Metaphors

Important!... especially in the works of literature

Types of TranslationTypes of Translation(2) (2) Metaphorical TranslationMetaphorical Translation

--SL Metaphors TL Metaphors

Important!... especially in the works of literature

Creative Metaphors

Vehicle (form) + Tenor (content) [inseparable]

Types of TranslationTypes of TranslationMetaphorical TranslationMetaphorical Translation

Literature

Metaphors

(1) Creative Metaphors

(2) Decorative Metaphors

Types of TranslationTypes of TranslationMetaphorical TranslationMetaphorical Translation What is the difference between Creative Metaphors What is the difference between Creative Metaphors

and Decorative Metaphors?and Decorative Metaphors?

Literature

Metaphors

(1) Creative Metaphors

(2) Decorative Metaphors

Form (vechile) + Tenor (content)---- INSEPARABLE

= Unique Author + Unique Culture


Creative MetaphorsCreative Metaphors::

Example: Example: السحر ساعة نخيل غابتا السحر عيناك ساعة نخيل غابتا عيناك

القمر عنهما ينأى راح شرفتان القمر أو عنهما ينأى راح شرفتان أو

• Your eyes are two palm orchards at daybreak. Your eyes are two palm orchards at daybreak.

Or two balconies wherefrom the moon was Or two balconies wherefrom the moon was receding. receding.


Literature

Metaphors

(1) Creative Metaphors(2) Decorative Metaphors

Decorating the text by injecting flowery language that is laden with figures of speech

These might be rendering themselves readily to a metaphorical translation (formal/ functional equivalence)

Or/ to non-metaphorical translations in (ideational equivalence)

Types of TranslationTypes of TranslationMetaphorical TranslationMetaphorical Translation Decorative Metaphors:Decorative Metaphors: Example:Example:

Ahmed will be flogging a dead horse if he ever Ahmed will be flogging a dead horse if he ever tries to do a Ph.D. in linguistics.tries to do a Ph.D. in linguistics.

على .1 .1 يحصل أن حاول ما إذا الرياح أدراج أحمد جهود على ستذهب يحصل أن حاول ما إذا الرياح أدراج أحمد جهود ستذهباللغويات في الدكتوراة اللغويات شهادة في الدكتوراة . .شهادة

شهادة .2 .2 على يحصل أن حاول ما إذا حنين بخفي احمد شهادة سيعود على يحصل أن حاول ما إذا حنين بخفي احمد سيعود

اللغويات في اللغويات الدكتوراة في . .الدكتوراة

شهادة .3 .3 على يحصل أن حاول ما إذا عبثا جهده أحمد شهادة سيضيع على يحصل أن حاول ما إذا عبثا جهده أحمد سيضيعاللغويات في اللغويات الدكتوراه في . .الدكتوراه

Types of TranslationTypes of TranslationMetaphorical Translation Metaphorical Translation (Exercise 15)(Exercise 15)

Translate the following creative Translate the following creative Arabic metaphors into EnglishArabic metaphors into English

Example: The breeze dallied her hairExample: The breeze dallied her hair

شعرها النسيم شعرها داعب النسيم داعبالمآذن المآذن بكت --------------------- --------------------- بكت

حولي ترقص األشجار حولي كانت ترقص األشجار ----------------------------------كانت

الحزين البرتقال الحزين أرض البرتقال ------------------------------------------أرض

القمر أدمع تسقط القمر و أدمع تسقط ------------------------------------------------------و

Types of TranslationTypes of TranslationMetaphorical TranslationMetaphorical Translation (Exercise 16) (Exercise 16) Translate the following stanza from one of Translate the following stanza from one of

Fadwa Tuqan’s poems Fadwa Tuqan’s poems والشجرة والشجرة الطوفان الطوفان which was written in the aftermath of the Arab of which was written in the aftermath of the Arab of

1967. 1967. الشجرة الشجرة ستقوم ستقومواألغصان الشجرة واألغصان ستقوم الشجرة ستقوم

وتخضر الشمس في وتخضر ستنمو الشمس في ستنموالشجرة ضحكات ستورق الشجرة و ضحكات ستورق و

الشمس وجه الشمس في وجه فيالطير الطير وسيأتي وسيأتي

الطير سيأتي الطير البد سيأتي البدالطير الطير سيأتي سيأتيالطير الطير سيأتي سيأتي

Metaphorical or non-metaphorical translation?

Types of TranslationTypes of TranslationMetaphorical TranslationMetaphorical Translation (Exercise 16) (Exercise 16) Translate the following stanza from one of Translate the following stanza from one of

Fadwa Tuqan’s poems Fadwa Tuqan’s poems والشجرة والشجرة الطوفان الطوفان which was written in the aftermath of the Arab of which was written in the aftermath of the Arab of

1967. 1967. الشجرة الشجرة ستقوم ستقومواألغصان الشجرة واألغصان ستقوم الشجرة ستقوم

وتخضر الشمس في وتخضر ستنمو الشمس في ستنموالشجرة ضحكات ستورق الشجرة و ضحكات ستورق و

الشمس وجه الشمس في وجه فيالطير الطير وسيأتي وسيأتي

الطير سيأتي الطير البد سيأتي البدالطير الطير سيأتي سيأتيالطير الطير سيأتي سيأتي

Metaphorical or non-metaphorical translation?

The Tree will rise again;

Her braches will grow and become green in the sun;

Her smiles will leaf in sunshine;

The Bird, the Bird shall surely come,

The Bird will come, the Bird will come.

Types of TranslationTypes of TranslationPrecis Translation Precis Translation

The translator gives a TL summary of The translator gives a TL summary of the SL text. (only the main idea)the SL text. (only the main idea)

• Common in different forms of Media (newspapers, News Common in different forms of Media (newspapers, News Agencies + business reports). Here context is unimportant. Agencies + business reports). Here context is unimportant.

• Ex. 17Ex. 17

Types of TranslationTypes of TranslationFree Translation and AdaptationFree Translation and Adaptation

What is free translationWhat is free translation??

A translation method whereby an SL literary text A translation method whereby an SL literary text is relayed into the TL by reproducing the content is relayed into the TL by reproducing the content without the form.without the form.

(usually a paraphrase longer than the original text (usually a paraphrase longer than the original text and often wordy. and often wordy.

Types of TranslationTypes of TranslationFree Translation and AdaptationFree Translation and Adaptation

What is adaptation?What is adaptation? Another translation method whereby the SL text is Another translation method whereby the SL text is

freely translated into the TL. It aims at achieving freely translated into the TL. It aims at achieving equivalence that can be appreciated within the TL equivalence that can be appreciated within the TL culture. culture.

Appropriate to particular circumstances such as Appropriate to particular circumstances such as translating plays for the stage: The themes, translating plays for the stage: The themes, characters, and plots are usually preserved. characters, and plots are usually preserved.

The SL culture is converted into the TL culture and The SL culture is converted into the TL culture and the text rewritten. the text rewritten.

e.g. (Shakespearean plays) e.g. (Shakespearean plays)

Translation strategiesTranslation strategies

Naturalization & Arabization

(1) Cultural Approximation

(2)

Descriptive Translation

(3)


1. 1. NaturalisationNaturalisation: : Inevitable in translation as literal translation Inevitable in translation as literal translation

would produce unnatural expressions in the TL in would produce unnatural expressions in the TL in cases where naturalization is called for. cases where naturalization is called for.

e.g. Negotiable = e.g. Negotiable = للتفاوض للتفاوض قابل قابل Pay attention= Pay attention= االنتباه االنتباه يعير يعير


2. 2. ArabizaitonArabizaiton: (a kind of naturalization): (a kind of naturalization) It takes place either:It takes place either: AAt the sound levelt the sound level where SL spelling and pronunciation where SL spelling and pronunciation

are converted into Arabic onesare converted into Arabic ones

( lexical borrowing): ( lexical borrowing): e.g. garage is Arabized to e.g. garage is Arabized to become become كراجكراج

or or AAt the concept levelt the concept level where an SL concept is loan-where an SL concept is loan-

translated into Arabic.translated into Arabic. Loan-translation: skyscraper = Loan-translation: skyscraper = سحاب سحاب ناطحة ناطحة

Translation strategiesTranslation strategies(Exercises)(Exercises)

Translate the following English phrases Translate the following English phrases into Arabic; (make sure that your into Arabic; (make sure that your translations are naturalized)translations are naturalized)

Examples:Examples: Drinkable waterDrinkable water للشرب صالح للشرب ماء صالح ماء


Translate the following English phrases Translate the following English phrases into Arabic; (make sure that your into Arabic; (make sure that your translations are naturalizedtranslations are naturalized))

1. A readable book1. A readable book 2. An arguable issue2. An arguable issue 3. A feminist writer3. A feminist writer 4. An unrealizable objective4. An unrealizable objective 5. A greenish field5. A greenish field


Translate the following English collocations Translate the following English collocations into Arabic; (make sure that your into Arabic; (make sure that your translation is naturalized)translation is naturalized)

1. fast colour--------1. fast colour-------- ثابت ثابت لون لون ------------------------ ------------------------ 2. Strong tea2. Strong tea 3. A heavy smoker3. A heavy smoker 4. rich food4. rich food 5. A rough sea5. A rough sea 6. break the law6. break the law


Translate the following English sentences into Translate the following English sentences into Arabic; ; (make sure that your translation are Arabic; ; (make sure that your translation are naturalized)naturalized)

1. It won’t rain tomorrow.______________1. It won’t rain tomorrow.______________ 2. This idea sounds very convincing.____________________ 2. This idea sounds very convincing.____________________ 3. The factory was attacked yesterday._______________3. The factory was attacked yesterday._______________


Translate the following English sentences into Translate the following English sentences into Arabic; ; (make sure that your translation are Arabic; ; (make sure that your translation are naturalized)naturalized)

Give the Arabized words, whether Give the Arabized words, whether they be lexical borrowings or loan they be lexical borrowings or loan translations or both. translations or both.

Example: radio= lexical borrowing (Example: radio= lexical borrowing (((راديوراديو loan-translation (loan-translation (((المذياعالمذياع


Translate the following English sentences into Arabic; ; Translate the following English sentences into Arabic; ; (make sure that your translation are naturalized)(make sure that your translation are naturalized)

Give the Arabized words, whether t hey be lexical Give the Arabized words, whether t hey be lexical borrowings or loan translations or both. borrowings or loan translations or both.

1. telephone1. telephone 2. bus2. bus 3. autombile3. autombile 4. television4. television 5. course5. course 6. bicycle6. bicycle 7. democracy7. democracy 8. truck8. truck 9. tennis9. tennis 10. computer10. computer 11. technology11. technology

Translation StrategiesTranslation StrategiesCultural ApproximationCultural Approximation

A culture specific expression in the A culture specific expression in the SLSL

A cultural substitute in the TL

Examples: God----Allah

American Secretary of State ----- األمريكي الخارجية وزير

Like mother like daughter البنت بتطلع تمها على الجرة اقلب ألمها

Translation StrategiesTranslation StrategiesCultural Approximation (Ex. 24)Cultural Approximation (Ex. 24)

Give Arabic cultural substitutes for the following English Give Arabic cultural substitutes for the following English items and expressions: items and expressions:

Example:Example: The Amercian Senate The Amercian Senate األمريكي الشيوخ األمريكي مجلس الشيوخ مجلس 1. The British Home Office1. The British Home Office 2. The American Congress2. The American Congress 3. Violin3. Violin 4. watchdog press4. watchdog press 5. lap-dog press5. lap-dog press 6. Every Jack must have his Jill6. Every Jack must have his Jill 7. Sleep like a dog7. Sleep like a dog 8. Like a cat on hot bricks8. Like a cat on hot bricks 9. Attorney General9. Attorney General


Find English cultural approximations for Find English cultural approximations for the underlined expressions: the underlined expressions:

الله 1.1. شاء الله إن شاء إن

شيخ 2.2. يا الله شيخ إتق يا الله إتق

الله 3.3. الله وحدوا وحدوا

أنت 4.4. أنت تعيش تعيش

كريم 5.5. عم يا لله كريم الحمد عم يا لله الحمد

النبي 6.6. زارنا أهال النبي أهال زارنا أهال أهال


Find English cultural approximations for Find English cultural approximations for the underlined expressions: the underlined expressions:

الله 1.1. شاء الله إن شاء إن

شيخ 2.2. يا الله شيخ إتق يا الله إتق

الله 3.3. الله وحدوا وحدوا

أنت 4.4. أنت تعيش تعيش

كريم 5.5. عم يا لله كريم الحمد عم يا لله الحمد

النبي 6.6. زارنا أهال النبي أهال زارنا أهال أهال

I hope so!

God forbid that!

For God’s sake, be tolerent!

I’m sorry

They’re fine, thank you uncle Karim!

Welcome! This is a great honor!

Translation StrategiesTranslation StrategiesDescriptive TranslationDescriptive Translation

A translation strategy whereby an A translation strategy whereby an expression in the SL is expression in the SL is paraphrased into the TL by describing it conceptually. paraphrased into the TL by describing it conceptually.

Used in two cases: Used in two cases: (1) Referential gap:(1) Referential gap: the translator comes across a referential or cultural gap the translator comes across a referential or cultural gap

(the SL concept is completely missing in the TL)(the SL concept is completely missing in the TL) Example:Example: زكاةزكاة (a compulsory charity in Islam when income (a compulsory charity in Islam when income

conditions are met)conditions are met) تيممتيمم (2) A lexical gap:(2) A lexical gap: The lexical item in the SL doesn’t have a single The lexical item in the SL doesn’t have a single

corresponding lexical item in the TL. corresponding lexical item in the TL.

ExampleExample: Arabic Kinship : Arabic Kinship خالخال= = maternal unclematernal uncle


Give descriptive Arabic translations Give descriptive Arabic translations of the following English terms: of the following English terms:

Example: a cool (day) Example: a cool (day) معتدل معتدل يوم يومالبرودةالبرودة

1.1. AlibiAlibi

2.2. DatingDating

3.3. CohabitationCohabitation

4.4. ThanksgivingThanksgiving

5.5. Good Friday Good Friday


Give descriptive English translations of Give descriptive English translations of the following Arabic terms: the following Arabic terms:

: :كوفيةكوفية .1 .1 A special kind of headgear traditionally A special kind of headgear traditionally

worn by the Arabsworn by the Arabsضرةضرة

عمرةعمرةعديلعديل

) الحج ) في (محرم الحج ) في محرمخالةخالة

خنصرخنصرمختارمختار

Using the dictionariesUsing the dictionaries

1. What is the difference between 1. What is the difference between monolingual and bilingual dictionaries?monolingual and bilingual dictionaries?

2. How are Arabic and English dictionaries 2. How are Arabic and English dictionaries different in terms of presentation?different in terms of presentation?

3. Can dictionaries alone make competent 3. Can dictionaries alone make competent TTranslator? Why (not)?ranslator? Why (not)?

...etc. ...etc.

Monolingual dictionariesMonolingual dictionaries: list the words : list the words within one language, giving the meanings within one language, giving the meanings of these lexical items in the same language. of these lexical items in the same language.

(different mode of presentation, size and (different mode of presentation, size and feature)feature)

Bilingual dictionaries:Bilingual dictionaries: deal with two deal with two languages by listing the words within one languages by listing the words within one language unexplained along with their language unexplained along with their equivalents in another language. equivalents in another language.

(Arabic equivalents appear against their (Arabic equivalents appear against their English words. English words.

First:First: Information in Information in Monolingual DictionariesMonolingual Dictionaries

1.1. Phonological informationPhonological information (syllables & pronunciation)(syllables & pronunciation)

1.1. Syntactic informationSyntactic information ( noun, verb, adj., adv., etc.)( noun, verb, adj., adv., etc.)

1.1. Semantic informationSemantic information (meaning (s) )(meaning (s) )

1.1. Etymological informationEtymological information (origin: Latin, French, .etc.)(origin: Latin, French, .etc.)

First:First: Information in Information in Monolingual DictionariesMonolingual Dictionaries

Use your own dictionary to give phonological, syntactic, Use your own dictionary to give phonological, syntactic, semantic, semantic,

and etymological information about the two words below: and etymological information about the two words below:

ExcerptExcerpt Assassin Assassin

Second: Second: Problems with Problems with Bilingual DictionariesBilingual Dictionaries

Useful in finding TL equivalents for SL Useful in finding TL equivalents for SL lexical items. lexical items.

But: But: One SL lexical item may have many different TL equivalents One SL lexical item may have many different TL equivalents

inin

various contexts (see example p. 33)various contexts (see example p. 33)

(one- to- many, or many-to-one)(one- to- many, or many-to-one)


Examples:Examples: ((نظامنظام))

The racist regime in South Africa The racist regime in South Africa أفريقيا جنوب في العنصري أفريقيا النظام جنوب في العنصري النظام

The phonological system in ArabicThe phonological system in Arabicالعربي في الصوتي العربي النظام في الصوتي النظام The new world orderThe new world order------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(bank)(bank)النهر النهر ضفة ضفة

بنكبنك


• Why is the task of finding the Why is the task of finding the relevant equivalent in the bilingual relevant equivalent in the bilingual dictionary not so easy? Give dictionary not so easy? Give examples to illustrate your answer examples to illustrate your answer (p. 33)(p. 33)


• Exercise (29, p. 33): Exercise (29, p. 33): Using an English- Arabic bilingual dictionary, find equivalents Using an English- Arabic bilingual dictionary, find equivalents

for thefor the underlined lexical items in the sentences below:underlined lexical items in the sentences below:

Example: Man is not aggressive by nature. Example: Man is not aggressive by nature. اإلنساناإلنسان

1.1. Who’s the Who’s the headhead of this department?of this department?2.2. John’s going to John’s going to chairchair this meeting. this meeting. 3.3. We have to keep law and We have to keep law and orderorder in this town. in this town. 4.4. Everyone thinks that George is Everyone thinks that George is mugmug.. 5.5. (At a restaurant) May I have the (At a restaurant) May I have the checkcheck, please? , please? 6.6. I always drink tea with I always drink tea with sagesage.. 7.7. Can you see that Can you see that bankbank of seats. of seats.

Use of Dictionaries for Use of Dictionaries for Translation PurposesTranslation Purposes Dictionaries are a necessary tool for Dictionaries are a necessary tool for

translators. However, dictionaries by translators. However, dictionaries by themselves cannot make competent themselves cannot make competent translators. translators.

Dictionaries should be available for translators Dictionaries should be available for translators to fall back on when needed, but translators to fall back on when needed, but translators should never over-depend on them if they should never over-depend on them if they want to produce natural translations. want to produce natural translations.

Use dictionaries sparingly and intelligently- Use dictionaries sparingly and intelligently- (Do not lose sight of the context!)(Do not lose sight of the context!)

Use of Dictionaries for Use of Dictionaries for Translation PurposesTranslation Purposes Ex. (30, p. 34)Ex. (30, p. 34) Translate the underlined material In the following two Translate the underlined material In the following two

excerpts by first relying on the dictionary, then on the excerpts by first relying on the dictionary, then on the context: context:

1.1. Programmes to teach heritage languages to ethnic Programmes to teach heritage languages to ethnic youngsters in upper elementary or high schools are all youngsters in upper elementary or high schools are all quite laudable, but if it is merely a question of trying or quite laudable, but if it is merely a question of trying or reinforce or replant first language competence already lost reinforce or replant first language competence already lost for all practice purposes, then t his is rather like for all practice purposes, then t his is rather like shutting shutting the stable door when the horse has bolted.the stable door when the horse has bolted.

1.1. Canada has chosen Canada has chosen to ‘entrench’ its dual cultural heritageto ‘entrench’ its dual cultural heritage in its institutions and, as a result, official translation has in its institutions and, as a result, official translation has taken firm root. taken firm root.

Usage vs. the Authority of the Usage vs. the Authority of the DictionaryDictionary

Dictionaries capture the denotations of Dictionaries capture the denotations of words.words.

Usage overrides such denotations by Usage overrides such denotations by highlighting some expressive shades of highlighting some expressive shades of meaning. meaning.

N. B. (Dictionary meaning may be at great N. B. (Dictionary meaning may be at great variance with expressive meaning)variance with expressive meaning)

Q. What should the translator do when the Q. What should the translator do when the dictionary meaning is different from the dictionary meaning is different from the expressive meaning? expressive meaning?

Usage vs. the Authority of the Usage vs. the Authority of the DictionaryDictionary

Ex. (31, p. 35)Ex. (31, p. 35) Translate the following excerpt from a cars Translate the following excerpt from a cars

brochure, focusing your attention on the brochure, focusing your attention on the expressive meaning of the underlined words: expressive meaning of the underlined words:

Whilst it stimulates your love of action, the MG Whilst it stimulates your love of action, the MG also cares for your comfort. also cares for your comfort. HuggingHugging you on the you on the bends with sports seats. bends with sports seats. SpoilingSpoiling you with luxuries you with luxuries such as electric door mirrors, tinted glass and such as electric door mirrors, tinted glass and central locking. And entertaining you with a great central locking. And entertaining you with a great music system as well as music system as well as simplysimply masterful masterful performance. performance.

Overview Overview

*Main issues discussed in Unit (1):*Main issues discussed in Unit (1): Equivalence and contextEquivalence and context Types of translation (literal Types of translation (literal

translation, metaphorical translation, translation, metaphorical translation, precis translation, and adaptation precis translation, and adaptation and free translation)and free translation)

Unit (2) Unit (2)

Translating the English SentenceTranslating the English Sentence

Unit (2) Unit (2)


First: Sentence Basic Divisions and First: Sentence Basic Divisions and SentenceSentence

TypesTypes

Unit (2) Unit (2)


Sentence Basic DivisionsSentence Basic Divisions

Stative Sentences

Non-stative sentences

Sentence Basic DivisionsSentence Basic DivisionsStative SentencesStative Sentences

The type of sentence pattern is determined by the kind of The type of sentence pattern is determined by the kind of verbs used. verbs used.

Linking or stative v. = stative sentencesLinking or stative v. = stative sentences (link the subject with (link the subject with the subjective complement)the subjective complement)

ExamplesExamples: : Ali is a soldier. Ali is a soldier. Ali seems worriedAli seems worried Ali remained in the fieldAli remained in the field

Arabic possess similar linking verbs such in the following Arabic possess similar linking verbs such in the following examples: examples:

جندي جندي علي عليسعيدا علي سعيدا سيكون علي سيكون

الحديقة في على الحديقة كان في على كانقلق على أن قلق يبدو على أن يبدو

تاجرا على تاجرا أصبح على أصبحالحقلز في عي الحقلز بقي في عي بقي

Sentence Basic DivisionsSentence Basic DivisionsStative SentencesStative Sentences

Exercise: (1)Exercise: (1) Translate the following English stative sentences into Translate the following English stative sentences into

Arabic: Arabic: 1.1. The students are in the laboratoryThe students are in the laboratory2.2. It will be cloudy tomorrow. It will be cloudy tomorrow. 3.3. Mohammed is an engineer. Mohammed is an engineer. 4.4. Sami remained worried for five days in a row. Sami remained worried for five days in a row. 5.5. My friend became a surgeon. My friend became a surgeon. 6.6. Layla seems sad these daysLayla seems sad these days7.7. Sarah makes a wonderful wife. Sarah makes a wonderful wife. 8.8. My mother was very busy yesterday. My mother was very busy yesterday. 9.9. This girl looks gorgeous. This girl looks gorgeous. 10.10. These suggestions are ridiculous indeed. These suggestions are ridiculous indeed. 11.11. This soup tastes good. This soup tastes good. 12.12. Be polite with your parentsBe polite with your parents. .

Sentence Basic DivisionsSentence Basic DivisionsNon-stative SentencesNon-stative Sentences

Verbs that designate = Non-stative Verbs that designate = Non-stative sentencessentences

actions or activitiesactions or activitiesTransitive verbs (take object)

e.g. [eat]

Intransitive verbs (don’t take object)

e.g. [fly away]

Types of sentence: Types of sentence: Classification Based on Classification Based on

GrammarGrammar 1. 1. Simple sentencesSimple sentences 2. Compound sentences2. Compound sentences 3. Complex sentences3. Complex sentences 4. Compound-complex sentences4. Compound-complex sentences

PS/ The kind of sentence is determined by the kind of PS/ The kind of sentence is determined by the kind of

clauses used to form itclauses used to form it. .

IntroductionIntroduction ClausesClauses are the are the main building blocks of sentences.main building blocks of sentences.

There are There are two kinds of clausestwo kinds of clauses: : independent and dependent. independent and dependent.

a)a) An independent clauseAn independent clause expresses a complete expresses a complete thought and thought and can stand alonecan stand alone as a sentence by itself. as a sentence by itself.

Example: I hate joggingExample: I hate jogging

b) A dependent clauseb) A dependent clause begins with a subordinator and begins with a subordinator and cannot stand alonecannot stand alone. There are three kinds of . There are three kinds of dependent clauses: adverb, adjective, and noun. dependent clauses: adverb, adjective, and noun.

……although I hate jogging…although I hate jogging………which people of all ages can enjoy…which people of all ages can enjoy…

……that people with weak bones shouldn’t jog…that people with weak bones shouldn’t jog…

1. Simple sentences1. Simple sentences

A simple sentenceA simple sentence is one independent clause (it is one independent clause (it can live alone!)can live alone!)

Examples:Examples: • I enjoy playing tennis with my friends every weekend. I enjoy playing tennis with my friends every weekend. • I enjoy playing tennis and look forward to it every weekend.I enjoy playing tennis and look forward to it every weekend.

(simple sentence with compound verb)(simple sentence with compound verb)

• My friends and I play tennis and go bowling every weekendMy friends and I play tennis and go bowling every weekend.. (simple sentence with compound subject + compound verb) (simple sentence with compound subject + compound verb)


GrammarGrammar 1. 1. Simple sentencesSimple sentences 2. 2. Compound sentencesCompound sentences 3. Complex sentences3. Complex sentences 4. Compound-complex sentences4. Compound-complex sentences



2. Compound sentences2. Compound sentences A A compound sentencecompound sentence is two or more independent is two or more independent

clauses joined together. Each clause is of equal clauses joined together. Each clause is of equal

importance and could stand alone. importance and could stand alone.

There are There are three waysthree ways to join independent clauses to form to join independent clauses to form aa

compound sentence: compound sentence:

a)a) With a coordinatorWith a coordinator: (Fanboys): (Fanboys)

(Independent clause + coordinator+ Independent clause)(Independent clause + coordinator+ Independent clause)

Example: I enjoy playing tennis, but I hate playing golf. Example: I enjoy playing tennis, but I hate playing golf.

2. Compound sentences2. Compound sentencesb) With a conjunctive adverb:b) With a conjunctive adverb:(Independent clause + conjunctive adverb+ Independent(Independent clause + conjunctive adverb+ Independent clause)clause)

Example:Example: I enjoy playing tennis; however, I hate playing golf. I enjoy playing tennis; however, I hate playing golf.

Conjunctive adverbs: furthermore, besides, moreover, however,Conjunctive adverbs: furthermore, besides, moreover, however,

nevertheless, otherwise, accordingly, thus, thereforenevertheless, otherwise, accordingly, thus, therefore..

c) With a semi-colon:c) With a semi-colon: (only when the two clauses are (only when the two clauses are closely related)closely related)

Examples:Examples: I enjoy playing tennis; I hate playing golf. I enjoy playing tennis; I hate playing golf. My older brother studies law; my younger brother studies My older brother studies law; my younger brother studies

medicine. medicine. The Berlin Wall’s construction in 1961 surprised the world; its The Berlin Wall’s construction in 1961 surprised the world; its

destruction in 1989 stunned it. destruction in 1989 stunned it.


GrammarGrammar 1. 1. Simple sentencesSimple sentences 2. 2. Compound sentencesCompound sentences 3. 3. Complex sentencesComplex sentences 4. Compound-complex sentences4. Compound-complex sentences



3. Complex Sentences3. Complex Sentences

A A complex sentencecomplex sentence contains one contains one independent clause and one (or more) independent clause and one (or more) dependent clauses. It is like a mother with dependent clauses. It is like a mother with one or more children. one or more children.

In a complex sentence, In a complex sentence, one idea is generally one idea is generally more important than the other one.more important than the other one. The more The more important idea is placed in the independent important idea is placed in the independent clause, and the less important idea is placed clause, and the less important idea is placed in the dependent clause. in the dependent clause.


Examples: Examples:

1.1. Although women could own property, they could not Although women could own property, they could not vote. vote.

2.2. Women could not vote although they could own Women could not vote although they could own property.property.

3.3. Last summer we rented a house in Luxembourg, Last summer we rented a house in Luxembourg, which is a small county in Europe. which is a small county in Europe.

4.4. That the earth’s temperature is rising concerns That the earth’s temperature is rising concerns scientists. scientists.

5.5. Scientists believe that the Earth’s temperature is Scientists believe that the Earth’s temperature is rising. rising.


There are There are three types of dependent clausesthree types of dependent clauses used in used in complex sentences: complex sentences:

a)a) A dependent adverb clauseA dependent adverb clause::This begins with an adverb subordinator such as: when,This begins with an adverb subordinator such as: when, while, because, even though, so that, if, etc.while, because, even though, so that, if, etc. - There are two possible position for a dependent adverb There are two possible position for a dependent adverb

clause: clause: before or after the dependent clausebefore or after the dependent clause.. - IfIf it comes it comes beforebefore the independent clause, it is the independent clause, it is followed followed

by a comma.by a comma. If the dependent adverb clause comes If the dependent adverb clause comes after the independent clause, no comma is used. after the independent clause, no comma is used.


bb) A dependent adjective (relative) clause) A dependent adjective (relative) clause: : This begins with a relative pronoun such as who, whom, This begins with a relative pronoun such as who, whom,

which, whose, or ht relative adverbs where, when and which, whose, or ht relative adverbs where, when and

whywhy..c) c) A dependent noun clause: A dependent noun clause: This begins with that, a wh—question word, whether, and This begins with that, a wh—question word, whether, and

sometimes if. A noun clause functions as a noun; that is itsometimes if. A noun clause functions as a noun; that is it

can be a subject. can be a subject.


GrammarGrammar 1. 1. Simple sentencesSimple sentences 2. 2. Compound sentencesCompound sentences 3. 3. Complex sentencesComplex sentences 4. 4. Compound-complex sentencesCompound-complex sentences



4. Compound—complex 4. Compound—complex SentencesSentences

A A compound—complex sentencecompound—complex sentence is a is a combination of two or more independent combination of two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses clauses and one or more dependent clauses (It is like a family of two or more adults and (It is like a family of two or more adults and one or more childrenone or more children. .

Examples:Examples: - After I graduated from high school, I wanted to travel, but After I graduated from high school, I wanted to travel, but

I had to work in my family’s business. I had to work in my family’s business. - Although women could own property, they could not Although women could own property, they could not

vote, not could they be elected to public offices.vote, not could they be elected to public offices.

Co—ordination vs Co—ordination vs SubordinationSubordination

Each of the four kinds of sentences is used in Each of the four kinds of sentences is used in academic writing, so you should develop the ability academic writing, so you should develop the ability to write all of them. to write all of them.

A composition with only one kind is boring A composition with only one kind is boring and ineffective. and ineffective. Effective writing requires a Effective writing requires a mixture of sentence types. mixture of sentence types.


Compound sentences Compound sentences [co-ordination][co-ordination] are used are used to to express related thoughtsexpress related thoughts which are more or less which are more or less equalequal..

Complex sentences Complex sentences [subordination][subordination] are used to are used to express unequal ideasexpress unequal ideas..

* In general, the use of subordination is * In general, the use of subordination is

considered a more mature, interesting and considered a more mature, interesting and effective writing style.effective writing style.


But!But!

Avoid illogical subordination.Avoid illogical subordination.

Example: Example:

Incorrect Because I drove though a top sign, I wasIncorrect Because I drove though a top sign, I was

blinded by the sun. (incorrect)blinded by the sun. (incorrect)

Correct - I drove though a stop sign because I wasCorrect - I drove though a stop sign because I was

blinded by the sun. blinded by the sun.

- Because I was blinded by the sun, I drove- Because I was blinded by the sun, I drove

though a stop sign.though a stop sign.

Types of SentencesTypes of Sentences

Exercise (3): Exercise (3): Translate the following English sentences into Translate the following English sentences into ArabicArabic Ahmed, who had been made unhappy by his deteriorating Ahmed, who had been made unhappy by his deteriorating

health, attempted suicide.health, attempted suicide. After having worked for long hours, the farmer stopped and After having worked for long hours, the farmer stopped and

had some tea. had some tea.

Many young authors start writing novels about subjects Many young authors start writing novels about subjects they know nothing about. they know nothing about.

The pupils line up when the bell rings, and one of the The pupils line up when the bell rings, and one of the teachers monitors them while they go to their classrooms. teachers monitors them while they go to their classrooms.

3. The Noun Phrase3. The Noun Phrase

The noun phrase occupies at least The noun phrase occupies at least one slot in every sentence pattern:one slot in every sentence pattern:

- As a subjectAs a subject

- In a predicate: as direct object, indirect object, In a predicate: as direct object, indirect object, subjective complement, and objective subjective complement, and objective complement.complement.

- In a prepositionIn a preposition

3. The Noun Phrase3. The Noun Phrase Simple English noun phrasesSimple English noun phrases are straightforwardly translated into are straightforwardly translated into

corresponding Arabic noun phrases as can be illustrated in the sentences corresponding Arabic noun phrases as can be illustrated in the sentences below: below:

The student passed the test The student passed the test االمتحان الطالب االمتحان اجتاز الطالب اجتاز The boy ate an appleThe boy ate an apple التفاحة الولد التفاحة أكل الولد أكل

Complex English noun phrasesComplex English noun phrases: some changes must be made due to the : some changes must be made due to the different structure of modification in English and Arabicdifferent structure of modification in English and Arabic

e.g (1) The adjective precedes the noun it modifies in English, whereas it follows e.g (1) The adjective precedes the noun it modifies in English, whereas it follows the noun it modifies in Arabic. the noun it modifies in Arabic.

The pretty girl bought a luxurious carThe pretty girl bought a luxurious carفارهة سيارة الجميلة البنت فارهة اشترت سيارة الجميلة البنت اشترت

e.g (2) Ellipted or deleted material in English noun phrases may have to e.g (2) Ellipted or deleted material in English noun phrases may have to surface in Arabicsurface in Arabic

The man killed in the battle The man killed in the battle المعركة في قتل الذي المعركة الرجل في قتل الذي الرجل

The Noun PhraseThe Noun Phrase

Exercise (4, p. 55)Exercise (4, p. 55) Translate the following English noun phrases into Arabic. Translate the following English noun phrases into Arabic.

A winter vacation planA winter vacation plan A really important career decisionA really important career decision The house that I boughtThe house that I bought Ahmed’s blue suitAhmed’s blue suit The old man lying on the SofaThe old man lying on the Sofa

The Noun PhraseThe Noun Phrase

Exercise (5, p. 55): Exercise (5, p. 55): Translate the following sentences into Arabic, concentrating on the Translate the following sentences into Arabic, concentrating on the

noun phrases in themnoun phrases in them

The field across the street is filled with beautiful wild flowers in The field across the street is filled with beautiful wild flowers in spring. spring.

We should replace the garage window broken by the neighbor. We should replace the garage window broken by the neighbor.

Definitivization in English and Definitivization in English and ArabicArabic

Indefinite Article Definite Article Zero Article


1.1. Indefinite articleIndefinite article This is used for three functions:This is used for three functions:

1. To denote one particular individual with its specific1. To denote one particular individual with its specific characteristics:characteristics:

((A boyA boy came to see you this morning) came to see you this morning)

2. To denote one or another of the class presented: 2. To denote one or another of the class presented: ( John is ( John is a doctora doctor. ). )

3. To generically represent a class whose characteristics 3. To generically represent a class whose characteristics andand

embodied in the specimen: embodied in the specimen: ((A lionA lion can be dangerous) can be dangerous)


In Arabic, we use In Arabic, we use (nunation)(nunation) as an equivalent to the as an equivalent to the indefinite article. It is used for the purposes of n. indefinite article. It is used for the purposes of n. 11 & n. 2: & n. 2:

Examples:Examples:

A girl came A girl came فتاة فتاة جاءت جاءت

I saw a dog I saw a dog كلبا كلبا رأيت رأيت

Fatima is an actress Fatima is an actress ممثلة ممثلة فاطمة فاطمة

Ali is a judge Ali is a judge قاضي قاضي على على

In Arabic, we use In Arabic, we use ((الال)) for generic purposes: for generic purposes: - A book is a good companion A book is a good companion جيد صديق جيد الكتاب صديق الكتاب


The English The English Indefinite ArticleIndefinite Article is used in a variety of is used in a variety of English expressions: English expressions:

- He won a million dollar (number)He won a million dollar (number)- The speed limit is sixty miles an hour (quality)The speed limit is sixty miles an hour (quality)- ……etc. (see p. 56) etc. (see p. 56)


Translate the following English sentences into Arabic: (Ex. Translate the following English sentences into Arabic: (Ex. 6+ 7) 6+ 7)

My father ate an apple. My father ate an apple. Soha is a musician. Soha is a musician. I need a book on sculptureI need a book on sculpture There was a king named Shahrayar. There was a king named Shahrayar. Zayd’s sister has a fever. Zayd’s sister has a fever. Tomatoes are one dollar a kilo. Tomatoes are one dollar a kilo. I will visit you on a Friday. I will visit you on a Friday. What a great win! What a great win!

Definitivization in English and Definitivization in English and ArabicArabic2. 2. The Definite ArticleThe Definite Article The function of the definite article in English (the) & in Arabic The function of the definite article in English (the) & in Arabic

الال) ) )) is to define, determine, individualize, and familiarize. is to define, determine, individualize, and familiarize.

* * The context in which the definite article is used includes: The context in which the definite article is used includes: -- -- shared knowledge about entities shared knowledge about entities (e.g. the sun and the mosque)(e.g. the sun and the mosque) -- -- part-whole relationship part-whole relationship (e.g. the blackboard in the class)(e.g. the blackboard in the class)- -- -previous mentioning of some entity: previous mentioning of some entity: Speaker: I attended an interesting lecture yesterday. Speaker: I attended an interesting lecture yesterday. Hearer: What was the lecture about.Hearer: What was the lecture about.

The sun is the primary source of energy. The sun is the primary source of energy. للطاقة الرئيسي المصدر هي للطاقة الشمس الرئيسي المصدر هي الشمس

Put the car in the garage, Ahmed. Put the car in the garage, Ahmed. ياأحمد الكراج في السيارة ياأحمد صف الكراج في السيارة صف

For further explanation, see p. 58. For further explanation, see p. 58.

Definitivization in English and Definitivization in English and ArabicArabic2.2. The Definite ArticleThe Definite Article Exercise (8): Exercise (8): Translate the following English sentences into Arabic: Translate the following English sentences into Arabic:

- The earth revolves around the sunThe earth revolves around the sun- Everyone has to hand in the paper next week. Everyone has to hand in the paper next week. - The cat is a tame animal.The cat is a tame animal.- The man who gave us the ball left for Paris. The man who gave us the ball left for Paris. - The bat is a mammal. The bat is a mammal.

Definitivization in English and Definitivization in English and ArabicArabic2. 2. The Definite ArticleThe Definite Article • The definite article is used with someThe definite article is used with some proper nounsproper nouns, , places, places,

musical instruments, adjectives, and possessive constructions: musical instruments, adjectives, and possessive constructions:

((e.g. the Johnsons, The Euphrates, the United States, the flute, the old e.g. the Johnsons, The Euphrates, the United States, the flute, the old and the young, the boy’s book.and the young, the boy’s book.

• The definite article can be The definite article can be used genericallyused generically in both English and in both English and ArabicArabic: :

(e.g. The lion is a ferocious animal,(e.g. The lion is a ferocious animal, مفترس حيوان مفترس األسد حيوان األسد the flag is a notional symbol the flag is a notional symbol وطني رمز وطني العلم رمز العلم

Exercise (9):Exercise (9): Give the Arabic equivalents of the following English definite noun Give the Arabic equivalents of the following English definite noun

phrasesphrases::1.1. The White House The White House 2.2. The NileThe Nile3.3. The Sudan The Sudan 4.4. The day before yesterday The day before yesterday 5.5. The Atlantic The Atlantic 6.6. The Eiffel TowerThe Eiffel Tower7.7. The ObserverThe Observer. .

Definitivization in English and Definitivization in English and ArabicArabic3. 3. The Zero ArticleThe Zero Article

There are many cases in which English uses the zero There are many cases in which English uses the zero article whee Arabic utilizes the definite article. article whee Arabic utilizes the definite article.

Examples; Examples; Mass nouns:Mass nouns: bread, milk, sugar bread, milk, sugar Unique nouns:Unique nouns: Pradise, Man Pradise, Man Proper names of days and seasons:Proper names of days and seasons: Saturday, spring Saturday, spring Names of institutions:Names of institutions: Parliament, university Parliament, university Plural common nouns (used generically):Plural common nouns (used generically): babies babies

N. B. Generally speaking, Arabic and English use a zero article N. B. Generally speaking, Arabic and English use a zero article with proper nouns: with proper nouns:

Hamlet, England, Damascus, Ahmed, Enas, Cairo. Hamlet, England, Damascus, Ahmed, Enas, Cairo.

Definitivization in English and Definitivization in English and ArabicArabicThe Zero ArticleThe Zero Article Exercise (10): Exercise (10): Translate the following English sentences into Arabic: Translate the following English sentences into Arabic:

1.1. Water consists of oxygen and hydrogen. Water consists of oxygen and hydrogen.

2.2. We visited Rome last monthWe visited Rome last month

3.3. People consider dignity important in their lives. People consider dignity important in their lives.

4.4. John is going to travel to China tomorrow. John is going to travel to China tomorrow.

5.5. My brother will go to university in autumn. My brother will go to university in autumn.

Singular, Dual and Plural Singular, Dual and Plural

English count nounsEnglish count nouns ( singular & plural) ( singular & plural) Arabic count nounsArabic count nouns (singular, dual, and plural) (singular, dual, and plural)

Examples:Examples:

The The teacherteacher came came المعلمالمعلمجاء جاء

The The twotwo teachersteachers came came المعلمانالمعلمانجاء جاء

The The teachersteachers came came المعلمونالمعلمونجاء جاء

Singular, Dual and Plural Singular, Dual and Plural

Exercise (11):Exercise (11): Translate the following English sentences into Translate the following English sentences into

Arabic:Arabic:

1.1. The two soldiers left this morning. The two soldiers left this morning.

2.2. The two girls will arrive tomorrow. The two girls will arrive tomorrow.

3.3. The teacher praised his pupil. The teacher praised his pupil.

4.4. The demonstrators expressed their fury. The demonstrators expressed their fury.

Singular, Dual and Plural Singular, Dual and Plural Regular and Irregular Plural MorphemesRegular and Irregular Plural Morphemes

There are regular and irregular plural in both There are regular and irregular plural in both Arabic and English: Arabic and English:

Examples from English:Examples from English: Regular:Regular: IrIrregular:regular:Tree—trees foot__ feetTree—trees foot__ feetCar___ cars ox___ oxenCar___ cars ox___ oxenJacket___ jackets phenomenon__ phenomenaJacket___ jackets phenomenon__ phenomena

Give other examples?Give other examples?

Singular, Dual and Plural Singular, Dual and Plural Regular and Irregular Plural MorphemesRegular and Irregular Plural Morphemes

There are regular and irregular plural in both Arabic and English: There are regular and irregular plural in both Arabic and English:

Examples from Arabic:Examples from Arabic: Regular:Regular:

معلمون ___ معلمقادمون ___ قادم

مؤسسون__ مؤسسIrregular:

بنات__ بنتكراسي__ كرسي

أمهات__ أمأقالم __ قلم

N.B. Arabic duality employs one regular morpheme regardless of whether the noun requires regular or broken plurality.

معلمون معلمانمعلم كراسي كرسيانكرسي

بنات بنتان بنت أقالم قلمانقلم

Regular and Irregular Plural Regular and Irregular Plural

MorphemesMorphemes Exercise 12 The dogs kept barking all night long Earthquakes are natural phenomena. Farmers constitute an important sector in Jordan. Exercise (13)

طبقات 1. ثالث من األرضية الكرة تتكون

األمريكية 2. الجامعات خريجي الشركات معظم تفضل

المكتبة 3. في الماجستير أطروحات من العديد يوجد

Summation and Compound Summation and Compound PluralsPlurals

Summation plurals:Summation plurals:- Scissors, trousers, etc. Scissors, trousers, etc.

(articles of dress consisting of two parts)(articles of dress consisting of two parts)

Treating Summation plurals as count nouns:Treating Summation plurals as count nouns: - A pair of scissors, a pair of trousers, A pair of scissors, a pair of trousers,

However, In Arabic: singular (However, In Arabic: singular ( ( (سروالسروال) / () / (مقصمقص

plural (plural ( ( (سراويلسراويل) / () / (مقصاتمقصات Compound plurals in English:Compound plurals in English:

Passer-by/ passers-by, woman doctor/ women doctors, Passer-by/ passers-by, woman doctor/ women doctors, assistant director/ assistant directors. assistant director/ assistant directors.

Summation and Compound Summation and Compound PluralsPlurals

Exercise (14):Exercise (14): Translate the following English sentences into Arabic, pay particularTranslate the following English sentences into Arabic, pay particular attention to summation plurals: attention to summation plurals:

1.1. I found two pairs of glasses on the table. I found two pairs of glasses on the table.

2.2. Zayed wants to buy two pairs of pajamas. Zayed wants to buy two pairs of pajamas.

1.1. Can I borrow your scissors, Ali? Can I borrow your scissors, Ali?

Exercise (15):Exercise (15): Translate the following sentences into Arabic, paying particularTranslate the following sentences into Arabic, paying particular attention to compound plurals:attention to compound plurals: 1.1. Assistant professors in the Faculty of Arts held a meeting Assistant professors in the Faculty of Arts held a meeting

yesterday. yesterday. 2.2. Ali usually expresses his points of view frankly. Ali usually expresses his points of view frankly. 3.3. Three policewomen arrested the criminal last night. Three policewomen arrested the criminal last night.

Masculine and FeminineMasculine and Feminine- English makes very few gender distinctions n its English makes very few gender distinctions n its

pronominal systempronominal system. . [In English [In English (You)(You) = In Arabic: = In Arabic: (( , , الخ أنتن أنتم , انت , الخ أنتن أنتم [[((انتExercise (16):Exercise (16): Translate the following English exchanges into Arabic: Translate the following English exchanges into Arabic: 1.1. A) When did Salma arrive?A) When did Salma arrive? B) She arrived last night.B) She arrived last night.

2.2. A) Don’t you regret what you did!A) Don’t you regret what you did! B) Yes, I do regret what I did! B) Yes, I do regret what I did!

5.5. A) What are you headed? A) What are you headed? B) We are headed home. B) We are headed home.

Masculine and FeminineMasculine and Feminine Masculine and Feminine NounsMasculine and Feminine Nouns

- 3 types of nouns in English: 3 types of nouns in English:

1.1. ( with a morphological correspondence between M ( with a morphological correspondence between M & F)& F)

brother/sister, king/queen, bull/cowbrother/sister, king/queen, bull/cow

2.2. ( With a derivational relationship)( With a derivational relationship)

hero/heroine, steward/ stewardess, tiger/tigresshero/heroine, steward/ stewardess, tiger/tigress

3.3. (With a dual gender)(With a dual gender)

artist, cook, goatartist, cook, goat

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