theory of dilute electrolyte solutions and ionized gases
DESCRIPTION
Electrolyte solutions and plasmas They have very long range interactions Consider a simple Coulombic potential e is the temperature dependent dielectric constant e= er x e0TRANSCRIPT
1
Theory of dilute electrolyte solutions and ionized
gases
2
Electrolyte solutions and plasmas• They have very long range interactions• Consider a simple Coulombic potential
• e is the temperature dependent dielectric constant e= er x e0
ar
ar )(
rqqru jiij
e
3
Charged particles in a gas
expand the exponential
the integral on the right diverges, so B2 is infinite
4
Charged particles in a gasHowever, as the distance between particles increases shielding may exist due to the presence of other charged particles between them, thus theactual range is shorter than that predicted by 1/r. This is the basis ofDebye-Huckel theory
5
Charged particles in a gasIn ionized gases, the system contains ions and electrons; in an electrolyte (liquid) solution it contains ions and solvent
We will define systems where ions are treated atomistically and solvent is a continuum. We will calculate properties based on the PMF
Goal: derive expressions for activity coefficients of ions in solution
So far:
reference state: pure component (mi0 pure component chemical potential)
6
Activity coefficients of electrolyte solutions
reference state: pure component (mi0 pure component chemical potential)
gi = 1 for the pure component limit and departs from 1 as the solution is diluted
7
Activity coefficients of electrolyte solutions
New reference state (Henry’s law reference state) based on the infinitelydiluted limit :
8
Other reference states
based on molality (Mi), number of moles of solute per kg of solvent;mi
0 is the chemical potential of the species in a hypothetical 1molal solution
in solutions of neutral molecules, the Henry’s law activity coefficient is 1for very diluted solutions;but in electrolyte solutions the deviations are large; for example
for a solution of NaCl in a a0.01 molal aqueous solution (mole fraction ofsolute of 1x10-4)
9
this theory is valid for ionized gases (ions and electrons): e =1and for electrolyte solutions (cations and anions) : e is based on the solvent
Balance of charges:
For N initial undissociated molecules in a volume V, charge neutrality requires:
10
Debye-Huckel theoryions are treated microscopically and solvent as a continuum. Issue: when the separation between particles is small, the molecular size of the solvent is important;for this reason the model applies to dilute solutions (large separations between particles) and not to concentrated solutions
11
Debye-Huckel theoryModel is based on electrostatics.The electrostatic potential due to a set of point charges qi at positions ri’ ina continuum dielectric medium is:
if instead of a set of point charges there is a continuous charge distribution
12
taking the laplacian derivative of this expression:
from electrostatic potential theory
therefore we get Poisson equationso given a charge distribution functionwe can calculate the potential function solving Poisson equation with boundary conditions
13
Solving Poisson equation for various charge distributions
lets assume that we know
and h2(r) with f2(r);
for a charge distribution that is the sum of h1 + h2, the solution is f1 + f2
superposition principle
14
Debye-Huckel theory
15
Debye-Huckel theoryconsider an ion located at position vector r1 taken as the origin of the coordinate system r1(0,0,0); the electrostatic potential at this point is
and the total electrostatic potential is
and the electrostatic potential energy is
16
Debye-Huckel theory
and the average electrostatic potential
17
also:
18
Debye-Huckel theory
19
Debye-Huckel theory
So, if we can obtain the average electrostatic potential acting on ion j by all the other ions in the system as a function of T and ion density, we can computethe evolution of A as the system is charged.
20
Debye-Huckel theorythe average total electrostatic potential
taking the Laplacian and using Poisson’s equation
21
Debye-Huckel theorythe average charge density provided by ion 1 at the origin can be related to the rdf:
therefore
using spherical coordinates:
22
Debye-Huckel theory
the solution to this equation can be considered in two regions: one is a hard core
and the solution is:
a/2 is theradius of the sphere
23
Debye-Huckel theoryevaluating the integration constants:
potential due to the central ionpotential due to the charge distribution external to the sphere ofradius r
for the 2nd region, r >a, we solve:
24
Debye-Huckel theory
for the 2nd region, r >a, we solve:
the pmf is the result of the interaction of ion i with all the ions
Poisson-Boltzmann equation
25
Poisson-Boltzmann equation
and keeping only the first term
and because of charge neutrality
linearized PB equation
26
Linearized PB equation
defining:
general solution:
27
Linearized PB equationat infinite distances the EP vanishes, then C4 is 0
and
But the EP has to be the same at the boundary between regions and the derivative has to be continuous
28
Linearized PB equationBut the EP has to be the same at the boundary between regions and the derivative has to be continuous
and the EP for all the other ions other than ion 1
dependence on temperature and density through parameter K
29
electrostatic interaction energy between ion i and ion j
Coulomb potentialat short distances
shielded potential for longer distances
30
total charge density
31
total charge in an spherical shell surrounding ion i
rmax surrounding any ion where the charge is a maximum
32
Debye length
measure of the ion atmosphere around a central ion
total charge outside an ion i
33
thermodynamic properties
to integrate:
34
thermodynamic properties
35
chemical potential
electrostatic activitycoefficient
36
Mean activity coefficient
because the activity coefficients of anions and cations are not independent of each other
After some algebra
37
Debye-Huckel activity coefficient
in the limit of very low ionic strength K 0
Debye-Huckel limiting law
38
Activity coefficients of various salts as a function of molarity
DH
DH
DH solid line: experimental
dashed line:
39
Mean molar activity coefficient for HCl in water
DH