??theory of relativity & analytic dynamics: handwritten notes · ??theory of relativity &...

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Theory of Relativity & Analytic Dynamics: Handwritten Notes by Prof.(Rtd) Asmat Ullah Government College, Sargodha These notes cover few topics of first section ‘‘theory of relativity", so it is advised to be careful while using these notes. These cover most of ‘‘analytic dynamics". Please don’t use these notes for reference, try to find some book. P C 1 Theory of Relativity 1. Lorentz Transformation .......................................................... 1 2. Effect of Lorentz Transformation on our Motion of Time and Space ............ 3 3. Relaitivity of Simultoncity ....................................................... 4 4. Relativistic Law of Addtion of Velocities ....................................... 5 5. Minkowski Space ................................................................. 6 6. World Time or Proper Time ..................................................... 8 7. Mass and Momentum ........................................................... 12 8. Momentum Vector .............................................................. 13 9. The 4 Force ..................................................................... 14 10. The Kinetic Energy ............................................................. 15 11. Transformation Equation for the Force Components ........................... 16 12. Motion with Variable Proper Mass ............................................. 18 2 Analytic Dynamics 1. Rule of Cancellation of Dot ...................................................... 1 2. System of n-particles ............................................................. 2 3. Generalized co-ordinates ......................................................... 2 4. Degree of Freedom ............................................................... 3 5. Classification of Dynamical System .............................................. 4 1

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Page 1: ??Theory of Relativity & Analytic Dynamics: Handwritten Notes · ??Theory of Relativity & Analytic Dynamics: Handwritten Notes Author??Prof. Asmal Ullah ( MathCity.org ) Subject??Theory

Theory of Relativity & Analytic Dynamics:Handwritten Notes

by

Prof.(Rtd) Asmat Ullah

Government College, Sargodha

These notes cover few topics of first section ‘‘theory of relativity", so it is advised to be

careful while using these notes. These cover most of ‘‘analytic dynamics". Please don’t use

these notes for reference, try to find some book.

P C

1 Theory of Relativity1. Lorentz Transformation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

2. Effect of Lorentz Transformation on our Motion of Time and Space . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

3. Relaitivity of Simultoncity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

4. Relativistic Law of Addtion of Velocities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

5. Minkowski Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6

6. World Time or Proper Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

7. Mass and Momentum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

8. Momentum Vector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

9. The 4 Force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

10. The Kinetic Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

11. Transformation Equation for the Force Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

12. Motion with Variable Proper Mass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

2 Analytic Dynamics1. Rule of Cancellation of Dot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

2. System of n-particles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

3. Generalized co-ordinates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

4. Degree of Freedom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

5. Classification of Dynamical System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4

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6. Sclernomic or Pheonomic System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

7. Holonomic or Non-Holonomic System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

8. Conservative and Non- Conservative System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

9. D-Alembert’s Principle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

10. Lagrange Equation of Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6

11. The Equation related to the Lagranges Equation of Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

12. Equation of Motion of Particle in Space under Gravity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

13. Principle of Least Action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

14. Delafield Derivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

15. Lagrange Equation for Non- Holonomic System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

16. Canonical or Conjugate Momentum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

17. Cyclic or Ignorable Co-ordinate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

18. Conservation of Momentum and Displacement of the System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

19. Hamiltonian Function and total Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

20. Hamiltonian Formulation of Mechanics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

21. Legendre Transformation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

22. Hamiltonâ™s Equation of Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34

23. Routhâ™s Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

24. Equation of Hamiltonâ™s Equation to central Force problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

25. Derivation of Hamiltonian Equations from Variational Principle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

26. Hamiltonâ™s Principle of Least Action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

27. Different forms of Principle of Least Action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

28. Canonical Terms Formation or Contact Transformation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

29. Examples of Canonical Transformation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

30. More General Form of Equation A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

31. Application to Harmonic Oscillator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

32. Hamiltonian Formulism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

33. Orthogonal Point Transformation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

34. The Poincare Theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

35. Lagrange Bracket . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

36. The Poisson Bracket . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

37. Poisson Brackets of Arbitrary Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67

38. Equation of Motion and Poisson Brackets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .69

39. Infinitesimal Contact Transformation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71

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40. Infinitesimal Canonical Transformation and Poisson Brackets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

41. Jacobi Identity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74

42. Hamilton Jacobi Theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

43. Application of Hamilton Jacobi Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85

44. Stockelâ™s Theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87

45. Gauge Vitiate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96

46. Nother’s Theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99

47. Poisson’s Theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103

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