therapeutic meditation for mind-brain-body transformation
TRANSCRIPT
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Therapeutic Meditation for
Mind-Brain-Body Transformation
Presented by
C. Alexander Simpkins, PhD and Annellen M. Simpkins, PhD
www.simpkins.radiantdolphinpress.com
Visit our Facebook Pages:
The Dao of Neuroscience
Meditation and Yoga in Psychotherapy
Meditation for Therapists and Their Clients
Annellen Simpkins, PhD and C. Alexander Simpkins, PhD
Neuro-Hypnosis
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Therapeutic Meditation for Mind-Brain-Body Transformation
Presented by
C. Alexander Simpkins, PhD and Annellen M. Simpkins, PhD
Learning Objectives:
1) To describe key meditation efficacy research.
2) To explain current neuroscience findings about how meditation alters brain structures and functions and rebalances the nervous system.
3) To summarize key brain structures and nervous system pathways and functions that clinicians need to know including neuroplasticity, mirror neurons, and interpersonal neurobiology
4) To appreciate the rich cultural and philosophical traditions of meditation practices and grasp their important cognitive-behavioral correlates for applying them therapeutically.
5) To list different meditation techniques for relieving stress, anxiety, depression, bipolar disorder, pain, addiction, and trauma.
6) To acquire meditation skills in the varieties of meditation methods (focused, open, and self-transcending) including breathing, mindfulness, compassion, Zazen, and wuwei.
Presenters Biography: C. Alexander Simpkins, PhD and Annellen M. Simpkins, PhD
are psychologists specializing in meditation, hypnotherapy, and neuroscience. The
Simpkins are authors of 26 books, including their most recent releases: Zen Meditation in
Psychotherapy (Wiley, 2012), Meditation and Yoga in Psychotherapy (Wiley, 2011), The
Dao of Neuroscience (Norton, 2010), Meditation for Therapists and Their Clients
(Norton 2009), Neuro-Hypnosis (Norton, 2010), and forthcoming Neuroscience for
Clinicians (Springer, 2012), and The Tao of Bipolar Disorder (New Harbinger, 2012).
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Some of their Eastern philosophy titles include the ever-popular Simple Series: Simple
Zen, Simple Buddhism, Simple Taoism, and Simple Tibetan Buddhism (Tuttle Publishing,
1999-2001) and Meditation from Thought to Action with Audio CD (Radiant Dolphin
Press, 1999; 2007). They have been practicing psychotherapy for more than three
decades. They present seminars on meditation and hypnosis worldwide. And they are
involved in several research projects. The Simpkins look at psychotherapy through the
crystal of a unique vision, which they bring to you with warmth and clarity in their books
and teaching seminars.
Seminar Overview:
Each of us, in our core nature, is healthy. But problematic behaviors, thoughts,
and feelings get in the way of expressing our deeper, true being. Meditation is a tool to
get to know this awake, aware nature. In the meditative moment, we overcome
difficulties by doing what we need and expressing ourselves as we truly are.
Learn the significant neuroscience and efficacy findings, prominent meditation
traditions, and how to integrate meditation into treatment. Experience meditation’s most
profound practices, drawn from Yoga, Buddhism, Daoism, and Zen. Discover the
different forms of meditation: Focusing (eg. Yoga meditations), Open-monitoring (eg.
Mindfulness meditations), and Self-Transcending/Unconscious Meditations (eg. Zazen
and Wuwei). Learn when to apply them for specific problems. With teaching stories, case
examples, and daily meditations, we invite you to wake up to your deeper nature and
open the path for your patients.
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Schedule:
April 27: The Science of Meditation. Introduction of Meditation to the West/
Meditation Research and Therapeutic Efficacy/ Neuroscience: A brief tour through the
brain/ Neuroplasticity/ Review of significant neuroscience research/ Variety of
meditation methods: focus, open, and transcending/ What all meditations share in
common/ Learning Meditation: Honing meditative tools, a gentle introduction to use with
clients/ Training in focus meditations for mind and body: Breathing, simple postures,
pratyahara, dharana, and dhyana meditation methods.
April 28: Make a Paradigm Shift. Philosophical and spiritual meditation
traditions of Yoga, Buddhism, Daoism, and Zen/ Key concepts, cognitive correlates, and
mental training/ Integrating meditation into treatments/ Learning meditation for
therapists/ Teaching meditation to clients/ Working with special populations: The elderly
and children/ Meditation Practice: Open monitoring meditations: Mindfulness/ Gratitude
and compassion meditations/ Therapeutic Meditations for stress, anxiety, trauma,
depression, bipolar disorder, and substance abuse.
April 29: East Meets West. Integrating East and West/ Indra’s Net and neural
networks/ Discovering mind and brain / Oneness with others, mirror neurons/ The
polyvagal theory/ The social brain/ Meditation Practice: Enhancing interpersonal
relationships meditatively/ Personal meditations on relationships/ Mindful mirroring/
Chi-sao/ Discovering balance, compassion, and love in relationships/ Expanding
potential/ Broadening thinking/ Training in self-transcending meditations to activate
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unconscious processes/ Letting go to movement (Qigong)/ Letting be (Wuwei)/ Koans/
Zazen/ Working with meditation therapeutically/ Review
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C.AlexanderSimpkins,PhDAnnellenM.Simpkins,PhD
simpkins.radiantdolphinpress.com
Foraddi8onalinforma8onvisitourFacebookPages:
TheDaoofNeuroscienceMedita8onandYogainPsychotherapy
Medita8onforTherapistsandTheirClientsAnnellenSimpkins,PhD&C.AlexanderSimpkins,PhD
Annellen‐AlexSimpkins
TheScienceofMedita<on
Friday,April27
“IhavetothankyouofAmericaforthegreataCemptyouaremakingtobreakdownthebarriersofthisliCleworldofours,andIhopethatinthefuturetheLordwillhelpyoutoaccomplishyourpurpose.”
Vivekananda,1953,p.184.
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TheFirstWorldParliamentofReligions!
• 1893• HeldinChicago• Broughtgreatteacherstogether
• Keynote speaker at the First Word Parliament ofReligions
• Hinduyogi,prac88onerofVedanta
• Spokesmanforcommonfeaturesinallreligions
• Openedthewayforscien8ficinquiry
Vivekananda(1863‐1902)
D.T.Suzuki(1870‐1966)!
• TranslatorfortheZenrepresenta8veat1893conference
• SponsoredintheUStotranslateclassics
• MarriedaWesterner‐‐BridgedEastandWest
• Influen8alteacherandwriterofmanybooks
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• InvolvedwithTheosophicalSocietyinIndia
• Turneddowntheroleofworldteacher&disavowedallegiancetoanyorganiza8on
• Devotedtothoughcul,objec8ve,clearawarenessofmedita8on
J.Krishnamur8(1895‐1986)
• FounderofTM(TranscendentalMedita8on)
• Veryac8vecareer
• Manynotablesstudiedwithhim
• Foundedauniversity
• Fundedmorethan600studiesofmedita8on
MaharishiMaheshYogi(1917‐2008)
“Throughthewindowofscienceweseethedawnoftheageofenlightenment.”
(Maharishi,1975)
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HistoricalDevelopmentofMedita<onResearch
EarlyWesternScien<ficInterest
GoVriedWilhelmLeibniz(1646‐1716)
• Greatphilosopher• Earlyphilosopherswerethescien8stsofthatperiod
•
• DeeplyinvolvedinChinesestudies.• Believedintheunityofallthings
• Cornerstoneofhisphilosophy• “Idonotconceiveofanyrealityatallaswithoutgenuineunity.”(Leibniz,inPerkins2004,70)
• Aprimaryfounderofmoderncalculus• EmbracedtheEasternideathatalliscon8nuallychanging• Mayhaveinspiredhisideaofcalculus:themathema8csofchange
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RalphWaldoEmerson(1803‐1882)
• CastEasternideasintohistranscendentalphilosophy• Universehasadivine,orderednature
• SimilartotheancientChinesephilosophyoftheDao
• “Theselawsexecutethemselves.Theyareoutofspace,andnotsubjecttocircumstance”(EmersoninJames,1918,p.43).
L.Aus<neWaddell(1854‐1938)
• Englishexplorer,armysurgeon,&author• Sta8onedinIndiawithIndianMedicalService
• Tookanac8veinterestinmedita8on
• TransferredtoTibetanddelvedintoTibetanBuddhism• Wroteabook:TheBuddhismofTibetorLamaism(Wadell,1894)
• WasoneofthefirstEnglish‐languagebooksonthistopic• FoundTibetanBuddhismbothfascina8ngandstrange• Carefullyobservedandrecordeddoctrines,prac8ces,rituals,andmantras
EarlyEmpiricalResearch
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FirstEmpiricalResearchProjectonMeditation
• KovoorBehanan1937• YalepsychologygraduatestudentfromIndia
• Measuredthephysiologicaleffectsofyogabreathing(pranayama)onoxygenconsump8on• Foundsignificantchanges
• ReturnedtoIndiawherehestudiedotheryogis,guidedbySwamiKuvalayanandawhorananins8tute.• Startedayogajournal• Didfurtherresearchonposturesandotherprac8ces
ResearchersTraveltoIndia
• In 1935 Terese Brosse showed yogis could stop their heart for several seconds (Brosse, 1946)
• Research group brought EEG machines and measured yogis in different locations
• Found yogis could control physiological processes • Breathing rate, body temperature, and sweating of the palms
• Made conservative claims that meditation was an active process that brought measurable changes
• Optimistic about studying meditation scientifically (Wenger & Bagchi,& Anand, 1961)
MenningerFoundationStudiesofSwamiRama
• SwamiRamaunderwentextensivetes8ngofinvoluntaryprocesses
• Mostdrama8cillustra8on:Abletocontrolhisheartbeat• Spedupheartbeatto300beats/sec• CausedatrialflumerrecordedonEKG• Hadnopainorilleffects(Green,Green,&Walters,1970)
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ResearchonZenMonksin1960’s&70’s
• Extensive, carefully run study of more than 150 monks and disciples plus controls (Hirai, 1974)
• Used EEG, EMG, and GSR
• Carefully studied specific brain wave pattern changes
• Increased alpha and theta waves • Theta waves correlate with relaxed attention that monitors inner experience • Alpha waves involve relaxed, alert attention correlated with feelings of well-being
• Larger changes seen in more experienced prac88oners
• Another experiment: Presented a clicking sound • Meditators responded without habituation • Correlates with mindful moment-by-moment experiencing
OpeningtheWayToStudyMedita<onItself
ArthurDeikman,(1963)
• Willingtoscien8ficallystudynon‐material,mys8calstates
• Appliedconcepts
• Foundthatmedita8oninvolveddeautoma8zing:Adisengagementfromusualselec8vemodesandsets,resul8nginincreasedflexibilityofperceptual&emo8onalresponsestotheenvironment
Ques<onnaireStudies
Iden8fied6factorscommontoallformsofmedita8on• Self‐transcendence,mood,changeofconsciousness,meaningdimension,exclusionofimages,&generalfeelingofsuccess• Osis,et.al.,(1973)
Ques8onnairesbeforeandaoermedita8on Moodbeforemedita8onhadnoeffect:Concludedmedita8onmightbeanalteredstate• Kohr,(1977)
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MeasurementStudies
• EarlyTechnology
• VanNuyscreatedadevicewithalevertopresswhenathoughtintruded
• Foundmeditatorshadlessintrudingthoughtsandtheirthoughtsweremoreinthepresentmoment
• (VanNuys,1973)
ResearchonSocialEffectsofMedita<on
TheMaharishiEffect
• It’sacommonmedita8onalbeliefthatindividualconsciousnessaffectsgroupconsciousness,soperhapsifmanypeoplemeditated,thecommunitywouldhavemorecalmandlessanger.
• Maharishihypothesizedthatwhen1%ofthepopula8onprac8cedmedita8on,crimerateswoulddrop
• ItwastestedinalargestudythatshoweddecreasedviolenceinWashingtonDCJune7‐30,1993(Hagelinet.al,1999)• TM‐4000par8cipants
• Sta8s8csfromlocalpoliceshowed15%lowercrimerate
• Effectsremainedfor21daysfollowingstudy
• 50similarstudieswereperformedover25years
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EfficacyResearchonMedita<onforTreatments
. • SubstanceAbuse• DecreaseddrugabuseusingTM.(1862subjects)
• (Benson,H.&Wallace,R.K.1972)• Preventedrelapseusingmindfulness
• (Witkiewitz,Marlam&Walker,2005)• StressReduc8on• Usingmindfulnesstraining(Kabat‐Zinn,1995)
• Depression• Teasdale,etal.,2000;Ma&Teasdale,2004)
• AffectRegula8on• (Aoanas&Golosheykin,2003)
• PTSD• (Brown&Gerberg,2003)
• OCD• (Shannahoff‐Khalsa,2003)
ResearchonMedita<onforSeriousDisorders
Medita8onmaybenefitindividualswithseriousmentalillnesswhenusedinconjunc8onwithregulartreatment• (Russinova,Wewiorski,&Cash,2002).
• Astudyof157subjectswith45%bipolardisorder,25%schizophreniaspectrumdisorder,and25%depressivedisorder Theyfoundalterna8vetherapiesincludingmedita8onfacilitatedrecoveryprocess
Cau8ons:Therehavebeenreportsofafewcaseswhereat‐riskpersonsdevelopedpsycho8cepisodesfromimmersioninintensivemedita8on• (Walsh&Roche,1978)
• Combina8onofveryintensivemedita8onincludingfas8ngandsleepdepriva8onforsubjectswithahistoryofschizophreniawhodiscon8nuetheirmaintenancedoseofmedica8oncanbehazardous(Walsh&Roche,1978
Thereareongoingstudieswithpsychiatricpopula8ons• (Shannahoff‐Khalsa,2006,2010)
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DifferentFormsofMedita<onResearchedforTherapy
Yoga:Medita<on,Breathing,Postures,Mantras
• Stress• Theabilitytofocusamen8ondevelopedinyogamedita8onhelpsforbemertolera8onofstress(Hempel&Om,2006)
• Anxiety• Medita8oncombinedwithyogaposturesreducedstateanxietybemerthansimplerelaxa8on(Subramanya&Telles,2009).
• Mantrasandone‐pointedawarenessfor62veteranswithPTSD(Williamset.al,2005).
• Depression• Meta‐studyof5depressionprojectstrea8ngmildtoseveredepression.(Pilkington,Kirkwood,Rampes,&Richardson,2005).
Mindfulness
• Mindfulnesshasbeenintegratedintotherapy• (Baer,2003;2006)
• Mindfulnessbasedstressreduc8onprogramsof• Kabat‐Zinn(2003)
• Mindfulamen8onwithhighschoolstudentsenhancedlearning• (Langer,1989)
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ZenMedita<on
Improvedempathyforcounselors (Lesh,1970)
Helpedpsychotherapistsimprovetheireffec8veness (Grepmairet.al.2007)
TourthroughtheBrain:WhatCliniciansNeedtoKnow
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BeginSmall:Neurons
• 180billionneuronseachconnectedto100’sofothers.
• Twomainfunc8ons:Processchemicalsandwithinthemandcommunicatewithotherneuronsatthesynapsesbetween
• Neurotransmimersarechemicalsthatswimacrosssynapseandconvertintoelectricalimpulse
NeurotransmiCers
• Neurotransmimersareusuallyinbalance,butwhenimbalancesoccur,drugtherapyandpsychotherapy,medita8on,andhypnosiscanhelprestorenaturalbalance
• Differentkindsofneurotransmimerswithdifferenteffectsonthenervoussystem• Glutamate:Excitatory,andGABA,inhibitoryarefoundeverywhere
• Dopamine:pleasure&reward• Seratonin:emo8onalityandsleep
• Norepenephrine:alertness• Endorphins:alleviatepain
CentralNervousSystem
• Alltheneuronscombinedmakeupthenervoussystem:• BrainandSpinalCord• PeripheralNervousSystem• CranialNervesandSpinalNerves• AutonomicNervoussystem
• Sympathe8cNervousSystemSNS• Preparesthebodyforac8on
• Parasympathe8cNervousSystemPNS
• WorksoppositetotheSNS
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Sympathe<c&Parasympathe<cNervousSystem
• Thesesystemsofac8va8onanddeac8va8onareinvolvedinemo8onssuchasfearandanger,aswellaspar8cipa8nginresponsestostressandfeelingsofenjoyment.
• Together,thesetwosystemsmaintainthecontrolthatkeepsthemind,brain,andbodyinbalance.
• Yogabreathing,postures,andmedita8onscanshiothebalanceintheautonomicnervoussystem.
BrainStructuresandFunc<ons
• Thebrainorchestratesthenervoussystem.Itisooendescribedintermsofitsstructuresandfunc8ons.
• Bomom‐upprocessing• Unconsciousprocessingtendstotravelashort,subcor8calpaththroughthe
lowerbrainareas
• TopDownProcessing• Awarenessofemo8ons,sensa8ons,andcogni8onsusuallytravelsalongpath
involvinghigherpartsofthecortex
BrainStructures:LowerBrain
• Brainstem• Transi8onbetweenthespinalcordandthebrain• Regulatesvitalbodyfunc8onssuchasbreathing,heartrateandotherautoma8cfunc8ons
• Cerebellum(LimleBrain)• Servesavarietyoffunc8onsincludingtheregula8onofhighercerebralprocessesinmotorplanning,cogni8on,involuntaryfunc8ons,andproblemsolving.
• Regulatespostureandthecommandofmovement.
• Ac8vewhenwearelearningnewmovements
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InteriorBrainAreas:BasalGanglia
• 4interconnectedstructures• Voluntarymovementandcoordina8on• Involvedinplanningmovement,performingmovementsinsequence,andmaintaininglearning.
• Partofpredic8vecontrol,amen8on,andworkingmemory.
InteriorBrainAreas:LimbicSystem
• Regulatesemo8ons
• Involvesmanystructures• Amygdalaforemo8ons• Hippocampusforlearningandmemory• Thalamusasagatewayforsensoryinforma8on• Hypothalamusforregula8ngmanyautonomicfunc8onsincludingbiological
rhythmsandstress• Olfactorybulb,involvedinthesenseofsmell,• Pituitaryglandregula8nghormones• Nucleusaccumbens,importantforreward,laughter,pleasure,andaddic8on• Cingulategyrusincortexformonitoringconflicts
• Orbitofrontalcortex(partofthepre‐frontalcortex).
• Withsomanyvariedbrainstructuresinterac8ngtogether,weseewhyemo8onsplaysuchanimportantroleineveryaspectofliving.
CerebralCortex:Higher‐LevelProcessing
• Outerlayerofthetwohemisphereswithmanyconvolu8ons,gyri,andfolds,sulci.• Somuchfoldingthatnearly2/3ofthesurfaceishiddenfromview
• Eachhemispheredividedinto4lobes• Frontal,Parietal,Temporal,andOccipital• CorpusCallosumconnectsthetwohemispherestogether
• Leohemispheremorelanguageprocessing
• Righthemispheremorespa8alprocessing
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FrontalLobe• 1/3ofcortexwithextensivelinkstowholebrain• PrefrontalCortes
• Importantinexecu8vefunc8ons:
• Independentthinking,personalitycharacteris8cs,sociallyappropriatebehavior,andemo8onalcontrol.
• PrimaryMotorcortex• Controlofmovement.
• Hasamapofthebodyonit.
• Thenon‐primarymotorcortex• Mirrorneurons(coveredinlaterslides)
• Cingulategyrus• Mo8vatedbehavior,spontaneity,andcrea8vity.
• Complexbehaviorandamen8onorconflictmonitoring,
• Emo8onalreac8ontopain.
• Regula8onofaggressivebehaviorandmaternalamachment.
ParietalLobe
• Sensa8onandpercep8onoftouch,pressure,temperature,andpain.
• Theparietallobeisac8vatedwhenloca8ngobjectsinspaceandmappingtherela8onshipofthebodytotheworld.
• Theback(anterior)por8onoftheparietallobeisthesensorystrip.Thebodyismappedonthesensorystripforsensa8ons,similartohowtheprimarymotorcortexiswheremovementismappedforthebody.
TemporalLobe
• Containstheprimaryauditorycortex.
• Wernicke’sarea,ontheleohemisphereside,playsalargerroleinunderstandingspokenlanguage.
• Somevisualprocessingisperformedinthetemporallobes,involvingpercep8onofmovementsandfacerecogni8on.
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OccipitalLobe
• Visioncentersarelocatedintheoccipitallobes.• Humanbeingsrelyontheirvisionquiteheavily,andthisisrevealedinthecomplexityofthisregionofthebrain.• Therearemorethanthirty‐twozonesforvisualprocessingdifferen8a8ng
differentaspectsofseeingsuchascolor,texture,andmovement.
• Axonscomingfromvisualinputfromtheeyespassthroughthethalamusandaredirectedtotheprimaryvisualcortex.
• Visualcortexisalsosome8mescalledthestriatecortexbecauseofitsstripedappearance
Pathways:HowBrainAreasWorkTogether
Anumberofpathwaysthroughthenervoussystemhelptocoordinatethemind‐brain‐bodybalance.
Thoughts,feelings,andbehaviorsarein8matelyinvolvedintheflowofthesepathways,dynamicsystemsofinterac8onsbetweenbrainstructuresandtheflowofenergyandneurotransmimers.
Wehaveseparatepathwaysforprocessingpain,reward,andfear/stress
PainPathway
• Sensoryinputandhasaspecialpathwaytoprocesspainfuls8muli.
• Paininforma8oniscarriedrapidlyalonginsulated(myelinated)fibersandslowlyalonguninsulated(unmyelinated)C‐fibers.
• Thenthepaininforma8onisdistributedtothedifferentthalamicareasanduptothecortex.
• Thecingulatecortexisac8vatedbypaininforma8on,especiallywhenyoubelievethes8muluswillbepainful.
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RewardPathway
• Arewardpathwayregulatesposi8veemo8onsanddrivestowardfulfillment,sa8sfac8on,andenjoyment.• Ac8veinreinforcementlearning
• Helpstobemerunderstandaddic8on
• Twodifferentroutes• TheMesolimbicpathway
• TheNigrostria8cpathway
• Yogaandmindfulnessbringfeelingsofwell‐being,releasingdopamineandreinforcinghealthyliving
Fear/StressPathway:HPAPathway(Hypothalamus‐Pituitary‐Adrenal)
• Thefearpathway,alsoknownastheHPApathway,providesthecapacitytorespondtothreatandthenreturntohomeosta8cbalance.• Thisisahealthy,protec8veaspectoffunc8oning• Thebrain‐to‐endocrinesysteminvolvesareac8onpathwaythatlinksthe
hypothalamus,pituitary,andadrenalglandstogether
• Whenover‐ac8vated,thefearpathwaybecomesastresspathway.• Peoplefindanewallosta8cbalanceatahigherac8va8onlevel
• Treatmentslikeyogaandmindfulnesslowerac8va8onofstresspathway
Neuroplas<city:HowClinicalWorkCanChangetheBrain
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Neuroplas<city:WhatandWhen
Neuroplas8cityistheabilityofthebrainandnervoussystemtoreorganizeitsneuralpathways,connec8ons,andfunc8ons.
Ittakesplacein8me,slowlyorquickly,overthreemain8mespans: Evolu8onovereons Developmentoveralifespan
Experience‐basedneuroplas8citythattakesplacequickly,atanyage
Neuroplas<cityOccursattheNeuronalLevel
• Thetransmissionacrossthesynapseeitherac8vatestheneurontofireordeac8vatesitfromfiring.
• Hebb’sRule(Hebb,1949)Whenneuronsfiretogetherrepeatedly,theseneuronstendtobecomewiredtogether.
• Thisfiringandwiringtogetherstrengthens,knownasLTP(longtermpoten8a8on)
• Whenneuronsstopfiringtogetherbondsweakenandmayevenletgo• Explains,ataneuronallevel,howlearningandmemoryoccur.• Italsohelpstoaccountforneuroplas8city
• Repeatedexperiencecanstrengthenorweakenneuronalbonds
Experience‐BasedNeuroplas<city
• Earlyamachmentbetweenmotherandchildcanlayafounda8onfortheabilitytoformhealthyinterpersonalrela8onships• Stronginterpersonalamachmentsbringaboutmutualfiringofcertainneuronal
pamerns.(Tronic,2007)
• Enrichedenvironments• Studiesshowedthickeningofcor8cesofratslivinginenrichedenvironments
(Briones,Klintsova,Greenough,2004).• Ratscuredofmentalretarda8onwhenplacedinenrichedenvironments
(Res8vo,etal.,2005).
• Brainremappingfromexperiences• Phantomlimbpa8ent’sbrainsremappedcor8calareafromlimbontoface
(Ramachandran,Ramachandran,&Stewart,1992)• Sensorysystemsremapinblindanddeaf(Bavelier,etal.,2000).
• Noveltyandcrea8vity• S8mulateneuroplas8citythroughneurogenesisatthelevelofgeneexpression.
(Rossi&Lloyd,2009)
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Conclusions:HowTherapeu<cInterven<onsChangetheBrain
Theexperiencesweprovideinourclinicalworkcanfosterneuroplas8city
Newpamernsform Forexample,CBTcancalmanoverac8velimbicsystem
MindfulnessandyogacancalmtheCNSandstabilizetheamen8on
Differentac8va8onsofpathways Deac8va8ngthestresspathwayforanewbalance Fosteringrewardingexperiences
NeuroscienceFindingsAboutMedita<on
ThereAreDifferentFormsofMedita<on
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SeveralDis<nctFormsofMedita<onRevealedfromEEGResearch
• Medita8onIsNotOneThing• Researchersaredis8nguishingbetweenthedifferentformsbasedonEEGandfMRIstudies
FocusedMedita<on
• Amen8onfocusesonsomethingandstaysthere• Suchasfocusonbreathing,postures,directedconcentra8on• Ac8vatesgammaandbetawaves• Gammawavesfoundwhenpayingamen8ontosomething
• Betawavescorrelatewithbeingawake(Zhang,Chen,Bressler,Ding,2008)
Non‐DirectedOpenMedita<on
• Amen8onisopen‐ended,shioingmoment‐by‐moment• Mindfulness,zazen,compassionmedita8on
• Objectoffocusisopenandchanging• Increasedalphaandthetawaves• Alphaassociatedwithrelaxed,alertamen8on• Thetacorrelatedwithmonitoringinnerexperiencing,crea8vity,andfeelingsofwell‐being(Lutzetal.,2009)
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Automa<cSelf‐Transcending
• Absenceofcontrol,focus,oreffort• Meditatortranscendsownexperience,respondingautoma8cally
• TranscendentalMedita8onandDaoistMedita8ons
• Higheralphainthefrontalareas• Alphasassociatedwithrelaxed,alertamen8on• (Travisetal.,2010)
CommonFeaturesofMedita<on
DualEffect
• Longknownthatmedita8onproducescalm• Meta‐analysisof31studiesshowedmedita8onwassuperiorto
simplerelaxa8ontechniques(Dilbeck&Orme‐Johnson,1987).
• Graduallyresearchersrealizedthatdualeffectofrelaxa8onwithalertnessoccurringsimultaneously
• EEGandfMRIrevealedadualeffectoccurringsimultaneously.
• Notonlyweremeditatorsdeeplyrelaxed,buttheywerealsoalertwithheightenedamen8on(Lutzetal.,2004;Lazaretal.2005).
• Normallywhenwearehighlyamen8vewearealertandsomewhattense,butinmedita8on,peoplearealertwhilealsorelaxedatthesame8me.
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BrainCoherence
Highbraincoherenceduringmedita8on
(Hankey,2006)
• Long‐rangegammawavesarefiringinharmony.
• Associatedwithimprovedqualityofamen8on,sensoryacuityandbemerfunc8oningingeneral.
BrainAreasInvolved
• Ac8va8ons: PFCandcingulategyrusforalertness
RightHippocampusandamygdalaforbemeraffectregula8on
• Deac8va8on Thalamus,Re8cularForma8onforrelaxa8on
ParietalLobeforlesssensorys8mulitocortex Mayexplainthefeelingofonenessandmergingwiththeuniversethroughenhancedinnerexperiencing
StructuralChangesinKeyACen<onAreas:SlowsCor<calThinningofAging
Subjects&Procedures• 20long‐8memeditatorsinnormallifestyles• Theyhadmeditatedfor9years,6hours/week• Comparedto15non‐medita8ngcontrols
Results• Structuralincreasedthicknessofspecificareasincerebralcortexthattypically
thinwithaging• Thepre‐frontalcortexandright&anteriorinsula
Prefrontalcortexinvolvedinamen8on,planning,execu8vefunc8oning Anteriorinsulaislinkedtolimbicsystem,homeosta8cbalanceofsympathe8cand
parasympathe8cnervoussystemandinterocep8on(awarenessofinternalbodystates)
• Thickeningwasmostpronouncedinoldersubjects• Oldermeditators’cor8calthicknesswascomparableto20yearolds• (Lazar,etal.,2005)
1
2
3
4
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StructuralThickeninginMeditators
• StudyfoundthatZenmedita8onthickenedthegraymamerintheanteriorcingulategyrus(Grantetal.,2010),anteriorinsulaandbilateralpara‐hippocampus– Keyareasforconflictmonitoring,painregula8on,interocep8on,&memory
• Comparedtwogroups:Regularmeditatorsandnon‐meditatorswhohadneverexperiencedchronicpainorneverprac8cedmedita8on
• Measuredthermalpainagainstcalf
• Centralbrainregionsregula8ngpainwerethickerinmeditatorsthannon‐meditators
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Generalmodelforformsofmeditation:
Formfollowsfunction
FunctionsFillingtheMind;EmptyingtheMind
General model continued
Three Forms: Focus Meditations (Today)
Open Monitoring Meditations (Saturday) Self-Transcending-Unconscious Meditations (Sunday)
PartIII:DevelopingYourMedita<onTools
SensoryToolsCogni8veToolsBodyTools
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SensoryTools
• Listeningwiththeskin– Touchyourarm– Touchthetable– Touchyourclothing– Sensethedifferences
• Listeningasyouspeak– Listeningwithearsopen– Listeningwithearscovered
MentalToolsAmen8onandConcentra8on
• Amen8ontoanouterobject• Amen8ontoaninnerobject
MentalTools:!Visualiza8on&Imagina8on
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Visualiza8on&Imagina8on
BodyTools
Amen8ontoposture• Fromstandingtosisng
Awarenessofobject
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Findingyourcenterinsisng
Aligningwithgravitystanding
Mind‐BodyLink
Ideomotor
Visualizerelaxa8on
FocusMedita<ons
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FocusonBreathingMedita8ons!
• Coun8ngthebreaths• Listeningtothebreaths• Movingwiththebreath
• TheCompleteBreath
• Experiencingthebreath
WorkingwithFocusedAmen8onMedita8vely
• Prac8ceperceivingdetails
• Selec8velyamendingtoonethingandnotanother
• Narrowingandwideningfocusofamen8on
Postures
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EnhancingVitality,Flexibility,andStrength:ChairSisng
• Ensurethattheclientissecureinthechair• Situpright,slightlyforward• Holdontochairseatifneeded• Letfeettouchthefloor
• Takeamomentforawarenessofsisng
• Breathecomfortablyforseveralminutes
BeforeYouBeginMoving
ModifiedChairSisngArmReach
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ChairSisngArmSwing
ChairSisngTriangle
ChairSisngSunSaluta8on
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UsingPosturesandBreathingforExperien8alChange
WarriorforInnerStrength
SavasanaforRelaxa8on
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ChildPoseforaSenseofSecurity
TriangletoFosterFlexibility
BalancingwithNostrilBreathing
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Pratyahara
• Withdrawingofamen8on• DoingandNot‐doing• Withdrawingthesenses&energydeliberately
• Allowingthoughtstoslownaturally
Dharana
• NarrowingAmen8on• Exampleofdogonarope
• Focusonamantra:OM• Sound• ImagineSound• Picture• Concept:CosmicVibra8onoftheuniverse
Dhyana
• OpeningFocusedAmen8on• Thought,object,andthinkerareone• Concentrateontheideaofmedita8on• Thinkaboutallyouarelearningtoday• Letyourthoughtsassociateaboutmedita8onmoregenerally
• Allowyourselftobecomemedita8ve:Justbeinghereinmedita8on
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MakingaParadigmShi.
Saturday,April28
Yoga
• AncientHindutexts: TheVedas5000‐2000BC Upanishads(800‐600BC) BhagavadGita(fiKhtosecondcenturyBC)
• Yogaincludesmorethanpostures
• Meaningofthewordyoga:Toyoke
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PatanjaliOutlineofYoga(2ndCenturyAD)!
• YogaSutras&MetaphorofaTreewithEightLimbs• Yamas• Niyamas• Asanas• Pranayama• Pratyahara• Dharana• Dhyana• Samadhi
Pa?ernsofCogniAoninYoga
• Withdrawfromeverydayconsciousness• Focusa\en]onandkeepitsteady• Concentra]on
• Selec]velya\endtoonethingandnotanother• Contempla]on
• Sequenced,inten]onalreflec]onontheobjectofa\en]on
• Joinconsciousnesswiththelarger,greateruniversalconsciousness
YAMAS:Avoidingthingsweshouldavoid Don’tlietoothersortoyourself
Forexample:Whenclientsblameothersfortheirproblems,theyarelyingtothemselves
Nonharmingtobuildmo]va]onforchange Substanceabuse,hos]lity,etchurtyou
NIYAMAS:Doingthingsweshoulddo Puritymeansfosteringhealthyhabits Seekhighervalues
Recognizethathappinessispossible Createcondi]onsforspiritualfulfillment
Usingmedita]on,yogabreathingandpostures
UsingYamasandNiyamasforforCognitiveReframing
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Yama&NiyamaMeditaAons
• AhimsaNonViolenceofthoughts,ac]ons,anddeedstoselfandothers
• Focuson:HappinessisPossible!Weweavetheclothofoureveryday
BywhatwedoandgiveThefabricofoureveryway
Ismadebyhowwelive
Buddhism
• OriginsinHinduism• BeganwithSiddharthaGautama(563‐483B.C.)
• HebecametheBuddha,theAwakenedOne• Theravada
• Earlyapproachreflec]ngBuddha’sprac]cesandlifestyle• RenouncethislifeforNirvana• Arhatidealforamonk’slife• Mindfulness
• Mahayana• ReinterpretedBuddhismmorebroadlytoincludelaymenintheirculturalcontext
• Enlightenmentinthislife• Bodhisa\vaidealofaltruism• Emp]ness
• Vajrayana‐TheThirdVehicle‐TibetanBuddhism• CombinesYogaandBuddhism• UsesSymbolicprac]cessuchasmantras&mandalas
TheFourNobleTruths
1)LifeisFilledwithSuffering Notpessimis]c
2)RecognizetheRootofSuffering Self‐centereddesires Impermanence
3)Howtoputanendtosuffering Leknggoofcravingforpleasureandha]ngpain Cul]vatenon‐judgmentalawareness Appreciatethingsastheyare
4)FollowtheEighloldPath RightViews,RightIntent,RightSpeech,RightAc]onRightLivelihood,RightEffort,RightMindfulness,RightMedita]on
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Pa?ernsofCogniAoninBuddhism
• Detachment
• Skep]calstepawayfromlogic• Non‐judgmentalawareness• Co‐dependentorigina]on• Emp]ness• CompassionandLovingKindness
Love,Compassion&GraAtudeMeditaAon
• Focusongra]tude/love• Stabilizesautonomicnervoussystem
• Opensheart&mind
• Clientcandothisfirstthinginthemorningandrightbeforesleep
• Thinkofsomethingyouaregratefulfornow
• Meditateoncompassionatefeelingsforothers
Daoism
AncientChinesePhilosophy ReligiousDaoismdevelopedaswell Basedinonefundamentalprinciple:TheWayoftheDao
Legendaryfounder• Laotseb.604BC• WrotethefamousDaoDeJing
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DaoistThemes
Dao• Undifferen]ated,unknowablesourceforallthings
Theuncarvedblock:beforeitisanythingcanbeallthings YinandYang• Howobjectsmanifestintheworld
Upisinrela]onshiptodown;darktolight Qi• Allismoving,flowing,changingenergy
Non‐Ac]on:Wu‐wei• Takenoac]onandnothingisleKundone• Gowiththeflowandletbe
DaoistApplicaAons
• Healing• Acupuncture&Acupressure• HerbalMedicine
• YellowEmperorClassic
• Pain]ng• Feng‐shui• Qigong• Mar]alArts
• Truenatureofcogni]onisitsraw,uncreatedflow,beforeconstructs
• Allcogni]ondifferen]atesintoopposites
• Everythingisalwayschangingincycles
• A\uneconsciousnesstothisnatureoftheuniversetolivewellandaccomplish
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AllowingUnconsciousFlow
• A\uningtotheunconsciousflow– Lowerstheac]va]onoftheautonomicnervoussystem
– Returnstoacalmerallosta]cbalance
• Lekngbe
• Returntotheuncarvedblockwithin
ZenBuddhism
ZencamefromablendingofBuddhism&Daoism
Bodhidharma(440‐528) LegendaryFounderofZen Alsofoundedmar]alarts ReturntopureformofBuddhismwithoutritualsandelaborateprac]ces
Taughtmedita]on
ZentraveledtoKoreaandJapanandthentotheWest
ZenThemes
• Self‐awakeningbeyondconcepts Nonlinguis]c,nonra]onal,non‐analy]calthought
• Fingerpoin]ngtothemoonisnotthemoon
• Emp]ness:Notevennothingexists Formisemp]nessandemp]nessisform
• Similartoscien]ficrecogni]onthattheworldisnotsolidandrealsub‐atomically,yetitisrealandsubstan]al
• No‐selfnature• Enlightenmentiswisdom’sfulfillment
FamousZensaying:BeforeZen,Mountainsweremountains…
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Pa?ernsofCogniAoninZen
• Clearingthemindisnotclearingawaythoughts
• Setasidethoughtorexpecta]on
• Eachmomentisnew
• Directpercep]onispossible
ZenMethods
• Medita]on
• ZenArts• Koans
MindfulImmersioninEachMoment
• Followtheflowofsensa]ons• Quietstheprefrontalcortex• Calmsthenervoussystem
• Don’tlabel,justno]ce• Eachmomentisnew
• Letgotostaywitheachnewsensa]on
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TheAnxiousManWhoLearnedtoFaceThingsasTheyCame
TheBipolarManWhoA?unedtoHisCycles
andFoundBalance
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TheHeroinAddictWhoDetached
fromCrimeandDrugs
TheWomanWhoUsedMeditaAon’sDualEffecttoCopeWellwithStress
andMakePeacewithHerFamily
LearningMeditaAonforTherapists
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PhysiologicalDimension
• Manymedita]onshavephysiologicaleffects
• Experienceitpersonallytofeelphysiologicaldimensions
• Skillsimprovewithprac]ce
CogniAveDimension
• Easterntradi]onswithmedita]onasthesourcecanopennewcogni]vedimensions
• Somethingtobegainedfromincorpora]ngschemasfrommanytradi]ons
• Experiencemedita]onforyourself!
BenefitstoPracAAoners
• Stressreduc]onforhealthcareprofessionals
• (Omanet.al,2006;Shapiroet.al.2005)
• Enhancestherapeu]ceffec]veness
• (Grepmairetal.,2007)
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TeachingMeditaAontoClients
HowToIntroduceMeditaAon
• Mastery:Beginwiththeeasy
• Usethelogicoferrorlesslearning
• Beginwith10seconds
• Startwithsomethingconcrete
SpecialConsideraAons
• Keepeyesopenforpa]entswithtendenciestodelusions
• Agitated:Don’tuseenergymoving
• Depressed,useexternalobjectsoffocus
• Anxious:Somegetmoreagitatedwithquie]ngsointroduceac]vemedita]ons
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Easy4‐StepMethod
• Observe• SuspendJudgment
• Meditate
• Allow
WORKINGWITHSPECIALPOPULATIONS
TheVeryOldandtheVeryYoung
WorkingwithAging
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WorkingwithDemenAas
• Preliminaryresearchhasfoundthateventhosewithdemen]aandAlzheimer'scanregainsomefunc]oning– RobertBender,MDMedicalDirectoroftheJohnnyOrrMemoryCenterandHealthyAgingIns]tute.DesMoines,Iowa
• Combinedmedica]on,medita]on,exercise,lowfatdiet,cogni]vetraining,andsocializa]on
• Thetheoryisthatneuronscanformnewbranches
EarlyAlzheimer'sResearch
• Subjectsages52‐77withmemoryproblems• Guidedmedita]onwithaCD
• Significantincreasesincerebralbloodflowinprefrontalandparietallobes
• Improvedintestsofcogni]on,memory,&a\en]on
(Newberg,Wintering,Khalsa,Roggencamp,&WaldmanMedita]oneffectsoncogni]vefunc]onandcerebralbloodflowinsubjectswithmemoryloss:apreliminarystudy.(2010).J.Altzheimer’sDisease,20,2,517‐26)
TheNunStudy
• 678nunswerestudiedfor15years– Atelowfatdiet– Hadstrongsocial]es– Challengedthemselvesmentally– Regularmedita]onpartofthetotaltreatmentregime
– Hadfaith• Livedverylong,ac]ve,healthylives• Autopsiesshoweddis]nctsignsofAlzheimer’sinbrainbutnosymptomsofitinhowtheylived
• (Snowdon,D.A.,Greiner,L.H.,Kemper,S.J.,Nanayakkara,N.,&Mor]mer,J.A.(1999).Linguis]cabilityinearlylifeandlongevity:FindingsfromtheNunStudy.InJ.M.Robine,B.Fore\e,C.Franceschi,&M.Allard(Eds).,Theparadoxesoflongevity.Berlin:Springer.)
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ExercisingMemoryMeditaAvely
What’sTheSameandDifferent
• Useallthemedita]ons&postureswehavebeenworkingwith
• OKentheelderlyhavespecialneeds• Adaptyourmethodstosuitthem
WorkingwithPain
Research UsingZenmedita]onreducedpain(Green&Rainville,2009)
Meditatorshavelessnega]veappraisalofpain(Brown&Jones,2010)
Acceptanceofpainforonlywhatitisandnomore• Notapunishment
• Doesn’tneedtohurt
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WorkingwithPainConAnued
• Medita]oncontrolsbothsensa]onsandsufferingbecause• Itproducesaninhibi]onofsignalsthatarriveatthesomatosensorycortex
forpainintensity
• Recallmedita]onlessensac]va]ontoparietallobewheresomatosensorycortexislocated
• Italsomodulatespainprocessinginthelimbicsystemforpainunpleasantnessandsuffering.
• Non‐judgmentalaktude
• Detachment
WorkingwithPainExercises
Mindfulawarenessofpainassensa]ons
Distrac]onfrompainwithapeacefulimage
Beonewiththepain;sufferwithit,notfromit.
Breatheintothepainfularea
WorkingwithChildren
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PlayfulPostures
Beatree
Stretchlikeacat
MethodsChildrenEnjoy
• HandWarming• Medita]onContest
• Medita]onwithDistrac]ons
OpenMonitoringMeditaAons
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ClassicMindfulnessMeditaAons
Allwithanon‐judgmentalaktude:
Mindfulofbody
Mindfulofemo]ons Mindfulofthoughts Mindfulinthemoment
MindfulinAcAon
MindfulSikng MindfulStanding
MindfulMoving
WalkingMeditaAons
SlowWalking FastWalking
WalkingtheCircle
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MindfulBreathing
FollowingtheBreath EachBreathisNew
MindfulSensing
Followingsensoryexperiencing Tapping
BringingItAllTogether:Enlightenment
Integra]ngMind‐Body‐Spirit
UnityandOneness Gra]tudeMedita]on
CompassionMedita]on
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ClinicalApplicaAons:TherapeuAcMeditaAons
• Stress pathway changes • When people are stressed or anxious the balance of the stress pathway is altered • Their allostatic balance is at a higher activation level
• Meditation brings relaxation and calm • Shifts the balance back to lower activation for a healthier balance
• Meditation’s dual effect • Deactivates an over-activated limbic system while enhancing the connections from frontal areas for better regulation
Stress
• 2/3ofclientswhocomeinfortherapycomplainaboutfeelingstressed.
• Stressdisruptstheusualbalanceoftheorganism– “Stressisaninternalorexternalcuethatdisruptsthehomeosta]cstatus.”• (LarrySquire,neuroscienceresearcher)
• HPApathwayisac]vated• Medita]onhasbeenshowntorebalancetheautonomicnervoussystem
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Rebalancing
• BodyQuie]ng– Findingbalancestanding– Breathingouttensions
• MentalBalance– Guidedvisualiza]on:Pond– Personalvisualiza]on
A`tudeChange
• Non‐JudgmentalAwareness– Describethestress– No]ceaktudestowardit• It’sawful• Ican’tstandit• It’snotfair
– Medita]on• Becomeawareofthesitua]onmoment‐by‐moment,non‐judgmentally
JustDoIt
• Zenmasterssay,“WhenhungryIeat,when]redIsleep.”
• JustDoItMedita]onMindfully– Dothisathomewithataskforwork,usuallyfindstressful
– Cellphone,handout• WuweiMedita]on:Actwithoutac]ngforflowing,naturalac]on– Allowingexperiencingjustasitiswithoutalteringitinanyway
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MeeAngStressasaBodhisa?va
• Medita]ononmee]ngyourstresswell– Don’taddtoit– Listenmindfully– Canyoudiscovernewpossibili]es?– Canyouhelpothers?– Canyoubecompassionatewithyourselfaswell?
Anxiety
• ZenMasterandthewolves
RegularCalming
• Recallearlyresearchthatshowedmeditatorsdevelopedpeacefulmomentnoma\erwhatmoodtheywereinbefore(Kohr,1977)
• Youcanencouragecalmevenwhenclientsareuncomfortable
• Calminthepresentmomentmedita]on– Noma\erwhathappenedbeforeorcomesaKer,canbecalminthismoment
– Bemindfulnow
• Prac]cecalmingoKen
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UntyingtheKnotsofAnxiety
• Buddha’shandkerchiefandtheknots• Mindfulawarenessofwhatyoutellyourself
• Meditateonjustwhatis
• Loosentheknotswithrelaxa]on• Closingthegapbetweennowandlater
Trauma
• Regularmedita]ontorebalanceanover‐ac]vatednervoussystem
• Prac]ceamantraorritual:“Peace”
• VisualizingaSanctuaryPlace
• Findingsanctuaryinyourownclearmind
SubstanceAbuse
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• Substanceabusealterstherewardpathway• Rewardbecomeswiredtothesubstance• Neurons“learn”LTP
• Medita]oncanbringrewardwithoutthesubstance• Medita]onsgivesanenjoyableexperienceofwell‐being• Helpstherewardsystemtorewirebacktoahealthybalance
MeditaAonsforSubstanceAbuse
• Develophealthydetachment• Pratyahara:Withdrawfromcravings
• Gobeyondpleasureandpain:Itiswhatitis
• Prac]cemindfulawarenessoffeelingsandsensa]ons
• Mindfulawarenessoftriggersitua]ons
• Calmingandcenteringforbe\erself‐regula]onofbehavior
Depression
• Workingwithdepressionintegra]vely– Neuro‐chemicalcomponent
– Cogni]vecontribu]ontodepression• JudgmentalRumina]on
• LearnedHelplessness– Socialinfluence• ToxicRela]onships• Peoplehur]ngoneanother
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• Rumina]onover‐ac]vatestheprefrontalcortex
• Mindfulnessnon‐judgmentalawarenessdeac]vatesthesefrontalareastoshiKthebalance
• Medita]onregulatesaffectbybalancingcingulategyrus(red)andfrontal(blue)areaswithlimbicsystem
AlteringtheBrainBalanceMeditaAvely
• ShiKtheover‐ac]vatedfrontalareaswithbo\om‐upbreathingmedita]ons
ChangingCogniAon
• TheManintheTower• Beginwithasmallchangeandbuildonit– Minutemedita]onpossibili]es– Pickwhatyourclientneeds
• Mindfulawarenessofwhatdisturbsmindfulness– Observeitasifstandingontheshoreofastream
• Accepteachexperience,justasitis
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ImprovingSocialInteracAons
• Ac]onforitsownsake– WeoKendosomethingforthesakeofsomethingelse
– Prac]cesecretvirtue• Socialinterac]ons,thetopicfortomorrow
InnerPeaceMeditaAon
• Helpfultocul]vateforallpsychologicalproblems
• Apeacefulmoment,hereandnow
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EastMeetsWest
Sunday,April29
WesternandEasternConcep0ons
• Whatistheworld?• Whatisthemindandbrain?
• AncientsoftheWestlookedupintotheheavensandsawmaterialsubstance
• Thereisarealworldtoexplore• Findthenecessarycauses• Definethelimits• UseascienDficmethodtounderstandit
• InvesDgatetolearnaboutthephysicalbrainthatisthere
• Thenwewillknowthemindthroughthebrain
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• AncientsoftheEastlookedupintotheheavensandsawvastempDness• ThereisnolasDngmaterialsubstance• AllreturnstotheunformedDao
• DeriveameditaDvemethodtounderstandit• LetgoofobstrucDons• Remainabsolutelyemptyourselves
• EasternphilosophicaltradiDonsareasrichanddiverseasWesternones
Howcanamaterialbrainrelatetonon‐materialthoughtsandemoDons?
Whycan’twelocateaseparateorganforeachemoDonlikewehavelungstobreathe?
IsthebrainalasDngstructuresorisitprocessesinchange?
IsthebrainfuncDoningaspartsorwholes?
Howcanwe,lockedinourownbrainandbody,reachouttoothers?
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• Itispossibletoentertaincontradictoryviewstogetherwithadifferentlogic
• Don’ttakeforgrantedcertainassumpDons• Includenewparadigmsformodels• Incorporatechange• UsemeditaDvemethodsalongwithscienDficmethodsfordevelopingmentalcapaciDestoenhanceintuiDonandnon‐raDonalfaculDes
• TheusefulnessofacupisinitsempDness
• OOenallwehaveiswhatisnot,theemptyfuncDon
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LearningfromWhatisNot:Brain‐DamagedPa0ents
• InbraindamagedpaDents,weonlyknowwhattheycannotdo
• PhineasGage• HMandthemirrortracingtask(Schoville&Milner,1957)
• Consciousandunconsciousmovementinsmiling
• WalkingVSmarching
PartsandWholesandTheirIntegra0on
• TheDaoisanintegratedunityandyetitismadeofpartsrepresentedastheYin/Yang
• Studyofthebrainaddressespartsandwholes• LocalizaDonisexpressedinmemorysystems,hemisphericity
• Worksasawhole,inthestressresponse,rewardpathway,anda^enDonalsystems
• Howcanwereconcilethewholewithitsparts?
Thefundamentalinterrelationshipsofneurologyasthestudyofthepart‐functionsofthenervoussystem,andofpsychobiologyasthestudyofthetotalreactionsoftheindividualintegratedbythecerebrumareonlyoneexampleofthegeneralcallforstudyofthefunctionsofthepartsandthefunctionsofthewhole.‐‐‐AdolphMeyer(1842‐1908)(Meyer,1950,p.9).
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• Imagineanet• StretchesoutinfinitelyinalldirecDons• Hasasinglegli^eringjewelateachofthenetconnecDons.• Eachjewelreflectsintheonejewelandalsoreflectsalltheothers• infinitereflecDngprocess(FlowerGarlandSutra).
• UnifiednetworkacDngtogether• Changingmoment‐by‐moment• Aself‐creaDng,self‐maintaining,andselfdefiningunitywithouta
beginningoranend
• Comestogetherineachmomentwithoutanyoutsidecauseorforce
• Neuralnetworksshowhowwecangofromanindividualon‐offunitcombinedinanetworktoproduceafuncDon
• NoonestructureiswhatmakesthefuncDonwhatitis;ratheritistheweightedinteracDonsalltogether,changingmomentbymoment
• Self‐organizingsystems
• ConnecDonistmodelsofthebraindescribefuncDonscomingfromcomplexinteracDoninanetworkofsynapDcconnecDons
• Aristotle(384‐322BC):Athingisorisnot• Nagarjuna(200AD):TheMiddleWay• ComplementarityinphysicshasshownhowconflicDngexplanaDonscanbothbetrue(wavesandparDcles)
• Andsoforthebrain,ifweholdtogetherinmindcontradicDons–differentapproacheswithdifferentlogic.
• Then,morepossibiliDesopentousforresolvingthebrain’sparadoxes
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MirrorNeurons:OnenesswithOthers
• ThebraincontainsasystemofneuronsthatrespondsdirectlytotheintenDonalacDonsofothers.
• MirrorNeuronHypothesis:ThereisalinkbetweenparDcularneuronsinourownbrainandotherpeople’sacDons.
• Mirrorneuronsarefoundinthefrontal,parietal,andtemporallobesofhumans
FirstdiscoveredbyaccidentduringastudyofpremotorcortexofRhesusmonkey.
Monkey’sneuronsfiredwhenwatchinggraduatestudenteaticecreamjustaswhenmonkeymovedfoodtoitsownmouth.
LedtodiscoverythatneuronsinventralpremotorcortexacDvatewhenmakingamovementorobservingmovements(Gallese,Fadiga,Fogassi,&Rizzolak,1996).
Laterstudiesfoundmirrorneuronsforvision,sound,touchaswellasmotor(Gallese,Keysers,&Rizzolak,2004).
EmoDonalcentersalsohavemirror‐likequaliDes(Singer,etal.,2004)
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Mirrorneuronsmakeitpossibletoliterallyfeelwhatothersfeel. Abo^om‐upprocess
So,mirrorneuronsareawindowintothemeaningworldofothers.
Theyarefundamentalforsocialunderstanding(Pinedaetal.,2009).
ThemirrorneuronsystemisthefoundaDonalbuildingblockforempathy
• InmeditaDon,wefocusa^enDonandkeepitsteady
• Intheprocess,wejoinourconsciousnesswiththegreateruniversalconsciousness
• Ourmirrorneuronsarealwaysreadytofireinharmonywithothers
• WeareOnewiththeuniverseasweresonateinharmonywithothers
PolyvagalTheoryBackground
• AllemoDonsandinterpersonalinteracDonsarebiologicalprocesses• ConDnualinteracDonbetweenphysiologicalandpsychologicalprocesses
• Influencegoesbothways• Breathingisdirectlyrelatedtothelimbicsystem• 10thCranialNerve,theVagusNerve
• Originatesinmedullaandgoesallthewaydownintobreathingpassagesandabdomen
• ConveyssensoryinformaDontothebrainfromthebody’sinternalorgans
• Hasbothsensoryandmotora^achments• Unifiesbreathing,emoDons,andcogniDon
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PolyvagalTheory
• ExplainshowbreathingrelatestocogniDonandemoDon
• ShowswhybreathingmeditaDonscanhaveaprofoundeffectonfeelingsandthoughts
SocialBrainandOneness• WeareembodiedcogniDon• Weresonatewithothers
• Motherandchild’sbrainsinharmonytogether
• WearewiredforrelaDonshipandlove• A^achmentTheoryofrelaDonship
• SecureA^achment
• Problemswhensecurea^achmentnotformed• AmbivalentA^achmentfrominconsistentparenDng
• AvoidantA^achmentfromabusiveparenDng
• MeditaDonenhancesoursenseofinterrelatedness
EnhancingInterpersonalAwarenessMedita0vely
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PersonalMedita0onsonRela0onships
• Sharingasacouple,family,friend• Buildsbonds• GivesasharedposiDveexperience• Removesobstacles• Harmonizesnervoussystemstogether
• CompassionmeditaDon• EveryoneismyparentmeditaDon• ExtendingCaringtoselfandothers
• Onenesswithothers
MindfulMirroring
Chi‐sao
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DevelopingTherapeu0cPresence
• CommonFactorsinAllformsofTherapeuDcEffecDveness• Faith,hope,trust,• TherapeuDcrelaDonship,• Experienceofmastery• TherapeuDcraDonale
• Fosteringtheineffablequality
ExpandingPoten0al
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BypassingLimita0ons
• HelpfulforyourownpersonalgrowthanddepthofpercepDon
• Helpfulwithclientstobypassresistances
• ImportanttorecognizethatmuchthatwetakeforgrantedasfixedrealiDesareactuallymoreplasDcandmalleablethanwemightthink
Percep0onisChangeable
• ShiOingFramesofreference• Jokeabouttheexperimentalrat
• Howdoyougofromthisroomtothediningroom?
• Seethechangingsquares
SensoryIntegra0on
• Synesthesia• 5%ofthepopulaDonhasit• Examplesofsynesthesias• Ourresearchonsynesthesia• Weallhaveali^lesynesthesiaeffect
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DecipherthisMar0anLanguage
• BooBaaandKiki
BodyImageisMalleable
Noseexercise
BroadeningThinking
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Howmanydirec0onsarethere?
710
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CanYouReadThis?
Osibilisiergo
Fortebusesinero
Nobilidemistrux
Siwa0sinem
Kowzendux
Crea0veThinking
Howmanywayscanyoucombinethesetriangles?
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Crea0veThinkingPossibili0es
Self‐TranscendingMedita0onsOpeningtoEnlightenment
LeTngGo:Body
ArmLiO
ShoulderLiO
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LeTngGoMovement
• Qi‐Gong:FromConscioustoUnconsciousMovement• RaisingandLoweringArms• Circling• InandOutArms
• Freeflowmovement
Invi0ngUnconsciousResponsiveness
• Experienceinhands• AutomaDcmovement
• VisualizeandallowarmliOing
• Ahelpfulmemory,thought,orimage,• Allowittodevelop
• Workwithspontaneousmemory,thought,orexperience• Handcangoupasremember,stayupasexperienceit,lowerwhenready
LeTngBeMedita0ons:Wuwei
• AllowingSDllnessMeditaDon• BusyPondtoTwilightQuiet
• RecallyourownsDllmomentandallow
• FollowtheflowofyourexperiencenowtosDllness
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Koans:BeyondRa0onalThought
• Flagblowinginthewind
• WhichhandisleO
• Mu
Zazen
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ReturningtoYourMeditaDveCenter
• TakinganInwardGlance• FocustoGatherA^enDon• Amindfulmomentforcentering
• Allowfree‐flow
• Doitregularly
• Letyourprofessionalethicsandpersonalbeliefsguideyou• Fosterthesethroughstudy,thought,andhealthyrouDnes
• DevelopyourintuiDonwithregularmeditaDon
• MeditateRegularly• Findyourowninnerpeace• Enlightenmentishereandnowinthismoment
Integra0ngMedita0onIntoYourPrac0ce
Medita0onReview
• MeditaDonTools• FocusMeditaDons
– Breathing– Color– OutertoInner
• Mindfulness– Body– Mind– EmoDons– MomenttoMoment
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Medita0onReview2
• MantraMeditaDon• OpenMeditaDon
– Wuweilekngbe– ZazenfollowingtoempDness– Leknggotothemoment
• GraDtude,Compassion,andLovingKindness
FinalMedita0on
ThankYou!• ContactUs:
• EMAIL:• [email protected]
• Webpage:
• simpkins.radiantdolphinpress.com
• Facebook:• Annellen‐AlexSimpkins• AnnellenSimpkins,PhD&C.AlexanderSimpkins,PhD• DaoofNeurosciencePage• MeditaDonforTherapistsandTheirClientsPage• MeditaDonandYogainPsychotherapyPage
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SelectedSIMPKINS&SIMPKINSBooks
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for
Therapeutic Meditation for Mind-Brain-Body Transformation Handout
C. Alexander Simpkins, PhD and Annellen M. Simpkins, PhD
Abou Nader, T.M., Alexander, C. N., & Davies, J. L. 1990. The Maharishi technology of the unified field and reduction of armed conflict: A comparative longitudinal study of Lebanese villages. In R. A. Chalmers, C. Clements, H. Schenkluhn, & M. Weinless (Eds), Scientific Research in the Transcendental Meditation and TM-Sidhi Program: Collected Papers. Vol. 4. Vlodrop, Netherlands: Maharishi Vedic University Press.
Aftanas, L. & Golosheykin, S. 2005. Impact of regular meditation practice on EEG activity at rest and during evoked negative emotions. International Journal of Neuroscience. 115. 5, 893-909.
Baer, R.A. 2003. Mindfulness training as a clinical intervention: A conceptual and empirical review. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 10, 2, 125-143.
Baer, R. A. (Ed). 2006. Mindfulness-based treatment approaches: Clinicians guide to evidence base and applications. San Diego, CA: Elsevier Academic Press.
Bavelier, D., Tomann, A., Hutton, C., Mitchell, T., Liu, G., Corina, D., & Neville, H. (2000). Visual attention to the periphey is enhanced in congenitally deaf individuals. Journal of Neuroscience, 20, 17, 1-6. Behanan, K. 1937. Yoga as scientific study. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. Benson, H., Marzetta, B. R., and Klenchuck, H. M. 1974. Decreased blood pressure in borderline hypertensive subjects who practiced meditation. Journal of Chronic Diseases. 7852, 289-291.
Benson, H. 1975. The Relaxation Response. New York: William Morrow & Co.
Benson, H. 1978. Treatment of anxiety: A comparison of the usefulness of self-hypnosis and a meditational relaxation technique: An overview. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics. 30, 229-242.
Benson, H. & Wallace, R.K. 1972. Decreased drug abuse with transcendental meditation: A study of 1862 subjects. In C. Zarafonetis (Ed.), Drug-abuse: Proceedings of the International Conference, 239-252. Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger.
Bhatia, M. Kumar, A., Kumar, N., Pandey, R.M., & Kochupillai, V. 2003. Electrophysiologic evaluation of Sudarshan Kriya yoga: an EEG, BAER and P300 study. Indian J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 47, 157-163.
Briones, T. L., Klintsova, A. Y., Greenough, W. T. (2004). Stability of synaptic plasticity
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in the adult rat visual cortex induced by complex environment exposure. Brain Res., 20, 1018, 1, 130-5. Brosse, T. 1946. A psychophysiological study. Main Currents in Modern Thought. 4, 77-84.
Brown, C. A. & Jones, A. K. P. (2010). Meditation experience predicts less negative appraisal of pain: Electrophysiological evidence for the involvement of anticipatory neural responses. Pain. doi:10.1016/j.pain.2010.04.017.
Cahn, B. R., Delorme, A., & Polich, J. 2010. Occipital gamma activation during vipassana meditation. Cognitive Processing, 11, 1, 39–56. Cahn, B.R. & Polich, J. 2006. Meditation states and traits: EEG, ERP, and neuroimaging studies. Psychological Bulletin. 132, 2, 180-211.
Chadwidfk, P. 2005. Mindfulness groups for people with psychosis. Behavioral & Cognitive Psychotherapy. 33, 351-359.
Chiesa, A. 2009. Zen meditation: An integration of current evidence. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 15, 5, 1–8.
Davies, J. L., & Alexander, C. N. 1989. Alleviating political violence through reduction of collective stress: Impact assessment analysis of the Lebanon war. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Atlanta.
Davidson, R. J. 2010. Empirical explorations of mindfulness: Conceptual and methodological conundrums. Emotion, 10, 1, 8-11. Davidson, R. J., & Lutz, A. 2008. Buddha’s brain: Neuroplasticity and meditation. IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, 25, 1, 171-174. Davidson, R.J., Kabat-Zinn, J., Schumacher, J., Rosenkranz, M, Muller, D., Santorelli, S.E. et al 2003. Alterations in brain and immune functions produced by mindfulness meditation. Psychomatic Medicine, 65, 4, 564-570.
Deutsch, E. (Trans). 1968. The Bhagavad-Gita. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
Deikman, A. J. 1963. Experimental meditation. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 136, 329-373.
Dillbeck, M.C., Assimakis, P.D., Raimondi, D., Orme-Johnson, D.W., & Rowe, R. 1986. Longitudinal effects of the transcendental meditation and TM-Sidhi program on cognitive ability and cognitive style. Perceptual and Motor Skills. 62, 731-738.
Evans-Wentz, E. Y. 1954. The Tibetan Book of the Great Liberation. London: Oxford University Press.
Gallese,V.Fadiga,L.,Fogassi,L.,&Rizzolatti.G.(1996).Actionrecognitioninthe
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premotorcortex.Brain.119,598‐609.Gallese,V.,Keysers,C.,&Rizzolatti,G.2004.Aunifyingviewofthebasisofsocialcognition.TrendsinCognitiveScience.8.9,397‐401.Goleman J. & Schwartz, G.E. 1976. Meditation as an intervention in stress reactivity. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 44, 3, 456-466.
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Simpkins, C. A. & A. M. Simpkins. 2009. Meditation for therapists and their clients. New York: Norton Professional Books
Simpkins, C. A. & A. M. Simpkins. 2007. Meditation from thought to action with audio CD. San Diego: Radiant Dolphin Press.
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PublishedandForthcomingBooks
ByC.AlexanderSimpkins,PhDandAnnellenM.Simpkins,PhD
PhilosophyandMeditation• (2012forthcoming).TheTaoofBipolarDisorder.NewHarbinger.• (2012).ZenMeditationinPsychotherapy:TechniquesforClinicalPractice.John
Wiley&Sons.• (2011).MeditationandYogainPsychotherapy:TechniquesforClinicalPractice.John
Wiley&Sons.• (2009).MeditationforTherapistsandClients,NortonProfessionalBooks• (2007).&(2004).MeditationfromThoughttoActionwithAudioCD.Radiant
DolphinPress.(1998)TuttlePublishing.• (2004).PrinciplesofMeditationwithAudioCD.RadiantDolphinPress.(1996).
TuttlePublishing.• (2004).LivingMeditationwithAudioCD.RadiantDolphinPress.(1997),Tuttle
Publishing.• (2003).YogaBasics.TuttlePublishing.• (2003).ZeninTen:EasyLessonsforSpiritualGrowth.TuttlePublishing.• (2003).BuddhisminTen:EasyLessonsforSpiritualGrowth.TuttlePublishing.• (2002).TaoinTen:EasyLessonsforSpiritualGrowth.TuttlePublishing.• (2001).SimpleTibetanBuddhism:AGuidetoTantricLiving.TuttlePublishing.• (2000).SimpleBuddhism:AGuidetoEnlightenedLiving.TuttlePublishing.• (2000).SimpleConfucianism:AGuidetoLivingVirtuously.TuttlePublishing.• (1999).SimpleTaoism:AGuidetoLivinginBalance.TuttlePublishing.• (1999).SimpleZen:AGuidetoLivingMomentbyMoment.TuttlePublishing.• (1998).ZenAroundtheWorld:A2500‐YearJourneyfromtheBuddhatoYou.Tuttle
Publishing.Psychotherapy,Hypnosis,andNeuroscience• (2012forthcoming).NeuroscienceforClinicians.Springer• (2010).Neuro‐Hypnosis:UsingSelf‐HypnosistoActivatetheBrainforChange.
NortonProfessionalBooks.• (2010).TheDaoofNeuroscience:CombiningEasternandWesternPrinciplesfor
OptimalTherapeuticChange.NortonProfessionalBooks• (2005)&(1999).EffectiveSelf‐Hypnosis:PathwaystotheUnconscious&cassette
orAudioCD.RadiantDolphinPress.• (2004).Self‐HypnosisforWomen&AudioCD.RadiantDolphinPress.• (2001).Self‐HypnosisPlainandSimple.Boston:TuttlePublishing.• (2001).TimelessTeachingsfromtheTherapyMasters.RadiantDolphinPress.OtherBooks• (2005).Taekwondo:BuildingontheBasics.RadiantDolphinPress.• (2002).ChungDoKwan:ThePowerofTaeKwonDo.TuttlePublishing.• (2002).APerfectWorld:TheRomFiles.RadiantDolphinPress.ForeignEditions• (2010).Polish.MeditationforTherapistsandtheirClients• (2006).Italian.FondamentidiYoga.OrientalPress.
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• (2006).Indonesian.SimpleBuddhism.BIP,PTBhuanailmuPopuler.• (2006).Indonesian.SimpleTaoism.BIP,PTBhuanailmuPopuler.• (2006).Indonesian.SimpleConfucianism.BIP,PTBhuanailmuPopuler.• (2004).Russian:ZeninTen.Mockbb.• (2003).Spanish(Spain):AutohypnosisFacilYSimple.ArkanoBooks.• (2002).Italian.AutoipnosiEricksoniana.Astrolabio.• (2002).Swedish.TaoFranBorjan.SvenskaForlaget.• (2001).Spanish(Spain).ElZenSimple.OceanoAmbar.• (2000).Spanish(Spain).ElTaoSimple.OceanoAmbar.• (2000).Dutch.BasisgidsTaoisme.Bosch&Keuning.• (2000).Dutch.BasisgidsZen.Bosch&Keuning.• (2000).French.LePetitLivreduTao.LaTableRonde.• (2000).French.LePetitLivreduZen.LaTableRonde.• (2000).Irish.SimpleTaoism.Newleaf:Gil&Macmillan.• (2000).Irish.SimpleZen.Newleaf:Gil&Macmillan.• (1999).Spanish(Mexico).PrincipiosdeMeditacion.EditorialDiana.• (1996).Dutch.MeditatieStapvoorStap.HMP.• (1996).Dutch.MeditatieEenInleidinginOntspanning.Bzztoh.