there are 2 types of volcanism - mrs. sikesmarysikes.weebly.com/.../volcano_notes_11-12.pdf · •...
TRANSCRIPT
• There are 2 types of volcanism
Intrusive----magma cools below the
surface and makes plutons (igneous
intrusions)
Extrusive---liquid rock lava cools on the
surface (volcanoes, lava plateaus)
Igneous Intrusions
Dikes• Small magma intrusions (no
more than a few 100 m wide)
• Cut across other rock layers
• Force their way along lines of
weakness such as faults.
Shiprock, NM ---volcanic plug
and dike
Dike
Igneous Intrusions
Sills
• Small magma intrusions (no more than a few 100 m wide)
• Run parallel to rock layers
• Force their way along lines of weakness such as bedding planes.
A sill in the Salt River
Canyon, Arizona
COLUMNAR JOINTING
• Form in sills and dikes that cool
slowly and form six-sided columns
These pictures were taken on Oregon
19, just north of US 20
9
Columnar
jointing in
basalt at
Devil’s
Postpile near
Mammoth
Lakes, CA
10
Top of
jointed
basalt
columns,
Devil’s
Postpile,
CA
Igneous Intrusions
Laccoliths -
• Lens shaped igneous intrusion
• Have a “floor”---there are sedimentary rock
layers beneath the base
Batholiths -
• larger
• have no “floor”
A batholith exposed by erosion
Enchanted Rock
batholith; exfoliation dome
Intrusive Igneous Bodies
Locations of some of Earth’s
major volcanoes
• A volcano is active, or alive, when it erupts often.
• When a volcano is dormant, it has not erupted for a long time – but it might in the future.
• A volcano is extinct when it hasn’t eruptedfor at least 100,000 years.
Active, Dormant, or Extinct?
Types of Eruptions
Depends on trapped gases and magma composition
•Violent and explosive
•Quiet and flowing
• http://dsc.discovery.com/convergence/pom
peii/videogallery/videogallery.html
Trapped Gases
• Water vapor and carbon dioxideare trapped in magma
• At low pressure, they escape quietly when they reach the surface
• At high pressure, they escape violently when they reach the surface
Magma Composition
• Two types:–Basaltic – less silica and very fluid; produces quiet eruptions
–Granitic – lots of silica, high water vapor content, and very thick; produces very violent eruptions
GLOSSARY
Bomb – a lump of rock thrown out in an eruption
Crater – a deep hollow at the top of a volcano
Lava – melted rock that flows down the volcano
Magma – melted rock inside the Earth
Molten – melted, liquid
Vent – a crack on the side of a volcano where magma can escape
Forms of Volcanoes
• Three forms:–Shield
–Cinder Cone
–Composite
Shield Volcano
• Formed by quiet eruptions
• Basaltic lava builds up in flat layers
• Gently sloping sides
• Ex: Hawaiian Islands (Mauna Loa)
Shield volcano
Mauna Kea
Shield volcano
Hot Spot
Mauna Loa in
background
Kilauea is
behind Mauna
Loa (erupting
since 1983)
Kilauea
Pahoehoe (smooth, ropy) lava flow
aa lava flow (slow, chunky)
• http://www.learner.org/interactives/volcano
es/movies/movies3.html
Cinder Cone Volcano
• Caused by explosive eruptions• Granitic lava thrown high into
the air• Lava cools into different sizes
of volcanic material called tephra
• Steep-sided, loose slopes• Ex. – Paricutin (Mexico)
Cinder cone
Composite/Stratovolcano
• Alternating layers of ash and lava
• Quiet or violent
• Basaltic or granitic
• Steep or gentle slopes
• Ex. – Mt. St. Helens
Composite volcano
Guagua Pichincha, Ecuador
Quito in foreground
Composite volcanoes - explosive
Arenal Volcano – Costa Rica
Photo by E. L Crisp, 2007
Mt. St. Helens – a typical
composite volcano
Mt. St. Helens following the
1980 eruption
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bgRnVhbfIKQ&feature=related
Nueé ardente (hot pyroclastic
flow) on Mt. St. Helens
Mt. Vesuvius – 79 a.d.
A lahar (mud flow caused by melting
snow) along the Toutle River near
Mt. St. Helens
Composite Volcano
Mt Rainier
Subduction zones
A size comparison of the three
types of volcanoes
Other volcanic landforms
Calderas
• Steep walled depression at the summit
• Formed by collapse
• Nearly circular
• Size exceeds one kilometer in diameter
Fissure eruptions and lava plateaus
• Fluid basaltic lava extruded from crustal fractures called fissures
• e.g., Columbia Plateau
Crater Lake, Oregon is a good
example of a caldera
Crater Lake in Oregon
Lava Plateaus
• Magma seeps through
cracks on surface, spreads
out and cools
• Process can go on for
millions of years and cover
very wide areas
The Columbia River basalts
Other volcanic landforms
Volcanic pipes and necks
• Pipes are short conduits that connect a
magma chamber to the surface
• Volcanic necks (e.g., Ship Rock, New
Mexico) are resistant vents left standing
after erosion has removed the volcanic
cone
Formation of a volcanic neck
Shiprock (volcanic neck) New
Mexico
Devil’s Tower---Wyoming
Eyjafjallajokull
• http://www.boston.com/bigpicture/2010/04/
more_from_eyjafjallajokull.html