there s no difference · 2 topics surveys of limited scope vs. large extent plane surveys vs....

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NYSAPLS 2011 Conference

Verona, New York

January 19, 2011

Presenter:

Joseph V.R. Paiva, PhD, PS, PE

1

There’s No Difference There’s No Difference

NYSAPLS 2011 Conference

January 19, 2011

Between Grid and Ground Between Grid and Ground

Joseph V.R. Paiva, PhD, PS, PEJoseph V.R. Paiva, PhD, PS, PE

The grid headacheThe grid headache

Why do we have it anyway?Why do we have it anyway?Is it those darn software Is it those darn software manufacturers?manufacturers?Why can’t we have the good old Why can’t we have the good old “ground” days“ground” days??Dealing with the grid is so expensiveDealing with the grid is so expensive

11

Dealing with the grid is so expensiveDealing with the grid is so expensive

2

TopicsTopics

Surveys of limited scope vs. large Surveys of limited scope vs. large extentextentextentextentPlane surveys vs. geodeticPlane surveys vs. geodeticHow projection makes large surveys How projection makes large surveys easiereasierWhy mixing GPS and total station even Why mixing GPS and total station even

22

ggin small surveys creates a problemin small surveys creates a problemCalculationsCalculationsStrategies for dealing with the Strategies for dealing with the grid/ground grid/ground “thing”“thing”

IntroductionIntroduction

Most smallMost small--area surveys can be done area surveys can be done i th th i fl t ( l i th th i fl t ( l assuming the earth is flat (plane assuming the earth is flat (plane

surveys)surveys)For large areas, Earth’s curvature For large areas, Earth’s curvature hashas to be consideredto be consideredThis usually involves determining This usually involves determining

33

This usually involves determining This usually involves determining geodetic positions (latitude and geodetic positions (latitude and longitude) of survey stationslongitude) of survey stations

3

State Plane Coordinate SystemState Plane Coordinate System

SPCS was designed in the early SPCS was designed in the early 1930 b th (th ) C t d 1930 b th (th ) C t d 1930s by the (then) Coast and 1930s by the (then) Coast and Geodetic survey to solve the problem Geodetic survey to solve the problem of surveys of large extents for the of surveys of large extents for the “local” surveyor“local” surveyorIn addition to allowing plane survey In addition to allowing plane survey

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In addition to allowing plane survey In addition to allowing plane survey concepts to be used, it delivers concepts to be used, it delivers several additional benefitsseveral additional benefits

SPCS benefitsSPCS benefits

Simplifies calculations for surveys Simplifies calculations for surveys over large distancesover large distancesover large distancesover large distancesProvides common datum of reference Provides common datum of reference for all surveys (if tied in)for all surveys (if tied in)Well suited for engineering projects Well suited for engineering projects of large extent, i.e. highways, but of large extent, i.e. highways, but l h t t l l l h t t l l

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also photogrammetry, large scale also photogrammetry, large scale cadastral surveys, etc.cadastral surveys, etc.

4

SPCsSPCs

When surveys are tied into the SPCS, When surveys are tied into the SPCS, their locations become (potentially) their locations become (potentially) their locations become (potentially) their locations become (potentially) indestructibleindestructibleWith GPS, the problem of what With GPS, the problem of what coordinates to use once geocentric coordinates to use once geocentric coordinates of GPS have been coordinates of GPS have been transformed in geodetic coordinates transformed in geodetic coordinates

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transformed in geodetic coordinates transformed in geodetic coordinates makes SPCs a natural choicemakes SPCs a natural choice

ProjectionsProjections

The basic problem with plane The basic problem with plane i i th t it th i i th t it th surveying is that it assumes the surveying is that it assumes the

earth is flatearth is flatSome problems…Some problems…

77

5

ProblemsProblems

meridians convergemeridians converge

88

ProblemsProblems

On the Earth, “straight lines” are not On the Earth, “straight lines” are not t i ht t f idi ( th t i ht t f idi ( th straight except for meridians (or the straight except for meridians (or the

equator) and the difference gets equator) and the difference gets larger as you extend themlarger as you extend them

N

99

6

ProblemsProblems

Changes in elevation cannot be Changes in elevation cannot be i d th t i h ll d ti i d th t i h ll d ti ignored, that is why all geodetic ignored, that is why all geodetic distances are at “sea level”distances are at “sea level”

1010

ProjectionsProjectionsTo have a plane coordinate To have a plane coordinate system it is necessary to system it is necessary to system, it is necessary to system, it is necessary to distort the curved surface of distort the curved surface of the earth to a fit on a planethe earth to a fit on a planeOrange peel analogyOrange peel analogyThis process of flattening This process of flattening

t b t ti i d t b t ti i d

1111

must be systematic in order must be systematic in order to have accuracyto have accuracyIn surveying this process is In surveying this process is called a projectioncalled a projection

7

Projections / 2Projections / 2

Systematic way to portray (curved) Systematic way to portray (curved) f f th th fl t ff f th th fl t fsurface of the earth on a flat surfacesurface of the earth on a flat surface

Distortions inevitableDistortions inevitableDifferent projections are used Different projections are used because each minimizes distortion in because each minimizes distortion in some properties at the expense of some properties at the expense of

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some properties at the expense of some properties at the expense of othersothers

Types of projectionsTypes of projections

Different mathematical treatments Different mathematical treatments i t j ti d di i t j ti d di are given to projections depending are given to projections depending

on the result desiredon the result desired

1313

8

Developable surfaceDevelopable surface

A shape that can be made into a A shape that can be made into a llplaneplane

•• Cone Cone •• CylinderCylinder•• Plane (of course)Plane (of course)

1414

General classesGeneral classes

CylindricalCylindrical

Tangent

1515

9

Transverse MercatorTransverse Mercator

A C

1616

B D

Transverse Mercator Transverse Mercator edge viewedge view

CylinderCylinder

1717

Sphere

10

General classesGeneral classes

ConicConic

Secant

1818

Lambert conformalLambert conformal

Varying central Varying central apex angle of cone apex angle of cone apex angle of cone apex angle of cone changes section of changes section of ellipsoid that is ellipsoid that is intersectedintersected

1919

11

2020

PlanarPlanarThis type of projection This type of projection This type of projection This type of projection is created when is created when surveyor sets up surveyor sets up arbitrary coordinate arbitrary coordinate system for a surveysystem for a survey

2121

Plus…many Plus…many miscellaneousmiscellaneous

12

Next stepNext step

Once developable surface Once developable surface parameters are picked plane is parameters are picked plane is parameters are picked, plane is parameters are picked, plane is createdcreatedBecause a developable surface is Because a developable surface is used, while there are distortions in used, while there are distortions in converting coordinates on the earth converting coordinates on the earth to the developable surface there is to the developable surface there is

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to the developable surface, there is to the developable surface, there is no further distortion of shape or size no further distortion of shape or size when it is unrolled or “developed”when it is unrolled or “developed”

Most common surfaces in SPCSMost common surfaces in SPCS

Lambert conformal (conic)Lambert conformal (conic)Transverse Mercator (cylinder)Transverse Mercator (cylinder)Also…skewed (or oblique) Also…skewed (or oblique) Mercator Mercator where axis of cylinder is not eastwhere axis of cylinder is not east--westwest

2323

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State Plane Coordinate State Plane Coordinate Systems (83)Systems (83)

System for specifying System for specifying d ti t ti i l d ti t ti i l geodetic stations using plane geodetic stations using plane

rectangular coordinatesrectangular coordinatesOver 120 zones for U.S.Over 120 zones for U.S.Long Long NN--SS states use states use Transverse MercatorTransverse Mercator

2424

Transverse MercatorTransverse MercatorLong Long EE--WW states use Lambertstates use LambertIf square, use eitherIf square, use either

SPCS (83)SPCS (83)

Alaska, Florida and New York use Alaska, Florida and New York use b th t f j tib th t f j tiboth types of projectionsboth types of projectionsIn addition Alaska has an oblique In addition Alaska has an oblique projection for the southeastern part projection for the southeastern part of the stateof the state

2525

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SPC83 vs. SPC27SPC83 vs. SPC27

Coordinate values changed (N and E)Coordinate values changed (N and E)MetersMetersTypes of projections changed for Types of projections changed for some statessome statesZones different in someZones different in some

b f h db f h d

2626

Numbers of zones per state changed Numbers of zones per state changed in somein some

Feet!Feet!

U.S. Survey foot = [m] x U.S. Survey foot = [m] x U.S. Survey foot [m] x U.S. Survey foot [m] x 3937/12003937/1200International foot = [m] / International foot = [m] / 0.30480.30482 PPM2 PPM!!

2727

[0.01 ft in a mile][0.01 ft in a mile][but with a [but with a coordcoord value of value of 500,000 m, difference is 1 500,000 m, difference is 1 m!]m!]

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NOAA/NGS documentNOAA/NGS document

NOAA Manual NOS NGS 5NOAA Manual NOS NGS 5State Plane Coordinate System of State Plane Coordinate System of 19831983http://www.ngs.noaa.gov/http://www.ngs.noaa.gov/[www.ngs.noaa.gov/PUBS_LIB/ManualNOSNGS5.pdf][www.ngs.noaa.gov/PUBS_LIB/ManualNOSNGS5.pdf]

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DistortionsDistortions

Scale is exact where cone or Scale is exact where cone or cylinder intersects ellipsoid cylinder intersects ellipsoid cylinder intersects ellipsoid cylinder intersects ellipsoid surfacesurfaceScale is less than one between Scale is less than one between lines of true scale (i.e. length on lines of true scale (i.e. length on ellipsoid is greater than length on ellipsoid is greater than length on plane)plane)

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plane)plane)Scale is more than one outside Scale is more than one outside lines of true scale (i.e. length on lines of true scale (i.e. length on ellipsoid is smaller than length on ellipsoid is smaller than length on plane)plane)

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Zone sizeZone size

Where the zone intersects the Where the zone intersects the Earth and whether it is tangent or Earth and whether it is tangent or Earth, and whether it is tangent or Earth, and whether it is tangent or secant controls the distortionssecant controls the distortionsBy strategic placement, distortions By strategic placement, distortions are minimized, scale differences are minimized, scale differences can be kept to 1:10,000 or lesscan be kept to 1:10,000 or lessDone by keeping zone size to Done by keeping zone size to

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Done by keeping zone size to Done by keeping zone size to <158 mi and keeping zone width <158 mi and keeping zone width such that twosuch that two--thirds of the zone is thirds of the zone is between lines of true scale (secant between lines of true scale (secant lines)lines)

More on zone sizeMore on zone size

Zones are designed to overlap each Zones are designed to overlap each th id blth id blother considerablyother considerably

Thus a survey done near a zone Thus a survey done near a zone boundary can be done in either zoneboundary can be done in either zone

3131

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Transverse Mercator projectionTransverse Mercator projection

Also conformalAlso conformalScale varies east to west but not Scale varies east to west but not north to southnorth to southScale is true at the secant lineScale is true at the secant lineAll geodetic meridians are curved, All geodetic meridians are curved, converging at the poleconverging at the pole

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converging at the poleconverging at the pole

Transverse Mercator projection / 2Transverse Mercator projection / 2

All parallels (of latitude) are curvedAll parallels (of latitude) are curvedCM is assigned to a meridian lineCM is assigned to a meridian lineAll lines on the plane parallel to the All lines on the plane parallel to the CM are grid northCM are grid northEastEast--west lines on the plane are west lines on the plane are perpendicular to the CMperpendicular to the CM

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perpendicular to the CMperpendicular to the CM

18

Transverse MercatorTransverse Mercator

A C

3434

B D

TM edge viewTM edge view

CylinderCylinder

3535

Sphere

19

When developed…When developed…

A C

Scale greater

than true

Scale greater

than true

Scale less than true

3636

B D

…or…or

CylinderScale greater

than true

Vi di l t i f li d

Scale less than true

3737

View perpendicular to axis of cylinder

20

Mapping angleMapping angle

Also called grid declination or Also called grid declination or i tii tivariationvariation

Greek letter Greek letter -- γγ [gamma][gamma]

3838

Grid overlaid on developed Grid overlaid on developed surfacesurface

CM (C t l M idi )CM (Central Meridian)E0

3939

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New York SPCS constantsNew York SPCS constantsItem Value

Zone New York E (3101) also NJ( )

Type Transverse Mercator

Central Meridian 74° 30’ W *

Grid origin latitude 38° 50’ N *

Grid origin longitude 74° 30’ W *

Grid origin X coordinate -easting 150,000 m

Grid origin Y coordinate- northing 0 m

Scale at central meridian 1:10,000 *

4040


Zone New York C (3102)( )


Central Meridian 76° 35’ W

Grid origin latitude 40° 00’ N

Grid origin longitude 76° 35’ W



Scale at central meridian 1:16,000

4141

22


Zone New York W (3103)( )



Grid origin latitude 40° 00’ N

Grid origin longitude 78° 35’ W




4242


Zone Lambert (3104)( )

Type Lambert Conformal


Standard parallel N 41° 02’ N

Standard parallel S 40° 40’ W

Grid origin latitude 40° 10’N *

Grid origin longitude 74° 00’W




4343

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From Appendix CFrom Appendix C

4444

Calculation of ECalculation of EPP’’

Distance from Central Meridian

N

E0

EP’

CM

4545

E

P

EP

24

Ellipsoid, Geoid, TopographyEllipsoid, Geoid, Topography

Local TopographyLocal Topography

GeoidGeoid

EllipsoidEllipsoid

Mass DeficiencyMass Deficiency

Mass ExcessMass Excess

4646

Reducing surf. dist. to geodetic Reducing surf. dist. to geodetic dist.dist.

.... DistGrndElevR

RDistGeod m ×+

=

RRmm = 20,906,000 ft or 6,372,000 m= 20,906,000 ft or 6,372,000 mApproximate SLF can be Approximate SLF can be calculated for project where relief calculated for project where relief

llll

.....

DistSurfSLFDistGeodElevRm

×=+

4747

is smallis smallIn high relief areas need to In high relief areas need to calculate individually using calculate individually using average elevation of the lineaverage elevation of the line

25

Reducing Reducing geodgeod. dist. to grid dist.. dist. to grid dist.

kDistGeodDistGrid ×= . k is sometimes called SF (scale k is sometimes called SF (scale factor)factor)k is calculated from equations or k is calculated from equations or interpolated from tables in state interpolated from tables in state or NOAA documentsor NOAA documents

4848

Scale factor (Mercator)Scale factor (Mercator)

“k” based on longitude (E“k” based on longitude (EPP’)’)A single Scale Factor (SF), can be A single Scale Factor (SF), can be picked for projects that are not large picked for projects that are not large (under ~8 km)(under ~8 km)

4949

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Direct conversion from surf. dist. to Direct conversion from surf. dist. to grid dist.grid dist.

Grid Dist = Surf Dist x SLF x SF Grid Dist = Surf Dist x SLF x SF If l ti d E f th If l ti d E f th If average elevation and E for the If average elevation and E for the project are being used, multiply SLF project are being used, multiply SLF and SF and use it as the Grid Factor and SF and use it as the Grid Factor (GF)(GF)Grid factor also sometimes called Grid factor also sometimes called “C bi d S l F t ” (CSF)“C bi d S l F t ” (CSF)

5050

“Combined Scale Factor” (CSF)“Combined Scale Factor” (CSF)SF converts from geodetic to gridSF converts from geodetic to gridGF converts from ground to gridGF converts from ground to grid

Grid AzimuthGrid Azimuth

Grid Az = Geod Az Grid Az = Geod Az -- γγ + Second + Second TTTermTerm

For most surveys Second For most surveys Second Term can be ignored (lines Term can be ignored (lines under 8 km)under 8 km)

5151

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Why second term?Why second term?

5252

Central Meridian

γ Geodetic azimuth

γGeodetic azimuth

5353

Grid azimuthGrid

azimuth

28

).sin()..( StaLatStaLongCMLong ×−=γ

Varies with longitude but can use Varies with longitude but can use same same γγ for many surveysfor many surveys

)()( ggγ

5454

LaPlace correction may need to be added if using astro-azimuths

General PatternGeneral Patternadjust traverseadjust traversedetermine SLF using elevation determine SLF using elevation determine SLF using elevation determine SLF using elevation (either for project or dist. by (either for project or dist. by dist.)dist.)determine SF using dist. from determine SF using dist. from CM (either for project or dist. CM (either for project or dist. by dist.)by dist.)

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calc. GF if desiredcalc. GF if desiredconvert all distances to grid convert all distances to grid distances using GFdistances using GFconvert all azimuths to grid convert all azimuths to grid azimuthsazimuths

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General pattern / 2General pattern / 2

Assuming one of the traverse points Assuming one of the traverse points h k SPC l f th h k SPC l f th has a known SPC, calc of the has a known SPC, calc of the coordinates (SPC) of the other points coordinates (SPC) of the other points is straightforwardis straightforwardAlways multiply distancesAlways multiply distancesNEVER multiply coordinates!NEVER multiply coordinates!

5656

NEVER multiply coordinates!NEVER multiply coordinates!

Lambert conformal conic projectionLambert conformal conic projection

Conformal: true angular relationships Conformal: true angular relationships are maintained around all points in are maintained around all points in are maintained around all points in are maintained around all points in small regionssmall regionsScale varies north to south but not Scale varies north to south but not east to westeast to westSecant lines, where scale is true, are Secant lines, where scale is true, are

ll d ll d t d d ll lt d d ll l

5757

called called standard parallelsstandard parallelsAll geodetic meridians are straight, All geodetic meridians are straight, converging at the poleconverging at the pole

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Lambert / 2Lambert / 2

All parallels (of latitude) are arcs of All parallels (of latitude) are arcs of t i i l h th i t t t i i l h th i t t concentric circles have their center at concentric circles have their center at

the apexthe apexCM is assigned to a meridian lineCM is assigned to a meridian lineAll lines on the plane parallel to the All lines on the plane parallel to the CM are grid northCM are grid north

5858

CM are grid northCM are grid northEastEast--west lines on the plane are west lines on the plane are perpendicular to the CMperpendicular to the CM

Lambert conformalLambert conformal

Varying central Varying central apex angle of cone apex angle of cone apex angle of cone apex angle of cone changes section of changes section of ellipsoid that is ellipsoid that is intersectedintersected

5959

31

Standard parallels

6060

p

6161

32

Mapping angleMapping angle

Also called grid declination or Also called grid declination or i tii tivariationvariation

Greek letter Greek letter -- θθ [theta][theta]

6262

Calculations (Lambert)Calculations (Lambert)

Same as for Transverse Mercator Same as for Transverse Mercator ttexcept…except…

Tables for the zone have the value Tables for the zone have the value

lStaLongCMLongAzGeodAzGrid

×−=−=

.)..(....

θθ

6363

of the long. of the CM and of the long. of the CM and llGeneral pattern for calcs is the General pattern for calcs is the samesame

33

Typical calculationsTypical calculations

...

.. DistGrndElevR

RDistGeodm

m ×+

=

Elevation 0 m; ground dist = 1000 Elevation 0 m; ground dist = 1000 mm

.... DistSurfSLFDistGeodm

×=

6464

Elevation 1,000 m; ground dist = Elevation 1,000 m; ground dist = 1000 m1000 m

Scale factorScale factor

Assume distance from CM is 30,000 Assume distance from CM is 30,000 (d ’t tt h th t (d ’t tt h th t m (doesn’t matter whether east or m (doesn’t matter whether east or

west)west)Enter table and pick off value for Enter table and pick off value for 30,000 m: 0.999944430,000 m: 0.9999444If not a round number will have to If not a round number will have to

6565

If not a round number, will have to If not a round number, will have to interpolate!interpolate!

34

InterpolationInterpolation

Dist from CM = 31,457 mDist from CM = 31,457 mT bl l f 30 000 0 9999444T bl l f 30 000 0 9999444Table value for 30,000: 0.9999444Table value for 30,000: 0.9999444Table value for 31,500: 0.9999455Table value for 31,500: 0.9999455Difference (sometimes tabulated): Difference (sometimes tabulated): 0.00000110.0000011SF?SF?

6666

Grid factorGrid factor

GF = SLF x SFGF = SLF x SFAlso called Combined Scale Factor Also called Combined Scale Factor (CSF)(CSF)

6767

35

Mapping angle calcs (Mercator)Mapping angle calcs (Mercator)

).sin()..( StaLatStaLongCMLong ×−=γ

Sta. Long. = 93Sta. Long. = 93°°00’00”00’00”CM = CM = 9292°°30’00”30’00”Sta. Lat = Sta. Lat = 3838°°00’00”00’00”

6868

Which way to apply Which way to apply mapping mapping angle?angle?

6969

36

Practical usePractical use

Tie in to monuments with SPCs, Tie in to monuments with SPCs, therefore don’t need to calculate therefore don’t need to calculate therefore don t need to calculate therefore don t need to calculate mapping anglemapping angleProject coordinates sometime usedProject coordinates sometime used——be careful!be careful!On plats show SPCs. If you must On plats show SPCs. If you must h d di t h d di t h id h id

7070

show ground distances, show ground distances, show grid show grid distances also!distances also!Meta data!Meta data!

WhewWhew

How to use?How to use?M ti ll id ( di t ) M ti ll id ( di t ) My suggestion: use all grid (coordinates) My suggestion: use all grid (coordinates) or all ground (distances)or all ground (distances)If all ground distances, publish a table of If all ground distances, publish a table of grid coordinates of all the pointsgrid coordinates of all the pointsIf all grid coordinates, publish a table of all If all grid coordinates, publish a table of all

d d di tdi t d if d i d d if d i d

7171

ground ground distancesdistances and, if desired, and, if desired, azimuths/bearings on nonazimuths/bearings on non--grid basisgrid basis

37

Grid vs. groundGrid vs. ground

DO NOT publish “ground DO NOT publish “ground di t ” l X d Y l di t ” l X d Y l coordinates” unless X and Y values coordinates” unless X and Y values

are readily differentiableare readily differentiableOn the plat if you show ground On the plat if you show ground values and grid values use a suffix or values and grid values use a suffix or prefix (GRID & ground)prefix (GRID & ground)

7272

prefix (GRID & ground)prefix (GRID & ground)

Grid vs. groundGrid vs. ground

If you have to, use different fonts or If you have to, use different fonts or diff t t l ( l diff t t l ( l it li )it li )different styles (regular vs. different styles (regular vs. italics)italics)But make sure they can be easily But make sure they can be easily differentiateddifferentiatedDo NOT use different colors Do NOT use different colors to to differentiate; remember differentiate; remember that that

7373

differentiate; remember differentiate; remember that that whatever you prepare may become whatever you prepare may become monochromemonochrome

38

Keep in mindKeep in mindA point is a pointA point is a pointIt doesn’t matter whether it is on the It doesn’t matter whether it is on the It doesn t matter whether it is on the It doesn t matter whether it is on the plane (grid), ellipsoid or surfaceplane (grid), ellipsoid or surfaceDo some work on a survey nearby…Do some work on a survey nearby…hand hand calculate grid or ground valuescalculate grid or ground values…then see …then see if your data collector and PC software if your data collector and PC software handle correctlyhandle correctlyNeed to have fairly long distances to see Need to have fairly long distances to see

7474

y gy gdifferences between grid and ground differences between grid and ground (figure PPM to know how long)(figure PPM to know how long)Using a data collector do the math is OK, Using a data collector do the math is OK, as long as it does it correctlyas long as it does it correctlyRemember: GIGORemember: GIGO

TransformationsTransformations

N

Y’

B

X’

A

B

7575

E

X’

Given: A and B in N/E reference frame and X/Y reference frame. Determine the transformation equation to convert any point from the X/Y to N/E system

39

Transformation / 2Transformation / 2N

Y’

AB

EX’

A

Three parts to the transformation:

1. Rotation

2 Scale

7676

2. Scale

3. Translation


Y’

AB

EX’

A

Rotation:

1. Determine azimuth of AB in XY and NE systems

2 Rotation = azimuth in XY minus azimuth in NE = θ

7777

2. Rotation azimuth in XY minus azimuth in NE θ

40


Y’

AB

EX’

A

Scale:

1. Determine length of AB in XY and NE systems

2 Scale = length in NE system divided by length in

7878

2. Scale length in NE system divided by length in XY system = s


Y’

AB

EX’

A

Translation is done in two steps:

1. Calculate coordinates of A and B in X’Y’ system

2 Then determine translation by subtracting

7979

2. Then determine translation by subtracting coordinates in X’Y’ system from coordinates in NE system

3. Result is Tx and TY

41

Determining coordinates in X’Y’ Determining coordinates in X’Y’ frameframe

θθθθ

i'sincos' AAA

XXYsYsXX −=

θθ cossin' AAA sXsXY +=Transforms from XY to X’Y’ coordinates

NY’

BXET '=

8080

EX’

AB

AAY

AAX

YNTXET

'−=−=

Final equations for transformationFinal equations for transformation

XTsYsXE +−= θθ sincos

YTsYsXN ++= θθ cossin

8181

42

Questions?Questions?Questions?Questions?

8282

About the seminar presenter Joseph V. R. Paiva is a consultant in the field of geomatics and general business, particularly to international developers, manufacturers and distributors of instrumentation and other geomatics tools. Prior to this he was managing director of Spatial Data Research, Inc., a GIS data collection, compilation and software development company. Immediately prior, he was at Trimble Navigation Ltd. His roles included senior scientist and technical advisor for Land Survey research & development, VP of the Land Survey group and director of business development for the Engineering and Construction Division. Previous to that, Paiva was vice president and a founder of Sokkia Technology, Inc., guiding development of GPS- and software-based products for surveying, mapping, measurement and positioning. He has also held senior technical management positions in The Lietz Co. and Sokkia Co. Ltd. Dr. Paiva was assistant professor of civil engineering at the University of Missouri-Columbia, and a partner in a surveying/civil engineering consulting firm. Dr. Paiva’s special areas of interest include interface development and design for software and hardware, errors analysis and survey instrumentation of all types. His key contributions in the development field are: design of software flow for the SDR2 and SDR33 Electronic Field Books and the software interface for the Trimble TTS500 total station. He is a member of several professional societies, has presented numerous papers and writes columns for P.O.B. magazine and The Empire State Surveyor. In May 2006 he completed an approximately three year stint as a columnist for Civil Engineering News. He is a Registered Professional Engineer, Registered Land Surveyor, is an ACSM representative to ABET, serving as a program evaluator and team chair on accreditation visits to surveying programs, and has more than 30 years experience working in civil engineering, surveying and mapping. Dr. Paiva is currently working on book to be published soon on the subject of total stations; it is intended to be a practitioner’s guide to help in the understanding, operation, testing and adjustment of these ubiquitous instruments. His contact information is as follows:

• E-mail [email protected]

• Phone (816) 960-6693

• Mobile (816) 225-7163

• Fax (816) 960-6481

• Address 3925 Harrison St Kansas City, MO 64110

• www.josephpaiva.com

there s no difference · 2 topics surveys of limited scope vs. large extent plane surveys vs....

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