there’s no zoo in zoology an odyssey of animal diversity
TRANSCRIPT
There’s NO ZOO in Zoology
An Odyssey of Animal Diversity
Phylogeny & Taxonomy
• Phylogeny
– Evolutionary relationship of animal groups
– Established by comparative study of homologies• Anatomical• Embryological• Molecular
• Taxonomy
– Naming of groups
– Based on phylogenic relationships and homologies at Domain, Kingdom, Phylum level
– Based on individual traits at Genus & species level
Taxonomic Groups
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
• Archae, Bacteria, Eukarya
• Animalia, Plantae, Protista, Fungi
• 11 major & 9 minor phyla of Animalia
• Genus species binomial nomenclature used to specifically identify organisms
Other intermediate taxonomic levels: subphylum, subclass, subspecies
Taxonomy of Humans
Domain Eukarya
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Chordata
Class Mammalia
Order Primates
Family Hominidae
Genus Homo
Species sapiens
Protostomes Deuterostomes4
Deuterostome development,Endoskeleton
Protostome development 4
Mo
llu
sc
a
Phylogeny of kingdom Animalia
5
Tissues1
Parazoa Eumetazoa1
No true tissues
Po
rife
ra(s
po
ng
es
)
Radiata Bilateria2
Bilateral symmetryRadial symmetry 2
Ra
dia
t a (
Cn
i da
r ia
an
d C
t en
op
ho
r a)
Acoelomates Pseudocoelomates Coelomates3
Body cavityNo body cavity 3
Pla
tyh
elm
inth
es
(fla
two
rms
)
CoelomPseudocoel
Ne
ma
tod
a(r
ou
nd
wo
rms
)
Ro
tife
ra(r
oti
fers
)?
Lo
ph
op
ho
r ate
s
Jointed appendages,Exoskeleton
Segmentation
Segmented
5
An
ne
lid
a
Ar t
hr o
-p
od
a
Segmented
Notochord,Pharyngeal arches, Dorsal nerveE
ch
ino
de
rma
t a
Ch
ord
ata
Ancestral protist
Multicellularity
Fig. 44.22a
Fig. 44.22b
Phylogenic Distinctions
Kingdom ProtistaProtozoans
Kingdom Animalia
A Colonial Protist - Volvox
Colonial Protist began to have specialized cell types
Specialized cell types - hallmark of multicellular organisms
Phylogeny of kingdom Animalia
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Tissues1
Parazoa Eumetazoa1
No true tissues
Po
rife
ra(s
po
ng
es
)
Ancestral protist
Multicellularity
Phylogenic Distinctions
Phylum Porifera
Kingdom Animalia
Phylogenic Distinctions
Phylum Porifera
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Cnideria
Phylogeny of kingdom Animalia
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Tissues1
Parazoa Eumetazoa1
No true tissues
Por
ifera
(spo
nges
)
Ancestral protist
Multicellularity
Radiata Bilateria2
Bilateral symmetryRadial symmetry 2
Ra
dia
t a (
Cn
i da
r ia
an
d C
t en
op
ho
r a)
Fig. 44.11
Body Axes• Radiate Animals
– Oral – Aboral Axis– Bisection of the animal by any plane radiating from
the oral-aboral axis will produce symmetrical halves– There are an infinite # of radiating planes
Mouth
oral
aboral
Body Axes
• Bilateral Animals– Anterior-Posterior Axis– Dorsal-Ventral Axis– Left-Right Axis– Only bisection by a plane along anterior-
posterior axis (sagittal plane) will produce symmetrical halves
Phylogenic Distinctions
Phylum Porifera
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Cnideria
Phylum Platyhelminthes
Coelomic cavity
Phylogeny of kingdom Animalia
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Tissues1
Parazoa Eumetazoa1
No true tissues
Por
ifera
(spo
nges
)
Ancestral protist
Multicellularity
Radiata Bilateria2
Bilateral symmetryRadial symmetry 2
Rad
iat a
(C
n ida
r iaa n
d C
t en o
pho r
a )Acoelomates Pseudocoelomates Coelomates3
Body cavityNo body cavity 3
Pla
tyh
elm
inth
es
(fla
two
rms
)
Body Cavity Types
No cavity – internal organs imbedded in solid mass of tissue
platyhelminthes
Body Cavity Types
Pseudocoel - Cavity without attachment to internal organs
Protostomes
Body Cavity Types
True coelom – cavity with tissue attaching viscera to body wall
Deuterostomes
Phylogenic Distinctions
Phylum Nematoda
Body Cavity Types
Pseudocoel - Cavity without attachment to internal organs
Protostomes
Phylogeny of kingdom Animalia
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Tissues1
Parazoa Eumetazoa1
No true tissues
Por
ifera
(spo
nges
)
Ancestral protist
Multicellularity
Radiata Bilateria2
Bilateral symmetryRadial symmetry 2
Rad
iat a
(C
n ida
r iaa n
d C
t en o
pho r
a )Acoelomates Pseudocoelomates Coelomates3
Body cavityNo body cavity 3
Pla
tyhe
lmin
thes
(fla
twor
ms)
CoelomPseudocoel
Nem
atod
a(r
ound
wor
ms)
Rot
ifera
(rot
ifers
)
Deuterotosomesblastopore forms anus
Phylogenic Distinctions
Phylum Nematoda
Phylum Mollusca
Protosomesblastopore forms mouth
Body Cavity Types
True coelom – cavity with tissue attaching viscera to body wall
Deuterostomes
Protostomes vs Deuterostomes
Fig. 45.2
Phylogeny of kingdom Animalia
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Tissues1
Parazoa Eumetazoa1
No true tissues
Por
ifera
(spo
nges
)
Ancestral protist
Multicellularity
Radiata Bilateria2
Bilateral symmetryRadial symmetry 2
Rad
iat a
(C
n ida
r iaa n
d C
t en o
pho r
a )Acoelomates Pseudocoelomates Coelomates3
Body cavityNo body cavity 3
Pla
tyhe
lmin
thes
(fla
twor
ms)
CoelomPseudocoel
Nem
atod
a(r
ound
wor
ms)
Rot
ifera
(rot
ifers
)
Protostomes Deuterostomes4
Deuterostome development,Endoskeleton
Protostome development 4
Mol
lus c
a
Deuterotosomesblastopore forms anus
Phylogenic Distinctions
Phylum Nematoda
Phylum Mollusca
Protosomesblastopore forms mouth
Phylum Annelida
Fig. 9.14
Phylogeny of kingdom Animalia
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Tissues1
Parazoa Eumetazoa1
No true tissues
Por
ifera
(spo
nges
)
Ancestral protist
Multicellularity
Radiata Bilateria2
Bilateral symmetryRadial symmetry 2
Rad
iat a
(C
n ida
r iaa n
d C
t en o
pho r
a )Acoelomates Pseudocoelomates Coelomates3
Body cavityNo body cavity 3
Pla
tyhe
lmin
thes
(fla
twor
ms)
CoelomPseudocoel
Nem
atod
a(r
ound
wor
ms)
Rot
ifera
(rot
ifers
)
Protostomes Deuterostomes4
Deuterostome development,Endoskeleton
Protostome development 4
Mol
lus c
a
Jointed appendages,Exoskeleton
Segmentation
Segmented
5
Ann
elid
a
Art
hro-
p od a
Deuterotosomesblastopore of forms anus
Phylogenic Distinctions
Phylum Nematoda
Phylum Mollusca
Protosomesblastopore of forms mouth
Phylum Annelida
Phylum Arthropoda
Phylogeny of Kingdom Animalia
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Tissues1
Parazoa Eumetazoa1
No true tissues
Por
ifera
(spo
nges
)
Ancestral protist
Multicellularity
Radiata Bilateria2
Bilateral symmetryRadial symmetry 2
Rad
iat a
(C
n ida
r iaa n
d C
t en o
pho r
a )Acoelomates Pseudocoelomates Coelomates3
Body cavityNo body cavity 3
Pla
tyhe
lmin
thes
(fla
twor
ms)
CoelomPseudocoel
Nem
atod
a(r
ound
wor
ms)
Rot
ifera
(rot
ifers
)
Protostomes Deuterostomes4
Deuterostome development,Endoskeleton
Protostome development 4
Mol
lus c
a
Jointed appendages,Exoskeleton
Segmentation
Segmented
5
Ann
elid
a
Art
hro-
p od a
Protostomes Deuterostomes4
Deuterostome development,Endoskeleton
Protostome development 4
Mol
lus c
a
Phylogeny of kingdom Animalia
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
5
Tissues1
Parazoa Eumetazoa1
No true tissues
Por
ifera
(spo
nges
)
Radiata Bilateria2
Bilateral symmetryRadial symmetry 2
Rad
iat a
(C
n ida
r iaa n
d C
t en o
pho r
a )Acoelomates Pseudocoelomates Coelomates3
Body cavityNo body cavity 3
Pla
tyhe
lmin
thes
(fla
twor
ms)
CoelomPseudocoel
Nem
atod
a(r
ound
wor
ms)
Rot
ifera
(rot
ifers
)
?
Loph
o ph o
rate
s
Jointed appendages,Exoskeleton
Segmentation
Segmented
5
Ann
elid
a
Art
hro-
p od a
Segmented
Notochord,Segmentation,Jointed appendages
Ech
inod
e rm
ata
Cho
rdat
a
Ancestral protist
Multicellularity
Deuterotosomesblastopore of forms anus
Phylogenic Distinctions
Phylum Nematoda
Phylum Mollusca
Protosomesblastopore of forms mouth
Phylum Annelida
Phylum EchinodermataPhylum
Arthropoda
Protostomes vs Deuterostomes
Protostomes Deuterostomes4
Deuterostome development,Endoskeleton
Protostome development 4
Mol
lus c
a
Phylogeny of kingdom Animalia
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
5
Tissues1
Parazoa Eumetazoa1
No true tissues
Por
ifera
(spo
nges
)
Radiata Bilateria2
Bilateral symmetryRadial symmetry 2
Rad
iat a
(C
n ida
r iaa n
d C
t en o
pho r
a )Acoelomates Pseudocoelomates Coelomates3
Body cavityNo body cavity 3
Pla
tyhe
lmin
thes
(fla
twor
ms)
CoelomPseudocoel
Nem
atod
a(r
ound
wor
ms)
Rot
ifera
(rot
ifers
)
?
Loph
o ph o
rate
s
Jointed appendages,Exoskeleton
Segmentation
Segmented
5
Ann
elid
a
Art
hro-
p od a
Segmented
Notochord,Segmentation,Jointed appendages
Ech
inod
e rm
ata
Cho
rdat
a
Ancestral protist
Multicellularity
Fig. 47.3
Deuterotosomesblastopore of forms anus
Phylogenic Distinctions
Phylum Nematoda
Phylum Mollusca
Protosomesblastopore of forms mouth
Phylum Annelida
Phylum Echinodermata
Phylum Arthropoda
Phylum Chordata
Protostomes Deuterostomes4
Deuterostome development,Endoskeleton
Protostome development 4
Mol
lus c
a
Phylogeny of kingdom Animalia
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
5
Tissues1
Parazoa Eumetazoa1
No true tissues
Por
ifera
(spo
nges
)
Radiata Bilateria2
Bilateral symmetryRadial symmetry 2
Rad
iat a
(C
n ida
r iaa n
d C
t en o
pho r
a )Acoelomates Pseudocoelomates Coelomates3
Body cavityNo body cavity 3
Pla
tyhe
lmin
thes
(fla
twor
ms)
CoelomPseudocoel
Nem
atod
a(r
ound
wor
ms)
Rot
ifera
(rot
ifers
)
?
Loph
o ph o
rate
s
Jointed appendages,Exoskeleton
Segmentation
Segmented
5
Ann
elid
a
Art
hro-
p od a
Segmented
Notochord,Segmentation,Jointed appendages
Ech
inod
e rm
ata
Cho
rdat
a
Ancestral protist
Multicellularity
Fig. 48.2
Primitive Chordate Body Plan
Post-anal tail
A Typical Vertebrate
