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U. S. DEPARTMENT OF C OMMERCE NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS RESEARCH PAPER RP1518 Part of Journa l of R esearch of the N ational Bureau of Sta ndar ds , Volume 30, J anuary 1943 THERMAL EXPANSION OF SOME BRONZES By Pet er Hidnert ABSTR ACT The results obtained in the course of i ndependent tests and investigations on the linear thermal expansion of four groups of bronzes designated as tin-zinc, l eaded, al uminum, and silicon bronzes are given for different temper ature ranges. Curves showing the typical expansion and contraction characteristics of these bronzes dur ing heat ing and cooling are prcsented. Ternary diagrams are given to show the effect of comp osition on the coefficients of expansion of copper-tin-zinc and copper-t in-I ead alloys. In general, the coefficients of expansion of these copper-base alloys increase as the addition of tin, zinc, or lead is increased. For the range from 20° to 100° C, the average coefficients of expansion of the various bronzes were found to be between 16.8 X 10- 6 and 19.0 X 10- 6 /° C. CONTE NT S Page 1. Introduction___ _ __ __ _ ___ _ __ __ _ _ __ _ __ __ __ _ __ _ ____ __ __ _ __ __ _ __ _ _ __ 75 II . Materials invest igated_ _ _ _ ___ _ __ __ _ __ __ ___ __ _ ___ __ __ __ __ __ _ ___ _ __ 79 I II . Apparatus____ ____________________________________ _____ ____ _____ 79 IV. Results and discussian_____ ______ ______________________________ __ 79 V. References______________________________________________________ 88 1. I NTRODUCTION During the past 30 years, data on the linear thermal expansion of copper-base alloys designated as tin-zinc, leaded, aluminum, and silicon bronzes have been obtained at the National Bur eau of Stand- ards. These results are based on independent tests and investiga- tions, the specific purposes of which in general were not related. Therefore, the ranges of temperature within which the bronzes were investigated differed in many cases. These data, together with some previously published results, are summa rized in this paper. Ternary diagrams showing the effect of composition on the coefficients of ex- pansion of copper-tin-zinc and copper-tin-lead alloys are given. Available data from previous investigators on the lineal' thermal expansion of various bronzes of known compositions are given in ta ble 1. 1 Some of the results in this tab le, in combination with data of the present paper, were used in the preparat ion of the ternary diagrams. 1 Data (not liste<l in table 1) from 2 manufacturers have been published by N. L. Mochel, Thermal Expansion of Metals, Symposium OLl Elfect of Temperaturc on the Properties of Metals, Am. Soc. Testing Materials and Am. Soc. Mech. Engrs., p. 683 (1931). 75

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U.S.DEPARTMENTOFC OMMERCENATIONALBUREAUOFSTANDARDS RESEARCHPAPERRP1518 Partof JournalofResearchoftheNationalBureauofStandards ,Volume30, January1943 THERMALEXPANSION OFSOMEBRONZES ByPet erHidnert ABST R ACT Theresultsobtainedinthecourseofindependenttestsandinvestigationson thelinearthermalexpansionoffourgroupsofbronzesdesignatedastin-zinc, leaded,aluminum,and siliconbronzes are givenfordifferenttemperature ranges. Curvesshowingthetypicalexpansionandcontractioncharacteristicsofthese bronzesduringheatingandcoolingareprcsented.Ternarydiagramsaregiven to show the effect ofcomposition on the coefficients of expansion of copper-tin-zinc andcopper-tin-Ieadalloys.Ingeneral,thecoefficientsofexpansionofthese copper-base alloysincreaseas theaddition oftin,zinc,or lead isincreased.For the range from20to100C,the averagecoefficientsofexpansion ofthevarious bronzes werefound to be between16.8X 10-6 and19.0X 10-6/C. CONTENTS Page 1.Introduction___ _ _ _ ___ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ __ _ __ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _75 II.Materials investigated_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _____ _ _ ___ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ ____ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _79 I II.Apparatus____ ____________________________________ _____ ____ _____79 IV.Results and discussian_____ ______ ______________________________ __79 V.References______________________________________________________88 1.INTRODUCTION Duringthepast30years,dataonthelinearthermalexpansionof copper-basealloysdesignatedastin-zinc,leaded,aluminum,and silicon bronzeshave beenobtainedat theNational BureauofStand-ards.Theseresultsarebasedonindependenttestsandinvestiga-tions,thespecificpurposesofwhichingeneralwerenotrelated. Therefore,therangesoftemperaturewithinwhichthebronzeswere investigated differedin manycases.These data,together with some previously publishedresults,are summarizedinthispaper.Ternary diagramsshowingtheeffectofcompositiononthe coefficientsofex-pansion ofcopper-tin-zinc andcopper-tin-lead alloysare given. Availabledatafrompreviousinvestigatorsonthelineal'thermal expansionofvariousbronzesofknowncompositionsaregivenin table1.1 Some oftheresultsin thistable,incombinationwithdata ofthepresentpaper,wereusedinthepreparationoftheternary diagrams. 1Data (not liste........ "'";;:,... "'" "". I::>;:;: ,:, "" C>........ V:J Hldnert [91- .. ......... -11934 Koiso,Kusumoto,andI1940 Yata [10]. Bronze......... . ......95.701. 952.32.03CasL . ............... . . ... do.'...............82.286.703.207.480.15. 05.....do ..... ........... . .... do.'_ . ....... . .....88.638.580.342.08.25... .. .. .... do .. . ...... .. ..... . .... do.' ......... . .. . ..80. 029.58. 609.45_IS_04... . . do ... _.. ... . ...... . ... . do ......... ..... . . .86.759.972.750.58.03..... do_.... . .... _ ... .. . ....do .................83.' 8011.964.22. ...... ..... ... 02. .. .. do ..... ......... . . . ... . do .......... .......87.7512.25. . .. . .... . . .. ........ 02. .... do ..... ... _._.. . _.. Leaded bronze ,_ ......73.004. 450.2521. 79.35.05.... _do _.... .... . _ . .... . .... do ................ .65.407.75None26.62.25........... do_..... .. ...... . . . .... do ...... .......... .69.829.7220.50.02... . _do_. . ..... _....... _ .... do.................77.0011.0811.90.02.. .. . do ....... ... ... . .. . . . .. do.'._ ... _. ... .. ...75.8611.57_ 2 ~12.00.20.04. . ... do . ... : ..... ... ... _ "HB-5" bronzeu __ __ _ _______________________________________ _ Coefficieut of expansionat 40C. 17.2 18. 1 17.5 18. 4 17.8 17.9 17. 7 18. 9 19. 0 18.G 18.6 18. 3 19_1 17.3 t18.4 17.9 .18.6 18.3 18.1 18. 8 19.0 18.8 18.6 18.7 bCoefficients of expansioncompnted fromdata in original publication. eAluminum, 10percent. dFrom 0to250C. IIron,0.09percent. mEachcoefficient of expansionist he average of values on 4 sections ofacastrod. nAluminum 7.34,silicon0.09percent. From 0to 375C. r F rom0to 500C. gCoefficientsofexpansioncompu tedfromdata repor tedbyobserver.Coefficientof expansionfrom-191 to+ 16C, 15.1X10-


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