thermal infrared spectra of natural and manmade materials ... · thermal infrared spectra of...

ETL-0587 (3AD-A240 455

Thermal Infrared Spectraof Natural and ManmadeMaterials: Implicationsfor Remote Sensing

John W. Eastes DTIC-Vt SEP 17 191

August 1991

91-10903

Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

U.S. Army Corps of EngineersEngineer Topographic LaboratoriesFort Belvoir, VA 22060-5546

*-I- I9 1 ) /

Destroy this report when no longer needed.

Do not return it to the o:ginator.

The findings in this report are not to be construed as an official

Department of the Army posi--ion unless so designated by other

authorized documents.

The citation in this report of trade names of comercially availableproducts does not constitute official endorsement or approval of the

use of such products.

REPORT DOC2UMFNTATION PAGE 1 !On App,Ced

1. AENC US ONY (eav blak) 2. EPOT OTIE3. REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED

I August 1991 Technical January 1985 - March 1989

4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE S UDN UBR

Thermal Infrared Spectra of Natural and Manmade Materials: 4A161 102B352CImplications for Remote Sensing Task C, Work Unit 010

6. AU THOR(S)

John W. Eastes

7. P-ERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAMI(S) AND ADORE SS(ES) S. PERFORMING ORGANIZATIONREPORT NUMBER

U.S. Army Engincc r Topographic LaboratoriesFort Belvoir, VA 22060-5546

ETL-0587

9. SPONSORING/ MONITORING AGENCY N'.ME(S) AND ADORfSS(ES) 10. SPON SORING.' MO NIT ORINGAGENCY REPORT NUMBER

111. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

Effective 1 October 1991, the U.S. Army Engineer Topographic Laboratories (ETL) became theU.S. Army Topographiic Engineering Center (TEC).

12&. DISTRIBUTION' AVAILABILITY STATEMENT i~b. DISTRIBU'TiON CODE

Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

13. ABSTRACT (Maximumn20 o*)

This report is a compilation of laboratory thermal infrared reflectance spectra recorded over various spectralranges between 4000 and 400 cm "" (2.5 - 25.0 micrometers) for natural and manmade materials of potentialii.terest to both military and civili-an sectors. Knowledge of the position and shape of significant spectral features&, detected by remote spectrometers or spectral radiometers is neccessary to discriminate between targets on thebasis of either spectral emittance or reflectance. Many of the samples in this study display spectral features ineither, or both of the 3- to 5- micrometer or the 8- to 14- micrometer regions of the spectrum in which terrestrialremote senising is possible. Such information can be used to devise image enhancement strategies for data inhand or to design new instruments or experiments utilizing thermal multispectral data.

1 ehrmal infrared spectra, TSpecP-rfnatural materials,Sp~.ra otmanmade materials, Renmote sensing i- 16. PRICE CODE

1 7. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION 18. SECURITY CLASSIFIC-ATION 19. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION 20. LIMITATION OF ABSTRACT

Of REPORT OF THIS PAGE OF ABSTRLACT

U NCL~ASSIFIED I UNCLASSILIED IUNCLASSIFIED UNLIMITEDNSN 7540-O01 500O Stan~dard Form 298 (Rev 2-89)

F"(-b" bv APV~i %to .:J9-i2y 9#'02

CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE

FIGURES iv

PREFACE v

INTRODUCTION 1

Scope 1

Background I

Using Thermal Infrared in Remote Sensing 1

EXPERIMENTAL 2

Spectral Measurements 2

Spectrophotometers 2

Sample Acquisition and Preparation 3

DISCUSSION OF SPECTRA 3

Specular vs. Diffuse Reflectance 3

Origins of Spectral Features 4

COMPOSITIONAL ANALYSIS USING SPECTRAL DATA 6

Environmental Factors 14

CONCLUSIONS 21

REFERENCES 22

APPENDIX 23

I

FIGURES

FIGURE PAGE

1 Spectrum of cotton fiber 7

2 Reflectance of fine-grained playa soil 8 -

3 Reflectance of fine-grained playa soil 9

4 Reflectance of medium-grained playa soil 10

5 Reflectance of montmorillonite clay 11

6 Reflectance of calcite 12

7 Reflectance spectrum of sodium sulfate 13

8 Reflectance of quartz 15

9 Reflectance of oil-contaminated silicate rock 16

10 Alteration of spectral features due to desert varnish 17

11 Effects of high salinity on spectral properties of a mineral 18

12 Reflectance of saline playa material 19

i

iv

PREFACE

This wo, k was done under DA Project, 4A161102B52C, Task A, Work Unit 010, "HyperspectralResearch."

The work was performed during the period January 1985 to March 1989 under the supervision ofDr. J.N. Rinker, Chief, Remote Sensing Division; and Mr. John Hansen, Director, Research Institute.

Colonel David F. Maune, EN, was Commander and Director, and Mr. Walter E. Boge wasTechnical Director of the Engineer Topographic Laboratories during preparation of the report.

v

THERMAL INFRARED SPECTRA OF NATURAL AND MANMADE MATERIALS:

IMPLICATIONS FOR REMOTE SENSING

INTRODUCTION

Scope. The wavelengths at which materials interact with electromagnetic radiation depend on theircomposition. At wavelengths greater than 2.5 micrometers, molecules begin to exhibit strong,fundamental vibration bands. In this spectral region, compositional information about materials resultsfrom excitation of internal vibrations of constituent atoms relative to each other or of atomic groupsrelative to the overall molecular structure. Molecular vibrations are commonly classified as bond-stretching or bond-angle bending, and evidence for fundamentals, overtones, and combination tones mayoccur in this region. Solar radiance at wavelengths greater than 2.5 micrometers is so low that theradiance received from a room temperature surface is dominated by thermal emittance. Thus, the regionof the spectrum beyond 2.5 micrometers is often referred to as the thermal infrared.

Background. Chemists have for many years used thermal infrared spectra for compositional andstructural analysis of both organic and inorganic materials; the region between 2 and 16 micrometers isoften termed the "fingerprint region." Such studies are based on transmittance measurements, whichinvolve passing radiation through a sample and measuring the transmitted radiation as a function ofwavelength. The variations of transmittance of a material with wavelength are solely a function of itsabsorption coefficient. This simple relationship between absorption coefficient and spectral featuresmakes such spectra relatively easy to interpret. Libraries and data bases of thermal infrared transmitta.-espectra of many materials are available (Ferraro, J.R., ed., 1982; Pouchert, Charles J., 1985).

Howcver, thermal infrared remote sensors detect emittance or reflectance rather than transmittance.Emittance and reflectance are complex processes that depend not only upon the absorption coefficient ofmaterials but also on their refractive index, physical state, and temperature. Remote sensing data arefurther affected, often dramatically, by a variety of factors, e.g. weathering, vegetation, desert varnish,high surface salinity, etc. Details of the interaction of infrared radiation with various surfaces have beentreated elsewhere (Eastes, J.W., 1989; Salisbury, J.W., and Eastes, J.W., 1985; Salisbury, J.W., Hapke,B., and Eastes, J.W., 1987; Hunt, G.R., and Vincent, R.K., 1968). The significant point is thatreflectance measurements are more pertinent to remote sensing applications than transmittance spectra.The purpose of this report is to provide spectral reflectance data on a wide variety of potential targetmaterials, which may be used to aid the interpretation of multispectral thermal infrared imagery. Furthereditions of this data base are expected to be produced as additional spectral measurements are made.

Using Thermal Infrared in Remote Sensing. For the past several years, two types of thermalinfrared spectral data have been used that show promise for terrain compositional analysis via remotesensing (Kahle, A.B. and Goetz, A.F.H., 1983; Kahle, A.B., Shumate, M.S., and Nash, D.B., 1984).Active systems that measure spectral reflectance directly are based on tunable carbon dioxide lasersworking in the wavelength range of 9.1 to 11.2 micrometers. Material classification based on reflectancecharacteristics offers several advantages. Active systems do not have to distinguish between temperaturechanges and emissivity differences. They can have higher spectral resolution and are more able to handlelow spectral variations. Passive systems that measure thermal emittance lack spectral sensitivity whenthe reflectance is low and the emissivity is near unity. Furthermore, they are extremely sensitive totemperature. Because passive systems operating in the thermal infrared must detect quite low signal

1

levels in comparison with those systems operating at shorte; wavelengths, wide aperture optics are usedto obtain adequate SNR at the high resolution necessary to detect many of the narrow spectral featuresreported in the published literature. Thus, higher resolution than has been used in passive imagingsystems may be necessary for many applications. However, the advantages for active systems must beweighed against the greater simplicity and more established technology of passive systems. Activesystems are not currently available at the same level of development as passive ones.

EXPERIMENTAL

Spectral Measurements. Spectral emittance of materials is best measured directly, preferably undersimilar physical conditions as those under which remote sensing observations are to be made. Howeverspectral emittance measurements are difficult to make because of the limited energy available at realisticsample temperatures, the difficulty of controlling or even knowing the sample temperature, and thelikelihood of stray emission and absorption within the spectrophotometar, which can become veryimportant when observing room temperature samples. Consequently, reflectance measurements areusually used to predict emit, icz based on Kirchhoff's relation, E = I - R. Here, E and R are totalemittance and reflectance. Remote sensors, however, detect only emittance in their direction. This valueis best estimated in the laboratory by measuring directional hemispherical reflectance (Nicodemus, F.E.,1965). If a sample is illuminated from the direction of an observer and the resulting reflectance over twopi steradians is measured, the fraction of photons absorbed by the target can be determined. By usinganother form of Kirchoff's law, E = A, where A is absorptance, emittance can be predicted.

The most practical way to measure directional hemispherical reflectance is with a spectrophotometerequipped with an integrating sphere. Access to such an instrument has recently become available to theU.S. Army Engineer Topographic Laboratories (ETL) and many spectra presented in this report havebeen recorded with this equipment. However, much of the data has been acquired over several yearsusing a spectrophotometer equipped with a bi-directional reflectance accessory. Measurements with thisattachment can be made at either a specular or off-specular angle. Data obtained in this way displayspectral features correctly on a wavelength basis, but cannot be interpreted in terms of directional emit-tance, i.e. Kirchhoff's relation does not hold for measurements of surfaces having a high specular reflec-tance component, such as do many manmade materials. Hunt and Vincent (1968) have shown, however,that the E = I- R relation does hold to a first-order approximation for particulate surfaces underterrestrial conditions; therefore, spectra of particulate geologic samples measured with this technique arereasonably good qualitative indicators of their emittance behavior.

Spectrophotometers. Directional hemispherical reflectance spectra were recorded with a Nicolet5DXB Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer located at the US Geological Survey, Reston, VA.This instrument, which has 4-cm (-1) spectral resolution between 2.5 and 13.5 micrometers, has anexternal port to which a gold-coated integrating sphere is attached. The sphere is 12.7 cm in diameter,and a 2.5-cm illumination port is in the top of the sphere at 10 degrees off the vertical, through whicha beam passes to fall on a 2.5-cm sample/reference port in the bottom of the sphere. A 2.5-cm detectorport is in the side of the sphere to which is attached a liquid nitrogen-cooled, mercury-cadmium-telluride(MCT) detector. Sphere performance was calibrated against known reflectances of halon, a diffuse goldsurface, a front-surfaced aluminum mirror, water, and a black-body cone. The reference used was adiffuse gold surface.

Bidirectional reflectance measurements were made with a Perkin-Elmer Model 983spectrophotometer, which is a ratio recording dispersive instrument. Spectra were recorded using a

2

bidirectional reflectance accessory mounted in the sample compartment. The accessory can be operatedin two optical geometries. One is a specular geometry with the sample plane normal to the plane formedby the incident and reflected beams. The other is an off-specular geometry achieved by rotating thesample plane 300 off the normal to th. plane formed by the incident and reflected beams. The attachmentuses two 900 field-of-view off-axis, ellipsoidal mirrors with a center-to-center phase angle of 83'.

The established specular reflectance standard in the mid-infrared is a gold-coated mirror; however,no established diffuse reflectance standard has been adopted. A diffuse gold surface is often used as wellas particulate alkali halides, such as KBr, KCI, or NaCL. As the spectra presented here were recordedover a period of several years, several such references have been used.

Sample Acquisition and Preparation. Samples were collected during various field studies, werepurchased commercially, or donated by individuals.

Cup-shaped sample holders 3-mm deep were used for measurements of particulate samples, e.g.,soils and powdered minerals. Because the measurement area illuminated by the beam of the Model 983spectrophotometer was small (2x2 mm), particulate samples measured with this instrument wererepeatedly poured into a sample holder and measured, and the results were averaged to obtain data ona random orientation of grains. Solid samples, e.g. rock specimens, were measured repeatedly at slightlydifferent positions in order to obtain representative spectra. The optics of the Model 5DXBspectrophotometer provide a larger infrared beam (1.54 cm diameter); thus, repetitive measurements arenot necessary to obtain representative spectra with this system.

DISCUSSION OF SPECTRA

The thermal infrared part of the spectrum is often referred to by its frequency rather than by itswavelength. Wavelength is expressed in micrometers or nanometers. Frequency is expressed, not incycles per second, but in wavenumbers, cm(-" often called reciprocal centimeters. The wavenumber issimply the number ot waves per centimeter, and is equal to the reciprocal of the wavelength incentimeters. To convert from frequency in wavenumbers to wavelength in micrometers, one may usethe following formula:

Wavelength (micrometers) = 10,000/wavenumber (cm-1)

The appearance of the infrared spectrum of a given solid material is governed by several parameters.They include the experimental mode used to record the spectrum (reflection, emission), as well as thesample condition (smooth or rough plane surface, particulate, etc.). Because varying these parameterswill alter the appearance of a spectrum, comparing spectral information requires that the data be collectedusing the same experimental conditions or that the effects of varying any of the parameters be fullyunderstood and accounted for.

Specular vs. Diffuse Reflectance. Spectra are discussed in terms of two types of reflectance, whichmust be understood for valid spectral interpretations. Reflectance of surfaces that are smooth, relativeto the wavelength of incident radiation, is almost entirely composed of specular or mirrorlike reflectance.At wavelengths where the absorption coefficient is very high, as near the fundamental vibration bands

of strongly absorbing minerals, the measured reflectance will be predominantly specular. Such samplesdisplay sc :ailed reststrahlen maxima associated with their fundamentals.

3

The reflectance of rough or particulate surfaces contains both specular and other contributions. Forparticulate samples with grains smaller than the incident radiation beam but larger than the wavelength,the total reflectance from a non-absorbing material is the result of specular reflectance from the faces ofrandomly oriented particles, of refraction through them, and of a small amount of diffraction at the edges.This combination of specular reflection, refraction, and diffraction is commonly known as diffusereflectance. A distinction is made between diffusely reflected radiation that has not passed through asample particle, and diffusely reflected radiation that has entered one or more particles and has beenpartially absorbed before being returned to the observer. In this latter case, more radiation is absorbedin the vicinity of a molecular vibration band, where the absorption coefficient is high, than in adjacentspectral regions of low absorption. The reflectance spectrum then displays molecular vibration bands asreflectance minima rather than maxima.

Because the absorption coefficients of different molecular vibration bands vary widely, a materialmay exhibit reflectance maxima or reflectance troughs, i.e., minima. Reflectance maxima occur at strongbands where specular reflectance dominates and reflectance minima occur at weaker bands where diffusereflectance dominates. The weakest inorganic vibrational bands typically occur at wavelengths shorterthan 5 micrometers and are usually expressed as reflectance troughs. Molecular vibration bands oforganic materials are often an order of magnitude weaker than those of inorganic substances, with theresult that spectral features of organic samples are almost always expressed as reflectance troughs, orminima, rather than as peaks.

Origins of Spectral Features. The strongest feat ,:es in the spectra of silicate materials occurbetween 1176 and 833 cm'1 (8.5 and 12.0 micrometers). Features in this range are the result of selectiveabsorption at wavelengths corresponding to stretching vibrations of Si-O bonds. The most intense featurein this region is a doublet centered at 8.6 micrometers due to quartz. As minerals change from felsic toultramafic, a progressive shift of features to longer wavelengths is observed. Because these intense, well-defined features fall in the 8 to 14 micrometer atmospheric window, they have been most useful forterrestrial remote sensing (Kahle, A.B., and Goetz, A.F.H., 1983).

Bands between 833 and 666 cm1 (12 and 15 micrometers) generally indicate that the silicatestructure contdins three-dimensional lattices in which (Si,AI)-O-(Si,AI) bridges have formed. The featuresin this region are due to Si-O-Si and Si-O-Al symmetric stretching motions, during which it is the siliconor aluminum, rather than the oxygen atoms that are most displaced from their equilibrium positions. Forexample, in quartz, three quite sharp and intense features appear owing to symmetric Si-O-Si structures.These occur in the form of a doublet near 799 cm(-'i (12.5 micrometers) and a third band neat 76 cm 1'

(14.3 micrometers).

The carbonate ion yields a relatively intense, well-defined feature near 1400 crn 1 (7 micrometers),owing to asymmetric C-O stretching vibrations and weaker bands near 875 and 700 cm 11 (11.4 and 14.3micrometers) because of bending modes. Carbonate bands are common in sedimentary rocks, and alsoappear in igneous rocks owing to small amounts of calcite that are often present as a result of alterationof plagioclase. Many soils also contain considerable carbonaceous material.

The sulfate ion displays a fundamental feature near 1150 cm " i,8.7 micrometers) and bending modesnear 600 cm '- (16.7 micrometers). In addition, two groups of narrow, closely spaced bands appearcentered around 1650 cm"1 (6.1 micrometers) and 2175 cm 1') (4.6 micrometers). Features due to sulfateare prominent in gypsiferous soils.

4

Othe, common inorganic spectral features are due to water and hydroxyl ion. Water and hydroxylbands are usually prominent in rocks and soils, even when hydrated or hydroxylated minerals arer, Dminally absent, because of the ubiquity of water in the terrestrial environment. Strong bands associatedwith OH stretching vibrations of water and hydroxyl groups occur between 3200 and 3700 cm" ' (3.1 and2.7 micrometers). The hydroxyl group is characterized by a strong sharp band in the region 3650 to3700 cm-'" (2.74-2.70 micrometers). Water of hydration usually exhibits one strong sharp band near3600 cm'-" (2.8 micrometers), and one or more strong sharp bands near 3400 cm'(" (2.9 micrometers).Water of hydration is easily distinguished from hydroxyl groups by the presence of the H-O-H bendingmotion, which produces a medium band in the region 1600-1650 cml" (6.2-6.1 micrometers). Free waterhas a strong broad band centered in the region 3200 to 2400 cm -" (3.1-4.2 micrometers); the H-O-Hbending motion generally occurs near 1650 cm'-" (6.1 micrometers).

Many natural, e.g. vegetation, as well as manmade materials, such as paints, plastics, fabrics,petroleum derivatives, etc., are composed of organic components displaying distinct snectral features.Vegetation spectra as well as those of cotton-based materials, e.g. cotton fabrics and certain camouflagemateriak, often closely resemble that of cellulose, the chief component of wood and plant fibers. Paintstend to display organic spectral features owing to the extenders incorporated into their composition.

Bands in the spectra of organic materials may exhibit absorptivities an order of magnitude less thanthose of fundamental bands of inorganic mineral compounds. As a result, organic spectral featurestypically result from diffusely scattered radiation and are generally expressed as reflectance troughs, orminima, rather than reflectance peaks.

Bands arising from vibrations of carbon-hydrogen and carbon-carbon bonds constantly appear in thespectra of organic materials, because along with their various functional groups, organic compounds ofall kinds contain carbon and hydrogen. Bands due to C-C stretching may appear at about 1500 and 1600cm'" (6.7 and 6.2 micrometers) for aromatic bonds, at 1650 cm") (6.1 micrometers) for double bonds,and 2100 cm"' (4.8 micrometers) for triple bonds. These bands, however, are often unreliable. Moregenerally useful bands are due to the various carbon-hydrogen vibrations.

Absorption due to carbon-hydrogen stretching occurs at the high-frequency (low wavelength) endof the spectrum, between 2800 and 3300 cm"' (3.0 -3.6 micrometer's). Absorption due to various kindsof carbon-hydrogen bending, which occurs at lower frequencies (higher wavelengths) can also becharacteristic of structure. Methyl and methylene groups absorb at about 1430 to 1470 cm) (6.8micrometers), for methyl, there is another band, quite characteristic, at 1375 cml" (7.3 micrometers).

Compounds containing oxygen can give rise to features due to both hydrogen-oxygen stretching andcarbon-oxygen stretching. In the spectra of compounds containing the OH group, e.g. cellulose, the mostconspicuous feature is a strong broad band in the 3200 to 3600 cm " (3.1-2.8 micrometers) region dueto O-H stretching. Another strong, broad band, due to C-O stretching, appears in the 1000 to 1200cm'1 (10.0-8.33 micrometers) region, the exact location depending on the nature of the material.

The carbonyl group, C=O, frequently occurs in compounds used in paints and fabric dyes. TheC=O stretching occurs in the neighborhood of 1700 cm'' (5.9 micrometers), but the exact wavelengthdepends on the family of compounds to which the material belongs.

5

Substances containing the nitrile group, C - N, are often used in the manufacture of synthetic rubber,plastics, and synthetic fibers. A relatively strong nitrile feature occurs in the general region of 2300 to2000 cm' t" (4.3-5.0 micrometers).

The spectrum of cotton fiber (see Figure 1) illustrates a number of features commonly observed inorganic materials. The spectrum is made up almost entirely of features expressed as reflectance minima.This is seen in the broad deep O-H stretching vibration band between 3200 and 3600 cm'" (3.1 and 2.8micrometers) and a strong C-H stretching feature near 2900 cm'-' (3.4 micrometers). The reflectanceminima between about 1550 aid 1000 cm'-" (6.5 and 10 micrometers) are a series of strong, overlappingabsorption bands due primarily to C-H and O-H bending and C-O-C stretching vibrations. The band near890 cm'" (11.2 micrometers) is unassigned but is probably related to skeletal vibrations involving C-Ostretching.

COMPOSITIONAL ANALYSIS USING SPECTRAL DATA

Remote sensing involves the use of spectral data to predict the composition and/or physicalcharacteristics of distant targets. Spectra of specially prepared laboratory materials often display well-defined and resolved features that are relatively easy to intr-pret. Natural or field samples, e.g. rocks,soils, vegetation, however, normally yield more complex spectra. In these cases, spectral features maybe poorly resolved, distorted, or masked. Spectral contributions from surficial components unrelated tothe bulk composition of a substrate may dominate a spectrum, thus making spectra/compositioncorrelations difficult and confusing. However, with the aid of laboratory spectral data from knownsamples, reasonable predictions about the nature of natural materials can often be made. The followingsection discusses spectra/composition correlations for three arid region soil samples that have beencharacterized ty x-ray diffraction and other artalyses, and it illustrates the use of spectral reference datato aid spectral interpretation of field samples. Also shown are examples of spectra in which features areassociated with surficial species rather than bulk composition of the sample. Such spectra may also beuseful in actual remote sensing situations, e.g. mapping the extent of contaminated areas such as in largeoil spills.

Spectra for the three soils are shown in Figures 2, 3, and 4. Deep water absorption bands at 2.9micrometers and sharper hydroxyl bands at 2.7 micrometers in the montmorillonite clay referencespectrum (see Figure 5), together with similar bands for each of the three soils, strongly suggest thepresence of clay minerals in the latter. Soils 89-37 and 89-38 (Figures 2 and 3) contain substantialamounts of calcite (20% and 34%, respectively). Spectral evidence for this mineral in these soils appearsas a deep absorption feature near 4.0 micrometers and a reflectance peak near 6.4 micrometers (comparewith calcite reference spectrum in Figure 6). Soil 89-38 contains 13 percent thenardite (sodium sulfate).In C-is sample, thenardite is suggested by a reflectance trough in the spectrum near 4.7 micrometers,which corresponds to a similar feature in the reference spectrum of sodium sulfate at the same wavelength(see Figure 7). Sulfate surface reflectance associated with S-0 stretching normally appears near 8.4micrometers, but in this sample is only partially resolved from a silicate maximum appearing near 8.7micrometers.

Silicate surface reflectance features occur between 8.5 and 12.0 micrometers. Quartz yields a strongsurface scattering doublet centered at 8.6 micrometers accompanied by a weaker doublet

6

00U,

00V)

0u

0

0

-4

-0

00U)

0)

0 i0

0

0u0 z.

0 0

0L

0 0<

U) 0- 0

0

0)0

Ul in

0000

0 0

33a0 -J %4

U) U7

00

(T)

00U)

00U)

0

0

0

0 .

V)N U

w0

0 *

0 ~0

0 Z

N>

0

W (0

< 0 L

w U)0

00 0u 0V) V)

* 0N 0

m1 0

(0 0

1 00 0

000'E O 000 E 000- 82 000- a 000V ~T 0000-L 0000 .0

3:)N Y.&3 -1 A3~ 8X8

00in

00

LI

0- 0

<4 0

00

00

0 10

0) -

00inf

>- Cu.-

o0U0

N N

0<-Jn

0

z i0U in

0Li. 0

Liii0

U 00

Li 0W in

00 0,2009 -1 000- 0OV00.

3flNY1331=08 %

9

00

0

0In

'4

0aIn

0E

0

00

U))

a0

0.

x E

1- .2j

0 z

In In

0>0

0

0In

0

0

0I 0

4 0

00 0

I-4 (

000 *Gc 000 'cC 000 Pva 000 -13 000 -a 0000 .9 OcoD .0

30NV.L031U3W X

10

ua

InmM

aa

A 0we 0

0U.4

00

< E0 0-0 xu c00 uZ

0 0 0N 0

In

0<

-. 0

0 0

N 0

III- 07 00 0II

00 z000 00. 00Q00 002003DNY3j3~j0

110

00in

.- q

00

00

-4

'-4

00V)

0-4

000

n

0

07 CE ?

a)

o z ~

a-NW

0>

00n(00,

4 1. 0000 at oo -00 ~I0000S 000 000 E 0000

NV±~Th~V)

120

00

Ln

N00

0

0

(D,

4 o

0

U')

o0 0

0

(0 0 u

mo

- 0

o o0

N 0 z

0 0<

1) 00' 0 -

zO

00N 0<

00in

In 00 0n

0in

000'S 00'S;V0009E 00'/- OO'ST 000' 00 0030NVID1A36

L13

at 12.6 micrometers (see Figure 8). Clay minerals often display spectral maxima near 9.5 micrometers.Of the three soils, soil 89-65 (76% quartz) (see Figure 4) displays the most pronounced spectral evidencefor quartz. In this case, the strong quartz doublet at 8.6 micrometers is distorted by the presence of clayminerals adhering to quartz !rains that produces a third peak centered near 9.4 micrometers.

Particle size has a pronounced effect on spectral behavior (Lyon, R.J.P., 1964). The prominentreflectance peaks between 8 and 10 micrometers are reduced in intensity as particle size decreases (seeFigure 8). Salisbury and Eastes (1985) proposed a rationale based on sample porosity to explain thiseffect. They suggested that the increased porosity produced with decreasing particle size resulted in theformation of photon traps. Increased porosity allows more photons to pass between grains and topenetrate deeper into a particulate sample. A greater depth of penetration results in increased absorptionand, therefore, in decreased reflectance. This effect is illustrated in the spectra of soils 89-65 and 89-37(see Figure 4) where relatively high reflectance occurs between 8 and 10 micrometers for the medium-grained soil 89-65, (see Figure 4) while the fine-grained soil 89-37 exhibits low reflectance in this region.This is analogous to the spectral behavior of carbon black or gold black in the visible, where highlyopaque materials also show low reflectance at very fine particle size.

Spectra in Figures 9 and 10 illustrate instances in which surface species unrelated to a substrate maydistort or obscure spectral features associated with substrate composition. Such dt-. canr be nisleadingfor general compositional analysis; however, for certain remote sensing applications, such as mappingsurface contamination, e.g. oil spills, spectral differences can serve to delineate boundaries betweencontaminated and uncontaminated areas. Figure 9 shows the spectrum of oil contaminated quartzite froman area of the Exxon/Valdez oil spill. The quartz fundamental doublet centered at 8.6 micrometers isprominent, but its longer wavelength lobe is distorted owing to oil film. Specific evidence for organicmatter is seen in a feature near 3.4 micrometers due to hydrocarbon C-H stretching vibrations.

Desert varnish is a slow-forming, clay-rich, natural coating often found on rock surfaces in aridregions. In the 8- to 14- micrometer wavelength region, spectral features attributable to clay mineralsoften dominate the spectra of heavily varnished rocks. Figure 10 shows spectra of fresh and heavilyvarnished quartzite surfaces. In the spectrum of the varnished sample, the characteristic quartz doublethas been totally replaced by a strong clay feature near 9.4 micrometers. As a result, remote sensing dataacquired over a varnished terrain may be misleading.

High surface salinity may also alter the spectral characteristics of a terrain. (Eastes, 1989). Figure11 illustrates the spectra of pure solid quartz and a 10 percent mixture of finely particulate quartzdispersed in NaCI. Here, in the spectral region, between 8.0 and 9.5 micrometers, the reflectance ofsolid quartz is at a maximum, while that of the particulate mixture passes through a minimum. Thiseffect is exemplified in a natural sample, by the solid trace in Figure 12 that depicts reflectance of anapproximately 1-mm thick saline efflorescence associated with a sample of Mojave desert playa material.The dot-dash trace is a similar spectrum of the primarily silicate subcrustal material. Again, in the regionbetween 8 and 10 micrometers, the reflectance of the saline efflorescence is at a minimum, while that ofthe non-saline component is at a maximum. The depression in reflectance of the saline crust isundoubtedly due to absorption by such species as finely particulate quartz, gypsum, clays and othersilicate matter dispersed in the crust. Such materials are introduced by either wind or water.

Environmental Factors. Many factors other than spectral emissivities of materials influence thedetected emittance in realistic remote sensing situations. Of these, background radiance is probably thelargest factor affecting spectral emittance in the terrestrial environment. Infrared radiance from a cloudy

14

00U)

m

00U)

0U0

0I

1r)

0

Lfraz

0

0 OU

0L

0z 2

0 Z

Uf) w) 4ui

0

00

0) E00V))

0

0

0L4)

0 i

0

000 "Ot 000 'GE 000 *92 000 !2000 'VT 0000 'L 0000 "0

30NVIO31-13a X

15

00in

00U)

00Ur)

0U)0

V))

cz .

N 0iin 0 U

0i-

0~ I

O 0

L w

0 3

0

(0J 0)

z 0< 0

x00U) i

< 00

-Y 0

00

0

0 If)

N000*ET 000 01 0000-e 0000-9 0000 .'p 0000, ~ ODD 0

3ON13)dA2!: %

16

KICOL.

E

0

- 3 I

Z 64' >

-j <

Cd%

.pE .

EEwC

>17

0

c

) C

00,

I n I

0'

(3)

10

Nw On~> -

~C 3t 0 u

LLn

/0c-C

- 0

- - 0

00

0 t0

040 bRE

0

in

33OO D00'G 000 *0z 000O*s 000 aC1 0D00* 000C '00SONV±0331jam x Z

00Ln

m

00In

N

00

< Lfl

0c) 0

in

0-4

00n

on0) z

4)0) T

0

CD

0.

0~ Z

oI,- W

00

inw m

0<4

In-

00In

0000Ln 4

00 40in

000 'VS 000"SV 000*9E 000"L2 0081 0000'6 0000 0

19

sky or from background objects reflected from a target will serve to dilute and alter its emitted spectralsignature, because the target reflects most where it emits least and vice versa. In a natural environment,wind or terrain conditions that affect heat flow introduce a new set of parameters that can be critical inmany situations. In still air, phenomena exist that may affect spectral contrast; for example, diffusionand convection that occur near the leaf surfaces of trees and plants. Air and plant moisture contentpartially determine the detectable radiation from foliage.

20

CONCLUSIONS

1. Spectral features appearing in either, or both, the 3 to 5 micrometer or the 8 to 14 micrometeratmospheric windows potentially allow many of the materials to be identified or discriminated from theirbackground by remote sensing techniques.

2. With more advanced sensors and instrumentation, improved target discrimination based on fine spectralfeatures not resolvable by current remote sensing systems may become possible.

21

REFERENCES

Eastes, J.W. (1989), "Spectral properties of halite-rich mineral mixtures: Implications for middle infraredremote sensing of highly saline environments," Rem Sensing of Environment, 27:289-304.

Ferraro, J.R., e'itor (1982), The Sadtler Infrared Spectra Handbook of Minerals and Clays, SadtlerResearch Laboratories, 3316 Spring Garden St., Philadelphia, PA.

Hunt, G.R. and Vincent, R.K. (1968), "The behavior of spectral features in the infrared emission fromparticulate surfaces of various grain sizes," J. Geophys. Res., 73:6039-6046.

Kahle, A.B. and Goetz, A.F.H. (1983), "Mineralogic information from a new air-borne thermal infraredmultispectral scanner," Science, v. 222, p. 24-27.

Kahle, A.B., Shumate, M.S. and Nash, D.B. (1984), "Active Airborne Infrared Laser System forIdentification of Surface Rock and Minerals," Geophysical Research Letters, V. 11, No. 11, p. 1149-1152.

Lyon, R.J.P. (1964), Evaluation of Infrared Spectrophotometry for Compositional Analysis of Lunar andPlanetary Soils. Part II: Rough and Powdered Surfaces. NASA-CF-100, Washington, DC.

Nicodemus, F.E. (1965), "Directional reflectance and emissivity of an opaque surface," Applied Optics,4:767-773.

Pouchert, Charles J. (1985), The Aldrich Library of FT-IR Spectra, Edition I, (In Two Volumes), TheAldrich Chemical Co., Inc., Milwaukee, WI.

Salisbury, J.W. and Eastes, J.W. (1985), "The effect of particle size and porosity on spectral contrastin the mid-infrared," Icarus, 64:586-588.

Salisbury, J.W., Hapke, B. and Eastes, J.W. (1987), "Usefulness of weak bands in mid-infrared remotesensing of particulate planetary surfaces," J. Geophys, Research, 92:702-710.

22

APPENDIXSPECTRA

SAMPLE TYPE MATERIAL PAGE NO.

Minerals Particulate quartz (0-5 micrometers)Particulate quartz (0-5 micrometers, packed)Particulate quartz (0-74 micrometers)Particulate quartz (74-250 micrometers)Particulate quartz (250-500 micrometers)

Particulate calcite (0-5 micrometers)Particulate calcite (0-74 micrometers)Particulate calcite (74-250 micrometers)Particulate calcite (250-500 micrometers)

Particulate gypsum (0-5 micrometers)Particulate gypsum (0-74 micrometers)Particulate gypsum (74-250 micrometers)Particulate gypsum (250-500 micrometers)

Montmorillonite

Saline samples 2% 0-5 micrometer quartz in NaCl10% 0-5 micrometer quartz in NaCl25% 0-5 micrometer quartz in NaCI50% 0-5 micrometer quartz in NaCI2% 0-75 micrometer quartz in NaCl15% 0-75 micrometer quartz in NaC!25% 0-75 micrometer quartz in NaCI50% 0-75 micrometer quartz in NaCI2% 75-250 micrometer quartz in NaCI10% 75-250 micrometer quartz in NaCI15% 75-250 micrometer quartz in NaC!25% 75-250 micrometer quartz in NaC!50% 75-250 micrometer quartz in NaCI

2% 0-5 micrometer calcite in NaCI10% 0-5 micrometer calcite in NaCI25% 0-5 micrometer calcite in NaCI50% 0-5 micrometer calcite in NaCI2% 0-74 micrometer calcite in NaCI10% 0-74 micrometer calcite in NaCi25% 0-74 micrometer calcite in NaCI50% 0-74 micrometer calcite in NaCI2% 74-250 micrometer calcite in NaCI10% 74-250 micrometer calcite in NaCI25% 74-250 micrometer calcite in NaCI50% 74-250 micrometer calcite in NaCI

23


Saline Samples 2% 0-5 micrometer gypsum in NaCI10% 0-5 micrometer gypsum in NaCI

Saline 25% 0-5 micrometer gypsum in NaCL50% 0-5 micrometer gypsum in NaCI2% 0-74 micrometer gypsum in NaCI10% 0-74 micrometer gypsum in NaCI25% 0-74 micrometer gypsum in NaCI50% 0-74 micrometer gypsum in NaCI2% 74-250 micrometer gypsum in NaC110% 74-250 micrometer gypsum in NaCI25% 74-250 micrometer gypsum in NaCI50% 74-250 micrometer gypsum in NaCI

2% montmorillonite in NaCl10% montmorillonite in NaCI25% montmorillonite in NaCI50% montmorillonite in NaCI

Soil Soil 89-9.S14Soil 89-17.S18Soil 89-24Soil 89-27.S27Soil 89-31.S16Soil 89-33.S28Soil 89-37.S15Soil 89-38Soil 89-40Soil 89-44.S26Soil 89-51.S10Soil 89-52.S24Soil 89-54.S25Soil 89-66.S29Soil 89-72.S21Soil 89-72BSoil 89-73.S12Soil 89-74.S 13Soil 89-75.S11Soil 89-76.S7Soil 89-44.S26Soil 89-51.S10Soil 89-52.S24Soil 89-54.S25


24


Soil 89-65.S22Soil 89-66.S29Soil 89-72.S21Soil 89-72BSoil 89-73.S12Soil 89-74.S13Soil 89-75.S11Soil 89-76.S7Soil 89-77.S20Soil 89-78.S23Soil 89-79.S8Soil 89-80Soil EL- ISoil USGS #1Soil USGS #2Soil USGS #3Soil USGS #4Soil USGS #5Soil USGS #6Soil USGS #7Soil USGS #8Soil USGS #9Soil USGS #10

Rock Carbonate RockUnvarnished Quartzite #1Unvarnished Quartzite #2Lightly Varnished QuartziteVarnished Quartzite #1Varnished Quartzite #2Varnished Quartzite #3Varnished Quartzite #4Heavily Varnished Quartzite #1Heavily Varnished Quartzite #2Kelso SoilKelso Soil #5Kelso SoilDune Sand, Kelso #10Kelso Soil #14Lava, Kelso #2Lava, Hawaiian

Halite Halite #1Halite #2

25


Vegetation Rhododendron LeafCotton Fiber

Paint Orange Paint; Camouflage

Fabric Dye Light Brown DyeGreen DyeGreen DyeDark Brown DyeBlack Dye

Asphalt Asphalt #1Asphalt #2

26

E ea

0 w

L

4) <

w

wIC3ww

ICL

V

30NVI0IJ38

SPECTRAL DATA

Acquisition of spectrum: Spectrum was acquired with a Perkin-ElmerModel 983 spectrophotometer having the following resolution:

Spectral Range Resolution

4000-3000 cm(-l) 24 cm(-1)3000-1800 cm(-1) 12 cm(-l)1800-600 cm(-l) 8 cm(-1)600-400 cm(-1) 18 cm(-l)

Reference: Particulate KBr (<75 micrometer particle size)

Sample: quartz, <5 micrometer particles

Origin: Rock Springs, Arkansas

Physical state: particulate

Remarks: Sample is pure quartz.

KOD

.4,

E w

LUU

L . n

o v-sEN

C)3"Iw

Id

IcI-<

33N~i3-lN38

SPECTRAL DATA



4000-3000 cm(-l) 24 cm(-1)3000-1800 cm(-l) 12 cm(-1)1800-600 cm(-1) 8 cm(-1)600-400 cm(-l) 18 cm(-1)


Sample: packed quartz, <5 micrometer particles



Remarks: Sample is pure quartz. Sample was compressed toillustrate spectral effects of porosity differences (compare withspectrum of unpacked sample).

L1* p *

.4Y

N-t

Ut-. O4

* (00

E0L u'

E -r

ww

Z-JJw 1

D xJ

wI--

<-

cr.

3ONVIOB3IJ38 %

SPECTRAL DATA



4000-3000 cm(-l) 24 cm(-l)3000-1800 cm(-l) 12 cm(-l)1800-600 cm(-l) 8 cm(-l)600-400 cm(-l) 18 cm(-l)


Sample: quartz, <74 micrometer particles




Cc

E0 .L i

06.

w< U)

319

w~I-j

c-

30NV03U3 X

SPECTRAL DATA



4000-3000 cm(-l) 24 cm(-l)3000-1800 cm(-l) 12 cm(-1)1800-600 cm(-l) 8 cm(-l)600-400 cm(-l) 18 cm(-l)


Sample: quartz, 74-250 micrometer particles




UO,

fm

0*4

L0

4-)

E0ot0 C

qw-Jm

Ui <

C','

C

<

Li

30NViOJ38~

SPECTRAL DATA



4000-3000 cm(-l) 24 cm(-l)3000-1800 cm(-1) 12 cm(-1)1800-600 cm(-1) 8 cm(-1)600-400 cm(-1) 18 cm(-l)


Sample: quartz, 250-500 micrometer particles




L

EL tn0

Z- w

ww

CL

0

U,

u

30NViO31J38 %

SPECTRAL DATA



4000-3000 cm(-l) 24 cm(-l)3000-1800 cm(-1) 12 cm(-1)1800-600 cm(-1) 8 cm(-1)600-400 cm(-l) 18 cm(-l)


Sample: calcite <5 micrometer particles

Origin: Mexico


Remarks: Sample is pure calcite.

K3

641 -

E

L Ln0

E r

u Z

ww

ww

mMW

I-r.

-

~3NVI03IJ3B %

SPECTRAL DATA



4000-3000 cm(-l) 24 cm(-1)3000-1800 cm(-1) 12 cm(-1)1800-600 cm(-l) 8 cm(-l)600-400 cm(-l) 18 cm(-1)


Sample: calcite <74 micrometer particles

Origin: Mexico



ODU

to

toL

E E

L tn

EJ

I-I

w U*)

u

wI-

L)

wxc-

33N~.L31d38 %

SPECTRAL DATA



4000-3000 cm(-l) 24 cm(-1)3000-1800 cm(-1) 12 cm(-1)1800-600 cm(-1) 8 cm(-l)600-400 cm(-l) 18 cm(-l)


Sample: calcite 74-250 micrometer particles

Origin: Mexico



amm

0(

0

0 I

w U')>J<w

3rw

w

4'-

30NV10IA38

SPECTRAL DATA



4000-3000 cm(-1) 24 cm(-l)3000-18G3 cm(-1) 12 cm(-1)1800-600 cm(-l) 8 cm(-1)600-400 cm(-l) 18 cm(-1)

Reference: Particulate KBr (<75 micrometer particlf size)

Sample: calcite 250-500 micrometer particles

Origin: Mexico



0

4) -

E

L f0

.vwEE

w wwi Nw

w

c-

I

C)

30NViO331J38 %

SPECTRAL DATA



4000-3000 cm(-1) 24 cm(-1)3000-1800 cm(-1) 12 cm(-1)1800-600 cm(-l) 8 cm(-1)600-400 cm(-l) 18 cm(-1)


Sample: gypsum <5 micrometer particles

Origin: Mexico


Remarks: Sample is pure gypsum.

L1

0

.

Eom

C)

www (n

w

-Jr

U)

CL

DON~iTIAH-

SPECTRAL DATA

Acquisition of spectrum: Spectrum was acquired with a Perkin-ElmerModel 983 spectrophotometer having the fcliowiug resolution:




Sample; gypsum <74 micrometer particles

Origin: Mexico



CYI

toI

4)

L in

4) -E wom

E w

Z >. 0-w <iw

< LiI.0x

(I, Inx

If:I

0-in LD.

33NVi33lJ38 %

SPECTRAL DATA



4000-3000 cm(-l) 24 cm(-l)3000-1800 cm(-1) 12 cm(-1)1800-600 cm(-l) 8 cm(-l)600-400 cm(-1) 18 cm(-1)


Sample: gypsum 74-250 micrometer particles

Origin: Mexico



g3

M4

N D

Cc

L

SE

0L In

I.-

ww

w-j wuim3a

RU)(I)

a-

30NViO31hJ38 %

SPECTRAL DATA



4000-3000 cm(-1) 24 cm(-1)3000-1800 cm(-1) 12 cm(-1)1800-600 cm(-l) 8 cm(-1)600-400 cm(-1) 18 cm(-l)


Sample: gypsum 250-500 micrometer particles

Origin: Mexico



00

CDC

44

CL000

C- I

2 I0m

Z >u

LDI

3CC

w Cu

BON~iO31C

SPECTRAL DATA




Reference: 600 grit Au coated SiC sandpaper

Sample: Montmorillonite

Origin: Wyoming

Physical state: particulate mineral

Remarks: This is a commercial sample obtained from Ward'sScientific Co.

N -I

L

4-)-

0 InI

E w

WZWi

Z

w!

zz

N

C3IxLIn

30NViO31738 %

SPECTRAL DATA



4000-3000 cm(-1) 24 cm(-1)3000-1800 cm(-1) 12 cm(-l)1800-600 cm(-1) 8 cm(-1)600-400 cm(-l) 18 cm(-l)

Reference: Particulate NaCl (0-75 micrometers)

Sample: 2% 0-5 micrometer quartz in NaCl

Origin: Sample is a laboratory construct

Physical state: Particulate mixture

Remarks: This spectrum is part of a study of the spectralcharacteristics of particulate minerals dispersed in NaCl. Thestudy attempts to model spectral properties of highly salineenvironments encountered in desert basins such as Death Valley, CA.

Reference: Eastes, John W. (1989), Spectral Properties of Halite-Rich Mineral Mixtures: Implications for Middle Infrared RemoteSensing of Highly Saline Environments, Remote SensinQ ofEnvironment, 27: 289-304.

01

L0

E 'w

E W

I-

zz

z

Ix

I-

tyk

0

33NVI0-lA38I

SPECTRAL DATA



4000-3000 cm(-1) 24 cm(-l)3000-1800 cm(-l) 12 cm(-l)1800-600 cm(-1) 8 cm(-1)600-400 cm(-1) 18 cm(-l)





Remarks: This spectrum is part of a study of the spectralcharacteristics of particulate minerals dispersed in NaCI. Thestudy attempts to model spectral properties of highly salineenvironments encountered in desert basins such as Death Valley, CA.

Reference: Eastes, John W. (1989), Spectral Properties of Halite-Rich Mineral Mixtures: implications for Middle Infrared RemoteSensing of Highly Saline Environments, Remote Sensing ofEnvironment, 27: 289-304.

- T-

0 u

E w

L '

ww

.

3a z

Ix

If, I

3ONVI03-IJ38 %

SPECTRAL DATA

Acquiaition of spectrum: Spectrum was acquired with a Perkin-ElmerModel 983 spectrophotometer having the following resolution:


4000-3000 cm(-1) 24 cm(-1)3000-1800 cm(-1) 12 cm(-1)1800-600 cm(-1) 8 cm(-1)600-400 cm(-l) 18 cm(-l)






Reference: Eastes, John W. (1989), Spectral Properties of Halite-Rich Mineral Mixtures: Implications for Middle Infrared RemoteSensing of Highly Saline Environments, Remote Sensing ofEnvironment, 27: 289-304.

41

E-0 L)L in0

E w

wDw -

-L)

z

I.-

LflU, I*c

SPECTRAL DATA





Sample: 50% 0-5 micrometer quartz in NaCI



Remarks: This spectrum is part of a study of the sp :Lralcharacteristics of particulate minerals dispersed in NaCl. Thestudy attempts to model spectral properties of highly salineenvi-ronment- encountered in desert basins such as Death Valley, CA.


I CO* I

L4

E

0

E w

wywj z

zV-)

NW-C3

U, * I *

SPECTRAL DATA



4000-3000 cm(-1) 24 cm(-l)3000-1800 cm(-1) 12 cm(-l)1800-600 cm(-1) 8 cm(-l)600-400 cm(-l) 18 cm(-1)







U,9

L 0n

00~

0 -4

Lm

Z a

Li Zw

Lo

=m

U'

t'I s

m Lfl

3%ri'NI03Il3

SPECTRAL DATA



4000-3000 cm(-l) 24 cm(-l)3000-1800 cm(-1) 12 cm(-l)1800-600 cm(-l) 8 cm(-1)600-400 cm(-l) 18 cm(-1)







0 uL0E -

Inn

0Z

w

w33~ z

INNI-

In

30NViO33lJ38 %

SPECTRAL DATA



4000-3000 cm(-l) 24 cm(-l)3000-1800 cm(-l) 12 cm(-l)1800-600 cm(-l) 8 cm(-1)600-400 cm(-l) 18 cm(-l)






reference: Eastes, John W. (1989), Spectral Properties of Halite-Rich Mineral Mixtures: Implications for Middle Infrared RemoteSinsing of Highly Saline Environments, Remote Sensing ofEnvironment, 27: 289-304.

CD I * I

*Y W

E zL. Lo

.02

-141toIn IN

30N~i3-lJ38-

SPECTRAL DATA



4000-3000 cm(-l) 24 cm(-l)3000-1800 cm(-1) 12 cm(-1)1800-600 cm(-1) 8 cm(-1)600-400 cm(-1) 18 cm(-1)







0~

01

E

U,NVZ C

w Z-j 31C

3Ow31Z~

SPECTRAL DATA



4000-3000 cm(-l) 24 cm(-l)3000-1800 cm(-1) 12 cm(-l)1800-600 cm(-1) 8 cm(-1)600-400 cm(-l) 18 cm(-l)







t o

L

4)

0 inL L0

E w

z

Z >0z

-i 3a

< 0

inN

in UU

30NVI33J.38 %

SPECTRAL DATA





Sample: 10% 75-250 micrometer quartz in NaCI





4O

L

41)

E

o U

Z CY W

zz

wC-Jm

axm,

N

I-

U,)

30NVI33-1HB %

SPECTRAL DATA










0

L (

EI

oi <

w-

M

zz

3 C3CYI)

LA

tn LA

3JNVi33-1d3H %

SPECTRAL DATA










0 1

0IL i

0

E wk

wwwm

U z

:> 0< z

N

30NVIOB-1-A3 %

SPECTRAL DATA



4000-3000 cm(-l) 24 cm(-l)3000-1800 cm(-1) 12 cm(-1)1800-600 cm(-1) 8 cm(-1)600-400 cm(-l) 18 cm(-1)







InI *

131

.4u

N U

LEOn

* n I I. 1c

E3~3-A %

SPECTRAL DATA



4000-3000 cm(-l) 24 cm(-l)3000-1800 cm(-1) 12 cm(-l)1800-600 cm(-l) 8 cm(-l)600-400 cm(-l) 18 cm(-l)


Sample: 2% 0-5 micrometer calcite in NaCl





IIUG

0m

3003-l3

SPECTRAL DATA








Remarks: This spectrum is part of a study of the spectralcharacteristics of particulate minerals dispersed in NaCl. Thestudy attempts to model spectral properties of highly salineenvironrments encountered in desert basins such as Death Valley, CA.


CYI

L In

Lo 7C. U3

z

w

IxIW, L,

30NVi33-IJ38 %

SPECTRAL DATA



4000-3000 cm(-1) 24 cm(-1)3000-1800 cm(-1) 12 cm(-1)1800-600 cm(-l) 8 cm(-l)600-400 cm(-l) 18 cm(-l)







4)

0L Inl u

w

w >w31

z

w

IxIInI

Iin

30NV1O333 %

SPECTRAL DATA




Reference: Particulate NaCI (0-75 micrometers)






01

L L2

Ew

zM

-i-W Li

N zz

in LiV

BONViO3ThA9U %

SPECTRAL DATA










0

L i

E w

w -C -4

ww

I-

UU

U Uw

30NVii" iI38I %

SPECTRAL DATA




Reference: Particulate NaCi (0-75 micrometers)


Origin: .ample i- a ladboratory construct



Reference: Eastes, John W. (1989), Spectral Properties of Halite-Rich Mineral Mixtures: Implications for Middle Infrared RemoteSensing of Highly Saline Envizoaments, Remote Sensina ofEnvironment, 27: 289-304.

C9*

......

UC

CD

0 in1

0(

L SW

ww

3 z

wI-

4w V3ONVJ.OTI-dJ %

SPECTRAL DATA



4000-3000 cm(-I) 24 cm(-l)3000-1800 cm(-l) 12 cm(-l)1800-600 cm(-l) 8 cm(-l)600-400 cm(-l) 18 cm(-l)







g3D

InI

I-.' US ' Z

LY W

S<

CC

ww-j

Inz-q

49 M30N~i3lJ38-

SPECTRAL DATA



4000-3000 cm(-1) 24 cm(-l)3000-1800 cm(-1) 12 cm(-1)1800-600 cm(-1) 8 cm(-1)600-400 cm(-1) 18 cm(-l)







C

'4

L'4

E

M4

Z Ww >

*D I

otC.m

C.,Y

30V0-.3 %C

SPECTRAL DATA

Acquisition of spectrum: Spectrum was acquirted with a Perkin-ElmerModel 983 spectrophotometer having the following resolution:


4000-3000 cm(-l) 24 cm(-l)3000-1800 cm(-1) 12 cm(-1)1800-600 cm(-1) 8 cm(-l)600-400 cm(-l) 18 cm(-l)





Remarks: This spectrum is part of a study of the spectralcharacteristics of particulate minerals dispersea in NaCl. Thestudy attempts to model spectral properties of highly salineenvironments encountered in desert basins such as Death Valley, CA.

Reference: Eastes, John W. (1989), Spectral Properties of Halite-Rich Mineral Mixtures: Implications for Middle Infrared RemoteSensing of Highly Saline Environments, Remote Sensinq ofEnvironment, 27: 289-304.

Lo WZ*i I

w

I-I--

uJu

I-

30NVI3-IJ3

SPECTRAL DATA

Acquisition c- spectrum: Spectrum was acquired with a Perkin-ElmcerModel 983 spectrophotometer having the following resolution:








Reference: Eastes, John W. (1989), Spectral Properties of Halite-Rich Mineral Mixtures: Implications for Middle Infrared RemoteSensing of Highly Saline Environments, Remote Sensinq ofEnvironment, 27: 289-304.

CO.

L

0

L In0

E rw

0 z

Z CY W-j-<w 3w z

z319)

NI

U) - IeJ .~ N

U S I

9ONV±OT~Jto

SPECTRAL DATA

Acquisition of spectrum: Spectrum was acquired with a Perkin-ElmerModel 983 spe7trophotometer having the following resolution:


400^-3000 cm(-l) 24 cm(-l)300-1800 cm(-l) 12 cm(-l)1800-600 cm(-l) 8 cm(-l)600-400 cm(-l) 18 cm(-l)

Reference: Particulate NaCl (0-75 mic-ometers)



Physical state: Paiticulate mixture

Remarks: This spectrum is part of a study of the spectralcharacteristics of particulate rn-nerals dispersed in NaCl. Thestudy attempts to model spectral properties of highly salineenvironments encountered in desert basins such as Death Valley, CA.


L

LInI0

z -w

I-

in

I I

If)in

30NViLO31A38 %

SPECTRAL DATA










N I

C..

4'

0Eu0

.,

Z NwW

z

C.,

II

30NV103I38 %

SPECTRAL DATA





Sample: 2% 0-5 micrometer gypsum in NaCl





I I*

4J4

L (

0Lu4

E W

Z >~

3 <)-i 31C

z

0

30NVED31A38 %

SPECTRAL DATA



4000-3000 cm(-1) 24 cm(-l)3000-1800 cm(-1) 12 cm(-1)1800-600 cm(-1) 8 cm(-1)600-400 cm(-1) 18 cm(-l)







g3OD

CoImt-to

co LLU

.V44

-j-SE

oL

L U")

II

U L)a~

BON~iO1A38z

SPECTRAL DATA



4000-3000 cm(-1) 24 cm(-l)3000-1800 cm(-1) 12 cm(-1)1800-600 cm(-l) 8 cm(-l)600-400 cm(-l) 18 cm(-l)







IN

0

E' w

E Z

CE W

ZI-

w

31C zz

C,)>-

Ln

in * in

~3NVi33lA38 %

SPECTRAL DATA



4000-3000 cm(-l) 24 cm(-l)3000-1800 cm(-1) 12 cm(-1)1800-600 cm(-l) 8 cm(-1)600-400 cm(-l) 18 cm(-l)




ihy.ical state: Particulate mixture



0(4)

EL In

E w

zDV

w C

< w- N

U)

w-j

JONVi331.d9BH %

SPECTRAL DATA





Sample: 2% 0-74 micrometer gypsum in NaCI





KICI

ImI

0 U

0. z

E Li0 ~m

X M

I-

ww w

N313

wLi

(w~ oC.

x

UCa

33NV103I38

SPECTRAL DATA



4000-3000 cm(-l) 24 cm(-l)3000-1800 cmf-l) 12 cm(-l)1800-500 cm(-l) 8 cmk-l)600-400 cm(-l) 18 cm(-l)





Remarks: This spectrua is part of a study of the spectralcharacteristics of particulate minerals dispersed in NaCi. Thestudy attempts to model spectral properties of ' ighly salineenvironments encountered in desert basins such as Death Valley, CA.


L

E0

L Ln

E w:c M

w <> 0

zz

In

LolUX,

30NVi3-J3 %

SPECTRAL DATA










C-

L

E0 W0

EW

zm

-j-w L)

- 0z

C.,

LI02

IMAU U U

30V0I3 %

SPECTRAL DATA



4000-3000 cm(-l) 24 cm(-l)3000-1800 cm(-l) 12 cm(-1)1800-600 cm(-l) 8 cm(-1)600-400 cm(-1) 18 cm(-1)



Origin: Sample is a labcratory construct




InI

* -5w0m

zzz NW

Wm

U z)-

I In

" LqI

3ONVILO3IJ3 %

SPECTRAL DATA



4000-3000 c'r(-1) 24 m(-i)3000-1800 cm(-l) 12 cm(-l)1800-600 cm(-l) 8 cm(-l)600-400 cm(-l) 18 cm(-l)







0 in1

00v I

1-V-

U)

W a33N~i3-l~lz

SPECTRAL DATA



4000-3000 cm(-l) 24 cm(-l)3000-1800 cm(-1) 12 cm(-l)1800-600 cm(-1) 8 cm(-1)600-400 cm(-1) 18 cm(-1)







4)

0

0

w

w Z

UU

z

NLn

3NViO~1dA38

SPECTRAL DATA



4000-3000 cm(-l) 24 cm(-l)3000-1800 cm(-l) 12 cm(-1)1800-600 cm(-1) 8 cm(-1)600-400 cm(-1) 18 cm(-1)


Sample: 25% 74-250 micrometer gypsum in NaCI





E 3

.vq I x

* (0

L.L

I IV

z n z0-

9ONI03J3 %

SPECTRAL DATA










I p

co

S I|L43 -L In

O N

3 z

z

0

I 0K

33NY137 3-S

SPECTRAL DATA



4000-3000 cm(-]) 24 cm(-l)3000-1800 cm(-l) 12 cm(-l)1800-600 cm(-l) 8 cm(-l)600-400 cm(-l) 18 cm(-l)


Sample: 2% montmorillonite in NaCI




Reference: Fastms, John W. (1989), Spectral Properties of Halite-Rich Mineral Mixtures: Implications for Middle Infrared RemoteSensing of Fighly Saline Environments, Remote Sensing- ofEnvironment, 27: 289-304.

COp * I

w I J

<. z

> 'oI z

w

* z

zwO-

30NI3II8!

SPECTRAL DATA



4000-3000 cm(-l) 24 cm(-l)3000-1800 cm(-1) 12 cm(-l)1800-600 cm(-1) 8 cm(-1)600-400 cm(-l) 18 cm(-1)


Sample: 10% montmorillonite in NaCl





03 u

L01

LLw-

c z

X z

ww

zw-

0

z

33Ni3J1.IH %

SPECTRAL DATA



4000-3000 cm(-l) 24 cm(-l)3000-1800 cm(-1) 12 cm(-1)1800-600 cm(-l) 8 cm(-1)600-400 cm(-l) 18 cm(-l)







g3 -* II *

WEJ

0 1O rro0 _

00

LU7n

30V0I3

SPECTRAL DATA



4000-3000 cm(-l) 24 cm(-l)3000-1800 cm(-1) 12 cm(-l)1800-600 cm(-l) 8 cm(-1)600-400 cm(-l) 18 cm(-1)







00In

Wm (000

- 0nI

0 00 0a) L

L

00

0 I0

W0

I0

H

< L-J

LL z

o

I - .In

I

0 i

CE 0 < 0 "

1 00

<n 0n

H <n<- 0 3U) 0

01In

LUn

I0

Iin

00 00 V004 0 . 008 00600TV~B t

Sample: Silty salt from Death Valley, (hard, flat)

Sample data: Sample collected in April 1989 by J. W. Eastes fromsilt laden area of the Death Valley salt pan.

Description: This is a hard, flat, smooth sample heavilycontaminated with particulate matter. Contaminants consist mainlyof clay minerals together with clay and silt sized particles ofigneous and sedimentary materials plus organic matter.

Comments: Water absorption appears at 2.9 micrometers and ahydrocarbon C-H stretching feature occurs centered near 3.4micrometers. A calcite absorption band appears near 4.0micrometers. The broad depression in reflectance between 8.5 and12.0 micrometers is the result of overlapping absorption bands ofseveral species such as clays and other finely particulatematerials.

Acquisition of spectrum: Spectrum was recorded at 4 cm(-l)resolution using a Nicolet 5DXB FTIR spectrometer and gold coatedintegrating sphere with cooled MCT detector.

Reference: Eastes, John W. (1989), Spectral Properties of Halite-Rich Mineral Mixtures: Implications for Middle Infrared RemoteSensing of Highly Saline Environments, Remote Sensing ofEnvironment , 27: 289-304.

00Ur)

00Uf)

N-4

U) 00Ur)

mI

0 I

0

N 00. U

0)z

N 0 u

<00300

w 0i

O 0< 0

w 00 0

0z I

w 0Ir 0

0 0)

3: 0

000 ~*'000~E 00 ~ 00 12000~t 0001. 0000M:~1d 0

Sample: Salt (halite) from wash area in Death Valley

Sample data: Sample collected in April 1989 by J. W. Eastes fromDeath Valley salt pan.

Description: This is a sample of relatively pure halite from anarea of the salt pan washed by surface and subsurface water flow.

Comments: The sample is almost white in color due to lowconcentrations of colored contaminants. Although not confirmed, anabsorption feature near 4.7 micrometers may be due to gypsum.Strong water absorption occurs near 2.9 micrometers and a weakcarbonate feature is present near 4.0 micrometers.Depressed reflectance between 8.0 and 10.5 micrometers is due toabsorption by a variety of finely particulate silicate species.



00U)

00U)

0

0

0

0

0

0

U0)

000 on0 uLlm

0 z

1. 0<03

w 0nz U

00) '000LU)00

00

I Ur)u

w00)0w

0

100 0001 0 E00L2008 00600LLN~~3 0

Sample: Efflorescent chip

Sample data: Sample collected by M. B. Satterwhite and J.P Henleyduring field work in the Mojave desert.

Description: Sample is a small chip of soil from a Mojave desertsaline playa having an approximately 1 mm thick efflorescence onthe surface.

Comments: This spectrum illustrates the effects of finely dividedparticulate material dispersed in a saline matrix. The spectrumdiffers from those of pure minerals in that spectral features inthe region between approximately 8 and 10.3 micrometers are expres-sed as reflectance minina rather than maxima. The spectral minimaresult from absorption by finely particulate silicates and othermaterials dispersed in the efflorescent crust. These finely divid-ed contaminents in the efflorescent crust can be introduced by bothwind and water.


00U)

m

0I

0

0

00If)

0

00 p

0

U)j

000 L

0 <)

N

0 00

0

< 0

0

m

0(A _____________________________________________ 4

N".

000 '2 000 "GE 00O '82 000 "T2 000 'VT 0000 L0000 '0

33NV103Th-dE %

Sample: Soil 89-9

Sample data: Sample collected during 1989 by M. B. Sa--erwhite andJ. P. Henley near Danby Lake, San Bernardino Co. CA. Samplecharacterization and chemical/physical analysei performed undercontract with P. R. Luttrell, Co--,ulting Geologist, 436 ShontoTrail, Flagstaff, AZ 86001.

Description: This is a poorly-sorted, subangular (grain shape),buff-colored, very fine-grained subfeldspathic gypsiferous quartzsand. The bladed gypsum crystals are clear to white (coated withcalcite) and d.-splay twinning.

XRD analy-sis: X'ID analysis determined a 16% plagioclase, 6% K-feldspar, 6% calcite and 1% c .ay minerals for the sample.Petrographic analysis further indicated 40% quartz and 35% gypsum.The clay mineral component consists of illite, smectite, mixed-layered illite/smectite, kaolinite and chlorite. Augite andrhodochr ite are present as trace amounts in the clay fraction.

Comments: Hydroxyl absorption associated with clay mineralstogether with a water absorption band appear in the 2.7-2.9micrometer region. This sample contains considerable gypsum (35%),however except for water absorption, gypsum spectral featuresappear t be masked by quartz or other species. A weakly expressedbroad doublet between 8 and 9.5 micrometers is diagnostic ofquartz. Calcite absorption occurs near 4.0 micrometes and a weakcarbonate fundamental, also due to calcite, appears near 6.4micrometers.

A;quisition of spectrum: Spectrum was recorded at 4 cm(-l)resolution using a Nicolet 5DXB FTIR spectrometer and gold coatedin-egrating sphere with cooled MCT detector.

Reference: Petroqraphic Analysis of Soil Surface Samples, A reportprepared for U.S. Army Engineer Topographic Laboraories, Ft.Belvoir, VA by P. Rubick Luttrell, November, 1989.

00

00

U)

N('1

00Ur)

N

000

0

0U)

0 Z0

0c u

0 "

0 3o zLn w

o-4

U w

0 <

NN

-4 0<00 0

0

-4 0

O 0

< 0

0

L U)

00

ID U)

00

0 0D

In L

000 "2 000 "E 000 82 000 12 000 "I 0000 "/ 0000 0

3NYJDO37BJ3

Sample: Soil 89-17

Sample data: Sample collected during 1989 by M. B. Satterwhite andJ. P. Henley near Danby Lake, San Bernardino Co., CA . Samplecharacterization and chemical/physical analyses performed undercontract with P. R. Luttrell, Consulting Geologist, 436 ShontoTrail, Flagstaff, AZ 86001.

Description: This is a well sorted, light-buff, very fine-grainedsubfeld-spathic calcareous quartz silt.

XRD analysis: Sample consists of 73% quartz, 10% feldspar(oligoclase), 16% calcite, and 1% clay minerals. Quartz, calciteand oligoclase are in the silt-sized fraction. Clay mineralsconsist of illite, smectite, mixed-layered illite/smectite,chlorite and kaolinite.

Comments: XRD analysis indicates a high (73%) quartz content forthis sample, however fine sample particle size results in lowspectral contrast in the 8 to 13.5 micrometer region of thespectrum. A narrow calcite absorption band occurs near 4.0micrometers and and a surface scattering reflectance peak, also dueto calcite, appears near 6.3 micrometers. Hydroxyl absorption dueto clay minerals plus a water band appear in the 2.7-2.9 micrometerregion.


Reference: Petrographic Analysis of Soil Surface Samples, A reportprepared for U.S. Army Engineer Topographic Laboraories, Ft.Belvoir, VA by P. Rubick Luttrell, November, 1989.

00

0f

10

ti0u

0zinl

11) 0<03

00

0 0f00 0

LLa.m

000

00Z

000 ,

000 1' 00 9 00 82 00 ~ 00 .V 000 L 0000BJNYI0Th~~0

Sample: Soil 89-24

Sample data: Sample collected during 1989 by M. B. Satterwhite andJ. P. Henley near Silver Lake, San Bernardino Co., CA. Samplecharacterization and chemical/physical analyses performed undercontract with P. R. Luttrell, Consulting Geologist, 436 ShontoTrail, Flagstaff, AZ 86001.

Description: This is a well-sorted, medium buff-colored, veryfine-grained calcareous subfeldspathic quartz silt.

XRD analysis: Sample consists of 81% quartz, 11% feldspar (Na-richplagio-clase), 8% calcite and 1% clay minerals. The clay fractioncontains illite (K-clay), mixed-layered illite/smectite, smectite,kaolinite and a trace of microcline.

Comments: Although XRD analysis indicates a high silicate contentfor this sample, fine particle size produces low spectral contrastin the 8 to 13.5 micrometer Si-O stretching region of the spectrum.A weak maximum due to clay minerals is seen centered near 9.5micrometers. A calcite reflectance maximum appears near 6.4micrometers while calcite absorbance occurs near 4.0 micrometers.A water band at 2.9 micrometers and sharper hydroxyl band at 2.7micrometers due to O-H stretching vibrations are due to clay in thesoil.


Reference: Petroqraphic Analysis of Soil Surface Samples, A reportprepared for U.S. Army Engineer Topographic Laboratories, Ft.Belvoir, VA by P. Rubick Luttrell, November, 1989.

00

0

0In

0

0Z

N0<

- (00 0f

0 0

0

0

0) 0N U0

0

N 0U)

0)0

09-' 0

0) 0

N N00 in000'00~ 0 ~009 00800

a)lTh3

Sample: Soil 89-27

Sample data: Sample collected during 1989 by M. B. Satterwhite andJ. P. Henley near Bristol Lake, San Bernardino Co., CA. Samplecharacterization and chemical/physical analyses performed undercontract with P. R. Luttrell, Consulting Geologist, 436 ShontoTrail, Flagstaff, AZ 86001.

Description: This sample is a light orange-brown colored, fine-grained calcareous subfeldspathic quartz sand. The color is due tohematite coating individual sand grains. The calcite is white, thequartz grains are clear to orangish-brown, and the feldspar iswhite to pink.

XRD analysis: Sample consists of 62% quartz, 14% calcite, 23%feldspar (12% albite, 11% K-feldspar) and 1% clay minerals. Theclay fraction is made up of illite, mixed-layered illite/smectite,smectite and chlorite.

Comments: XRD analysis indicates a high quartz content for thissample, however fine sample particle size produces low spectralcontrast in the 8 to 13.5 micrometer Si-O stretching region. Amoderate clay mineral reflectance peak is centered about 9.6micrometers. Hydroxyl and water absorption appears between 2.7 and2.9 micrometers due to clay minerals. Moderate calcite absorptionappears near 4.0 micrometers and the carbonate fundamentalreflectance peak, also due to calcite, occurs near 6.3 micrometers.


Reference: Petrographic Analysis of Soil Surface Samples, A reportprepared for U.S. Army Engineer Topographic Laboratories, Ft.Belvoir, VA by P. Rubick Luttrell, November, 1989.

00U)

m

00U,N'-4

00

00

0

00ID

0

0co00 L3

0 zLn wI

o W

N W

>

-0 <0 3:

- 0

N

0 n(0

0 0

0

-I 0

0) Ln

L I(I

< 00

W0 0- in

m

6-I _____________U) ,

000"2V 000 "E 000'92 000"12 000'" 0000"L 0000 0

30NV103-33

Sample: Soil 89-31

Sample data: Sample collected during 1989 by M. B. Satterwhite andJ. P. Henley near Broadwell Lake, San Bernardino Co, CA. Samplecharacterization and chemical/physical analyses performed undercontract with P. R. Luttrell, Consulting Geologist, 436 ShontoTrail, Flagstaff, AZ 86001.

Description: This is a well sorted, buff-colored, very fine-grained subfeldspathic dolomitic calcareous quartz silt. Thedolomite consists of minute flakes with a vitreous luster (crystalsreflect light) and the calcite is white. The sample also containsminor amounts of muscovite and biotite as well as organic material(small twigs).

XRD analysis: Sample consists of 61% quartz, 14% calcite, 11%dolomite and rhodochrosite 13% feldspar (albite) and 1% clays. Theclay fraction contains mixed-layered illite/smectite, smectite,illite and minor chlorite.

Comments: XRD analysis indicates a high quartz content for thissample, however fine sample particle size causes low spectralcontrast in the 8 to 13.5 micrometer wavelength region. Hydroxyland water absorptions appear in the 2.7-2.9 micrometer region.Carbonate absorption due to calcite occurs near 4.0 micrometers andcarbonate fundamental reflectance appears near 6.4 micrometers.


Reference: PetroQraphic Analysis of Soil Surface Samples, A reportprepared for U.S. Army Engineer Topographic Laboratories, Ft.Belvoir, VA by P. Rubick Luttrell, November, 1989.

0

0

0

0

00

.U)

00 c

U)I

m

100Z

00<

in 0

0zU1W

0.

0Wif0

0co. 0

0 0(Y)U0m 0j

00 in 0 t 0 E00~2009 00' 00'

3flNV~h~~m

Sample: Soil 89-33

Sample data: Sample collected during 1989 by M. B. Satterwhite andJ. P. Henley at Superior playa near Ft. Irwin, CA. Samplecharacterization and chemical/physical analyses performed undercontract with P. R. Luttrell, Consulting Geologist, 436 ShontoTrail, Flagstaff, AZ 86001.

Description: This is a well-sorted, light-buff colored, fine-grained calcareous quartz silt containing quartz and calcite in thesilt-fraction and feldspar in the clay-fraction.

Comments: XRD analysis indicates a considerable (49%) quartzcontent for this sample, however because of fine sample particlesize, spectral contrast in the 8 to 13.5 micrometer Si-O stretchingregion of the spectrum is very weakly expressed. Clay mineralhydroxyl absorption appears at 2.7 micrometers, and a water bandoccurs near 2.9 micrometers. Weak carbonate absorption is seennear 4.0 micrometers, and a weak carbonate surface scattering peakappears near 6.3 micrometers.

XRD analysis: Sample consists of 49% quartz, 40% feldspar (19%microcline; K-feldspar & 21% albite; Na-plagioclase), 10% calciteand 1% clay minerals. The clays consist of mixed-layeredillite/smectite, illit, smectite and kaolinite.


Reference: Petrographic Analysis of Soil Surface Samples, A reportprepared for U.S. Army Engineer Topographic Laboratories, Ft.Belvoir, VA by P. Rubick Luttrell, November, 1989.

00In

0lo)

I0

02

Nin

N0<

0U,

-. 4n

- (0

0, it00 "

Nn 0

NI

0N 0

00,

(0 <T1 0

5-4 00 0

N 000 L 0 E00 200E 00fT000L00

NVJ~3h~~0

Sample: Soil 89-37

Sample data: Sample collected during 1989 by M. B. Satterwhite andJ. P. Henley near Coyote Lake, San Bernardino Co., CA. Samplecharacterization and chemical/physical analyses performed undercontract with P. R. Luttrell, Consulting Geologist, 436 ShontoTrail, Flagstaff, AZ 86001.

Description: This is a moderately-sorted, subangular (grainshape), light-buff colored, fine-grained sandy silt containingquartz, feldspar/plagioclase, calcite, magnetite and brown mica.

XRD analysis: Sample consists of 59% quartz, 20% plagioclase(laboradorite), 20% calcite, and 1% clay minerals (predominatelymixed-layered illite/ smectite). The 1% clay fraction consists ofmixed-layered illite/smectite (72%), illite (23%) and kaolinite(5%).

Comments: XRD analysis indicates a high silicate content for thissample, however fine sample particle size causes spectral featuresin the 8 to 13 micrometer Si-O stretching region of the spectrum tobe weakly expressed. A weak reflectance peak centered around 9.5micrometers may be due to plagioclase. Calcite absorption occursnear 4.0 micrometers and a calcite reflectance peak appears near6.4 micrometers. A broad water band at 2.9 micrometers togetherwith a sharper hydroxyl band at 2.7 micro-meters due to O-Hstretching vibrations are due to the small amount of clay in thesoil. Clay coatings on quartz grains may account in part for thelack of a characteristic quartz doublet normally found near 8.5micrometers.



00U)

04

0

0in

0

0

00-

0

0)

0

10

0

0 z

0 0~Iin

0- U00)00) i0

Inn

L

0~0

0

00

m1 inW03)

000

W 1r

000 'Z! 000 'GE 0300 000 'To 000 V10000 L0000 '0

33NY13D31d-3 %

Sample: Soil 89-38

Sample data: Sample collected during 1989 by M. B. Satterwhite andJ. P. Henley near Coyote Lake, San Bernardino Co. CA. Samplecharacterization and chemical/physical analyses performed undercontract with P. R. Luttrell, Consulting Geologist, 436 ShontoTrail, Flagstaff, AZ 86001.

Description: This is a moderately-sorted, light-brown, fine-grained, thenarditic, subfeldspathic quartz calciclastic sand.The light-brown color is due to brown thenardite (Na-sulfate) andNa-rich plagioclase (dark gray). The thenardite is silt sized, buthas weathered/flocculated into sand-sized aggregates.

XRD analysis: Sample consists of 34% calcite, 29% quartz, 23% Ca-rich plagioclase, 13% thenardite and 1% clay minerals. The clayminerals component is made up of 45% mixed-layered illite/smectite,39% illite, 11% smectite and 5% kaolinite.

Comments: Three reflectance peaks between 8 and 10 nd.crometers aredue to clay coated quartz grains. The maximum near 6.4 micrometersis a surface scattering calcite peak due to C-0 stretching, whilethe deep narrow trough near 4 micrometers is due to calciteabsorption. A reflectance minimum near 4.7 micrometers may be dueto S-O stretching in thenardite. Th3 broad water band at 2.9micrometers is due to clay in the soil.

Acquistion of spectrum: Spectrum was recorded at 4 cm(-l)resolution using a Nicolet 5DXB FTIR spectrometer and gold coatedintegrating sphere with cooled MCT detector.

Reference: PetroQraphic Analysis of Soil Surface Samples, A reportprepared 7or U.S. Army Engineei Topographic Laboraories, Ft.Belvoir, VA by P. Rubick Luttrell, November, 1989.

00U)m-4

0

0In

N'-4

0

0

000

00

LO

00 ir

0Cu0 "f

0-m

I

4-INWIn 0 <00 03

0If)

0)0

L In

a 0m

L00 0

00 0

0

000

In in

Goo

000 " 000 S9E 000 82 000 12 000 "VT 0000 ". 0000 "0

30NViD37-38 %

Sample: Soil 89-40

Sample data: Sample collected during 1989 by M. B. Satterwhite andJ. P. Henley near Lovelock, NV. Sample characterization andchemical/physical analyses performed under contract with P. R.Luttrell, Consulting Geologist, 436 Shonto Trail, Flagstaff, AZ86001.

Description: This is a moderately-sorted, subangular (grainshape), brown, fine-grained micaceous calcareous feldspathic quartzsand.

XRD analysis: Sample consists of 55% quartz, 35% feldspar(microcline, orthoclase and Na-rich plagioclase. Micas total lessthan 5% of the sample and consist of muscovite, biotite andphlogopite. Calcite occurs as white silt-sized particles. Organicmatter (twigs & rootlets) makes up less than 1% of the sample. Theclays (<1%) consist of illite, mixed-layered illite/smectite, smectite and kaolinite.

Comments: In the 8.0 to 10.5 micrometer region, the spectrum isdominated by broad silicate surface scattering due to Si-Ostretching vibrations. Hydroxyl and water absorptions occur in the2.7-2.9 micrometer region. A carbonate absorption band due tocalcite occurs near 4.0 micrometers and a weak carbo-natefundamental reflectance peak, also due to calcite, appears near 6.3micrometers.

Acquisition of spectrum: Spectrum was recorded at 4 cm(-l)resolution using a Nicolet 5DXB FTIR spectrometer and gold coatedintegrating sphere with cooled MCT detectcr.


00in

o

/A °0

0

in

0

0

0

0

/ I

L crm

0

4: 0 Z

00 z

on W

0

In

0)0

1 0

L~ LO

-. 0

0

0 W

0

0 0

< z0

0

0 0

o0 '21 o00o "SE 000 '82 000 "T;E 000 "T 0000 'L 0000o '

30NV1337--33W

Sample: Soil 89-44

Sample data: Sample collected during 1989 by M. B. Satterwhite andJ. P. Henley near Winnemucca, NV. Sample characterization andchemical/physical analyses performed under contract with P. R.Luttrell, Consulting Geologist, 436 Shonto Trail, Flagstaff, AZ86001.

Description: This is a poorly-sorted, brown, medium-grainedsubfeldspathic quartz silt. This sample is dominated by silt-sizedquartz but also contains dark-gray sand-sized grains of Ca-richplagioclase.

XRD analysis: Sample consists of 79% quartz, 20% Ca-richplagioclase and less than 0.5% clays. The clay fraction containsillite, mixed-layered illite/smectite, kaolinite and chlorite.

Comments: XRD analysis indicates a high quartz content for thissample, however fine sample particle size produces rather weakexpression of spectral features in the 8 to 13.5 micrometer Si-Ostretching region of the spectrum. Clay mineral hydroxyl and waterbands appear in the 2.7-2.9 micrometer region.



00In

000

00

00

00

0

0m0 u0 "

Ln 2

co

0ZN W

0Ln W

m 0 <

•i4 00

0 0

n00

0 0

0m In

<1 0

0

m 0n

I 0

- 0Q 0

000 "V 000 "9E 000 "8Z 000 "1Z 000 "V! 0000 "L 0000 "0

N '1 -l_-13 l%

II I I I II I IIII II •

Sample: Soil 89-46

Sample data: Sample collected during 1989 by M. B. Satterwhite andJ. P. Henley near Winnemucca, NV. Sample characterization andchemical/physical analyses performed under contract with P. R.Luttrell, Consulting Geologist, 436 Shonto Trail, Flagstaff, AZ86001.

Description: This is a well-sorted, light-brown, fine-grained,subfeldspathic quartz silt.

XRD analysis: Sample contains 76% quartz, of which 10% iscristobalite. Feldspars consist of dark gray Na-rich plagioclase(12%) and white microcline (12%). Sample contains 6% gypsum andminor clay minerals. The clay minerals (1%) consist of mixed-layered illite/smectite, illite, smectite and kaolinite.

Acquisition of spectrum: Spectrumn was recorded at 4 cm(-l)resolution ising a Nicolet 5DXB FTIR spectrometer and gold coatedintegrating sphere with cooled MCT detector.


00In

0

0Ur)

00U)

00Ul

0)0

00)"

001)3

0 Z

Nf)W

0 <

0

0 (D

N 0

00)0

in

L 06

< 000

0 00

-40

0)0

00

U) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _n'

000'Z OO000 E 000'82 000'12! 000-VT 0000'Z- 0000*0

30NV037=i3 %

Sample: Soil 89-51

Sample data: Sample collected during 1989 by M. B. Satterwhite andJ. P. Henley near Battle Mountain, NV. Sample characterization andchemical/ physical analyses performed under contract with P. R.Luttrell, Consulting Geologist, 436 Shonto Trail, Flagstaff, AZ86001.

Description: This is a moderately-sorted, light-brown, sandyfeldspathic quartz silt. This sample contains sand-sized grains ofdark gray plagioclase and dark red to black sand-sized fragments ofvolcanic rock.

XRD analysis: Sample consists of 59% qaartz, 17% Na-richplagioclase, 21% microcline, 1% alunite, 1% clinoptilolite and 1%clay minerals.

Comments: XRD analysis indicates a high quartz content for thissample, however fine (silt-sized) sample particles produce lowspectral contrast in the 8 to 13.5 micrometer Si-O stretchingregion of the spectrum. A water band at 2.9 micrometers and asharper hydroxyl band at 2.7 micrometers are due to the smallamount of clay in the soil. Although not indicated by XRDanalysis, weak absorption near 4.0 micrometers and a moderatelyexpressed reflectance peak near 6.4 micrometers indicates thepresence of a small amount of carbo-nate material.


Reference: PetroQraphic Analysis of Soil Surface Samples, A reportprepared for U.S. Army Engineer Topographic Laboraories, Ft.Belvoir, VA by P. Rubick Luttrell, November, 1989.

00

00U)

N-1

00Uf)00-O

00

0

m000

0 "

m

L I

O

0z

OUw

0

Ln W

to

w

0

0 3:

04 0

0

00

L~ LO

0 0

0

0N 0U) U

aa

mm

~ 0'-4 0

0 0

N000 ' 000 "GE 000 'E2 000 12 000 1t 0000 'L 0000 '0

3NV1037-hJ3 t %

Sample: Soil 89-52

Sample data: Sample collected during 1989 by M. B. Satterwhite andJ. P. Henley near Battle Mountain, NV. Sample characterization andchemical/physical analyses performed under contract with P. R.Luttrell, Consulting Geologist, 436 Shonto Trail, Flagstaff, AZ86001.

Description: This is a well-sorted, light-brown calcareoussubfeldspathic quartz silt.

XRD analysis: Sample consists of 65% quartz, 18% feldspar, 16%calcite, 1% clinoptilotite (silica-rich zeolite) and <1% clayminerals. The clays consist of illite, mixed-layered clay andkaolinite.

Comments: XRD analysis indicates a high quartz content for thissample, how-ever fine sample particle size produces a moderate tolow spectral contrast in the 8 to 13.5 micrometer region. Poorlyresolved hydroxyl and water absorption bands appear between 2.7 and2.9 micrometers. A sharp calcite absorption feature is presentnear 4.0 micrometers and the carbonate fundamental reflectancemaximum is moderately expressed near 6.4 micrometers.



00

in

00U*)

0

0u

ID f

.1i

a)O0

) In

O 00 00) 0)

00 L

0) >1 0

0- 0 1

0 0iin

N Lo

000 t' 00 t' 00 ~ 00 .V 00 .91000 8 0000N~fl3hd3~0

Sample: 89-54

Sample data: Sample collected during 1989 by M. B. Satterwhite andJ. P. Henley near Battle Mountain, NV. Sample characterization andchemical/physical analyses performed under contract with P. R.Luttrell, Consulting Geologist, 436 Shonto Trail, Flagstaff, AZ86001.

Description: This is a moderately well-sorted, brown subfelds-pathic quartz silt. This sample contains 10% rootlets and twigs.

XRD analysis: Sample consists of 83% quartz and 17% feldspar (11%albite and 6% K-feldspar) plus a trace of alunite and clayminerals. The clays consist of illite, mixed-layered clay, andkaolinite.

Comments: XRD analysis indicates a high quartz content for thissample, however coating of individual quartz grains by clayminerals causes spectral features in the 8 to 13.5 micrometerregion to be somewhat distorted and only moderately expressed. Awater band at 2.9 micrometers and the sharper hydroxyl band at 2.7micrometers due to OH stretching vibrations are Oue to the smallamount of clay in the soil.


Reference: Petroqraphic Analysis of Soil Surface Samples, A reportprepared for U.S. Army Engineer Topographic Laboraories, Ft.Belvoir, VA by P. Rubick Luttrell, November, 1989.

00

-f

00

In

04

00

0)

00 I

0 u

I

0 Z

N W

00

(1))

0)o *1In

0

000 0

ED - 0

10 0 E00B 0 200~!00 .00a)VflTd3

Sample: Soil 89-66

Sample data: Sample collected during 1989 by M. B. Satterwhite andJ. P. qealey near Red Lake, Jornada Experimental Range, NM. Samplecharacterization and chemical/physical analytes performed undercontract with P. R. Luttrell, Consulting Geologist, 436 ShontoTrail, Flagstaff, AZ 86001.

Description: This is a well-sorted, brown, calcareoussubfeldspathic gypsiferous quartz silt.

XRD analysis: Sample consists of 47% quartz, 24% gypsum, 18% K-f! dear, 11% calcite and a trace of amphibole (ferromagnesiumsilicate) and clays. The clays consist of illite, mixed-layeredclay, kaolinite and chlorite.

Comments: This spectrum exhibits hydroxyl and water absorptio.ifeatures between 2.7 and 2.S micrometers. A sharp absorption banddue to calcite appears near 4.0 micrometers and the carbonatefundamental occurs near 6.4 micrometers. Clay coatings on quartzgrains account for the complex series of maxima between between 7.0and 10.0 micrometers.


Reference: Petrographic Analysis of Soil Surface Samples, A reportprepared for U.S. Army Engine3r Topographic Laboraories, Ft.Belvoir, VA by P. Rubick Luttrell, November, 1989.

00

10 _

!0

I-'

0I0

'0

00u

0

0 u0 0

-4) 0

00)0

Ln

0<0

N 0

00

'00

0)

L~ 0< 0

0 0

N 0000 Ln 0 E008 0 Z 0 ' 00Z 00.

mD'YI0~d

Sample: Soil 89-72

Sample data: Sample collected during 1989 by M. B. Satterwhite andJ. P. Henley at the Jornada Experimental Range, near Las Cruces,NM. Sample characterization and chemical/physical analysesperformed under contract with P. R. Luttrell, Consulting Geologist,436 Shonto Trail, Flagstaff, AZ 86001.

Description: This is a well-sorted, angular (grain shape), light-buff colored, very fine-grained silty sand containing quartz,feldspar, magnetite, and carbonate. The white carbonates coat thequartz grains with a thin white film.

XRD analysis: Sample consists of 84% quartz, 7% plagioclase(albite), 4% calcite, 3% dolomite, 2% gypsum and a trace of clayminerals.

Comments: XRD analysis indicates a higL quartz content for thissample, however fine sample particle size causes features in the 8-13 micrometer Si-O stretching region to be only moderatelyexpressed. Calcite absorption occurs near 4.0 micrometers and thecarbonate stretching fundamental appears near 6.4 micrometers.Clay hydroxyl and water absorptions dominate the spectrum between2.7 and 2.9 micrometers.



00

0n

0

i0

N

00

00U1)

004

0

InOH0

0 o0 Z)

'-1 10

L

0~0

0) IA.00

0) 0

N0

0)1-CD(T

0

0 C

U) If)

000 "F-V 000 'SE 000 '8Z 000 -1 000 't 1 COC' /0000 'C

3ONVIO37W136~

Sample: Soil 89-72B

Sample data: Sample collected during 1989 by M. B. Satterwhite andJ. P. Henley at Jornada Experimental Range, near Las Cruces, NM.Sample characterization and chemical/physical analyses performedunder contract with P. R. Luttrell, Consulting Geologist, 436Shonto Trail, Flagstaff, AZ 86001.

Description: This is a very well-sorted, white, dolomiticgypsiferous silt.

XRD analysis: Sample consists of 36% gypsum, 31% dolomite, 19%calcite, 11% quartz, 3% plagioclase (albite) and a trace ofkaolinite. A significant amount of NaCl is also indicated.

Comments: Gypsum features dominate the spectrum. Absorptions dueto moisture and gypsum water of hydration occur in the vicinity of2.9 micrometers. The gypsum sulfate fundamental is moderatelyexpressed near 8.7 micrometers. A very weak calcite absorptionappears near 4.0 micrometers and a moderate reflectance peak, alsodue to calcite, appears near 6.3 micrometers.

Acquisition of spectrum: Spectrum was recorded at 4 cm(-1)resolution using a Nicolet 5DXB FTIR spectrometer and gold coatedintegrating sphere with cooled MCT detector.

Reference: Petroqraphic Analysis of Soil Surface Samples, A reportprepared for U.S. Army Engineer Topographic Laboracries, Ft.Belvoir, VA by P. Rubick Luttrell, November, 1989.

00In

-4

00If)

N

00U)

00

0

00

0"

00

N 0<03

0 00in

L0- 0

< 00

0

00

Iin

LOIO "E 000 'GE 000 '82 000 "12 C00 'V 0000 'Z- 0000 -0

30lNVIZ)37-:1: X

Sample: Soil 89-73

Sample data: Sample collected during 1989 by M. B. Satterwhite andJ. P. Henley at Point of Rox near the Jornada Experimental RangeNM. Sample characterization and chemical/physical analysesperformed under contract with P. R. Luttrell, Consulting Geologist,436 Shonto Trail, Flagstaff, AZ 86001.

Description: This is a well sorted, dark orangish-brown, very fine-grained calcareous quartz silt.

XRD analysis: Sample consists of 75% quartz, 19% calcite, 5% K-feldspar and 1% clay minerals. The orangish-brown color is due tohematite coating the individual silt grains. The clay mineralsconsist of illite, chlorite, mixed layered clay and kaolinite.

Comments: Bands due to hydroxyl and water absorption appear at 2.7and 2.9 micrometers respectively. A strong calcite absorptionfeature appears near 4.0 micrometers and a surface scatteringmaximum, also due to calcite, occurs near 6.3 micrometers. Adistorted feature due mainly to Si-O absorption in quartz appearsbetween about 7.0 and 8.6 micrometers. Feature distortion is mostlikely due to coating of quartz grains by other species, e.g. clayminerals.



00U)

00

0

0

N

00

0

n N

U)C)

00 fL u

0~0

0

0 )

'-4 I

0Ln w

1 0w'-4 0

o <0 0 3

N

< 0

< 00 00

0

0

0 0

000 Z"v 000 "sE 000 "8 p 000 '"I2 000 T 0000 "L 0000 -0

30NVID37- B6

Sample: Soil 8 -74

Sample data: Sample collected during 1989 by M. B. Satterwhite andJ. P. Henley at Old Coe Lake near Ft. Bliss, Texas. Samplecharacterization and chemical/physical analyses performed undercontract with P. R. Luttrell, Consulting Geologist, 436 ShontoTrail, Flagstaff, AZ 86001.

Description: This is a well-sorted, dark brown calcareous quartzsilt.

XRD analysis: Sample consists of 78% quartz, 21% calcite and 1%clay min-erals. The clays contain mixed-layered illite/smectite,smectite, illite and kaolinite. This sample contains approximately2% organic matter (twigs and rootlets).

Comments: Three moderately expressed maxima between 8.0 and 10.0micrometers constitute a quartz doublet significantly distorted byclay minerals, the latter producing the somewhat strongerreflectance peak observed at 9.5 micrometers. The water band at2.9 micrometers and sharper hydroxyl band at 2.7 micrometers due toO-H stretching vibrations are due to the clay in the soil. Calciteabsorption appears near 4.0 micrometers, while a calcitereflectance maximum occurs near 6.4 micrometers.



00LI)

0

04

-4)

C0

In

0

C

C u

~in

mm

0)0

Ln

0

LI)n

0) jL

CLC<i In

I I I0N

000 1? 00 0008~ OO 00 VT 000L 000

BONYi B0dB

Sample: Soil 89-75

Sample data: Sample collected during 1989 by M. B. Satterwhite andJ. P. Henley at Old Coe Lake near Ft. Bliss, TX. Samplecharacterization and chemical/physical analyses performed undercontract with P. R. Luttrell, Consulting Geologist, 436 ShontoTrail, Flagstaff, AZ 86001.

Description: This is a well-sorted, dark-brown, calcareoussubfeldspathic quartz silt.

XRD analysis: Sample consists of 85% quartz, 8% feldspar (5% K-feldspar, 3 % plagioclase), 7% calcite and a trace of clay-sizedparticles. The clays con-sist of illite, mixed-layeredillite/smectite, smectite and kaolinite.

Comments: Hydroxyl and iater bands appear in the 2.7-2.9micrometer region. Absorption due to calcite appears near 4.0micrometers and surface scattering by calcite occurs near 6.3micrometers. A broad distorted doublet between 8.0 and 10.0micrometers is due to quartz. The distortion is most likely due tocoatings of other species, e.g. clay minerals, on the individualquartz grains.



00

00In

~0

0zLnl

Lfl 030

oo

00 0

0

LO

LL00 0

(o t 3N

000U))

LQ- 0

00<V009 0 200T 0 ' 00~00 0B~NDBhd3~0

Sample: Soil 89-76

Sample data: Sample collected during 1989 by M. B. Satterwhite andJ. P. Henley at Mcgregor Range, Ft. Bliss, TX. Sample character-ization and chemical/physical analyses performed under contractwith P. R. Luttrell, Consulting Geologist, 436 Shonto Trail,Flagstaff, AZ 86001.

Description: This is a well-sorted, subangular (grain shape),light-orange, medium-grained sand dominated by quartz, feldspar,and sandstone rock fragments (minor). The light-orange color isdue to a thin hematite coating on the quartz grains.

XRD analysis: Sample consists of 92% quartz, 7% feldspar(anorthoclase, orthoclase) and 1% calcite.

Comments: Spectral features of quartz dominate the 8 to 13micrometer wave-length region. The broad feature between 8 and 9.5micrometers is particularly diagnostic of quartz, even though itshape is somewhat distorted. Weak calcite absorption appears near4.0 micrometers and a very weak reflectance peak, also due tocalcite, occur near 6.3 micrometers. Hydroxyl and water bands dueto the presence of a small amount of clay minerals occur in the2.7-2.9 micrometer region.



0

0

00In

0,'

0In

00in

0

0j:0

0 u0 "U1W

oc

0 (D

0))

0 z

IC0 30

0

0

mc-J fG

a)0 In___0 00E00 00100 T00 L.00 0

BDNV~l~1.B~I

Sample: Soil 89-77

Sample data: Sample collected during 1989 by M. B. Satterrvnitc andJ. P. Henley at Mcgregor Range, Ft. Bliss,TX. Samplecharacterization and chemical/physical enalyses performed undcrcontract with P. R. Luttrell, Consulting Geologist, 436 ShoILtoTrail, Flagstaff, AZ 86001.

Description: This is a moderately-sorted subrounded (grain shape),light orangish-brown, medium-grained sand containing quartz,feldspar/plagioclase (white, pink, light gray) and sandstone rQ..kfragments (20%). The light orangish-brown color is due to hematitecoating the quartz grains.

XRD analysis: Sample consists of 78% quartz, 18% plagioclase (graylabradorite), 2% calcite and 2% Mg-calcite.

Comments: A somewhat distorted feature of quartz dominatez thespectrum between 7.5 and 10.0 micrometers. Carbonate absorptionoccurs near 4.0 micrometers and the calcite carbonate fundamentaiis very weakly expressed near 6.4 micrometers. Hyroxyl and waterbands occur in the 2.7-2.9 micrometer region.



00

J-00L)

0N-I0

0

LO

00

012z0

NW

0 u0

U°)

m

(0

00 Zn w

w

0L

0

0

0 o o

00

L~ in

Na- 0

< 0

0

00

0

'4 00 0

0)°0

0

N

0 0

000 2V 000 '"E 000"92 000"12 000 "T 0000"L 0000 "0

30NV037=13h

Sampl.e: Soil 89-78

Sample data: Sample collected during 1989 by M. B. Satterwhite andJ. P. Henley at Mcgregor Range, Ft. Bliss, TX. Samplecharacterization and chemical/physical analyses performed undercontract with P. R. Luttrell, Consulting Geologist, 436 ShontoTrail, Flagstaff, AZ 86001.

Description: This is a moderately-sorted, subangular (grainshape), light orangish-brown, fine-grained, sandstone lithic quartzsand containing 25% rock fragments. The orangish color is due toa thin hematite coating on the otherwise clear vitreous quartzgrains.

XRD analysis: Sample consists of 76% quartz, 17%feldspar/plagioclase (orthoclase, oligoclase), 7% calcite and atrace of clay minerals.

Comments: Quartz dominates the spectral region above 8micrometers. The characteristic quartz doublet between 8 and 9.5micrometers is distorted by clay coatings. Carbonate absorptionoccurs near 4.0 micrometers and the carbonate fundamental is veryweakly expressed at 6.4 micrometers. Hydroxyl and water bandsoccur between 2.7 and 2.9 micrometers.



00In

Ln

0-

0

0

00In

00ff1

0

00n

0

rw

0 <nm (0

N 0

L5 00

00)0

L0

0

0

00

N in0)

-o

U) i+----~~n

000'1 o 000SE 000'82 000*1 Io'V 000ot000 L 0000*0

3NY1037-133 %

Sample: Soil 89-79

Sample data: Sample collected during 1989 by M. B. Satterwhite andJ. P. Henley near Mcgregor Range, Ft. Bliss, TX. Samplecharacterization and chemical/physical analyses performed undercontract with P. R. Luttrell, Consulting Geologist, 436 ShontoTrail, Flagstaff, AZ 86001.

Description: This is a moderately-sorted, subangular (grainshape), white, fine-grained calcareous quartz sand. The whitecolor is due to a thin 1-Ac4- coating oi Lhe quartz grains.

XRD analysis: Sample consists of 69% quartz, 22% calcite, 9%plagioclase (albite) and a trace of halite and clay minerals. Theclay component consists of illite, mixed-layered illite/smectiteand kaolinite.

Comments: XRD analysis indicates a high quartz content for thissample, however fine sample particle size results in moderatespectral contrast in the 8 to 13.5 micrometer region. Calciteabsorption appears near 4.0 micrometers and the carbonatefundamenal, also due to calcite, occurs near 6.4 micrometers.Hydroxyl and water bands appear between 2.7 and 2.9 micrometers.



00

o

00

N-4

00

0In

000

0

Ln1°00 T00

00

0uz

In

0<

In 0

0NN

0n 0<-4 0

0N 'in

0 00

00) In

-4 in00

0)0

00

000 Z2V 000"9E 000'82 000'12 000'V O 0000L 0000"0

Sample: Soil 89-80

Sample data: Sample collected during 1989 by M. B. Satterwhite andJ. P. Henley near Rainbow Basin, CA. Sample characterization andchemical/physical analyses performed under contract withP. R. Luttrell, Consulting Geologist, 436 Shonto Trail, Flagstaff,AZ 86001.

Description: This is a light-bluish mud comprised of 2/3 silt and1/3 clay sized particles.

XRD analysis: Sample consists of 38% quart4, 26% calcite, zL6%zeolite (analcime), 5% Mg-calcite, 2% feldspar (microcline) and 3%clay minerals.The clay component consists of illite and mixed-layeredillite/smectite.This classifies the sample as a calcareous analcime quartz mud.

Comments: XRD analysis indicates a relatively high quartz contentfor this sample, however a combination of fine particle size (siltand clay size) and coating of quartz grains by smaller clay mineralparticles has caused the diagnostic quartz doublet to be replacedby a clay mineral feature near 9.6 micrometers. The broad waterband at 2.9 micrometers and sharper hydroxyl band at 2.7micrometers due to O-H stretching vibrations are also due to thepresence of clay minerals.



00in

m

04

0

0

00in

0

Cu04-

0 ff

0 *1

NN

L m

(00 L)

N4 0

in L

LUd

0<0

L- In

(I

(D 00

<4 0

in

LU0

'-4 0

0 0

000'2t 000 SE 000'82 000*12 000'V C 0000L 0000'0

BONY1337-36 %

Sample: Soil EL-I

Sample data: Sample collected during 1989 by M. B. Satterwhite andJ. P. Henley near El Mirage playa, San Bernardino County, CA.Sample characterization and chemical/physical analyses performedunder contract with P. R. Luttrell, Consulting Geologist, 436Shonto Trail, Flagstaff, AZ 86001.

Description: This is a moderately-sorted, subangular (grainshape), light bluish-gray subfeldspathic quartz silt containingquartz, albite, calcite, magnetite and riebeckite (identified byXRD analysis). The bluish-gray color of this sample is due to thepresence of riebeckite, a blue mineral of the amphibole group.

XRD analysis: Sample consists of 70% quartz, 20% plagioclase(albite), 8% calcite, 2% clays and a trace of riebeckite. The claycomponent contains mixed-layered chlorite/smectite, illite,chlorite, kaolinite and mixed-layered illite/smectite.

Comments: Although XRD analysis indicates a high quartz contentfor this sample, fine sample particle size results in low spectralcontrast in the 8 to 13.5 micrometer Si-O stretching region of thespectrum. Hydroxyl absorption due to the presence of clay mineralsappears at 2.7 micrometers, and a water band occurs at 2.9micrometers. Surficial scattering due to calcite occurs near 6.3micrometers.



to~ 0Cuj * *

C)

U, CD

C--

4-J

E0

LO c C U*rll

E

LDL

-r, Cuw

0 q 0

< CuCW2

Ctj

o U)

0aD tn

C)

-o E

0f CuCC>

30NVi3J38 %

SPECTRAL DATA





Sample: USGS soil #1

Origin: Egypt/Sudan border

Physical state: Field sample was seived; the <210 micrometerparticle size fraction was used for spectral measurement.

Remarks: Spectrum indicates sample is predominantly a silicatematerial dominated by quartz which yields a strong reflectancemaximum, due to Si-O stretching, centered at 8.6 micrometersaccompanied by a weaker doublet at 12.6 micrometers. The broadwater band near 2.9 micrometers and the sharper hydroxyl band near2.7 micrometers stem from small amounts of clay and/or smallinclusions of water.

J0cu r~

cu

Cu 0

I,-

CCu

0 C0

ELLam

ca CujLLZ1- ql >

z~cuW

Cu4

0Cu)

C',

W!C) l-4q-.;

Ui 0 a 0 . a1w IOc

30NY103-IJ38 %

SPECTRAL DATA



4000-3000 cm(-l) 24 cm(-l)3000-1800 cm(-1) 12 cm(-l)1800-600 cm(-l) 8 cm(-l)600-400 cm(-l) 18 cm(-l)



Origin: Qattaras depression in NW Egypt


Remarks: Spectrum indicates sample is predominantly a silicatematerial with a considerable amount of quartz as evidenced bystrong Si-O asymmetrical stretching vibrations near 8.6 micrometersand a weak doublet due to symmetrical Si-O stretching vibrationnear 12.6 micrometers. A weak maximum near 6.3 micrometerstogether with a small reflectance trough near 4 micrometersindicates the presence of a small amount of calcite. The broadwater band near 2.9 micrometers and the sharp hudroxyl band at 2.7micrometers due to 0-H stretching are due to small amounts of clayin the soil. Clay coated quartz grains account for the distortionof the quartz feature at 8.6 micrometers.

cu 40

00

Cu 0j

CCu

4-)4

00C) C -)

L Lwm4-C)

Z >

I3r

CuW

Cu

0

cocn

0 0 40 40 0l"CD O IVCu

30NVI03TJ3 %

SPECTRAL DATh


SpectrLl Range Resolution

4000-3000 cm(-l) 24 cm(-l)3000-1800 cm(-1) 12 cm(-l)1800-600 cm(-l) 8 cm(-1)600-400 cm(-l) 18 cm(-l)



Origin: South central Egypt


Remarks: Spectrum indicates sample is predominantly a silicatematerial dominated by quartz which yields a strong reflectancemaximum, due to Si-O stretching, centered at 8.6 micrometersaccompanied by a weaker doublet at 12.6 micrometers. The broadwater band near 2.9 micrometers and the sharper hydroxyl band near2.7 micrometers ster,1 from small amounts of clay and/or smallinclusions of water.

cu 0

Cu 0

1cc

CD

4-J

0040 %wCu

CC

wwEm

q Zu

wwi3w

0

cu

o 0U)

WI 0c0 CD 40 0~

30NVi33lJ38 %

SPECTRAL DATA






Origin: Iran, Kavir


Remarks: Spectrum indicates sample is composed of fine silicatematerial plus a condiderable amount of carbonate (limestone). Thebroad water band near 2.9 micrometers suggests the presence of clayminerals. Limestone is indicated by the strong carbonate absorp-tion feature at 4 micrometers as well as by the carbonate maximnumat 6.3 micrometers.

Cu 0

cm1Go

cu

C--

Q.)Eo c00 cuor- C C

IE uLL

CD

uCu

x CD

CDCr)

U)

IL~ 0

cu0 0 a 0) 0 0a CD CDCu0

JJNVi33ldBU %

SPECTRAL DATA



4000-3000 cm(-1) 24 cm(-1)3000-1800 cm(-l) 12 cm(-1)1800-600 cm(-1) 8 cm(-1)600-400 cm(-1) 18 cm(-l)



Origin: Iran, Lut


Remarks: Spectrum indicates sample is composed of fine silicatematerial plus a condiderable amount of carbonate (limestone). Thebroad water band near 2.9 micrometers suggests the presence of clayminerals. Limestone is indicated by the strong carbonate absorp-tion feature at 4 micrometers as well as by the carbonate maximnumat 6.3 micrometers.

0

Cu 0

0 C0

L) cu

.ELL

aLJ<

L ~j

CD 0

a --

0

Cu

C~i a Cl0CD ccIV 0

30N~i3-IJ38u

SPECTRAL DATA



4000-3000 cm(-i) 24 cm(-l)3000-1800 cm(-l) 12 cm(-l)1800-600 cm(-l) 8 cm(-l)600-400 cm(-l) 18 cm(-l)



Origin: Peru, north of lower Ica valley.

Physical state: Field sample was seived; the <210 micrometerparticle size fraction was used for spectral meAsure-nent.

Remarks: Except for water bands at 2.9 micrometers and thehydroxyl O-H stretching band at 2.7 micrometers, there is verylittle feature to this spectrum, which suggests fine sampleparticle size. Traces of carbonate are suggested by the weakfeature near 6.3 micrometers together with the very shallowreflectance trough at 4 micrometers. The water and hydroxyl bandsstem from small amounts of clay and/or small inclusions of water.

cu0

Cu 0)

0

Cu

4 -J

Eo

0 cu

E CwUm

C) ZW

-LJ

0u

0

0CucI,

to 0

U)

0 0 0 q

33NVi33ld38i

SPECTRAL DATA






Origin: Australia, near Alice Springs


Remarks: Spectrum indicates sample is predominantly a silicatematerial dominated by quartz as evidenced by strong Si-Oasymmetrical stretching vibrations near 8.6 micrometers and a weakdoublet due to symmetrical Si-O stretching vibration near 12.6micrometers. A weak maximum near 6.3 micrometers together with asmall reflectance trough near 4 micrometers indicates traces ofcalcite. The broad water band near 2.9 micrometers and the sharphudroxyl band at 2.7 micrometers due to O-H stretching are due tosmall amounts of clay in the soil. Clay coated quartz alsoaccounts for the distortion of the quartz feature at 8.6micrometers.

cu0

cu 0

cu

00

C) cu

L Lwm4 MJ

wZ

Ci -<

:>:< Cw

Cuj

0r

Cu)

o to-

00

30NViOTIA38 %

SPECTRAL DATA



4000-3000 cm(-1) 24 cm(-1)3000-1800 cm(-l) 12 cm(-l)1800-600 cm(-1) 8 cm(-l)600-400 cm(-l) 18 cm(-l)



Origin: China, Chule River plain, near Hotien


Remarks: Spectrum indicates sample is composed of quartz andlimestone. Si-O asymmetrical stretching vibrations near 8.6micrometers and a weak doublet due to symmetrical Si-O stretchingvibration near 12.6 micrometers are indicative of quartz. A weakmaximum near 6.3 micrometers together with absorption at 4 micro-meters indicates calcite. The broad water band near 2.9 micro-meters and the sharp hudroxyl band at 2.7 micrometers due to O-Hstretching are due to small amounts of clay in the soil.

cu 0

40Cu 0)

Cu

40

L-

4 -1

E C

cu

LUI

Cu

:> Cu

o Ci

Inn

0~ Co CO Cu

3NViO31A38 %

SPECTRAL DATA



4000-3000 cm(-l) 24 cm(-1)3000-1800 cm(-l) 12 cm(-l)1800-600 cm(-l) 8 cm(-l)600-400 cm(-l) 18 cm(-l)



Origin: Morocco, west coast


Remarks: Spectrum indicates sample is composed of quartz andlimestone. Si-O asymmetrical stretching vibrations near 8.6micrometers and a weak doublet due to symmetrical Si-O stretchingvibration near 12.6 micrometers are indicative of quartz. A peaknear 6.3 micrometers together with absorption at 4 micrometersindicates calcite. The broad water band near 2.9 micrometersindicates small amounts of clay or water inclusions in the soil.

cu0

Cu 0'4 C

0G

CUu4-J4

E0

aJa

E CL LJ

m

zD -wZ - L

(LU

CoCu

cC,)C'CD

w 0

or Uto

Ul)

C 0

co IV Cu

3NVi31A38 %

SPECTRAL DATA



4000-3000 cm(-1) 24 cm(-1)3000-1800 cm(-1) 12 cm(-1)1800-600 cm(-1) 8 cm(-1)600-400 cm(-l) 18 cm(-1)



Origin: Yuma, AZ


Remarks: Spectrum indicates sample is predominantly quartz asevidenced by strong Si-O asymmetrical stretching vibrations near8.6 micrometers and a weak doublet due to symmetrical Si-Ostretching vibration near 12.6 micrometers. The broad water bandnear 2.9 micrometers is due to small amounts of clay or waterinclusions in the soil. Clay coated quartz grains may account forthe distortion of the quartz feature at 8.6 micrometers.

00

()

-4

CC1'0UC-L

0CC

In

a)z

0 u

CD

o U)

LO W

0 C :

N

00

010

0 if)

mNCCC t' C C ~ CCC 8~ CC I CC 1'I 000 L 0 00

LfN'DI3

Sample: Kelso soil #4

Sample data: Sample was collected by J. W. Eastes 10 April 1987 inthe Mojave Desert near the Kelso sand dune area.

Sample description: Light brown sandy soil.

Comments: Spectrum indicates sample to be a silicate rich soilwith little or no carbonate component. Silicates are indicated bythe fairly strong three lobed reflectance feature between about 8.0and 10.5 micrometers. This feature is actually composed of asurface scattering reflectance doublet due to quartz plus a singleclay mineral peak centered near 9.5 micrometers. The water band at2.9 micrometers and sharper hydroxyl band at 2.7 micrometers due toO-H stretching vibrations are due to the small amount of clay inthe soil. Clay coatings on quartz grains acount for thereflectance maximum at 9.5 micrometers.


00U]

00in

N

04

0

0

-4

00

0

00 c

00uLn~

m

0)00Z

(0<

0

000

0)

L 00 0

0

N

000

in InI

0(n 0-j0

IiIn

000la CO000 E 000 .82 C00T !CIV 000 t 000 L 0000,0


Sample data: Sample was collected by J. W. E~stes 10 April 1987 inthe Mojave Desert near the Kelso sand dune area.


Comments: Spectrum indicates sample to be a silicate rich soilwith little or no carbonate component. Silicates are indicated bythe fairly strong three lobed reflectance feature between about 8.0and 10.5 micrometers. This feature is actually composed of asurface scattering reflectance doublet due to quartz plus a singleclay mineral peak centered near 9.5 micrometers. A second weakerdoublet, also due to quartz, appears near 12.6 micrometers. Thewater band at 2.9 micrometers and sharper hydroxyl band at 2.7micrometers due to O-H stretching vibrations are due to the smallamount of clay in the soil. Clay coatings on quartz grains acountfor the reflectance maximum at 9.5 micrometers.


00In

00

0

i

00

0in

0

0

0

00u

. Lo

O0) z

In

I0z

0 cr

Snu03

N m

0

0 Z-

LD w0 <

0 0

0

Ln in

0

L 0o_ _0

0

In0

a) 6L 0

a 0

W 00

In 00

hi 0II

U) N

000'O 000"E 000 "92 000'1 000' 10000L 0000"0

aoNV1O33 N%3




Comments: Spectrum indicates sample to be a silicate rich soilwith little or no carbonate component. Silicates are indicated bythe fairly strong three lobed reflectance feature between about 8.0and 13.5 micrometers. This feature is actually composed of asurface scattering reflectance doublet due to quartz plus a singleclay mineral peak centered near 9.5 micrometers. A second veryfaint doublet, also due to quartz, appears near 12.6 micrometers.The water band at 2.9 micrometers and sharper hydroxyl band at 2.7micrometers due to O-H stretching vibrations are due to the smallamount of clay in the soil. Clay coatings on quartz grains acountfor the reflectance maximum at 9.5 micrometers.


Q.0Ur)

0

0

00Ur)

00Ur)

0

0 i0

I 0

0 NW

0 <

0

00

0 (0L 0L 0

0U)

0000U)

0

01 0*-1 0

0 U)(n)

0m1 01 0w 0

U)

000 8t" 000 0tV 000 2E 000 Vc 000"9T 0000'e 0000'0

30Y1-JNV.f~hB %



Sample description: Dune sand

Comments: Spectrum indicates sample to consist mainly of quartz.Clay coated quartz grains are indicated by the strong three lobedreflectance feature between 8 and 10.5 micrometers. This featureis actually composed of a surface scattering reflectance doubletdue to quartz plus a clay mineral peak centered near 9.5micrometers. A second weaker doublet, also due to quartz, appearsnear 12.6 micrometers. The water band at 2.9 micrometers andsharper hydroxyl band at 2.7 micrometers due to O-H stretchingvibrations are due to the small amount of clay in the soil.


0

0

00U)

0

I 0

0<c0 030

0000)

Ln

0o ti00

)00

aJ 0U)

0-4--

00N~000'002 0 12009 00800

~flNYflB~~3~0




Comments: Spectrum indicates sample to be a silicate rich soilwith little or no carbonate component. Silicates are indicated bythe strong three lobed reflectance feature between about 8.0 and10.5 micrometers. This feature is actually composed of a surfacescattering reflectance doublet due to quartz plus a single claymineral peak centered near 9.5 micrometers. A second very faintdoublet, also due to quartz, appears near 12.6 micrometers. Thewater band at 2.9 micrometers and sharper hydroxyl band at 2.7micrometers due to O-H stretching vibrations are due to the smallamount of clay in the soil. Clay coatings on quartz grains acountfor the reflectance maximum at 9.5 micrometers.


Cv

"4u

ulu

ww

0

Z >0

cuU)r

cu0 QO

IV-c

30C33I3 %J

SPECTRAL DATA



4000-3000 cm(-l) 24 cm(-l)30C0-1800 cm(-l) 12 cm(-l)1800-600 cm(-l) 8 cm(-l)600-400 cm(-l) 18 cm(-1)

Reference: Particulate KBr <75 micrometers)

Sample: Carbonate rock

Origin: Death Valley, CA

Physical state: Small solid hand sample

Remarks: Sample was collected in April 1985 by J.W. Eastes in theTrail Canyon area of Death Valley. Spectrum is essentially that ofsolid calcite. particulate minerals dispersed in NaCl. The studyattempts to model spectral properties of highly saline environmentsencountered in desert basins such as Death Valley, CA.

cu *0

CDC c

co

CC

4J

C0 -w Z

L "4

-i

00

O cuI--

w w

CV)

co Cu

30NVI0IJ38C

SPECTRAL DATA





Sample: Unvarnished quartzite



Remarks: Sample was collected in April 1985 by J.W. Eastes in theTrai Canyon area of Death Valley. Spectrum is essentially that ofsolid quartz which yields a strong surface scattering doubletcentered near 8.6 micrometers due to asymmetric Si-O stretchingvibrations, accompanied by the weaker doublet at 12.6 micrometerstypical of alpha quartz. The longer wavelength lobe of the doubletat 8.6 micrometers is somewhat distorted. The sample was judged byeye to be unvarnished; the distortion may be due to weathering.

cu 0D

CC

4J

cu

0c0

U)m3LX

aZ

3Cu

I-.

CD ccuw

0

cm 0

w w cwBON~iO1J38-

SPECTRAL DATA



4000-3000 cm(-l) 24 cm(-1)3000-1800 cm(-l) 12 cm(-1)1800-600 cm(-1) 8 cm(-1)600-400 cm(-l) 18 cm(-l)


Sample: Lightly varnished quartzite



Remarks: Sample was collected in April 1985 by J.W. Eastes in theTrail Canyon area of Death Valley. Spectrum is essentially that ofsolid quartz which yields a strong surface scattering doubletcentered near 8.6 micrometers due to asymmetric Si-O stretchingvibrations, accompanied by the weaker doublet at 12.6 micrometerstypical of alpha quartz. The sample appeared lightly varnished tothe eye, however the varnish coat is apparently too thin tosignifiicantly affect spectral features.

Cuj 0

q4o

0

00

41

0 a

cu

U, Cc

L

o >Z

2 3C

cuW

0

Cuj

Lw, p3

cu 0

ra cu

33N~i3 -lJ38w

SPECTRAL DATA



4000-3000 cm(-l) 24 cm(-l)3000-1800 cm(-1) 12 cm(-1)1800-600 cm(-1) 8 cm(-l)600-400 cm(-1) 18 cm(-l)


Sample: Varnished quartzite



Remarks: Sample was collected in April 1985 by J.W. Eastes in theTrail Canyon area of Death Valley. Spectrum is essentially that ofsolid quartz which yields a strong surface scattering doubletcentered near 8.6 micrometers due to asymmetric Si-O stretchingvibrations, accompanied by the weaker doublet at 12.6 micrometerstypical of alpha quartz. The longer wavelength lobe of the 8.6micrometer doublet is distorted by desert varnish. Desert varnishexhibits a reflectance peak near 9.4 micrometers due to thepresence of clay minerals in its composition.

Co

N C

41

CC

0 L0

_u W

a, <

< Cc

I-.NWN

0 1-

40.

53N

cu 0 0 CcmC

:IONVI3IJ38N

SPECTRAL DATA



4000-3000 cm(-1) 24 cm(-l)3000-1800 cm(-1) 12 cm(-1)1800-600 cm(-1) 8 cm(-1)600-400 cm(-l) 18 cm(-l)


Sample: Heavily varnished quartzite



Remarks: Sample was collected in April 1985 by J.W. Eastes in theTrail Canyon area of Death Valley. Spectrum is essentially that ofa clay mineral and displays surface scattering centered near 9.4micrometers. This spectrum is an example of the spectral charac-teristics of a surficial coating essentially replacing those of anunderlying substrate.

00

InIO

N

0In

0

LO

0

0

0

n

z0

0 10 uO "

Iv

0

0

-4

w

0 <

C

C.1)

0

0L 0u 0

Oh

N

O 0m 0

0<

InN

1 O

U) aD

L rci C

Xm

> I

< 0m

000"21VOOS 0008Z 00012 "I 00"'VI O000'L 0000"0

30NV1037l--3;!l

Sample: Lava, Kelso #2

Sample data: Sample was collected from Cima lava field, nearKRelu, Caiifornia in aprii, 19 b y J. W. eastes.

Comments: Sample surface is a weathered, porous basalt which hasdeveloped a thin coating of clay minerals; as a result the spectrumis dominated by clay mineral features. These include a broad waterband at 2.9 micrometers and a sharper hydroxyl band at 2.7micrometers. The sharp relatively intense band at 9.6 micrometersis also due to clay minerals.

00L)

0

0

-I

(000

o LO

L I

0 0Cu

0 "W

t )

o o

< C iU) U

000

0wi 0

Lo U)

3:

C

14 0

m

- 0

C

LI)

o N

0O00'21C 001 0000' OC0000 0000"V 0000'2 0000*0

fN %

Sample: Hawaiian lava

Sample data: This sample of wave posilshed lava was collected 1Mar 1975 by J. W. Eastes from a beach near Hilo, Hawaii.

Comments: Spectrum is essentially that of weathered basalt. Awater absorption band at 2.9 micrometers is due to small amounts ofclay formed by weathering. A doublet at 3.4 micrometers due to C-Hstretching vibraations is the result of small amounts of organicmatter.


00

in

0

0

0

0

0 z

0

0<0L

0

u in-IN

000 '2PC0 G 0 '200'00'V 00'-00

aoY0n1-a %

Sample: Cotton fiber

Sample dcscription: Sample was cut fiom general purpose undyedcotton gauze.

Comments: In this spectrum molecular vibration bands are virtuallyall expressed as troughs. This can be seen in tne strong O-Hstretching vibration bands at 2.9 and 3.0 micrometers as well asstrong C-H stretching vibration bands near 3.4 micrometers. Theexact nature of a strong triplet centered at 4.7 micrometers isuncertain but is likely a hydrocarbon feature of some sort. Thestrong band near 6.1 micrometers is probably due to C-O stretchingvibrations. A strong absorption near 11.2 micrometers is likelyrelated to vibrations involving C-0 stretching.


00fi

oI10

10

N

0in

10

r-

0

0

In

0

O

Oz0

0 t

0

o U

co

010

U)

0 <

a) 0

m7 0

m on

000

In Iw O

00

4: 0

)0a 0

0< 0n

Ol

00009 000' ooo~v 000e 000'Z000'T 000o

33NVIINSNV6O

Sample: Oak leaf

Sample data: Sample was collected 23 Jul 91 at U S GeologicalSurvey in Reston, VA. Spectral measurement was made on uppersurface of the leaf within 30 minutes of collection.

Comments: The thermal infrared reflectance and spectral contrastof leaf and vegetation matter is generally much lower than that ofrocks, soils and minerals. If measured on the same scale ofreflectance as the latter materials, vegetation often appears as adark gray body. Thermal infrared spectral features of leavesgenerally originate from surface reflectance associated with hydro-carbon bands of the waxy outer layer of the leaf (cuticle) plusstrong absorption bands due to water. In this spectrum only twofeatures are identified with certainty. These are the absorptionband at 2.9 micrometers due to 0-H in water and the cuticle layer,and the doublet feature centered about 3.4 micrometers, due tohydrocarbon C-H stretching. The remainder of the spectrum is madeup of many closely spaced, poorly resolved features which have notbeen identified, but are most likely associated with the cuticlelayer.


0

0

0Uf)

0

0

0

0

0

Ll

c:z*D 0

0uin)

NQ

0<0)0N0

9)

U) 0Ln 0

< 0jUr)

Z) 0u) 0

(A 0w 9)

LL

I(n 0w 0T) 0Li.

0000 '9 0000 'S 0000 'V 0000 *E 0000 '2 03000 "T 0000 '0

~NVI± I SNYZvL%

Sample: Green fescue grass

Sample data: Sample was collected 23 Jul 91 from lawn of U SGeological Survey in Reston, VA. Spectrum was measured on freshgrass clippings which had been arranged into a loose flat mat.

Comments: The thermal infrared reflectance and spectral contrastof leaf and vegetation matter is generally much lower than that ofrocks, soils and minerals. If measured on the same scale ofreflectance as the latter materials, vegetation often appears as adark gray body. Thermal infrared spectral features of leavesgenerally originate from surface reflectance associated withhydrocarbon bands of the waxy outer layer of the leaf (cuticle)plus strong absorption bands due to water. In the spectrum onlytwo features are identified with certainty. These are the strongwater absorption band at 2.9 micrometers and the doublet featurecentered about 3.4 micrometers, which is due to hydrocarbon C-Hstretching. The remainder of the many closely spaced and poorlyresolved features are likely associated with the cuticle, but havenot been identified.


00

00Wn

N1-1

00in

'04

0

I n

0

0

0

N 0k

0In

J 0'1 0

0m I

00

In 0LIn

0

n 0Inn

000 0E 000 SZ 000"02 000 OT T 0000 0000 S 0000'0

a3NVII INSNY :11

Sample: Dry fescue grass

Sample data: Sample was collected 23 Jul 91 from lawn of U SGeological Survey in Reston, VA. Spectrum was measured on drygrass clippings which had been arranged into a loose flat mat.

Comments: The thermal infrared reflectance and spectral contrastof leaf and vegetation matter is generally much lower than that ofrocks, soils and minerals. If measured on the same scale ofreflectance as the latter materials, vegetation often appears as adark gray body. Thermal infrared spectral features of leavesgenerally originate from surface reflectance associated withhydrocarbon bands of the waxy outer layer of the leaf (cuticle)plus strong absorption bands due to water. The reflectance of thissample of dry grass is higher throughout the spectrum than that offresh grass due to decreased absorption by water. In this spectrumonly two features are identified with certainty. These are theabsorption band at 2.9 micrometers due to O-H in water and thecuticle layer, and the doublet feature centered about 3.4 micro-meters, due to hydrocarbon C-H stretching. The spectrum is similarto that of cotton fiber, which is to be expected because bothcotton and the dry grass are almost pure cellulose.


00

U)

0Ti0

U)In

L'-9

In 00

00od

0 40) 0

L 00

<~ Unm m zo 0

0 u

z .00:0

0 0

z 0 Z

W 011

0

0

0 W0 >00

0 (D

o 0

W 0

u 0z 0< U)

1 0L 0

W 0

I 000

0 0

0000'9 o000"S 0000"V COoo'E 0000"2 0000-1 0000'0

33NY331-J3No

Sample: Rhododendron leaf

Sample data: Sample was collected 3 Apr 90 at U S GeologicalSurvey in Reston, VA. Spectral measurement was made on uppersurface of the leaf within 30 minutes of collection.

Comments: The thermal infrared reflectance and spectral contrastof leaf and vegetation matter is generally much lower than that ofrocks, soils and minerals. If measured on the same scale ofreflectance as the latter materials, vegetation often appears as adark gray body. Thermal infrared spectral features of leavesgenerally originate from surface reflectance associated with hydro-carbon bands of the waxy outer layer of the leaf (cuticle) plusstrong absorption bands due to water. In this spectrum only twofeatures are identified with certainty. These are the absorptionband at 2.9 micrometers due to O-H in water and the cuticle layer,and the doublet feature centered about 3.4 micrometers, due tohydrocarbon C-H stretching. The remainder of the spectrum is madeup of many closely spaced, poorly resolved features which have notbeen identified, but are most likely associated with the cuticlelayer.


00in

00In

N! °I0

00

in

6 00 0

0

LO

nwn 0

0 0

1 0"In

0 00)0

01 ]

O ZN w

Ln >

0<0 3

< 00

w0

ir 0< 0w Inz

0< O0< 0

o 00 00 0

000 "El 000 "SE 000 "92 000 T Z 000 'I 0000 'L 0000 '0

3NY131Th33 %

Sample: Road Asphalt

Sample data: Sample is a small weathered hand-sample collectedfrom access road to Engineer Topographic Laboratories, Ft. Belvoir,VA by J. W. Eastes.

Comments: The spectrum is dominated by silicate features in the 8to 13 micrometer region. Doublet features centered at 12.5 and8.6 micrometers indicate a considerable amount of quartz. Howeverthe feature at 8.6 micrometers is distorted by the presence ofweathering products and other undetermined silicate species.Hydrocarbon bands at 3.5 micrometers are due to organic componentsof the asphalt. A sharp hydroxyl O-H band occurs at 2.7 micro-meters and a broader water band occurs at 2.9 micrometers. Thehydroxyl band may be due in part to a thin film of clay on thesurfaces of some grains, which also distorts the quartz doublet.


thermal infrared spectra of natural and manmade materials ... · thermal infrared spectra of...

Documents