thermal performance of exterior insulated wall assemblies ......cladding weight & gravity loads...
TRANSCRIPT
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Thermal Performance of Exterior Insulated Wall Assemblies: Why this is the new norm
RCI SEMINAR: WALLS AND ROOFS
JUNE 9, 2014
PRESENTED BY BRITTANY HANAM P.ENG.
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Outline
� Effective R-values & Thermal Bridging
� Alternate High R-value Wall Assemblies
� Evolution of Cladding Attachment Systems
� Alternate Cladding Attachment Systems
� Other Thermal Bridging Considerations
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From Energy Codes to Next Generation Buildings
� Energy codes outline minimum thermal
performance criteria based on climate zone
� BCBC, VBBL
� ASHRAE 90.1-2010, 2011 NECB
� Energy codes in BC are some of most
stringent in North America
� Wall & Roof (R-value/U-values) very
important part of compliance
� Effective R-values must be considered
Clim
ate
Zone
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ASHRAE 90.1-2010 & NECB 2011 R-Values
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Effective R-values
� ASHRAE 90.1 & NECB consider effective
R-values (vs insulation nominal R-values)
� Nominal R-values = Rated R-values of
insulation which do not include impacts
of how they are installed
� For example R-20 batt insulation or
R-10 rigid insulation
� Effective R-values include impacts of
insulation installation and all thermal
bridges
� For example nominal R-20 batts within
steel studs becoming ~R-9 effective,
or in wood studs ~R-15 effective
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Thermal Bridging
� Thermal bridging occurs when a more conductive material
(e.g. metal, concrete, wood etc.) bypasses a less
conductive material (insulation)
� “Short Circuit”
3.5” Fibreglass batt insulation
R-12 to R-14 Steel stud wall assembly with concrete slab
R 3 – 4 effective
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Thermal Bridging
� Minimizing thermal bridging is key to energy
code compliance and an energy efficient
building
� Exterior continuous insulation with
thermally improved cladding attachments
� Minimize thermal bridges
� Energy codes have historically focused on
insulation R-values, however more attention
is now being placed on assembly R-values
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From Code Minimum to Next Generation Buildings
� In BC, minimum energy code R-value targets
are in the range of
� R-15 to R-25 effective for walls
� R-25 to R-50 effective for roofs
� R-2 to R-4 for windows
� More energy efficient building programs such
as Passive House or Net Zero have R-value
targets in the range of
� R-30 to R-50+ effective for walls
� R-40 to R-60+ effective for roofs
� R-6+ for windows
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What Is Passive Design?
� Reduce the demand for heating, cooling and ventilation
energy through passive design strategies
� Well-insulated building
enclosure: walls, roof,
windows
� Passive solar – use the
windows for heat
� Airtight construction
� Heat recovery ventilation
� Highly insulated walls are an important part of passive design
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Getting to Higher R-value Walls – Wood Framing
Interior Insulation
Exterior Insulation
Split Insulation
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Getting to Higher R-value Walls – Wood Framing
Baseline 2x6 w/ R-22 batts = R-16 effective
Exterior Insulation: R-20 to R-40+ effective • Constraints: cladding attachment, wall
thickness • Good for wood/steel/concrete
Deep/Double Stud: R-20 to R-40+ effective • Constraints wall
thickness
• Good for wood, wasted for steel
Split Insulation: R-20 to R-40+ effective • Constraints: cladding
attachment • Good for wood, palatable
for steel
New vs Retrofit Considerations
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� Double 2x4/2x6 stud, single deep 2x10, 2x12, I-Joist etc.
� Common wood-frame wall assembly in many passive houses (and
prefabricated highly insulated walls)
� Inherently at a higher risk for damage if sheathing gets wet (rainwater,
air leakage, vapor diffusion) – due to more interior insulation
Double or Deep Stud Insulated Walls
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Split Insulation – Exterior Insulation Choice
� Rigid exterior foam insulations (XPS, EPS, Polyiso,
closed cell SPF) are vapor impermeable
(in thicknesses of 2”+)
� Is the vapor barrier on the wrong side?
� Does the wall have two vapor barriers, can it dry?
� How much insulation should be put outside
of the sheathing?
• More is always better, but is there room? Budget?
� Semi-rigid/rigid mineral wool insulation is vapor
permeable and address these moisture concerns
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But Why?
Vapor diffusion drying allowed through mineral wool insulation
Vapor diffusion drying restricted by foam plastic insulation on outside
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Split Insulation and Moisture Risk Assessment
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Side by Side Drying Test – Vapour Open vs Closed
Plywood Behind XPS – wet for 8 weeks
Plywood Behind Mineral Wool – dried within 8 weeks
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Higher R-value Walls – Non-Combustible
� Insulation outboard of structure and control layers (air/vapor/water)
� Thermal mass at interior
� Cladding attachment biggest source of thermal loss/bridging
� Excellent performance in all climate zones
Steel Stud Concrete Heavy Timber (CLT)
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Cladding Attachment through Exterior Insulation
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Cladding Attachment & Exterior Insulation
� Exterior insulation is only as good as
the cladding attachment strategy
� How to achieve true continuous
insulation (ci) performance?
� What attachment system works best?
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Background – Exterior Insulation Drivers
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Background – Exterior Insulation Drivers
Pre-Rehabilitation – Stud Insulated, Lots of Thermal Bridging
Post-Rehabilitation – Exterior Membrane & Fully Exterior Insulated
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Evolution of Exterior Girt Cladding Attachments
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Trial Thermally Improved Cladding Attachments
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Low-Conductivity Cladding Supports
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Thermally Improved Performance
Continuous metal Z-girts
Fiberglass Clips & Hat-Tracks
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Evolution of Exterior Insulation Approaches
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Evolution of Exterior Insulation Approaches
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Cladding Attachment: Screws through Insulation
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Evolution: Bullitt Center Walls
� 5-storey structure with steel,
timber, concrete
� Living Building Challenge
� R-value design target up to R-25
effective for steel framed wall
assembly (Minimum code R-18.2)
� Within a 6” steel stud frame wall
structure
� Tasked with coming up with
innovative cladding attachment to
meet ambitious target
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Bullitt Center – Exterior Wall Analysis
� Expectation to be cost effective,
buildable and minimize wall
thickness
� Available various Z-Girt & Metal Clip
options evaluated with thermal
modeling
� None could achieve R-25 target,
closest was to use expensive
stainless steel clips
� Modeling identified opportunity
to improve performance with
non-conductive fiberglass clip
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Bullitt Center – Exterior Wall Assembly
� Metal panel cladding
� 1” horizontal metal hat tracks
� 3 ½” semi-rigid mineral fiber
(R-14.7) between 3 ½” fiberglass
clips (16” x 48” spacing)
� Fluid applied vapor permeable WRB/
air barrier on gypsum sheathing
� 6” mineral fiber batts (R-19)
between 6” steel studs (outboard of
slab edge)
� Gypsum drywall
� Effective R-value R-26.6
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Bullitt Center – Exterior Wall Construction
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Full Circle: Multifamily Exterior Insulation Retrofit
� Recent retrofit in Vancouver – 20% measured energy
savings through exterior insulated walls, triple glazed
fibreglass frame windows, air sealing
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Multifamily Exterior Insulation Retrofit
Existing Walls Overall R-4 Upgraded Walls Overall R-16
� Over clad and exterior insulate walls (R-16 effective)
� Also new windows and air sealing
� Total 20% measured energy savings at the building
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Exterior Insulation, Stucco & Metal Panel Overcladding
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Choosing a Cladding Attachment System
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Exterior Insulation & Cladding Attachment Considerations
� Cladding weight & gravity loads
� Wind loads
� Seismic loads
� Back-up wall construction (wood, concrete, steel)
� Attachment from clip/girt back into structure (studs, sheathing,
or slab edge)
� Exterior insulation thickness
� Rigid vs semi-rigid insulation
� R-value target
� Ease of attachment of cladding – returns, corners
� Combustibility requirements
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Many Alternate Attachment Options
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Cladding Attachment: Continuous Wood Framing
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Cladding Attachment: Vertical Z-Girts
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Cladding Attachment: Horizontal Z-Girts
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Cladding Attachment: Crossing Z-Girts
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Cladding Attachment: Diagonal Z-Girts & Clips
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Cladding Attachment: Clip & Rail, Metal
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Cladding Attachment: Clip & Rail, Metal
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Cladding Attachment: Clip & Rail, Metal
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Cladding Attachment: Metal Panel Clips
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Cladding Attachment: Clip & Rail, Improved
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Cladding Attachment: Clip & Rail, Improved
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Cladding Attachment: Clip & Rail, Improved
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Cladding Attachment: Clip & Rail, Improved
� Reduce the metal, improve
the performance
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Cladding Attachment: Clip & Rail, Low Conductivity
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Cladding Attachment: Screws through Insulation
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Cladding Attachment: Screws through Insulation
Longer cladding fasteners directly through rigid insulation (up to 2” for light
claddings)
Long screws through vertical strapping and rigid insulation creates truss – short cladding fasteners into vertical
strapping Rigid shear block type connection through insulation, short cladding fasteners into vertical strapping
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Cladding Attachment: Screws through Insulation
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Screws through Insulation - Corners
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Screws through Insulation - Corners
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Screws through Insulation – Details
� New Roxul Comfortboard IS & CIS Guides out soon � New Roxul Comfo
oofff 558 oo
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Exterior Insulation Finish System (EIFS)
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Cladding Attachment: Masonry Ties & Shelf Angles
Continuous shelf angle – 40-55% reduction in overall wall R-value
Brick ties – small 5-15% (stainless steel) reduction in overall wall R-value
Shelf angle on stand-offs, reduction only 10-20% overall
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Cladding Attachment: Masonry on CLT
� Ronald McDonald House
� 4 Buildings with residential and common areas
� 3 storey tilt-up Cross Laminated Timber (CLT) structure
Michael Green Architecture (MGA)
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Building Enclosure Assemblies - Walls
R-32
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Cladding Attachment: Masonry
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Thermal Comparison of Options
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Cladding Attachment Recommendations
Substrate Cladding Type
Wood Backup (OSB/Plywood)
Steel Stud Backup
Concrete or Concrete Block Backup
Light weight (up to fiber cement panels, <10psf)
Clip & Rail good Screws good
Clip & Rail good Screws okay, but difficult to hit stud
Clip & Rail good Screws can be difficult to install
Medium weight (stucco, cultured stone, 10-30 psf)
Clip & Rail good Screws with shear block or engineered
Clip & Rail good Screws with shear block or engineered
Clip & Rail good Screws can be difficult to install
Heavy weight (Masonry, Stone Panels, >30 psf)
Gravity supports, anchors & engineered connections only
Gravity supports, anchors & engineered connections only
Gravity supports, anchors & engineered connections only
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Other Thermal Bridging Considerations
Windows, spandrel panels, balconies, slab edges
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Windows
� Windows have a significant impact of overall R-value as
weakest link in the enclosure
� Little benefit to improving wall R-values when heat loss
through the windows dominates
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Where is Heat Loss Occurring?
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Window Impacts in Highly Insulated Walls
Best window in an R-38 wall gives R-14 overall
Best window in an R-38 wall gives R-20 overall
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Spandrel Panels
� Low overall R-values due to thermal bridging
� Considered an opaque wall, which makes it very difficult
to comply with prescriptive building code requirements
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Spandrel Panel Effective R-values
� Insulation within back-pans or to exterior of slab
edge is bridged by aluminum frames
� Insulation reduction of 50% and greater with
depreciating returns is typical
� R-3 to R-5 effective R-value
for any amount of insulation
is a general rule of thumb
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Spandrel Panel Effective R-Values
verticals
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Spandrel Panel Thermal Band-Aid Solution?
+ Adding insulation to backside of back pans introduces condensation risk on back-pans and reduces exposed frame temperatures – leading to greater condensation potential at windows
Added insulation provides minimal overall thermal improvement considering thermal bridging (R-4 max even for >R-20 of SPF)
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R-Values for Spandrel Panels
� Overall R-values are limited even with back-pan
insulation and interior insulation
With interior spray foam: Max R-9
Without interior spray foam: Max R-5
Source: ASHRAE Research Project 1365
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Balconies & Slab Edge Projections
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Thermal Bridging at Balconies
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What Thermal Impact Can Balconies Possibly Have?
� Exposed slab edges, balconies,
eyebrows have an R-value of ~R-1
� Individual balconies occupy 1 to
2% of gross wall area in typical
high-rise
� Continuous exposed concrete
slab edges or eyebrows occupy
~8% of gross wall area
� How can something small matter
that much? Can’t I just ignore it?
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Impact of Slabs & Balconies – Exterior Insulated
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Impact of Slabs & Balconies – Interior Insulated
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80 of
Thermal Comfort and Moisture Issues
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Ceiling and Flooring Moisture Issues
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Balconies – Solutions?
� Wrap with insulation
� Use off-set point supports and hang
the balcony precast units with
threaded rods tied back to the
columns of the structural frame
� Offset point supports rather than
cantilevering the slab
� Stand-alone support structure
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Cast-in Place Concrete Balcony Slab Thermal Breaks
� Thermally decouples the concrete slab connection from inside to
outside – most efficient location to locate insulation
� Expanded polystyrene insulation
� Stainless steel reinforcing (better performance than standard rebar)
� Polymer concrete compression blocks
� Gypsum/concrete fire plates
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R-value Improvement from Balcony Thermal Breaks
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Summary
� Wall insulation requirements are increasing, both for
codes and for low energy buildings
� Wall assembly thermal performance is only as good as
the cladding attachment
� Many different cladding attachment systems, some are
better than others!
� Other thermal bridges have a big impact on building
enclosure thermal performance
� Spandrel panels, windows, balconies, eyebrows, exposed
slab edges
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� rdhbe.com
Discussion + Questions
FOR FURTHER INFORMATION PLEASE VISIT
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SLIDES NOT USED
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88 of
Design Guides & Other Resources
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Building Enclosure Design Guide
� 1999/2001 Wood Frame Envelopes in
the Coastal Climate of British Columbia
- Best Practice Guide (CMHC)
� Emphasis on moisture control in Pacific
Northwest
� 2011 Building Enclosure Design Guide –
Wood-frame Multi-Unit Residential
Buildings (HPO)
� Emphasis on best practices, moisture and
new energy codes
� Will be updated later this year
89 o
d
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90 of
Cross Laminated Timber Handbooks
� Canadian & USA versions
published by FPInnovations
� Provides design guidance
for Cross Laminated Timber
(CLT) buildings in all
climate zones
� Building enclosure chapter
focuses on durability and
energy efficiency
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� Highly Insulated Wood-Frame Design Guide for Marine
and Cold Climates (tall building/multi-family building
focus)
Further Guidance on Highly Insulated Walls & Details
91 of
all building/multi family buil
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Highly Insulated Wood-frame Guide
� 2013 Guide for Designing Energy-
Efficient Wood-Frame Building
Enclosures (FP Innovations)
� Focus on highly insulated wood-
frame assemblies to meet current
and upcoming energy codes
� Strategies, assemblies & many
building enclosure details provided
for passive design and “green”
buildings
� Sequential detailing for windows and
other complicated details
999922 ooff
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93 of
Tall Wood Building Guide
� 2014 Tall Wood Buildings Guide
(FPInnovations) – highrise wood and
hybrid wood buildings
� Building enclosure chapter #6
focuses on design fundamentals for
durable and energy efficient high-
rise mass timber buildings
� Moisture management & control
� Heat flow & thermal bridging
� Condensation control
� Air flow control & air barrier systems
� Noise & Fire control
� Assemblies & Details
� Claddings, Roofing
� Wood Durability
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Misc. Slides Not Used
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Modeled Annual Energy Savings
� Pre-retrofit � 225 kWh/m2/yr
� Building enclosure EEMs
(insulation, windows,
airtightness) � 20% savings overall
� 87% electric baseboard
heating savings
� Modeled Post-Retrofit � 177 kWh/m2
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Thermal Analysis of Effective R-values
� Effective R-values of building enclosure
assemblies & details can be determined by:
� Hand methods – simple wood frame walls, not
suitable for many assemblies/details
� Laboratory (Guarded hot-box testing) – good
for confirmation, expensive and not efficient
for design/analysis purposes
� Two-dimensional finite element thermal
modeling – not accurate for modeling discrete
or intermittent elements such as clips, ties, or
fasteners
� Three-dimensional finite element thermal
modeling – most accurate and cost effective.
Calibrated with laboratory testing to improve
accuracy.
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Key Considerations - Exterior Insulation Assemblies
� Key Considerations:
� Cladding attachment
� Wall thickness
� Heat Control: Exterior insulation
(any type)
� Air Control: Membrane on exterior
of structure
� Vapor Control: Membrane on
exterior of structure
� Water Control: Rainscreen
cladding, membrane on exterior of
structure, surface of insulation
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Key Considerations - Split Insulation Assemblies
� Key Considerations:
� Exterior insulation type
� Cladding attachment
� Sequencing & detailing
� Heat Control: Exterior and stud space
Insulation (designed)
� Air Control: House-wrap adhered/
sheet/liquid membrane on sheathing,
sealants/tapes etc. Often vapor
permeable
� Vapor Control: Poly or VB paint at
interior, plywood/OSB sheathing
� Water Control: Rainscreen cladding,
WRB membrane, surface of insulation
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Key Considerations – Double Stud/Deep Stud
� Key Considerations:
� Air-sealing
� Rainwater management/detailing
� Heat Control: Double stud cavity fill
insulation(s) – dense-pack cellulose,
fiberglass, sprayfoam
� Air Control: House-wrap/membrane on
sheathing, poly, airtight drywall on interior,
OSB/plywood at interior, tapes, sealants,
sprayfoam. Airtightness on both sides good
� Vapor Control: Poly, smart vapour
retarder, VB paint or OSB/plywood at interior
� Water Control: Rainscreen cladding, WRB
at house-wrap/membrane, flashings etc.
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Deep/Double Stud and Moisture Risk Assessment
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Trial Exterior Insulation Rehab - Late 1990s
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Trial Exterior Insulation Rehab – Late 1990s
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Trial Split Insulated Assembly
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Trial Split Insulated Assembly
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Lessons Learned About Indoor Humidity & Drying
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Trial Thermally Improved Cladding Attachments
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Cladding Attachment & Detailing Considerations
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Cladding Attachment: Clip & Rail, Non-Conductive
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Cladding Attachment: Clip & Rail, Non-Conductive
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Cladding Attachment: Screws through Insulation
UW/BSC
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Cladding Attachment: Screws through Insulation
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Screws through Insulation – Corners & Details
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Screws through Insulation: Shear Blocks
� With heavier weight claddings –
may consider shear blocks to
limit deflection and creep
� Not necessary with light-weight
claddings
� Shear block material:
� Continuous or intermitted wood
blocks, metal clips etc.
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Other Considerations - Flashings
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Thermal Comparison of Options
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CLT Construction
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Cladding Attachment: Masonry
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Assemblies and Cladding Attachment – Slides Not Used
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Insulation Placement & Wall Design Considerations
Interior Insulation
Exterior Insulation
Split Insulation
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Getting to Higher R-values – Insulation Placement
Baseline 2x6 w/ R-22 batts = R-16 effective
Exterior Insulation – R-20 to R-40+ effective • Constraints: cladding attachment, wall
thickness • Good for wood/steel/concrete
Deep/Double Stud– R-20 to R-40+ effective • Constraints
wall thickness
• Good for wood, wasted for steel
Split Insulation– R-20 to R-40+ effective • Constraints: cladding
attachment • Good for wood, palatable
for steel
New vs Retrofit Considerations
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� Insulation outboard of structure and control layers (air/
vapor/water)
� Thermal mass at interior where useful
� Excellent performance in all climate zones
� Cladding Attachment biggest source of thermal loss/
bridging
� Not the panacea, can still mess it up
Exterior Insulated Walls
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Steel Stud Concrete Heavy Timber (CLT)
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� Key Considerations:
� Cladding Attachment
� Wall Thickness
� Heat Control: Exterior Insulation
� Air Control: Membrane on
exterior of structure
� Vapor Control: Membrane on
exterior of structure
� Water Control: Membrane on
exterior of structure (possibly
surface of insulation)
Exterior Insulation Assemblies
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� Many Possible Strategies – Wide Range of Performance
Cladding Attachment through Exterior Insulation
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Minimizing Thermal Bridging through Exterior Insulation
Longer cladding Fasteners directly through rigid insulation (up to 2” for light
claddings)
Long screws through vertical strapping and rigid insulation creates truss (8”+) – short cladding fasteners into
vertical strapping Rigid shear block type connection through insulation, cladding to
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Key Considerations - Split Insulation Assemblies
� Key Considerations:
� Exterior insulation type
� Cladding attachment
� Sequencing & detailing
� Heat Control: Exterior and stud space Insulation
� Air Control: House-wrap adhered/sheet/liquid membrane
on sheathing, sealants/tapes etc. Often vapor permeable
� Vapor Control: Poly or VB paint at interior, plywood/OSB
sheathing
� Water Control: Rainscreen cladding, WRB membrane,
surface of insulation
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Split Insulation Assemblies – Exterior Insulation
� Foam insulations (XPS, EPS, Polyiso, ccSPF) are vapor impermeable
� Is the vapor barrier on the wrong side?
� Does your wall have two vapor barriers?
� How much insulation should be put outside
of the sheathing? – More the better, but room?
� Rigid Mineral or Glass Fiber Insulation
are vapor permeable and can address
these concerns
� Vapor permeance properties of WRB and air-barrier also important
� Insulation selection suitable for wet exposure – moisture tolerant, non
absorptive, hydrophobic, draining
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� Several other alternate strategies
to build highly insulated walls
including Larsen Trusses and other
exterior trussed assemblies filled
with low-density fibrous fill or
sprayfoam insulation
Split Insulation – Larsen Truss
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� Double 2x4/2x6 stud, Single Deep 2x10, 2x10, I-Joist etc…
� Common wood-frame wall assembly in many passive houses
� Lends itself well to pre-fabricated wall/roof assemblies
� Interior service wall – greater control over interior airtightness
� Higher risk for damage if sheathing gets wet (rainwater, air leakage, vapor diffusion)
Double/Deep Stud Insulated
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Key Considerations – Double Stud/Deep Stud
� Key Considerations:
� Air-sealing
� Rainwater management/detailing
� Heat Control: Double stud cavity fill insulation(s)
� Air Control: House-wrap/membrane on sheathing, poly,
airtight drywall on interior, OSB/plywood at interior,
tapes, sealants, sprayfoam. Airtightness on both sides of
cavity recommended
� Vapor Control: Poly, VB paint or OSB/plywood at interior
� Water Control: Rainscreen cladding, WRB at house-wrap/
membrane, flashings etc.
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Air Barrier Strategies – Double Stud/Deep Stud Wall
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No ASHRAE Tables for These Cladding Attachments
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Context – What R-values are Required?
� BC Building Code – Part 10
� Prescriptive Tables for Part 9 buildings (houses)
� Reference to ASHRAE 90.1 Table 5 (Effective R-values)
� City of Vancouver
� Prescriptive Tables for Part 9 buildings (houses)
� Reference to ASHRAE 90.1 Table 5 (Effective R-values)
� Model National Energy Code for Buildings 1997(MNECB)
and National Energy Code for Buildings 2011 (NECB)
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Excerpt from 90.1-2007 Table 5.5-5 – City of Vancouver, Effective R-values
Building Enclosure Component
Climate Zone 5 – Residential Buildings
Minimum Assembly R-value
ft2 �°F� h/Btu
Minimum Insulation
R-value ft2 �°F� h/Btu
Roof – Insulation Above Deck R-20.8 R-20 c.i. Roof – Attic R-37.0 R-38 Above Grade Wall – Wood-Frame
R-19.6 R-13 + 7.5 c.i.
Above Grade Wall – Steel Frame
R-15.6 R-13 + 7.5 c.i.
Above Grade Wall – Mass R-12.5 R-13.3 c.i. Below Grade Wall – Concrete R-8.4 R-7.5 c.i. Windows Maximum Window U-value Btu/h·ft2·
°F › Non Metal Frame (Vinyl, Fibreglass and Wood)
U-0.35
› Metal Framed Windows (Aluminum)
U-0.55
› Metal frames (Curtainwall & Storefront)
U-0.45
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Context: R-Values
Down Jacket
R 3-5
Acoustic Ceiling Tile
R-2
Fiberglass Batt Insulation
~R-12, 3 ½”
~R-20, 5 ½”
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Seeing Heat Loss – Infrared Thermography
Yellow/red/white = hot = high heat flow/high U-value– Blue = Cold = low heat flow/low U-value
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Wood Framed Walls
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Current Thermal Performance – Effective R-values
Wall Assembly / Insulation Rated R-value
Effective Wall R-value *
Studs at 16”, 25% F.F.
Studs at 24”, 22% F.F.
2x4 w/ R-12 batts/SPF 10.7 -
2x4 w/ R-14 batts 11.5 -
2x4 w/ sprayfoam (R-5/in)
12.6 -
2x6 w/ R-19 batts 15.5 16.1
2x6 w/ R-22 batts 16.6 17.4
2x6 w/ sprayfoam (R-5/in)
18.3 19.3
2x6 w/ sprayfoam (R-6/in)
18.6 19.8
* Studs at 16” o.c.=25% total framing factor and Studs at 24” o.c. =22% total framing factor. This includes typical framing arrangements of studs, sill and top plates, window headers, corners,
built-up studs etc..
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ASHRAE 90.1 Effective R-value Tables – Wood Framing (Studs @16” 25% Framing Factor)
Wood Framing
Depth
Nominal Insulation
R-value
(RSI)
Effective R-value
for Base
Wall
Assembly
Effective R-value of Base Wall Plus Continuous Insulation
(Includes bringing effect of strapping/fasteners/
clips)
R-5 c.i.
R-8 c.i.
R-10 c.i. R-12 c.i. R-15 c.i.
R-value (RSI) R-value (RSI)
31/2˝
(89 mm)
None R-3.4 (0.6)
R-8.6 (1.5)
R-11.6 (2.0)
R-13.7 (2.4)
R-15.6 (2.8)
R-18.9 (3.3)
R-11 (1.9)
R-10.4 (1.8)
R-15.9 (2.8)
R-18.9 (3.3)
R-20.8 (3.7)
R-22.7 (4.0)
R-26.3 (4.6)
R-13 (2.3)
R-11.2 (2.0)
R-16.9 (3.0)
R-20.0 (3.5)
R-22.2 (3.9)
R-24.4 (4.3)
R-27.0 (4.8)
R-15 (2.6)
R-12.0 (2.1)
R-17.9 (3.1)
R-21.3 (3.7)
R-23.3 (4.1)
R-25.6 (4.5)
R-28.6 (5.0)
51/2˝
(140 mm)
R-19 (3.3)
R-14.9 (2.6)
R-20.8 (3.7)
R-23.8 (4.2)
R-26.3 (4.6)
R-27.8 (4.9)
R-31.3 (5.5)
R-21 (3.7)
R-15.9 (2.8)
R-22.2 (3.9)
R-25.6 (4.5)
R-27.8 (4.9)
R-29.4 (5.2)
R-33.3 (5.9)
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5 and 6 Storey Wood Framing
� Framing factors >>25%, cannot
use ASHRAE tables
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Getting to Higher Effective Wall R-values
� Tables within ASHRAE 90.1 provide some exterior/
split insulated R-values
� Wood-frame Best Practice Guide provides further
guidance
� Thermal simulation needed
� Energy codes do not
provide guidance on
durability and moisture
control!
Interior
Insulated
Exterior Insulated Split Insulated
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����� ������� ��� ����� ����� ; ���� ��������
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142 of
Split Insulation Assemblies
� Foam insulation (XPS, EPS, Polyiso, SPF) are vapour
impermeable
� Is the vapour barrier on the wrong side?
� Does your wall have two vapour barriers?
� How much insulation should be put outside
of the sheathing?
� Rigid Mineral or Glass Fiber Insulation
(Roxul, Fibrex etc.) are vapour permeable
and address these concerns
� Foam sheathing is at a higher risk of moisture
entrapment than baseline 2x6 wall or mineral fiber
(rain, air, initially wet)
� Vapour permeance properties of WRB and air-barrier
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143 of
Split Insulation Walls
� Key Considerations:
� Exterior Insulation Type
� Cladding Attachment
� Sequencing & Detailing
� Heat Control: Exterior and Stud Space Insulation
� Air Control: Breathable House-wrap/membrane on
sheathing, sealants/tapes etc. (air barrier in middle)
� Vapour Control: Poly or VB paint at interior, sheathing
� Water Control: Rainscreen cladding, WRB at surface of
insulation & house-wrap/membrane
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144 of
XPS/Foam as Exterior Insulation
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145 of
Rigid Mineral/Glass Fiber as Exterior Insulation
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Attaching Cladding Through Exterior Insulation
� Strategies to minimize thermal bridging (+ wall thickness)
� Intermittent Clips (i.e. low-conductivity spacers, stainless steel clips)
� Screws directly through strapping and insulation
� Brick Ties
� Truss Frame Assemblies
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147 of
Attaching Cladding through Rigid Mineral Fiber Insulation
� Medium Density Mineral Fiber (i.e. Roxul Rockboard
80)
UW/BSC
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148 of
Split Insulation
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149 of
Split Insulation
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150 of
Split Insulation R-values above R-20: Screws through Insulation
Exterior Insulation R-value added to exterior of sheathing
Effective Wall R-value Accounting for Thermal Bridging & Fasteners
2x4 stud wall @ 16” o.c. with R-14 batts
2x6 stud wall @ 16” o.c.
with R-22 batts
1” Mineral Wool (R-4)
- 21.9
1” XPS (R-5) - 21.0*
1.5” Mineral Wool (R-6)
- 22.9
1.5” XPS (R-7.5) - 24.3*
2” Mineral Wool (R-8)
19.6 -
2” XPS (R-10) 21.4*
2.5” Mineral Wool (R-10)
21.5
3” Mineral Wool (R-12)
23.2
2.5” XPS (R-12.5) 23.7* * Potential Elevated Moisture risk
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Split Insulation R-values above R-20: Brick Ties
Exterior Insulation R-value added to exterior of sheathing
Effective Wall R-value Accounting for Thermal Bridging & Fasteners
2x4 stud wall @ 16” o.c. with R-14 batts
2x6 stud wall @ 16” o.c. with R-22 batts
1” Mineral Wool (R-4.2) - 21.9
1” XPS (R-5) - 22.6*
1.5” Mineral Wool (R-6.3)
- 23.7
1.5” XPS(R-7.5) - -
2” Mineral Wool (R-8.4) 20.2 -
2” XPS (R-10) 21.4*
2.5” Mineral Wool (R-10.5)
21.9
3” Mineral Wool (R-12.6)
23.4
2.5” XPS (R-12.5) 23.3*
* Potential Elevated Moisture risk
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Double Stud Wall, 2x8, 2x10 Wall Assemblies
� Key Considerations:
� Insulation Type
� Air-sealing
� Rainscreen detailing
� Heat Control: Double stud cavity fill insulation(s)
� Air Control: breathable House-wrap/membrane on
sheathing, poly on interior, tapes, sealants, (sprayfoam?). Two
air-barriers (in and out) recommended
� Vapour Control: Poly at interior
� Water Control: Rainscreen cladding, WRB at house-wrap/
membrane, flashings etc.
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153 of
Double Stud Walls
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154 of
Double Stud and 2x8/2x10 Framing R-values
Wall Assembly / Insulation Rated R-value Effective Wall R-value
2x8 w/ R-26 fibrous insulation (R 3.4/inch) 21.1
2x8 w/ R-30 fibrous insulation (R 4/inch) 22.8
2x8 w/ R-38 sprayfoam insulation (R 5/inch) 25.4
2x10 w/ R-31 fibrous insulation (R 3.4/inch) 25.4
2x10 w/ R-37 fibrous insulation (R 4/inch) 27.5
2x10 w/ R-46 sprayfoam insulation (R 5/inch) 30.6
Double Stud 2x4 no gap w/ R-28 fibrous insulation (R 4/inch)
21.4
Double Stud 2x4 no gap w/ R-35 sprayfoam insulation (R 5/inch)
23.8
Double Stud 2x4 1” gap w/ R-27 fibrous insulation (R 3.4/inch)
23.6
Double Stud 2x4 1” gap w/ R-32 fibrous insulation (R 4/ 26 1
* Studs at 24” o.c., 22% total framing factor includes: studs, sill and top
plates, window headers, corners, built-up studs etc..
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Steel Framed Walls
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156 of
Steel stud wall assembly with concrete slab
Steel Framed Walls
� 3.5’’ Fibreglass
R-12 or R-14 batt insulation
R 3 – 4 effective
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157 of
Effective R-values: Steel Stud Framed Walls (ASHRAE 90.1 Table)
� Assumes steel stud spacing at 16” o.c. and accounts for top and sill track
Wood Framing Depth
Nominal Insulatio
n R-value
Effective R�value for Base
Wall Assembly
Effective R-value of Base Wall Plus
Continuous Insulation (Includes bringing effect of fasteners/
clips)
R-5 c.i.
R-10 c.i.
R-15 c.i.
R-value R-value
3 ½”
None R-2.8 R-7.8 R-12.8 R-17.9
R-11 R-7.6 R-12.5 R-17.5 R-22.7
R-13 R-8.1 R-13.0 R-18.2 R-23.3
R-15 R-8.5 R-13.5 R-18.5 R-23.3
5 ½” R-19 R-9.2 R-14.1 R-19.2 R-24.4
R-21 R-9.4 R-14.5 R-19.6 R-24.4
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158 of
Problem Spots: Structural Steel Framing
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159 of
Continuous Insulation – c.i.
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Continuous Insulation Examples
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161 of
Non-Continuous Insulation – Examples
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162 of
Steel Stud Wall Assembly Effective R-values
Middle of Wall (away from slab edge): Could use ASHRAE 90.1 Tables
3 5/8” Steel Studs , Empty Cavity R-3.2
3 5/8” Steel Studs with R-12 Batts
R-7.9
6” Steel Studs with R-20 Batts R-9.6
Overall Effective – Including Slab Edges 3D Thermal Modeling
3 5/8” Steel Studs , Empty Cavity R-2.9
3 5/8” Steel Studs with R-12 Batts
R-5.5
6” Steel Studs with R-20 Batts R-6.4
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163 of
Exterior insulation and self-adhered membrane properties affect safe insulation ratios
Overall Effective – Including Slab Edges Backup: 3 5/8” Steel Studs , R-12 in cavity
2” Mineral Wool (R-8.4) R-8.3
3” Mineral Wool (R-12.6) R-9.0
4” Mineral Wool (R-16.8) R-9.6
5” Mineral Wool (R-21.0) R-10.1
Exterior Vertical Girt Assemblies
Overall Effective – Including Slab Edges Backup: 3 5/8” Steel Studs , Empty Cavity
2” Mineral Wool (R-8.4) R-5.9
3” Mineral Wool (R-12.6) R-6.7
4” Mineral Wool (R-16.8) R-7.3
5” Mineral Wool (R-21.0) R-7.9
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164 of
Exterior Vertical Girt Assemblies – Sprayfoam?
Overall Effective – Including Slab Edges Backup: 3 5/8” Steel Studs , Empty Cavity
2” Mineral Wool (R-8.4) R-5.9
3” Mineral Wool (R-12.6) R-6.7
4” Mineral Wool (R-16.8) R-7.3
5” Mineral Wool (R-21.0) R-7.9
Overall Effective – Including Slab Edges Backup: 3 5/8” Steel Studs , Empty Cavity
2” Sprayfoam (R-12) R-6.5
3” Sprayfoam (R-18) R-7.2
4” Sprayfoam (R-24) R-7.8
5” Sprayfoam (R-30) R-8.4
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165 of
Sprayfoam and Steel Z-Girts – Other Considerations
1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666666
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166 of
Horizontal Girts
Overall Effective – Including Slab Edges Backup: 3 5/8” Steel Studs , Empty Cavity
2” Mineral Wool (R-8.4) R-8.2
3” Mineral Wool (R-12.6) R-9.5
4” Mineral Wool (R-16.8) R-10.7
5” Mineral Wool (R-21.0) R-11.6
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167 of
Exposed Cast-In-Place Concrete
Center of Wall – Away from Slab Edge Backup: 2 ½” Steel Studs , R-8 Batts
+1” XPS (R-5) at concrete R-12.6
+2” XPS (R-10) at concrete R-17.8
+3” XPS (R-15) at concrete R-22.8
Overall Effective – Including Exposed Slab Edges
Backup: 2 ½” Steel Studs , R-8 Batts
+1” XPS (R-5) at concrete R-6.7
+2” XPS (R-10) at concrete R-8.1
+3” XPS (R-15) at concrete R-9.3
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168 of
Shelf Angle Supported Brick Masonry
Center of Wall – Away from Slab Edge Backup: 3 5/8” Steel Studs , Empty
+2” Mineral Wool Exterior (R-8.4) R-12.1
+3” Mineral Wool Exterior (R-12.6)
R-15.8
+4” Mineral Wool Exterior (R-16.8)
R-19.5
Overall Effective – Including Slab Edges Backup: 3 5/8” Steel Studs , Empty
+2” Mineral Wool Exterior (R-8.4) R-8.6
+3” Mineral Wool Exterior (R-12.6)
R-10.1
+4” Mineral Wool Exterior (R-16.8)
R-11.5
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169 of
Brick Masonry – With Stand-off Shelf Angles
Without Stand-off Plates: Overall Effective – Including Slab Edges Backup: 3 5/8” Steel Studs , Empty
+2” Mineral Wool Exterior (R-8.4) R-8.6
+3” Mineral Wool Exterior (R-12.6)
R-10.1
+4” Mineral Wool Exterior (R-16.8)
R-11.5
WITH Stand-off Plates: Overall Effective – Including Slab Edges Backup: 3 5/8” Steel Studs , Empty
+2” Mineral Wool Exterior (R-8.4) R-11.3
+3” Mineral Wool Exterior (R-12.6)
R-14.5
+4” Mineral Wool Exterior (R-16.8)
R-17.7
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170 of
Impact of Cladding Attachment – R-15 of Insulation
Current Practice
R-7.4
Better
R-10.3
Even Better
R-11.6 to
14.4
galvanized vs
stainless
Most Efficient
R-15.8
Screws only
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Intermittent & Clip Supported Cladding Supports
� Intermittent cladding supports are significantly more
thermally efficient than continuous girts.
� Insulation R-value reductions of
<15-30% with clips.
� Are necessary in retrofit situations to
achieve high R-values
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172 of
Intermittent Cladding Supports
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Intermittent Clip Cladding Supports
6” Long Galvanized Z-Bar Clips @ 24 “ o.c. Overall Effective – Including Slab Edges
Backup: 3 5/8” Steel Studs , Empty
+2” Mineral Wool Exterior (R-8.4) R-8.2
+3” Mineral Wool Exterior (R-12.6) R-10.0
+4” Mineral Wool Exterior (R-16.8) R-11.6
+5” Mineral Wool Exterior (R-21.0) R-13.1
6” Long Galvanized Z-Bar Clips @ 24 “ o.c. Overall Effective – Including Slab Edges
Backup: 3 5/8” Steel Studs , Fillled with R-12
+2” Mineral Wool Exterior (R-8.4) R-11.3
+3” Mineral Wool Exterior (R-12.6) R-13.0
+4” Mineral Wool Exterior (R-16.8) R-14.6
+5” Mineral Wool Exterior (R-21.0) R-16.0
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Non Conductive Spacer
Non-Conductive Spacer
Overall Effective – Including Slab Edges
4” Mineral Wool Exterior (R-16.8) over
Empty 3-5/8” Steel Stud Backup wall R-15.7
4” Mineral Wool Exterior (R-16.8) over
R-12 in Steel Stud Backup wall R-19.5
6” Mineral Wool Exterior (R-25.2) over
Empty 3-5/8” Steel Stud Backup wall R-21.4
6” Mineral Wool Exterior (R-25.2) over
R-12 in Steel Stud Backup wall R-25.2
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Intermittent Cladding Supports
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