thermal remediation services, inc. - clu-in
TRANSCRIPT
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Thermal Remediation Services, Inc.
Thermal Remediation Services, Inc.
Electrical Resistance Heating for
In-Situ Remediation of Soil & Groundwater
December 10, 2002
Greg Beyke(770) 794-1168
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SOLVENT
SAND
CLAY
BEDROCK
WATER TABLE
GROUNDWATER FLOW
2
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3PCU
3
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4GAC Filter
4
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Why Electrical Resistance Heating?
Why Electrical Resistance Heating?
! Heating is uniform with no bypassed regions
! Heating is rapid � months vs. years! Steam is produced in-situ! Preferentially heats tight soil lenses and
DNAPL hot spots! Cost effective: most commercial, full-
scale sites range from $40-$100 per yds3
! Heating is uniform with no bypassed regions
! Heating is rapid � months vs. years! Steam is produced in-situ! Preferentially heats tight soil lenses and
DNAPL hot spots! Cost effective: most commercial, full-
scale sites range from $40-$100 per yds3
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ApplicationsApplications
� Low permeability & heterogeneous lithologies� DNAPL & LNAPL cleanups by aquifer and
smear zone heating� Heavy hydrocarbon mobilization� Degradation enhancement (hydrolysis, bio)� Remediation underneath operating facilities, in
the presence of buried utilities and hazardous waste drums
� Low permeability & heterogeneous lithologies� DNAPL & LNAPL cleanups by aquifer and
smear zone heating� Heavy hydrocarbon mobilization� Degradation enhancement (hydrolysis, bio)� Remediation underneath operating facilities, in
the presence of buried utilities and hazardous waste drums
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In-Situ Steam Generation
In-Situ Steam Generation
HEATEDZONE
ELECTRODE ELECTRODENEUTRAL
2. Steam generation is uniformthrough the heated zone
1. Soil grains act as electricalresistors
150 V to600 V
<15 V
3. Discrete intervals can be heated
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Surface EquipmentSurface Equipment
Steam Condenser
500 kW PCU
Operating Electrode
Photo Courtesy of Brown and Caldwell
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Vapor Recovery System
Vapor Recovery System
ERH Power Control Unit
Water Storage TankOr Sewer
VacuumPump
Carbonor
Catox
Condenser
1
23
4
5 6
T
T
>99% of the contaminant mass
remains in the vapor state
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ERH Equipment Staging
ERH Equipment Staging
Baker Tank
500 kW PCU Steam Condenser
GAC Vessels Vacuum
Blower
CPVC pipe from wells
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Full-Scale DNAPL Cleanup the Problem*
Full-Scale DNAPL Cleanup the Problem*
� DNAPL (TCE & TCA) covering about 1 acre of an industrial site
� ENSR performed remediation for about 5 years and removed 30,000 pounds of TCE & TCA
� DNAPL remained in four areas, mostly under a large warehouse building
� Goal: Reach Tier III RBCA Cleanup Levels over entire site
� DNAPL (TCE & TCA) covering about 1 acre of an industrial site
� ENSR performed remediation for about 5 years and removed 30,000 pounds of TCE & TCA
� DNAPL remained in four areas, mostly under a large warehouse building
� Goal: Reach Tier III RBCA Cleanup Levels over entire site
*Data from the 1999 EPA Cost and Performance Report
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Full-Scale DNAPL Cleanup Site Map*Full-Scale DNAPL Cleanup Site Map*
10� deepwastedrain
Cast ironroof drain
TCE and TCAtanks
Storm drain
Power Control Unit
Semiconductor Building
DNAPL
107 electrodes
*Data from *Data from 1999 EPA 1999 EPA Cost and Cost and
Performance Performance ReportReport
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ERH Remediation Beneath a BuildingERH Remediation
Beneath a Building
Electrode
Vapor Recovery Pipe
Limited overhead
access
Photo Courtesy of Brown and
Caldwell
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Full-Scale DNAPL CleanupSubsurface Cross-SectionFull-Scale DNAPL CleanupSubsurface Cross-Section
BuildingSlab
Fill
7�
20�
HeatedZone
Electrode
Sandy Silt
SiltyClay
DNAPL
SVEWell
Clay Aquitard
SVEWell
DNAPL Pools
Electrode
18�
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Full-Scale DNAPL CleanupOperations & Results*
Full-Scale DNAPL CleanupOperations & Results*
Operations� Heating (107 electrodes) started June
4, 1998� Aquifer reached boiling in 60 days� Maintained above the boiling point of
TCE (73ºC) for the next 3 monthsResults
� Tier III levels by late November 1998; the site is now closed
� >15,000 pounds of VOCs removed
Operations� Heating (107 electrodes) started June
4, 1998� Aquifer reached boiling in 60 days� Maintained above the boiling point of
TCE (73ºC) for the next 3 monthsResults
� Tier III levels by late November 1998; the site is now closed
� >15,000 pounds of VOCs removed *Data from 1999 EPA Cost and Performance Report*Data from 1999 EPA Cost and Performance Report
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1616Average Groundwater
Concentrations Seven Most Contaminated Wells*
Average Groundwater Concentrations Seven Most
Contaminated Wells*
March 1998
November 1998
cis 1,2-DCE 1,1,1-TCA TCE0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
35,000
40,000
ug/l
98.3% 99.9% 98.9%
October 1998*Data from *Data from 1999 EPA 1999 EPA Cost and Cost and
Performance Performance ReportReport
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0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
mg/l
Aa6 Ba3 D3 D7 D9 E5 F9 F13 G3 ave
Monitoring Wells
May-99Dec-99May-00
Do Groundwater Concentrations Rebound after
ERH Remediation?
Do Groundwater Concentrations Rebound after
ERH Remediation?
Average Additional Decrease
= 23%
two wells increased
seven wells decreased
Data from Data from ENSR reportENSR report
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Polishing MechanismsPolishing Mechanisms
� Hydrolysis of Halogenated Alkanes� Compounds such as TCA have a hydrolysis half-life of
less than one day at steam temperatures.
� Iron Reductive Dehalogenation� Steel shot used as electrode backfill provides an iron
source for reductive dehalogenation (iron filing wall)
� Temperature Accelerates Reactions� The above reaction rates are increased by factor of
thousands at 100°C (Arrhenius Equation)
� Bioremediation by Thermophiles� Thermophilic bacteria are the most effective solvent
dehalogenators and prefer 40-70°C
� Hydrolysis of Halogenated Alkanes� Compounds such as TCA have a hydrolysis half-life of
less than one day at steam temperatures.
� Iron Reductive Dehalogenation� Steel shot used as electrode backfill provides an iron
source for reductive dehalogenation (iron filing wall)
� Temperature Accelerates Reactions� The above reaction rates are increased by factor of
thousands at 100°C (Arrhenius Equation)
� Bioremediation by Thermophiles� Thermophilic bacteria are the most effective solvent
dehalogenators and prefer 40-70°C
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Full Scale DNAPL CleanupCost & Performance Data*Full Scale DNAPL CleanupCost & Performance Data*
� Effectiveness� Total operations took 18 weeks, five days� Treated approximately 30,000 cubic yards� Since completing, average groundwater VOC
concentrations have continued to decrease
� Costs� Total project costs were $32/cubic yard� The total includes electrical costs of $6.50/cubic yard� Vapor treatment was not required. If vapor treatment
had been required, the cost would have been about $41 per cubic yard.
� Effectiveness� Total operations took 18 weeks, five days� Treated approximately 30,000 cubic yards� Since completing, average groundwater VOC
concentrations have continued to decrease
� Costs� Total project costs were $32/cubic yard� The total includes electrical costs of $6.50/cubic yard� Vapor treatment was not required. If vapor treatment
had been required, the cost would have been about $41 per cubic yard.
*Data from the 1999 EPA Cost and Performance Report*Data from the 1999 EPA Cost and Performance Report
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TCE DNAPL RemediationAir Force Plant FourFort Worth, Texas
TCE DNAPL RemediationAir Force Plant FourFort Worth, Texas
Photo Courtesy of
URS
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ERH Remediation BeneathAir Force Plant Four
ERH Remediation BeneathAir Force Plant Four
SVE pipingelectric
al cable electrode
SVE well
Photo Courtesy of
URS
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Lowry Landfill System Layout
Lowry Landfill System Layout
South Waste Pit
2000 kW PCU
Thermal Oxidizers
Cables to the Electrode
Field
Electrode Field