thermochemical equations
DESCRIPTION
Thermochemical Equations. Chemistry 11(C). Lesson Objectives Classify reactions as endothermic or exothermic Complete calculations using thermochemical equations. Thermochemical Equations. Endothermic and Exothermic Reactions. Energy can be absorbed or released. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Thermochemical Equations
Chemistry 11(C)
Lesson Objectives• Classify reactions as endothermic or
exothermic• Complete calculations using thermochemical
equations
Thermochemical Equations
Endothermic and Exothermic Reactions
• Energy can be absorbed or released
• Exothermic – energy is released from a reaction
• Endothermic – energy is absorbed by a reaction
• Energy is released when bonds form
• Energy is absorbed to break bonds
Releasing and Absorbing Energy
Ex) 2H2+ O2 2H2O
Reactants
Products
Energy absorbed
Energy released
• Exothermic ⇒ less E is absorbed to break bonds than is released when bonds form
Bond Energy reactant < Bond
Energy product
• Endothermic ⇒ more E is absorbed to break bonds than is released when bonds form
Bond Energy reactant > Bond
Energy product
Classifying Reactions
• Enthalpy change – (∆H); amount of energy released or absorbed as heat by a system when the pressure is constant
• ∆Hrxn = Hproducts – Hreactants
– Exothermic⇒ ∆H = negative values– Endothermic⇒ ∆H = positive values
Enthalpy
Hreactants > Hproducts
Exothermic
Enth
alpy
Reaction Progress
Hreactants < Hproducts
Endothermic
Enth
alpy
Reaction Progress
• Thermochemical equation – chemical equation that includes the enthalpy change
– Coefficients represent the number of moles– ∆H is directly proportional to the number of
moles– Include physical states
Thermochemical Equations
Ex) 4Fe(s) + 3O2(g)2Fe2O3(s) + 1625 kJ or
4Fe(s) + 3O2(g)2Fe2O3(s) ∆H= –1625 kJ
• Standard enthalpy values for specific chemicals can be found in reference tables
• Phase of the chemical will affect the enthalpy value – Elements in their
natural state will have ∆H0
f of zero
Enthalpy Values
Substance ∆H0f
(kJ/mol) BaCl2(s) –855.0Ca(s) 0CaCl2(s) –795.4Br2(l ) 0CO(g) –110.5CO2(g) –393.5 CuO(s) –157.3 Fe2O3(s) –824.2H2(g) 0H2O(g) –241.8H2O(l ) –285.8
• Enthalpy of reaction equals the sum of the standard enthalpies of formation of the products minus the sum of the standard enthalpies of formation of the reactants
Calculating ∆Hrxn from ∆H0f
Substance
∆H0f
(kJ/mol) CH4(g) –74.6Cl2(g) 0CCl4(l ) –139H2(g) 0
Ex) CH4(g) + 2Cl2(g) CCl4(l ) + 2H2(g)
∆Hrxn= ∆Hf0 (products) - ∆Hf
0 (reactants)
∆Hrxn= (–139 + (2×0))–(–74.6 + (2×0))
∆Hrxn= –64.4 kJ/mol
• Hess’s Law – the sum of the enthalpy changes for each step of a reaction is equal to the overall enthalpy change– Manipulate the equations so the sum of the given
equations equals the overall equation• If the reaction is reversed, the sign of ∆H must be
reversed
• Multiply given equations by coefficients
Hess’s Law
Ex) 4Fe(s) + 3O2(g)2Fe2O3(s) ∆H= –1625 kJ 2Fe2O3(s)4Fe(s) + 3O2(g) ∆H= 1625 kJ
3[ 2Fe2O3(s)4Fe(s) + 3O2(g)∆H= 1625 kJ ] 6Fe2O3(s)12Fe(s) + 9O2(g) ∆H= 4875 kJ
Ex) 2H2O2(l ) → 2H2O(l ) + O2(g)∆H=?
2H2(g) + O2(g) → 2H2O(l )
H2(g) + O2(g) → H2O2(l ) ∆H1= –188 kJ
∆H2= –572 kJ
1. Rearrange formulas so each chemical is on the same side of the reaction as the goal formula
∆H= –196 kJ
H2O2(l) → H2(g) + O2(g) 188 kJ
3. Find the sum of the thermochemical equations
2. Multiply by coefficients so the number of moles of each chemical match the goal formula- Keep in mind that matching chemicals on
opposite sides of the combined reaction will cancel each other out
2H2O2(l ) → 2H2(g) + 2O2(g) 376 kJ
+
Hess’s Law
Lesson Objectives• Classify reactions as endothermic or
exothermic• Complete calculations using thermochemical
equations– Solve for heat of reaction when given heats of
formation– Solve problems using Hess’s law
Thermochemical Equations