thermodynamics i - introduction

THERMODYNAMICS 1 EG-161

Prof. Johann Sienz College of Engineering

Chapter 0 Thermodynamics 1 2

Thermodynamics ? Thermodynamics is a funny subject. The first time you go through it, you don’t understand it at all. The second time you go through it, you think you understand it, except for one or two points. The third time you go through it, you know you don’t understand it, but by that time you are so used to the subject, it doesn’t bother you anymore. (Arnold Sommerfeld)

Sommerfeld (left) and Bohr (1919)


Course Overview • Prof. Johann Sienz

– Room 161 – Online Blackboard learning environment at bb.swan.ac.uk

• Assessment: – 75 % closed book exam – 25 % closed book mid term assessment – If Core Module for your degree you would need at least

40% to pass • Recommended Texts:

– Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach, Çengel & Boles, McGraw-Hill (BEng, MEng and BSc students)

– Property Tables Booklet for use with Thermodynamics: An Engineering Approach


Course Overview • Module average of 42 % • 147 students out of 253 passed first exam in 10/11

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Thermodynamics I

Introduction 1. Basic Concepts of Thermodynamics 2. Energy, Energy Transfer, and General Energy Analysis 3. Properties of Pure Substances 4. Energy Analysis of Closed Systems 5. Energy and Mass Analysis of Control Volumes 6. The Second Law of Thermodynamics 7. Entropy Applications Examples


Applications of Thermodynamics

Power plants

The human body

Air-conditioning systems

Airplanes

Car engines

Refrigeration systems


Applications –Steam Engines


Application – Supersonic Cars

Bloodhound Project: • 1000 mph (1609 km/h or 1.3 Ma) • Aerodynamic Design • Desert Selection • Project Logistics

Thrust SSC Project: • 763 mph (1229 km/h or 1.02 Ma) • Aerodynamic Design


Application - Thermal Efficiency 1. Low speed diesel engine 2. Medium speed diesel engine 3. Combined cycle gas turbine 4. Gas turbine 5. Steam turbine


Application - Thermal Efficiency • Power=81223.0 kW • Torque=7603850.07 Nm • Displacement=25.8m3

• Stroke=2.49m • Bore=0.98m • Fuel Consumption=7.5m3/h • h>50%


Application - Collapse


Energy and Environment

• Conversion of energy affects environment • Fossil fuels, such as coal, oil and natural gas are main

source of energy • Pollution emitted during combustion of fossil fuels are the

main cause for smog, acid rain and global warming • Serious threat to life on earth


ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT • The conversion of energy from one form to another often affects the environment and the

air we breathe in many ways, and thus the study of energy is not complete without considering its impact on the environment.

• Pollutants emitted during the combustion of fossil fuels are responsible for smog, acid rain, and global warming.

• The environmental pollution has reached such high levels that it became a serious threat to vegetation, wild life, and human health.

Energy conversion processes are often accompanied by environmental pollution.

Motor vehicles are the largest source of air pollution.


ACARE* targets for 2020

Minimise the industries impact during manufacture, maintenance, overhaul, repair and disposal

Targets for new aircraft and whole industry relative to 2000

* Advisory Council for Aerospace Research in Europe

Reduce fuel consumption and CO2 emissions by 50% per passenger km

Reduce NOX emissions by 80%

Reduce perceived external noise by 50%


Emission Targets


Evolution of the Greener Aero Engine

Since 1950 : 4x reduction in noise 70% reduction on fuel burn

2030: 3x passenger kms 2050: aviation - 75% greenhouse gas impact


Meeting the 50% fuel burn target needs changes in all areas

Contributions to CO2 Reduction

-50%

-40%

-30%

-20%

-10%

0%

Engines Airframe Air traffic management

and operations

Possible design solutions

Chapter 0

Engine – Thermodynamics Intercooled Recuperative Core Engine

• Centrifugal HP Compressor – Centrifugal compressor efficiency improvement and high hub-tip-ratio – Optimisation of radial compressor/ducting interface – Radial/axial compressor comparison

• Recuperator – Improved heat exchanger and nozzle arrangement – Low loss heat exchanger integration – Structural and overall IRA integration aspects

• Future innovative core configuration – Variable core cycle – Innovative combustion – Contra-rotating core – Unconventional heat management

Thermodynamics 1 18

Chapter 0

Engine

Thermodynamics 1 19

Intercooled Recuperative Core Active Core

Intercooled Core Flow Controlled Core

Chapter 0

Engine

Thermodynamics 1 20

thermodynamics i - introduction

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