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1 Int

1.1 1.2 1.3

2 Te

2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 2.10

3 Te

3.1 3.2 3.3

4 Te

4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4

5 Co

5.1 5.2 5.3

6 Bib

Append

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of Contents

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D.1 D.2 D.3 D.4

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Append

F.1cond

F.2

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Append

H.1 H.2

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Append

J.1 J.2 J.3 J.4

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Page vi

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Page vii

r, COP & ............... 12

............... 13

............... 17

............... 18

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............... 23

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............... 36

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Page viii

changer ............. 114

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............. 127

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............. 130

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2011a) . 143

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Equatio

List of

Table 1

Table 2

Table 3

Table 4

Table 5 workshe

Table 6

Table 7

Table 8

Table 9

Table 1

Table 1

Table 1

Table 1

Table 14

Table 1

Table 1

Table 1

Table 1 ............

Table 1

Table 2 ............

Table 2

Table 2

Tech

of Equation

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n 2 - wet bul

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s ..................

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and Kohlenb...................

Wurm et al., 2

and Kohlenba...................

enbach, 2011

bach, 2011a)


Page ix

............. 114

............. 115

2011b) .. 15

............... 28

............... 64

............... 65

a Key ............... 70

............... 74

............... 75

............... 75

............... 76

............... 76

............... 77

............... 78

............... 79

............... 80

............... 81

............... 82

............... 89

bach, 2011a)............. 136

2002) ..... 136

ach, 2011a)............. 137

1a) ........ 138

............ 139

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1a) ..............

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Page x

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............. 140

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Acknowledg

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Australia

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troductio

Context

“Australia

2006 and

from 2008

advisors a

becoming

Fuelling th

and the u

many com

efficiency

Telecomm

in the leag

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place so a

owners ar

to pass on

As a gene

a given si

over whic

Broadcas

most case

Air condit

more cont

Despite th

often limit

nology Revie

on

n retail elect

2010, and b

8 levels by 20

and experts s

g common pla

he concern f

ncertainty su

mmercial ente

and alternat

munications c

gue of those

munications c

any reduction

re often subje

n the uncerta

eral rule, tran

te. However

h its custome

t Industry wit

es making ef

ioning repres

trollable cost

his focus and

ted in their ab

ew and Deci

tricity prices

by some estim

015” (AIG, 2

such as this

ace in the Au

further is the

urrounding ca

erprises are

te supplies o

companies a

concerned g

companies a

n increases t

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ainty and risi

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this design

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increased by

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from the Aus

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impact of ca

arbon price l

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are subject to

their compet

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ng costs to t

quipment con

is often unde

y limited con

nt lifecycles s

en upgrades

ficant portion

y, the enginee

ll the most e


y an average

ave risen by a

ments from w

stralian Indus

dia and indus

arbon emissio

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vest in green

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e of 30 per ce

at least 100

well-respected

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n technologie

ness risk and

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mpetition in th

age. Infrastru

with limited

ers.

majority of th

l of equipme

especially tru

excess of 20

many circum

nergy costs a

e of system d

nology. Barri


Page 2

ent between

per cent

d industry

are

ions.

ate change

nder that

es, energy

costs.

y included

ts.

he market

ucture

opportunity

he energy at

nt vendors

ue in the

years in

mstances.

and is a

design are

ers include

s g s

2

1.2 R

Tech

a lack of k

research,

designs b

time press

failures of

payback l

Research O

This repo

1. K

lit

2. T

te

The prima

choose th

various te

input data

level requ

analysis w

time and e

A seconda

their rating

taken a st

when app

the techno

conventio

nology Revie

knowledge o

the resulting

ring with the

sures from ro

ften tends tow

eaning towa

Objectives

rt aims to red

Knowledge an

terature revie

he difficult, m

echnology se

ary aim of the

he most suita

echnologies.

a relevant at

uired by the u

with engineer

effort spent o

ary use of th

g as a snaps

tep further to

plied to typica

ology or tech

nal vapour c

ew and Deci

of industry de

g decision m

em inherent p

ollout deadlin

wards the tri

rds an altern

duce the imp

nd time cons

ew.

multifaceted

election decis

e decision ai

able technolo

The decision

the time of u

user from a v

red design in

on the input d

he decision a

shot at the gi

o give the use

al climatic co

hnologies tha

compression

ision Aid for A

evelopments

aking proces

project risk a

nes or equip

ed and true

native.

pact of the fo

suming resea

decision ma

sion aid.

d is to provid

ogy by guidin

n aid is desig

use. This ass

very high leve

nputs. The m

data.

aid is to give a

iven point in

er a national

onditions. It p

at are likely to

systems.


and time to i

ss and a new

nd complexit

ment downtim

easy solution

llowing barri

arch through

king process

de a tool that

ng them throu

gned for com

sessment can

el first pass t

main controllin

an overview

time. The de

view of how

provides a ran

o present a v


invest in com

w design. Fur

ty. An engine

me from exis

n, despite th

ers to entry:

an industry

s by develop

t will aid eng

ugh an asses

mparison of s

n be underta

to a more de

ng variable in

of the techn

ecision aid ca

w these techn

nking which

valid alternat


Page 3

mplex

rther, new

eer with

sting system

e long term

specific

ing a

ineers to

ssment of

ite specific

aken at any

etailed

n this is the

ologies and

an then be

nologies rate

indicates

tive to

s g s

3

1.3 R

1.3.1

1.3.2

1.3.3

Tech

Report Stru

The repor

Section 2

This is the

each tech

1. T

to

av

2. L

a

re

3. P

re

te

4. C

d

fo

Section 3

This secti

outline in

Section 4

The prima

effectiven

“typical sit

general ov

1. A

si

nology Revie

ucture

rt is divided i

– Technolo

e main body

hnology revie

echnology B

o be discusse

vailable in th

iterature Rev

nd state of c

eviews where

ossible Indu

eview detailin

elecommunic

Conclusions &

isadvantages

or trials and/o

– Technolo

on provides

1.2, use and

– Technolo

ary purpose o

ess by evalu

tes”. The dem

verview by th

A large numbe

ite” resulting

ew and Deci

nto the follow

ogy review

of the paper

ew the follow

Brief – a succ

ed. Further d

he correspon

view – a disc

commercial d

e available.

stry Applicat

ng how the te

cations sites.

& Recommen

s of the tech

or implement

ogy selectio

a detailed de

d how to inter

ogy selectio

of the demon

uating a redu

monstration

he following:

er of assump

in a lack of c

ision Aid for A

wing key sec

r that reviews

ing general s

cinct descript

detail for the

ding append

cussion cove

development

tions – an ap

echnology co

ndations – a

nology follow

tation.

n decision a

escription of

rpret its outp

n decision a

nstration is to

uced number

is restricted

ptions were r

certainty.


ctions:

s each techn

structure is fo

tion of the the

majority of th

dices.

ring the adva

of the techno

ppraisal follow

ould potentia

summary of

wed by the a

aid - Descrip

the decision

puts.

aid – Demon

o illustrate th

r of technolog

in its direct a

required in o


nology individ

ollowed:

eory behind

he technolog

antages, disa

ology with ca

wing the liter

ally be used a

f the advanta

uthor’s recom

ption

n aid, its obje

nstration

he decision a

gies at a sele

application b

rder to defin


Page 4

dually. For

technology

gies is

advantages

ase study

rature

at

ages and

mmendation

ectives as

aid’s use and

ection of

eyond a

e a “typical

s g s

4

1.3.4

Tech

2. T

a

ra

th

Due to the

the given

Appendic

The appe

tools to ai

conditioni

A

m

r

t

E

R

A

p

A

nology Revie

he immature

nalysed restr

atings. Furthe

his point in tim

ese issues, t

results.

ces

ndices are p

d with the un

ng systems.

A review on t

more detail. T

eference and

he main bod

Extended det

References to

A list of poten

publication to

A brief literatu

ew and Deci

e nature of th

ricts the info

er, the samp

me.

the reader sh

primarily aime

nderstanding

The append

the technolog

These appen

d therefore m

dy.

tail on the de

o software.

ntial manufac

o aid the eng

ure review o

ision Aid for A

he innovative

rmation avai

ple size of tha

hould apply s

ed at providin

g, design and

dices contain

gies for those

ndices are de

may contain

ecision aid an

cturers and s

ineer in findi

n the major a


e technologie

lable for use

at information

significant ca

ng the reade

d procuremen

:

e readers wh

esigned to be

portions of re

nd example i

system integ

ng a suitable

auxiliary syst


es discussed

e when apply

n is very rest

aution when r

er with guidan

nt of efficien

ho require a

e read as a s

epeated mat

illustrations.

rators at the

e vendor.

tem compon


Page 5

and

ying criteria

tricted at

reviewing

nce and

t air

refresh or

standalone

terial from

time of

nents review.

s g s

5

2 Te

2.1 In

2.1.1

2.1.2

Tech

echnolog

ndirect Eva

Technolog

Evaporati

principle t

evaporate

evaporativ

2008, 200

the conve

stream co

exchange

moisture t

Further de

Appendix

Direct eva

humidity i

maximum

systems c

technolog

Literature

An evapo

Cooling (I

directly by

evaporate

bulb temp

with low e

nology Revie

gy Revie

aporative C

gy brief

ve cooling is

that water ab

es (RERC, 20

ve pads ther

09). Indirect e

entional direc

onnected to a

er in a separa

to the proces

etail on how

C.

aporative coo

nto the air w

m cooling effe

can be cheap

gy is not cons

e review

rative cooling

EC) or Direc

y drawing it t

ed, thereby c

perature of th

energy consu

ew and Deci

w

Cooling

s a means of

bsorbs latent

011). Direct

reby removin

evaporative c

ct evaporative

a heat excha

ate dry strea

ss air (Daou

direct and in

oling has bee

which is harm

ect can only a

per and dehu

sidered on its

g system ca

ct Evaporativ

through dren

cooling the ai

he incoming a

umption, DEC

ision Aid for A

f temperature

heat from th

evaporative

ng heat and a

cooling uses

e cooling me

anger and the

m to remove

et al., 2006)

ndirect evapo

en omitted fr

mful to telecom

approach the

umidification

s own in this

n be implem

ve Cooling (D

ched evapor

ir to tempera

air. However

C is an adiab


e reduction w

he surroundin

cooling draw

adding moist

s two air strea

ethod to remo

e other passe

e the heat wit

.

orative coolin

om this repo

mmunication

e wet bulb te

techniques c

report.

ented by Ind

DEC). DEC c

rative cores w

atures which

r, while the te

batic process


which operate

ng air when

ws air throug

ture to the ai

ams. One st

ove heat from

es through th

thout adding

ng works can

ort as it introd

ns equipment

mperature. W

can be utilise

direct Evapor

cools the proc

where the wa

may approa

emperature i

s in which the


Page 6

es on the

it

h wet

r (Bruno,

ream uses

m the wet

he heat

extra

n be found in

duces

t and the

Whilst the

ed, the

rative

cess air

ater is

ch the wet

is reduced

e

s g s

6

Tech

temperatu

content in

quality for

evaporativ

Daou et a

IEC utilise

temperatu

use some

and coolin

moisture t

In relative

DEC since

The sensi

wet bulb t

reduced a

evaporativ

humidity l

ambient a

measures

as DEC in

The exten

its "wet bu

effectiven

indirect ev

exchange

nology Revie

ure of proces

n the air, rais

r conditioned

ve cooling ca

al., 2006).

es the low en

ure of air with

e form of hea

ng of air. The

to the air stre

ely more hum

e it enables s

ible cooling o

temperature

air volume in

ve cooling (D

evels will be

air humidity is

s must be tak

n humid cond

nt to which a

ulb effectiven

ess of appro

vaporative co

e medium (Da

ew and Deci

ss air is lowe

ing the humi

d spaces sen

an only opera

nergy advant

hout the add

at exchange m

e conditioned

eam (Bruno,

mid climates,

sensible coo

of air not only

(Bruno, 2008

comparison

Daou et al., 2

equivalent t

s considered

ken to contro

ditions.

particular co

ness". A well

oximately 85%

ooler would b

aou et al., 20

ision Aid for A

red only at th

dity of the ai

nsitive to high

ate efficiently

tages of evap

ition of moist

media betwe

d air is thereb

2008; Daou

the IEC wou

oling without

y reduces th

8, 2009). Fu

with what w

2006). It shou

to the ambien

d too high for

ol it. IEC also

ooler can app

l-made direc

% (Bruno, 20

be inferior to

006).


he expense o

r, reducing c

h humidity. F

y in dry clima

porative cool

ture. These t

een the evapo

by cooled wit

et al., 2006)

uld rather be

adding mois

e dry bulb te

rthermore, IE

would be requ

uld be clarifie

nt conditions

r the conditio

o suffers simi

proach the w

t evaporative

008, 2009). A

this due to l


of higher mo

comfort and r

Further, this c

ates (Bruno,

ling to reduc

technologies

oration of wa

thout the add

).

the better ch

sture into the

emperature, b

EC allows the

uired in direc

ed here that

s. Therefore

oned space, a

ilar efficiency

wet bulb temp

e cooler will h

A simple sing

losses in the


Page 7

oisture

reducing air

cycle of

2008, 2009;

ce the

s invariably

ater process

dition of

hoice over

process air.

but also its

e use of

ct

the inside

if the

additional

y limitations

perature is

have an

gle pass

heat

s g s

7

Figure

Tech

Counter fl

passages

approach

wet bulb t

Figure 1 a

evaporativ

e 1 - Psychro

nology Revie

low heat exc

to overcome

the Dew Po

temperature.

and Figure 2

ve cooling in

ometric cha

ew and Deci

changers use

e this limitati

int of the inc

.

below illustr

n relation to t

art of a direc

ision Aid for A

e a double pa

on. The conf

coming air wh

rate the diffe

he amount o

ct evaporativ


ass in adjace

figuration allo

hich is consid

rence betwe

of humidity in

ve cooling p


ent wet and d

ows the outg

derably lowe

een direct and

ntroduced into

process (Br


Page 8

dry air

going air to

er than the

d indirect

o the air.

uno, 2008)

s g s

8

Figure 2008)

Tech

2 - Psychro

Two case

published

system st

Figure 8 i

system fo

full system

system al

However,

system no

previously

the air tem

precooled

which wou

potentially

fresh air in

(Bruno, 20

nology Revie

metric chart

studies are

by the Unive

udied was in

n section 2.1

r ETSA in M

m efficiency c

ong with the

gains were

ow succeeds

y would have

mperature int

d fresh air an

uld result in o

y up to 150 k

nto the plant

008).

ew and Deci

rt of an indir

available for

ersity of Sou

nstalled in a f

1.3.2. It servi

Marleston, So

could not be

existing refr

obvious and

s in meeting

e seen the sy

to the refrige

nd building re

obvious ene

kWh per day.

t room. There

ision Aid for A

rect evapora

r counter flow

uth Australia

fresh air prec

ces an exist

uth Australia

measured d

rigerant cooli

the cooling

the cooling r

ystem fail. Fu

erant air cond

eturn air (AC

rgy savings o

. This is the e

e is no chang


ative cooling

w heat excha

for Seeley In

cooling config

ing refrigeran

a 35ºS. Unfor

ue to the mix

ng system b

capacity incr

requirement d

urther, Figure

ditioner locat

West in the

on a correctly

end where th

ge at the oth


g process (B

anger IEC sy

nternational.

guration as i

nt based air-

rtunately the

xed air natur

being unders

reased such

during condi

e 3 clearly sh

ted West con

figure) drops

y sized syste

he IEC unit is

er end (AC E


Page 9

Bruno,

ystems as

The first

illustrated in

-conditioning

e increase in

re of the

ized.

that the

tions that

hows that

nsisting of

s over 3°C

em,

s supplying

East)

s g s

9

Figure

Tech

e 3 - Temperd

The efficie

recorded

All the abo

more effic

demonstra

portion of

The secon

residentia

nology Revie

ratures fromday (max am

ency of the IE

as:

Hot dry day

for the day

Hot dry day

7.1 kW, ave

Warm day m

COP = 6.4

ove Coefficie

cient than the

ate that sign

the system.

nd case stud

al homes at R

ew and Deci

m the ETSA imbient tempe

EC precool u

y, max temp

= 10.5 kW, a

y with max 35

erage COP =

max temp 28

(Bruno, 2009

ent of Perfor

e refrigerant

ificant efficie

dy performed

Roxby Downs

ision Aid for A

indirect evaerature 35.4

units were ab

recorded at

average COP

5.4ºC - avera

= 11.5

8.3 - average

9)

mance (COP

air condition

ency gains w

d was on a st

s in far North


porative pre4ºC (Bruno, 2

ble to be mea

43.5ºC - ave

P = 8.0

age cooling c

e cooling cap

P) values can

ing plant cou

ere made on

tandalone IE

h South Aust


ecooled pla2008)

asured and w

erage cooling

capacity for t

pacity = 7.2 k

n easily be id

uld realistica

n the fresh ai

EC systems in

tralia 30.5ºS,


Page 10

nt on a hot

were

g capacity

the day =

kW, average

dentified as

lly

ir delivery

nstalled in

, which has

s g s

0

F

Tech

a very dry

demonstra

conditions

compared

operating

igure 4 - CO

As can be

wet bulb t

means pe

temperatu

An analys

saved ove

and over

conditione

1.7 kW) is

2008).

nology Revie

y hot climate.

ated to be as

s. The maxim

d with refrige

conditions.

OP versus thcorresp

e seen in Fig

temperature

erformance in

ure and dew

sis has show

er 26% energ

17% energy

er. In addition

s significantly

ew and Deci

. The cooling

s high as 10.

mum average

rant air cond

he dew poinponds to the

ure 4 above

with a correl

n other clima

point (Bruno

wn that for Ro

gy in compar

in compariso

n, the maxim

y lower than

ision Aid for A

g power of th

.8 kW (avera

e electrical C

ditioner COP

t temperatue average (B

, COP has a

lation coeffic

ates can ther

o, 2008).

oxby Downs,

rison to a fixe

on to a mode

mum power in

a refrigerant


e two Climat

age over the

COP was mea

's of around

re of ambieBruno, 2009)

strong inver

ient of 0.94 f

efore be relia

the Climate

ed speed ref

ern inverter r

nput for a Cli

t based syste


te Wizards w

day) with ho

asured to be

3.4 at the sa

ent air. Each)

rse linear cor

for both units

ably predicte

e Wizard wou

frigerant air c

refrigerant ai

imate Wizard

em (over 3 k


Page 11

was

ot, dry

e 11.8,

ame

h point

rrelation to

s. This

ed, given the

uld have

conditioner,

r

d (approx.

W) (Bruno,

s g s

Figure

Figure

Tech

Further, F

only gets

refrigeran

(Bruno, 20

e 5 - Typical

6 - Typical "

nology Revie

Figure 5 and

stronger and

t based air c

009).

fixed speedpo

"Climate Wiz& cooli

ew and Deci

Figure 6 bel

d more energ

conditioner a

d refrigeranower vs. am

zard" countng power vs

ision Aid for A

ow illustrate

gy efficient a

ctually reduc

t air conditibient tempe

ter flow heas. ambient t


how in hot a

s the temper

ces its coolin

oner input perature

t exchangeremperature


and dry clima

rature rises,

ng capacity a

power, COP

r IEC input pe


Page 12

ates the IEC

while a

nd COP

P & cooling

power, COP

s g s

2

P

Tech

Another IE

retrofitted

cooling sy

building fo

refrigeran

acceptabl

an averag

thorough

time of pu

system ha

reduced t

system th

normal sta

illustrates

that of the

F

nology Revie

EC unit has b

to an existin

ystem. The s

ollowed by m

t air conditio

e limits. The

ge yearly cyc

analysis to b

ublishing this

as increased

he running ti

rough initial

ate with the I

the advanta

e old system.

Figure 7 - M

ew and Deci

been installe

ng refrigeran

system is con

multiple stage

oners if the sp

e system is d

cle. It has not

be performed

s paper. Neve

d the cooling

ime of the re

setup. Since

IEC coolers

ages of the n

.

t Lofty IEC

ision Aid for A

ed in the Broa

t air conditio

nfigured to fir

es of IEC coo

pace temper

esigned to a

t been runnin

d and no inde

ertheless, pre

performance

frigerant com

e this require

switched off

ew system a

hybrid syste


adcast Austr

ning system

rst utilise am

oling, which i

rature or hum

chieve over

ng for a suffic

ependent stu

eliminary ana

e of the site a

mpressors. F

d the system

for certain p

and its superi

em perform


ralia network

to create a t

mbient air to v

is backed up

midity rise ab

50% energy

cient time to

udy is availab

alysis indica

and has sign

Figure 7 belo

m to be return

periods, it cle

ior performa

mance


Page 13

k which is

three stage

ventilate the

p by staged

ove

y savings on

allow for a

ble at the

tes the

nificantly

w tracks the

ned to its

arly

nce over

s g s

3

Tech

Maintenan

the right m

maintenan

with 24/7

D

la

C

W

u

P

u

C

la

W

(Morton, 2

The above

unit and 6

nology Revie

nce on an ind

microbial con

nce is avoide

operation is

Dust filter che

abour

Check cores –

Water reservo

nskilled labo

ump strainer

nskilled labo

Chlorinator pla

abour

Water level pr

2011)

e procedures

6 hours of sk

ew and Deci

direct evapo

ntrol measure

ed using thes

estimated at

eck/replacem

– 3 hours/un

oir checks/cle

our

rs checks/cle

our

ates checks/

robes checks

s sum to 15

illed labour p

ision Aid for A

orative cooler

es are under

se measures

t:

ment – 30 min

it every 12 m

eaning – 2 h

eaning – 2 ho

/cleaning – 1

s/cleaning –

man hours o

per annum pe


r can be very

rtaken. If mic

s, the mainte

ns/unit every

months – skil

ours/unit eve

ours/system

hour/unit ev

1 hour/unit –

of unskilled la

er unit.


y significantly

crobial related

enance regim

y 6 months –

led labour

ery 12 month

every 4 mon

very 4 month

– unskilled la

abour per an


Page 14

y reduced if

d

me for a plant

unskilled

hs –

nths –

hs – skilled

abour.

num, per

s g s

4

t

2.1

GeLo

NthCoa

NthInla

Nth

Nth

.3 Possible in

A descriptio

indication o

noted that t

date and th

different sys

developmen

eographical cation

S

h QLD astal No

h QLD and Go

h NT Ma

h WA Ma

dustry applicatio

on detailing likely o

f relative costs if i

he cost estimates

e weather data fro

stem sizes which

nt for high capacit

< 10kW

Suitability ~

ot suitable N/A

ood $2kW

arginal $2kW

arginal $2kW

Ene

ons

optimal systems a

installed in large r

s in this table are n

om around Austra

is the intention of

ty applications bu

Table 1 – Indi

10

~ $ Suitab

A Not suitable

.0k/W Good

.3k/W Marginal

.3k/W Marginal

rgy Efficient Air-C

across Australia h

regional centres i.

not intended as a

alia. However, the

f this paper. Furth

t not yet commerc

irect evaporative

- 60 kW

ility ~ $

e N/A

$2.0k/kW

$2.3k/kW

$2.3k/kW

Conditioning - Tech

has been develope

e. excluding mob

quotation nor are

ey form a reasona

er, the 60 kW and

cially available.

e cooling options

60 - 120

Suitability

Not suitable

Good

Marginal

Marginal

hnology Review a

ed by Seeley Inter

ilisation costs. Th

e they the maximu

ble guide for com

d above analysis b

s overview for Au

0 kW

~ $

N/A No

$1.5k/kW Go

$1.8k/kW Ma

$1.8k/kW Ma

and Decision Aid f

rnational for Broa

is analysis is sum

um that might occu

parison of system

based on a 4500l/

ustralia (McBratn

120 - 200 kW

Suitability

ot suitable

ood

arginal

arginal

for Australian Tele

dcast Australia w

mmarised in Table

ur. They are base

m costs in different

/s large capacity u

ney, 2011b)

W 2

~ $ Sui

N/A Not suit

$1.5k/kW Good

$1.8k/kW Margina

$1.8k/kW Margina

Thecommunications

Pag

hich gives an

2 below. It should

ed on experiences

t climates and for

unit that is in

200 - 250 kW

itability ~

table N/A

$1.5kW

al $1.8kW

al $1.8kW

hesis Sites

ge 15

d be

s to

$

A

5k/

8k/

8k/

Soucoa

SouNT

Cen

Sou

SA

Eas

We

VIC

TAS

ACTNOT

uth/central astal QLD Ma

uth/central Go

ntral WA Go

uth WA Go

GoGo

stern NSW Go

stern NSW GoGo

C GoGo

S Go

T VeTE: 1.

2.1.3.1

2.1.3.2

Tech

STANDALO

Provided

humidity)

evaporativ

systems c

requireme

Further ad

constraine

a return a

however c

temperatu

unit perfo

halls whe

unaccepta

also capit

requireme

PRECOOLI

Figu

Figure 8 a

a convent

evaporativ

load on th

nology Revie

ONE COOLING

that there is

climatic cond

ve coolers ca

can be applie

ents or efficie

dvantages ca

ed to levels a

ir temperatu

can control a

ures can rise

rmance or lo

re higher tem

able service

al expenditu

ent to meet a

ING OF AN AIR

re 8 - Possib

above repres

tional refrige

ve coolers, re

he existing sy

ew and Deci

SYSTEM IN DR

a water sup

ditions exist

an reliably be

ed in open or

encies.

an be realise

at or below 2

re below 27º

at higher tem

e above this f

ongevity. This

mperatures c

risk. This de

re requireme

average load

R HANDLING UN

ble pre-coo

sents a syste

rant mechan

epresented a

ystem, result

ision Aid for A

RY CLIMATES

ply available

then when te

e used as the

r closed loop

ed where inte

27ºC. Typical

ºC for continu

mperatures or

for periods o

s advantage

can be permi

esign not only

ents by reduc

rather than

NIT

ling configu

em where the

nical cooling

as the Dricoo

ting in reduce


and the corr

emperatures

e sole source

p cycle depen

ernal tempera

lly, refrigeran

ued reliable o

r be designed

f peak loadin

is an ideal s

tted for short

y reduces en

cing the cool

peak.

uration (Brun

e fresh air for

system is pre

ol Units. The

ed consumpt


rect (primari

s rise, indirec

e of cooling.

nding on sys

atures do no

nt based coo

operation. IE

d such that

ng without im

solution in tra

t periods wit

nergy consum

ling capacity

no, 2008)

r an air hand

ecooled by i

e effect is red

tion or if the


Page 17

ly low

ct

Most

stem

ot have to be

olers require

EC units

mpacting on

ansmitter

hout

mption but

y

dling unit for

ndirect

ducing the

system is

s g s

7

2.1.3.3

Tech

already ov

its peak d

HYBRID ST

RefStage 3

The coolin

system to

ambient c

has the ab

acceptabl

upon to re

nology Revie

verloaded, in

emands (Bru

TAGED COOLIN

frigerant A/C3: Conditioned

Retur

Figu

ng system illu

increase eff

conditions are

bility to acco

e equipment

educe humid

ew and Deci

ncreased coo

uno, 2008).

NG

Air

rn air

Exhaust to

re 9 - IEC hy

ustrated in F

ficiency or co

e predomina

ommodate tho

t limits becau

dity. Its opera

ision Aid for A

oling capacity

IndirecStageStag

atmosphere

ybrid staged

Figure 9 abov

ooling capac

antly hot and

ose periods

use the refrig

ation can be d


y allowing th

ct Evaporativee 1: Ventilationge 2: IEC coole

d cooling

ve can either

ity. It is also

dry with peri

where humid

gerant air con

described as


he system to

e Coolern onlyed air

p

r be added to

ideal for clim

iods of cool a

dity rises abo

nditioning ca

s below:


Page 18

better meet

Ambient Air (possibly also c

to return a

o an existing

mates where

and dry but

ove

an be called

s g s

8

(could connect air)

2.1.3.4

2.1.4

2.1.4.1

Tech

Stage 1: V

When the

room by t

stages of

disabled i

Stage 2:

As the am

of the con

cool the a

internal hu

Stage 3:

This final

compress

required.

unaccepta

closed loo

HYBRID SY

See sectio

Conclusio

ADVANTAG

A

V

In

va

nology Revie

Ventilation o

ambient tem

he fans of th

the IEC are

f the internal

IEC cooled

mbient tempe

nditioned spa

ambient air to

umidity rises

IEC cooled

stage of coo

sors one by o

The IEC coo

able levels le

op cycle.

YSTEM WITH A

ons 2.6.2.2,

ons & recom

GES

Adds no humi

Virtually unlim

ncreased effi

apour compr

ew and Deci

only

mperature is

he IEC cooler

not engaged

l humidity ris

air

erature rises

ace, the IEC

o the required

s above acce

air and refri

oling engages

one to add ad

olers can also

eaving the re

A DEHUMIDIFIC

2.6.2.3 and

mmendation

idity to the su

mited return a

ciency in ext

ression units

ision Aid for A

sufficiently c

r and exhaus

d saving ene

ses above ac

above levels

unit coolers

d temperatur

eptable limits

igerant air c

s the existing

dditional coo

o be disabled

efrigerant sys

CATION SYSTE

F.2 for descr

ns

upply air

air temperatu

treme condit


cool, air is dra

sted through

rgy and wate

cceptable lim

s that can pro

are engaged

re. This stag

.

conditioned

g refrigerant

oling capacity

d if the humid

stem to provid

EM.

riptions of the

ures

ions that dec


awn directly

the vents. T

er. This stage

mits.

ovide sufficie

d at various l

e can be dis

air condition

y to the syste

dity rises to

de all cooling

ese systems

crease the ef


Page 19

into the

The cooling

e can be

ent cooling

evels to

abled if the

ning

em as

g in a

s.

fficiency of

s g s

9

2.1.4.2

2.1.4.3

2.2 G

2.3 S

Tech

C

C

ce

C

E

DISADVAN

W

P

M

N

P

R

RECOMME

Indirect ev

on the ma

these clim

of aging s

Gas Fire Dr

Whilst gas

systems a

on gas su

telecomm

research

Solar Cooli

Solar coo

commerci

nology Revie

Can be used f

Can provide 2

ertain areas

Can be utilise

asy to integr

NTAGES

Water supply

erformance

May require d

ot efficient in

otential for le

Relatively high

ENDATIONS

vaporative co

arket today, e

mates are targ

systems or ju

riven Adso

s driven abso

are efficient e

upply and sto

munications s

paper.

ng - Overv

ling as a tec

ially available

ew and Deci

for peak load

24/7 cooling

ed for pre-con

rate/retrofit in

required

is governed

dehumidificat

n all climates

egionella bui

h maintenan

ooling is one

especially in

geted for ins

ust where the

rption And

orption and a

especially wh

orage which i

sites. Therefo

view

hnology grou

e application

ision Aid for A

ding

although deh

nditioning on

nto existing s

by wet bulb

tion

s

ild-up

nce required

e of the most

hot and dry

stallation eith

e payback is

d Absorptio

adsorption ch

hen utilised i

is rarely avai

ore this techn

up covers the

ns:


humidificatio

ly if desired

systems

temperature

attractive ef

climates. It is

er for new in

attractive.

on Chillers

hillers for bac

n a trigenera

lable or prac

nology has b

e following p


n may be req

es

fficient coolin

s recommen

nstallations, r

ckup or prim

ation scenari

ctical at remo

been omitted

predominant,


Page 20

quired in

ng options

nded that

remediation

mary cooling

o they rely

ote

from this

s g s

0

Figurecon

Tech

1. A

2. A

3. D

4. Ej

These ap

e 10 - Overvnditioning. P

All three o

are treate

three app

sector and

collectivel

and heat

interchang

be touche

informatio

nology Revie

Adsorption ch

Absorption ch

Desiccant coo

jector coolin

plications are

view on physProcesses m

of these appl

d separately

lications are

d also have s

ly so are extr

rejection tec

geable comp

ed on in this a

on can be fou

ew and Deci

hiller

hiller

oling

g

e categorise

sical ways tmarked in da

lications requ

y by this pape

commonly g

some signific

racted here f

hnologies ha

ponents of an

and the subs

und on these

ision Aid for A

d in Figure 1

to convert sark grey: ma

uire separate

er in the sub

grouped in th

cant common

for efficiency

ave been ide

ny given sola

sequent sola

e and their re


0 below.

solar radiatioarket availab

e description

sequent sect

his small but

nalities which

y and clarity.

ntified by the

ar cooling sys

r cooling sec

elevant desig


on into coolble (Hennin

and evaluat

ctions. Howev

rapidly grow

h are better d

Further, sola

e author as c

stem, so wh

ctions, more

gn tools in:


Page 21

ling or air-g, 2007)

tion so they

ver, these

wing industry

discussed

ar collector

common and

ilst they will

in depth

s g s

d

2.3.1

Figure

Tech

A

A

A

A

Industry d

e 11 - Renew

As illustra

commerci

2008. The

(see Figu

improvem

commerci

One signi

cooling sy

However,

C

nology Revie

Appendix H: S

Appendix I: Li

Appendix J: H

Appendix K: S

developmen

wable energ

ated in Figure

ialisation with

e industry is s

re 12 below)

ments are req

ialisation to b

ficant movem

ystems in the

greater barr

Currently, sola

ew and Deci

Solar cooling

ist of manufa

Heat rejection

Solar collecto

nt

gy technologEPR

e 11, solar co

h installed un

starting to sh

) however fur

quired for pric

be realised (W

ment in the p

e NSW Energ

riers still exis

ar cooling ha

ision Aid for A

g design tools

acturers and

n technologie

or technologi

gies commeRI, 2010)

ooling appea

nit figures do

how real prom

rther technol

ces to reduce

White, 2011d

policy area is

gy Efficiency

st such as:

as no access


s

consultants

es

es

ercialisation

ars to have a

oubling each

mise and glo

ogy, policy a

e and genuin

d).

the propose

y white certifi

s to a carbon


n curve (Whi

chieved a le

year betwee

obal prices a

and manufac

ne competitiv

ed inclusion o

cates schem

n value


Page 22

ite, 2011d;

vel of

en 2004 and

are falling

cturing

ve

of solar

me.

s g s

2

Tech

S

te

(R

T

va

S

(White, 20

Figur

Figure 13

2006. Abs

systems a

technolog

large scal

in terms o

that they a

larger sys

relatively

However,

nology Revie

olar cooling

echnologies f

RECs)

here is curre

alue

cale has not

011d)

re 12 - Solar

below illustr

sorption chille

and installed

gy’s maturity

e systems. D

of number of

are most effi

stems. The ke

immature an

the systems

ew and Deci

is not on a le

for access to

ently no reco

t yet reached

r cooling co

rates the inst

ers still dom

capacity. It

and resulting

Desiccant sy

systems but

cient at sma

ey character

nd expensive

s installed ar

ision Aid for A

evel playing f

o tradeable R

gnised or ea

d critical mas

ost per kW tr

talled solar c

inate the ma

is likely that

g reliability a

ystems, partic

t the compar

ller scales o

ristic illustrate

e so fewer sy

e of a high c


field with oth

Renewable E

asy method fo

ss

rends (Whit

cooling syste

rket both in t

this is primar

nd cost effec

cularly dry ro

ably low coo

r as precooli

ed for adsorp

ystems have

apacity.


her renewabl

Energy Certifi

or evaluating

te, 2011d)

ms in Europ

terms of num

rily due to th

ctiveness on

otor are the n

oling capacity

ng or conditi

ption is that i

been installe


Page 23

e energy

icates

g carbon

e as at

mber of

e

medium to

next largest

y indicates

ioning for

it is still

ed.

s g s

3

Figure

Tech

e 13 - Distrib

Different h

50 kW an

can be us

with no ap

50 kW ran

continuing

Solar Hea

The study

thermal co

Interest G

developm

workshop

nology Revie

bution of sya

heat driven c

d above, gen

sed with sola

ppropriate te

nge. The first

g as driven b

ating and Coo

y provides a s

ollectors (He

Group (AusSC

ment and gen

s and confer

ew and Deci

ystems in teand installe

cooling techn

nerally driven

r thermal co

chnology on

t commercia

by internation

oling Progra

solid starting

enning, 2007

CIG) provide

eral promotio

rences (AusS

ision Aid for A

rms of numd collector a

nologies are

n by the gas

llectors. Unti

the market f

l systems ar

nal programm

mme of the I

g point for the

). In Australia

es conduits fo

on of the ind

SCIG, 2011)


ber of systearea.

readily availa

fired and trig

l recently, m

for small sca

e now availa

mes such as

International

e review of h

a, the Austra

or research a

ustry through

.


ems, cooling

able for large

generation m

many years ha

ale systems i

able and dev

the framewo

Energy Age

high efficienc

alian Solar C

and commerc

h educationa


Page 24

g capacity

e systems of

market which

ave passed

n the 5 to

elopment is

ork of the

ency (IEA).

cy solar

ooling

cial

al

s g s

4

f

2.3.2

Figure

Tech

Advantag

Solar coo

typical so

over PV a

reliance o

localised c

14 - Solar c

The energ

trends obs

demand b

24/7 oper

situation,

storage te

however s

property r

Kohlenba

viable as

nology Revie

es and desi

ling capabilit

lar PV system

as an energy

on direct sunl

cloud cover

cooling capa

gy producing

served in ele

but also peak

ation, espec

energy stora

echnology is

specifics are

rights which r

ch, 2011a). U

a standalone

ew and Deci

ign conside

ty trends on

m as illustrat

y source is so

light which s

(Osbourne a

ability relativ2

g hours large

ectricity netw

k electricity c

cially in indus

age or alterna

reported to b

not readily a

restrict public

Until this tec

e application

ision Aid for A

erations

a daily time s

ted in Figure

olar thermal’s

mooths out m

and Kohlenba

ve to peak l011b)

ly map those

works and cou

costs. One ch

stries where t

ate means o

be rapidly de

available due

cation of find

hnology dev

.


scale genera

14 below. T

s inherent ma

much of the i

ach, 2011b).

oads (Osbo

e of the peak

uld therefore

hallenge how

this is a vital

f cooling are

eveloping to t

e to pending

dings (Taylor

elops, solar


ally follows th

The primary a

ass and its r

intermittency

ourne and K

k electricity c

e offset not o

wever is the a

requirement

e required. E

the MWh ran

patent and i

r, 2011; Osbo

cooling will r


Page 25

hat of a

advantage

educed

y from

ohlenbach,

consumption

nly grid

ability for

t. In this

nergy

nge,

ntellectual

ourne and

rarely be

s g s

5

Tech

Design ex

Critical ma

they have

that it is m

to increas

2011b). F

reviews a

In

co

e

au

sy

In

du

cu

A

A

po

he

C

w

K

C

re

(H

Stephen W

compariso

nology Revie

xpertise is als

ass must be

e for other tec

more importa

se the efficien

urther, impo

re:

n many cases

ompletely in

nergy consu

uxiliary comp

ystems (Whit

n general a g

ue to the hig

urrently avail

Appendix G (W

A comprehens

ossible opera

eating system

Control system

with varying lo

Kohlenbach, 2

Continuous au

ecommendab

Henning, 200

White in a re

ons between

ew and Deci

so a significa

achieved in

chnologies s

nt to install a

ncy to the po

ortant observa

s the expect

practice. In m

mption of the

ponents such

te, 2011b).

greater effort

gher complex

lable comme

White, 2011b

sive commis

ation conditio

ms (Henning

m parameter

oads and hea

2011b).

utomatic sys

ble in order t

07; Osbourne

cent confere

n the major s

ision Aid for A

ant limitation

order for the

such as solar

a robust syst

ossible maxim

ations from m

ed energy sa

most cases t

e poorly des

h as cooling

for system d

xity compared

ercial and fre

b).

ssioning phas

ons such as

g, 2007; Osb

rs are of para

at sources (H

stem monitor

to detect mal

e and Kohlen

ence on solar

olar cooling


for solar coo

ese skills to b

r hot water. A

em with less

mum (Osbou

monitoring an

avings could

the reason is

igned or inap

towers or ve

design and p

d to convent

eeware solar

se is mandat

part load op

ourne and K

amount impo

Henning, 200

ing such as w

functions or

nbach, 2011b

r cooling drew

technologies


oling as an in

become main

A general exp

s risk of malfu

urne and Koh

nd system pe

not be realiz

s a higher pa

ppropriately s

entilators in d

planning is ne

tional plants.

cooling desi

tory in order

perations or b

Kohlenbach, 2

ortance for pe

07; Osbourne

web-based s

control prob

b).

ew some valu

s. This table


Page 26

ndustry.

n stream as

perience is

unction than

hlenbach,

erformance

zed

arasitic

selected

desiccant

ecessary

For a list of

ign tools see

to test all

backup

2011b).

erformance

e and

systems is

blems

uable

is extracted

s g s

6

e

Figur

Tech

in Figure

common d

re 15 - Solar

A des

devel

indica

geogr

cost r

is larg

the fre

system

summ

nology Revie

15 for the be

drawbacks fo

cooling com

scription deta

oped by Aus

ation of relativ

raphic split is

ratios betwee

gely limited to

ee-air solutio

ms used for

marised in Ta

ew and Deci

enefit of the r

or considera

mparative a

ailing likely o

stralian Sun E

ve costs if in

s not detailed

en system siz

o under 120

on is classifie

comparison

able 2 below:

ision Aid for A

reader. It hig

tion.

advantages a

ptimal system

Energy for B

nstalled in lar

d it does give

zes and indic

kW without b

ed as a solar

are powered

:


hlights the m

and disadva

ms across Au

roadcast Aus

rge regional c

e an understa

cates system

backup or tri

cooling tech

d by solar PV


main applicat

antage (Whi

Australia has

stralia, which

centres. Whi

anding of ins

m suitability to

generation.

hnology beca

V. This analy


Page 27

ions and

te, 2011c)

been

h gives an

ilst the

stallation

oday which

Note that

ause the

ysis is

s g s

7

GeoLoc

Norstat

Soucen

ographical cation

rthern tes

SmAdchitubthe

uthern and ntral states

Frecoo

*All Pro** Solar

< 10kW

Suitability mall

sorption iller, vacuum be collectors, ermal battery.

$k*

ee Air – 3 oling solution

$9k*

op

thesis energy eefficient air-conditioning · 2011. 10. 28. · atest potenti ies and aims this...

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