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IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF e -INITIATIVES IN
UTTARAKHAND
THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE
KUMAUN UNIVERSITY, NAINITAL
BY MANOJ KUMAR BISHT
FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF
DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN
COMPUTER SCIENCE
UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF Dr. DURGESH PANT PROFESSOR & HEAD
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE KUMAUN UNIVERSITY, S.S.J.CAMPUS
ALMORA-263601 UTTARAKHAND (INDIA)
2010
2
DECLARATION
I herewith declare that the present thesis submitted to the
Kumaun University, Nainital for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in
Computer Science is original in its contents and has not been submitted
before, either in parts or in full to any University for any research degree or
diploma.
Date: 18-06-2010 (Manoj Kumar Bisht)
3
CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the thesis entitled “IMPACT
ASSESSMENT OF e-INITIATIVES IN UTTARAKHAND” submitted
to the Kumaun University, Nainital for the degree of DOCTOR OF
PHILOSOPHY IN COMPUTER SCIENCE is a record of the bonafide
work carried out by Mr. MANOJ KUMAR BISHT, under my guidance
and supervision. The candidate has put in necessary attendance as per the
requirement. I also certify that no part of this thesis has been submitted for
any other degree or diploma.
(Dr. Durgesh Pant) PROFESSOR & HEAD
Department of Computer Science S.S.J.Campus Almora
Kumaun University, Nainital (UTTARAKHAND)
Date: 18-06-2010
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Acknowledgement My foremost thanks go to my supervisor Prof. Durgesh Pant,
Head, Department of Computer Science, Kumaun University. This thesis
would not have been possible without his inspiration, constructive
criticism and experienced guidance.
I am extremely thankful to Dr. J.K. Joshi, Professor in
Education, Uttarakhand Open University, Haldwani (Nainital) and Dr.
M.M. Joshi, Department of History, S.S.J. Campus Almora for their
invaluable support and appropriate guidance.
I express my heartiest gratitude to my parents and brothers for
their care, affection, encouragement continuous support during my
research work. I thank all the faculty, research scholars and staff of
Computer Science Department, S.S.J. Campus, Almora, for providing the
necessary facilities and support throughout the study. I thank all the
professionals who helped me directly or indirectly in successful
completion of the research work.
Last but not the least, I thank almighty God for giving me
courage, blessings to successfully complete the thesis work.
Date: 18-06-2010 (Manoj Kumar Bisht)
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Table of Contents List of Contents Page No.
Declaration i
Certificate ii
Acknowledgment Iii
List of Figures vii
List of Tables viii
Abbreviations ix-x
Preface xi
Chapter - I Introduction 1-8 1.1 Need and significance of the study 2
1.2 Land and Population 2
1.3 Education 3
1.4 Stages in e-Initiatives 5
1.5 e-Initiative’s challenges 5
1.6 Objectives 6
1.7 Hypothesis 7
1.8 Delimitation of the study 7
1.9 Research framework 8
1.10 Thesis report structure 8
Chapter - II Literature Review 9-31 2.1 e-Initiatives Global Scenario 9
2.1.1 Government of Colombia Portal 9
2.1.2 TaniNet –an agricultural community development in
Malaysia
9
2.1.3 Namibian Parliament 10
2.1.4 Procurement System, Chile 10
2.1.5 The Tiger Leap Initiative, Estonia 10
2.1.6 Exchange to improve healthcare services to the rural poor. 11
2.1.7 State of the Environment Report, South Africa 11
2.1.8 Election Register, Palestine 12
2.1.9 Citizen Service Centres, Bahia Province, Brazil 12
2.2 National Scenario 13
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List of Contents Page No.
2.3 e-Initiatives experiences in India 14
2.3.1 Customs and Excise (Government of India) 14
2.3.2 Indian Railways (Government of India) 14
2.3.3 Postal Department (Government of India) 14
2.3.4 Passport / Visa (Government of India) 14
2.3.5 AP Online (State Government of Andhra Pradesh) 15
2.3.6 Bhoomi 15
2.3.7 CARD: Registration Project
(State Government of Andhra Pradesh)
16
2.3.8 Gyandoot: Internet in Tribal District of Dhar
(State Government of Madhya Pradesh)
16
2.3.9 Lokmitra (State Government of Himanchal Pradesh) 16
2.3.10 e-Mitra: Integrated Citizen Services Center
(State Government of Rajasthan)
17
2.4 The National e-Governance Plan (NeGP) 18
2.4.1 Agriculture 19
2.4.2 Municipalities 19
2.4.3 Gram Panchayats (elected village administration) 19
2.4.4 Common Service Centers (CSCs) 19
2.5 Centrally initiated e-Governance projects 20
2.6 Allocation of funds for e- Initiatives: The National Scenario 24
2.7 Uttarakhand state level e-Initiatives 26
2.7.1 Various e- Initiatives in Uttarakhand 26
2.7.2 Telecommunication in Uttarakhand 27
2.8 IT Vision and strategy 28
2.8.1 IT Infrastructure 28
2.8.2 Key highlights of Uttarakhand e-Governance initiative 29
2.9 e-Governance ranking 29
2.10 IT capacity building initiatives 29
2.11 IT and e- Initiatives in Uttarakhand 30
Chapter - III Research Methodology 32-41 3.1 IAOEIU 32
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List of Contents Page No.
3.2 The IAOEIU of the Study 34
3.3 Data Collection Procedure 36
3.4 Data Analysis 37
3.5 Descriptive Statistics 38
3.6 Inferential Statistics 39
Chapter-IV Data Analysis 42-63 4.1 Qualification wise four groups of the respondent’s Scores 42
4.2 Gender wise two groups of the respondent scores 44
4.3 Age wise four groups of the respondents scores 45
4.4 Expert Opinion Analysis 46
4.5 Combined ratio analysis 49
Chapter - V Results and Discussions 64-88 5.1 e-Initiatives for Uttarakhand 64
5.1.1 UKSWAN 64
5.1.2 Proposed Applications 67
5.1.3 e-Initiatives Roadmap 68
5.1.4 State e- Initiative Web Portal 69
5.2 Uttarakhand on the path of e-Initiatives 70
5.3 State Citizen Data Card (SCDC) 71
5.4 State Data Centre (SDC) 73
5.5 Common Service Centres (CSC) 75
5.5.1 Business to Business – B2B/G2B 76
5.5.2 Business to Consumer Services - B2C 76
5.5.3 Common Services through CSC 76
5.5.4 Status of CSC at Uttarakhand 77
5.6 Policies 77
5.7 State Data Warehouse 79
5.7.1 Benefits of State Data Warehouse 79
5.8 e-Architecture 80
5.9 Some proposed e-Initiatives applications 81
5.9.1 Online Job counselling 81
5.9.2 e-initiative applications for future 82
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List of Contents Page No.
5.9.3 Online Search Option 82
5.9.4 e-Payment and m-Payment 82
5.9.5 m-Services (Mobile phone based services) 83
5.9.6 SMS Alerts (In Local Language) 83
5.10 Data Security 84
5.11 Benefits of proposed system 85
Chapter - VI Recommendations and Future Scope 89-97 6.1 Phase I: PUBLISHING 89
6.1.1 Recommendations to Publish Projects 90
6.2 Phase II INTERACTING 90
6.2.1 Recommendations for Interacting Sites 91
6.3 Phase II TRANSACTING 91
6.3.1 Recommendations for Transact Projects 91
6.4 Some Other Recommendations 92
6.4.1 Recommendations for Successful e-Governance initiatives 92
6.5 Infrastructure Development Recommendations 93
6.5.1 Law and Public Policy Recommendations 94
6.5.2 Digital Divide Recommendations 94
6.5.3 e-Literacy Recommendations 94
6.5.4 Accessibility Recommendations 95
6.5.5 Trust Recommendations 95
6.5.6 Privacy Recommendations 95
6.5.7 Security Recommendations 95
6.5.8 Transparency Recommendations 96
6.5.9 Records Management Recommendations 96
6.5.10 Permanent Availability and Preservation Recommendations 96
6.5.11 Education and Marketing Recommendations 97
6.5.12 Public/Private Competitions /Collaboration
Recommendations
97
6.6 Future Scope 97
References 98-99
List of Publication 100
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List of Contents Page No.
Bibliography 101-113
Appendix 1: Questionnaire 114-117
Appendix 2: Respondents Districts Wise 118
Appendix 3: Master Table 119-125
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List of Figure
S. No. Figure No. Caption Page No.
1 1.1 Study area – Uttarakhand state 1
2 1.2 District map of Uttarakhand 2
3 1.3 Uttarakhand Demographic data 4
4 3.1 Research Methodology 32
5 3.2 Sample questionnaire 34
6 4.1 Qualification wise Group 43
7 4.2 Gender wise Group 44
8 4.3 Age wise Group 46
9 4.4 Combined ratio analysis 50
10 4.5 Percentage analysis of SA+A 52
11 4.6 Percentage analysis of SD+D 54
12 4.7 Percentage analysis of ‘Can’t Say 57
13 4.8 Combined analysis 59
14 4.9 Ratio analysis Highest Verses Lowest 61
15 5.1 UKSWAN Diagram 66
16 5.2 State level architecture 68
17 5.3 Prototype of SCDC card 71
18 5.4 e-Initiatives policies framework 78
19 5.5 e-Governance framework for
Uttarakhand
80
20 5.6 e-Architecture 81
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List of Tables S. No. Table No. Caption Page No.
1 1.1 Thesis Structure 8
2 2.1 Allocation funds by Govt Of India 25
3 3.1 Gender and educational qualification wise
distribution of the respondents (N=148)
34
4 3.2 Gender and age wise distribution of the
respondents (N = 148)
35
5 3.3 Gender and category/status wise distribution of
the sample respondents (N = 148)
36
6 3.4 Values of the various descriptive Statistics with
regard to the IAOEIU scores of the sample
respondents (N=148)
38
7 4.1 Comparison of the Perception towards the
effectiveness of e-Initiatives of qualification
wise four groups of the respondents
43
8 4.2 Gender-wise two groups of the respondents
Scores
44
9 4.3 Age-wise four groups of the respondents scores 45
10 4.4 Social Aspects 47
11 4.5 Political Aspects 47
12 4.6 Economic Aspects 48
13 4.7 Technological Aspects 48
14 4.8 Combined ratio analysis of the respondents 49
15 4.9 Percentage analysis of respondents strongly agree
+ agree
51
16 4.10 Percentage analysis of respondents Strongly
Disagree+ Disagree
54
17 4.11 Percentage analysis of Can’t Say 56
18 4.12 Combined Analysis 57
19 4.13 Ratio analysis Highest Verses Lowest 60
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List of Abbreviations API Application Programming Interface
ATM Automatic Teller Machine
EFT Electronic fund transfer
C2G Citizen to Government
CONFONET Computerization of State/District Consumer Forums
CIPA Common Integrated Police Application
CARD Computerization Administration of Registration Department
CSC Common Service Centers
DHQs District Head Quarters
DOT Department of Telecommunication
G2C Government to Citizen
G2B Government to Business
G2G Government to Government
G2C Government to Citizen
GIS Geographical Information System
GUI Graphic User Interface
HRD Human Resource Development
IAOEIU Impact Assessment of e-initiatives.
ICT Information and Communication Technology
ICSH Integrated Citizen Service House
IGC Institute for Global Communication
ISDN Integrated Services Digital Network
IDCs Internet Data Centres
IT Information Technology
KVP Kishan Vikas Patra
LAN Local Area Network
MICT Ministry of Information and Communication Technologies
MIS Management Information System
MNIC Multipurpose National Id-Card
MRD Ministry of Rural Development
NPC Normal Probability Curve
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NREGA National Rural Employment Guarantee Assurance
NSC National Saving Certificate
NeGI National e-Governance Initiatives
NEGP National e-governance plan
NSDG National and other State Data Gateway
NSDWC National and other State Data warehouse
NGO Non Government Organization
NIC National Information Centre
PPP Public Private Participation
PHIS Public Health Information System
RTI Right To Information
RTC Record of Rights Tenancy & Crops
SAC Service Centre
SCDC State Citizen Data Card
SDWC State Data warehouse Center
SDC State Data Center
SEGG State e-Governance Gateway
SHQ State Head Quarter
SMART Simple Moral Accountable Responsive and Transparent
SPSS Statistical Package for Social Sciences
STPI Software Technology Park of India
THQs Tahsil/Taluka Head Quarters
UKSWAN Uttarakhand State Wide Area Network
WAN Wide Area Network
3G Third Generation
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Preface
The advent of Information and communication Technologies (ICT)
has significantly transformed the functioning of general and public
administration of various Governments across the globe. Indeed, the
convergence of Information technology and communication technologies has to
also enabled the development of various services in the forms of e-Governance.
With a humble beginning of e-Initiatives over two decades ago in
many parts of the world, these technologies have inarguably changed some of
the most fundamental issues that at times restricted communication and global
outreach. In Uttarakhand state a number of e-Initiatives have been launched for
the development of the state. Though many programmes have been deployed in
the state, however, a lot of work has to be done in the form of implementation
and practical realization of the programmes to offer better services to the citizens
of the state.
The present study focuses on a phased approach towards realizing
and analyzing the impact of e-Initiatives undertaken by the Uttarakhand state.
The work describes a phased strategy for realizing and implementing e-
Initiatives in a more effective way after analyzing the impact of already activated
e-Initiatives in the state. The present work puts forward an attempt for explaining
e-Initiatives issues with respect to Uttarakhand state. It also presents a general
review of e-Initiative model with several case studies and examples. The
technological aspects have also been taken up followed by an analysis of e-
Initiatives in the state. The study highlights recommendations on e-Initiatives for
the effective implementation in the state to serve the citizens in a more effective
way.
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Chapter - I
Introduction
Uttarakhand was formed on November 9, 2000 as the 27th state of
India. Uttarakhand is a state located in the northern part of India. It borders
China (Tibet) on the north, Nepal on the east and the Indian states of Uttar
Pradesh to the south, Haryana to the west and Himachal Pradesh to the North-
West. The provisional capital of Uttarakhand is Dehradun which is the largest
city in the region and has the highest concentration of major employers in
manufacturing, professional, technical and educational services in the state. The
state has 13 districts i.e. (Almora, Bageshwar, Chamoli, Champawat, Dehradun,
Haridwar, Nainital, Pauri, Pithoragarh, Rudraprayag, Tehri, Udham Singh
Nagar, Uttarkashi) covering an area of about 53,566 km² of which 93% is
mountainous and 64% area is covered by forest. The total population is
8,479,562 as per the 2001 census. This area is bounded by 28°43' N to 31°27' N
latitude & 77°34' E to 81°02' E longitude (Figure 1.1).
Figure 1.1: Study area – Uttarakhand state
0 30 60 90 12015Kilometers
¯
81°0'0"E
81°0'0"E
80°30'0"E
80°30'0"E
80°0'0"E
80°0'0"E
79°30'0"E
79°30'0"E
79°0'0"E
79°0'0"E
78°30'0"E
78°30'0"E
78°0'0"E
78°0'0"E
77°30'0"E
77°30'0"E
31°30'0"N31°30'0"N
31°0'0"N31°0'0"N
30°30'0"N30°30'0"N
30°0'0"N30°0'0"N
29°30'0"N29°30'0"N
29°0'0"N29°0'0"N
16
1.1 Need and significance of the study Uttarakhand, having completed more than 9 years as a separate state,
is now poised to embark on a new era of rapid development and inclusive
growth. The broad features of the administrative structure and systems,
extending from the state to the district and sub-district levels, are now in place,
though the problem of shortage of manpower in crucial areas remains. The
Eleventh Five Year Plan gives a good opportunity to launch the State on the path
of rapid and sustained growth with emphasis on rural development, education
and welfare of the state. The previous plan was prepared at a time when the State
was quite young. The administrative system was in the stage of infancy and
adequate administrative support and expert assistance for planning were not
available [1]. The financial resource position of the State was quite precarious,
when the State came into existence. Despite constraints, Uttarakhand has made
rapid advancement and has posted a significant high rate of growth.
1.2 Land & population The State is strategically located in the Northern boundary of
Figure 1.2 District map of Uttarakhand
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the country, sharing its borders with Nepal and China (Tibet). It extends between
77º34’E to 81 º 02’ E longitudes and 28º 43’N to 31º 27’ N latitude. The total
population is 8,479,562 as per the 2001 census. It touches Tibet in the north,
Himanchal Pradesh in the west and northwest, Gangetic plains of Uttar Pradesh
in the south and Nepal in the east. Starting from the foothills in the south it
extends to the snow clad mountains in the north.
The entire State forms part of the Central Himalayas. It is interspersed
with rivers, deep valleys, glaciers, alpine meadows and high peaks. The State
presents pristine, pure and picturesque sights. No wonder it is also called as
“Dev Bhumi” or the abode of Gods [2].
1.3 Education The state’s literacy rate has gone up remarkably from 57.75 per cent in
1991 to 71.60 per cent in 2001(A Census, 2001). This is even higher than India’s
literacy rate of 65.38 per cent. A dark side of finding is the existence of a wide
gender gap with literacy rate for males being 83.3 per cent as compared to only
59 % for females.
The educational infrastructure in the State on 31.3.2006 stood at
14,834 Primary Schools, 4,086 Senior Basic Schools, 1,955 High School and
Intermediate Colleges, 84 Degree and Post Graduate Colleges, 11 Universities,
including 7 State and 4 Private Universities. In addition, there are 4 Engineering
Colleges, 2 Medical Colleges, 30 Govt. Polytechnics 6 Private Polytechnics and
104 I.T.I.s imparting vocational education. I.I.T. Roorkee, a world-renowned
institution is also situated in Uttarakhand [3].
The detailed demographic statistics of State is given below:
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Figure 1.3 Uttarakhand Demographic data
Gen
der
Div
ide
of 4
4.58
Per
cent
age
Poin
t
Male
83.2
Urban Male
87.0
Urban Male (Gen)
87.80
Urban Male (SC)
81.29
Urban Male ST)
90.69
81.7
8
Rural Male (Gen)
83.55
Rural Male (SC)
76.34
Rural Male ST)
Female 59.63
Urban Female
74.7
7
Urban Female
(Gen)
76.56
Urban Female (SC)
61.42
Urban Female (ST)
79.48
Rural Female
54.7
Rural Female (Gen)
57.13
Rural Female (SC)
46.11
Rural Female (ST)
47.36
75.29 Literacy
Rate (%) Across Region,
Society and Gender in
the Uttarakhan
Rural Male
71.62
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1.4 Stages in e-Initiatives e-Initiatives are about service delivery to the citizens using the
Information and Communication Technologies (ICT). The e-Initiatives go
through three distinct levels of implementation. These stages in the e-
Initiatives are:
(i) Provision of static information: This stage is where a local
body/government department has a portal of its own. Citizens can access
information, seek procedural details about city services. However, they
can’t interact with any of the processes within the Local Body
(LB)/department.
(ii) Capability for Transactional Services: This stage is where users can carry
out transactions online.
(iii) Creating Online Communities: At this stage, LB websites provide
interoperability with various organizations. Majority of current -initiatives
fall under the first stage [4].
The general use problems in the e-Initiatives system are:
No clarity in the setup of Civic authority, poor information
availability on initiatives, lack of clarity on procedures, time consuming
processes, lack of accountability of officials of the system, too many agencies
and overlap of work.
1.5 e-Initiatives challenges There has been tremendous success of e-Initiatives in the country. In
early 1990’s most of the states in India started implementing the e-Initiatives.
Process SMART has been implemented in the Government of Andhra Pradesh in
1992. It focuses on Simple, Moral, Accountable, Reachable, and Transparent
Principle for the successful implementation of e-strategies. Many states have
successfully implemented e-Strategies thereafter. However, there are many
implementing challenges in deploying the e-Initiatives. These are:
Infrastructure capacity
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Compatibility with other IT systems/ databases/ platforms
Scalability of existing applications
Information exchange mechanisms
Geo referencing of assets
Ability to carry out financial transactions
The span and reach of e-Initiatives may primarily focus on the
following:
(a) Various levels of administrative set-up from village/ block to State/Central
agencies
(b) Non-governmental social agencies
(c) Connecting citizens to the above agencies
The main purpose of developing e-Initiatives is to develop an
effective, rapid, accountable and self-sustaining mechanism for the betterment of
social service through multi-layered system.
e-Initiatives are basically the concerns of governmental organizations
which are to be utilized by the larger society for tackling major as well as day-
to-day problems of ordinary citizens. The overall strategy for e-Initiatives is to
develop methods to be used for the society using ICTs.
The state of Uttarakhand is engaged in this endeavor for the last about
ten years. It is high time for a proper investigation and the assessment of the
impact of e-Initiatives of the state.
1.6 Objectives The objective of the present research work is to study the impact
assessment of various e-Initiatives of Uttarakhand state with special focus on
effectiveness and countable measures related to the implementation.
To address the objective, the following research questions have been undertaken:
1. To describe and examine the e-Initiatives undertaken and initiated by the
Central government.
2. To describe and examine the attempts made by the State of Uttarakhand
with regard to e-Initiatives.
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3. To analyze and understand the perceptions of experts towards the
effectiveness of e-Initiatives in Uttarakhand.
4. To collect and elaborate the comments of the experts on e-Initiatives in
Uttarakhand.
1.7 Hypothesis The following three null hypotheses have been framed to attain the
objective No. 3 of the study:
(a) Educational qualification wise groups of the respondents do not differ in
their mean IAOEIU (Impact Assessment of e-Initiative in Uttarakhand)
scores.
(b) There exists no significant difference in the mean IAOEIU scores of gender
wise two groups of the students.
(c) Age wise four groups of the respondents do not differ from one another
with regard to their mean IAOEIU scores.
1.8 Delimitation of the Study The study has been delimited as mentioned below:
(a) Perception towards the effectiveness of e-Initiatives deals with the 14 main
e- endeavors of the state of Uttarakhand.
(b) A total of 148 respondents were contacted keeping in view their familiarity
with the issues-concerned and their willingness to provide the responses. It
means that Purposive Sampling Techniques was used to identify these
respondents.
(c) Actual field survey technique has not been used to find out the
effectiveness of e-Initiatives. It has been done by taking into consideration
relevant groups of respondents.
1.9 Research Framework Four investigations have been performed to fulfill the objectives of
this research. The first investigation is primarily conducted for studying the
various e-Initiatives undertaken by the Government of India. The second is to
22
describe and examine the attempts made by the State of Uttarakhand. Third is
about the analysis and understanding the perceptions of experts towards the
effectiveness of e-Initiatives in Uttarakhand. Fourth is about collection and
elaboration of the comments of the experts on e-Initiatives in Uttarakhand.
1.10 Thesis Report Structure:
Table 1.1 Thesis Structure
Chapter No
Chapter Name Description
1 Introduction An introduction to the study, the research objectives and research questions
2 Literature Review Provides the background information on the topic of initiatives taken at the global level to state level.
3 Research Methodology
Details of the methodology that has been applied to achieve the research objectives.
4 Data analysis Description of how data has been analyses.
5 Results and Discussions
Description of how research was conducted and respects have been arrived at.
6 Recommendations and Future Scope
Recommendation with regard to e-Initiatives have been proposed.
23
Chapter II
Literature Review
2.1 e-Initiatives Global Scenario:
2.1.1 Government of Colombia Portal At the beginning of 2000, the President of Colombia issued a directive
requiring all federal government agencies to create Internet sites representing
their services to the Colombian citizens, which are now linked through a single
portal [5]. e-Government managers focused on the quality of the sites, because
they recognized that producing a supply of useful material on the Internet would
stimulate greater demand for Internet access overall and thereby increase the
penetration rate.
2.1.2 TaniNet -An agricultural community development in Malaysia
TaniNet is utilizing ICT to bring vital agricultural information (such as
prices and biotechnological information) and services to farmers in Malaysia and
across the South Pacific.
Through a collaborative effort, farmers and the Malaysian Agricultural
Ministry created TaniNet, an Internet-based online resource, to bring information
such as up-to-date pricing and e-commerce distribution channels to remote
locations. Farmers can post inquiries on the TaniNet online bulletin board that
are either answered by other farmers or forwarded to relevant experts for
response. TaniNet encourages local content development and the sharing of
information online. Commercial services help to finance and sustain TaniNet [6].
24
2.1.3 Namibian Parliamentary Namibian parliamentary invites citizens to participate online in their
national government. Through its web site, the Parliament of Namibia engages
citizens in the democratic process by affording them the opportunity to
participate online in political discussions, and the opportunity to stay up-to-date
with the legislative developments of the Namibian Parliament. In particular, bills
up for consideration are posted online and citizens can send comments directly
to parliamentary representatives. The site also links to many regional councils,
which have similar web sites [7].
2.1.4 Procurement System, Chile Procurement system of Chile is revamping off line rules and
regulations in order to establish an efficient online procurement system. Prior to
the establishment of portals to conduct government transactions online, the
government procurement system in Chile was fragmented and burdened with
various, sometimes contradictory regulatory frameworks. In 1998, the
government formed the Communications and Information Technology Unit
(UTIC) and conferred on it the mandate of coordinating e-government efforts in
an attempt to control costs and bring transparency to the system. UTIC
completely revamped the underlying system of procurement by centralizing all
purchasing activities through a central web site. This web site automatically
sends emails to private companies registered on the system when contracts come
up for bid and takes bids online. Not only has the new system streamlined
procurement, it has also created new methods of oversight and accountability.
For example, the site includes statistics and other information on past
performance of government contractors [8].
2.1.5 The Tiger Leap Initiative, Estonia The tiger leap initiative in Estonia is mobilizing the bureaucracy with
a unifying concept and Presidential leadership. Declaring Internet access “a
human right”, Estonia is moving to provide Internet access to all its 1.5 million
25
inhabitants by establishing local community Internet centers that provide free
email and Internet access. In 1997, there were 80 centers operating. Another
element is a major program run by the Ministry of Education and funded in part
with private investment, under which local governments and businesses
cooperate to connect every school to the Internet, with the goal of producing a
generation of Estonians who are 100 percent computer literate. The Estonian
President was an outspoken advocate for the Internet, using his influence to press
the initiative [9].
2.1.6 Exchange to improve health care services to the rural poor
Kenyan health agencies and international aid organizations established
AfriAfya, a public/private site that harnesses ICT to improve the health of rural
Kenyans. The project relies on a small coordinating central hub and organizes
up-to-date health information for communities that send it a steady stream of
data from the countryside. These field centers are spread throughout the rural
regions of Kenya, where 80 percent of the population lives. Doctors and
caregivers can have instant access to vital information and statistics. Web site
access granted to registered members only.
2.1.7 State of the Environment Report, South Africa An online environmental report, SA, is affording opportunities for
continued public participation. The content of this environmental awareness site
is the result of extensive community participation. The participating
communities’ identified six environmental priorities, which became the core
issues addressed on the site, including: Pollution, Waste Management, Open
Space, Conservation, Poverty, and Environmental Health. Visitors to the site are
encouraged to continue giving input to determine what relevant information
should be posted and to contribute materials or information that could be useful
to the general public as well [10].
26
2.1.8 Election Register, Palestine Palestine conducts a free and fair election and always requires
planning and preparation, touching on areas that include law and public policy.
When the Palestinian Authority began preparations for its first election in 1996,
it utilized ICT to ensure a quick, accurate and honest result. Among other steps,
it had to create an entirely new legislative and regulatory framework, one that
meshed with technological solutions to ensure the security and reliability of data
[11].
2.1.9 Citizen Service Centers, Bahia Province, Brazil: In Brazil, placing service kiosks in convenient locations like shopping
centers, allowing the public to transact government business with less hassle.
The state government of Bahia has created Citizen Assistance Service
Centers (SAC) that bring together federal, state, and local government agencies
in a single location to offer the services that citizens most frequently need and
use. The centers have been placed in locations convenient to the public, such as
shopping malls and major public transportation hubs.
To ensure that remote and poorer areas of the country are serviced
equitably, a “Mobile SAC” has been developed. This Mobile SAC is a large, 18-
wheel truck equipped with air-conditioning, TV set, toilets, and a covered
waiting area. Inside the truck, four basic citizenship services are provided:
issuance of birth certificates, identification card, labor identification card, and
criminal record verification. When the Mobile SAC arrives in a community, the
truck links to the computer network of the SAC headquarters through a
telephone line. The truck typically remains parked in the town square, and
remains there for three to four days before moving on the next community on its
route [12].
2.2 National Scenario The government of India recognizes that some good e-Initiatives like
e-Governances, provides an excellent opportunity for improving governance. It
27
is a trigger for introducing various administrative reforms. This could not only
go a long way in improving the quality of life of various sections of society, but
could actually provide them more equitable access to economic opportunities
ever before. In this context, the Government of India views e-Initiative as a
strategic tool for transforming Governance and improving the quality of services
provided by the government to its people [13].
India’s experience in e-Governance/ ICT initiatives has demonstrated
significant success in improving accessibility, cutting down costs, reducing
corruption, extending help and increased access to un-served groups. In this
phase of experimentation, many e-Initiatives have reached millions of people
belonging to various sections of society. Improved access to information and
services has provided economic and social development opportunities, facilitated
participation and communication in policy and decision-making processes and
empowerment of the weaker groups. This has led to fostering a sense of
ownership and building of social capital, which in turn, constitute a basis for
local revitalization. The Government of India, in various forums, has indicated
its commitment to provide efficient and transparent government to all strata of
society.
e-Governance is now mainly seen as a key element of the country’s
governance and administrative reform agenda. India has undertaken massive e-
Initiatives to introduce e-Governance at the national, state and local levels. In
terms of the total number of government websites, although the advanced
industrial countries top the list, India is ranked seventh in the global list [14].
Similar to the previously mentioned common rationales, the top policy-makers in
India tend to justify the adoption and expansion of e-Governance on the grounds
that it costs less, reduces waste, promotes transparency, eliminates corruption,
generates possibilities to resolve rural poverty and inequality, and guarantees a
better future for citizens [15]. In short, the government tends to portray e-
Governance as the panacea for all ranges of problems confronting India, but
there are critics who, in general, suggest that the whole enterprise of ICT may
have created a new class of ‘untouchables’ living in ‘information poverty’,
28
compromised equal access to government services and eroded accountability and
individual privacy [16].
2.3 e-Initiatives experiences in India Recognizing that e-Governance shall be a major part of e-Initiatives
and shall play an increasingly important role in modern Governance, various
agencies of the Government and civil society organizations have taken a large
number of e-Initiatives across the country. Indicated below are some of the key
e-Initiatives taken in the country across some of the important citizen/business
related departments.
2.3.1 Customs and Excise (Government of India) • 98% of export and 90-95% of import documentation computerized
• Electronic filing through ICEGATE at 3 locations (Mumbai, Delhi,
Chennai)
• 80% of Service Tax returns electronically processed
2.3.2 Indian Railways (Government of India) • Anywhere to anywhere reservation from anywhere
• Electronic Booking of tickets on selected sectors
• Online Information on Railway reservation on Internet
2.3.3 Postal Department (Government of India) • Direct e-credit of Monthly Income Scheme returns into the investors
accounts
• Dematerialization of Savings Certificate (NSC) and Vikas Patras (KVP),
offering full portability
2.3.4 Passport / Visa (Government of India) • 100% passport information computerized
• All 33 Regional Passport Offices covered
• Machine readable passports at some locations
29
2.3.5 AP Online (State Government of Andhra Pradesh) An Integrated Citizen Services Portal providing citizen centric
services such as: Birth/Death Certificates, Property Registration, Driver’s
License, Govt. Applications & Forms, Payment of taxes / utility bills etc has
been activated by the Andhra Pradesh Government.
2.3.6 Bhoomi Automation of Land Records (State Government of Karnataka)
provides computerized Record of Rights Tenancy & Crops (RTC) - needed by
farmer to obtain bank loans, settle land disputes etc. It has also ensured increased
transparency and reliability, significant reduction in corruption, exploitation and
oppression of farmers. This project has benefited 20 million rural land records
covering 6.7 million farmers.
2.3.7 CARD – Registration Project (State Government of Andhra Pradesh)
Computerization Administration of Registration Department (CARD)
impacting 10 million citizens over a period of 3 years. It has completed
registration of 2.8 million titles with title searches made in 1.4 million cases. The
system ensures transparency in valuation of property and efficient document
management system. The estimated saving of 70 million man-hours of citizen
time valued at US$ 35 million (investment in CARD - US$ 6million). Similar
initiatives in other states like SARITA (State Government of Maharashtra),
STAR (State Government of Tamil Nadu), etc. have further built upon this
initiative.
2.3.8 Gyandoot: Intranet in Tribal District of Dhar (State Government of Madhya Pradesh)
This project offers e-Governance services including online registration
of applications, rural e-mail facility, village auction site etc. It also provides
services such as Information on Mandi (farm products market) rates, On-line
30
public grievance redress, caste & income certificates and Rural Market (Gaon ka
Bazaar).
2.3.9Lokmitra (State Government of Himanchal Pradesh) Offers e-Governance services
Online registration of applications
Rural e-mail facility, village auction site etc.
Key services provided to citizens
Information on Mandi (farm products market) rates
On-line public grievance redressal
Sending and receiving information regarding land records, income
certificates
Caste certificates and other official documents
Market rates of vegetables, fruits and other items
2.3.10 e-Mitra - Integrated Citizen Services Center (State
Government of Rajasthan) Implemented using a PPP (Public Private Partnership) model
Private partner paid by the government department / agency
G2C services like:
Payment of electricity, water, telephone bills
Payment of taxes
Ticket Reservations
Filing of Passport applications
Registration of birth/death
Payment by cash/cheque/ credit card
The above cases of e-Initiatives are only illustrative. Many of the State
Governments have successfully implemented several such e-Initiatives. This has
positively impacted the quality of life of citizens. Hence e-Governance as a
major e-Initiative affords an excellent opportunity for India to radically improve
the quality of governance and thereby:
31
• Allows two-way communication between government and citizens not only
for service delivery but also to receive opinions of citizens on policies and
government performance.
• Provides greater access to excluded groups, who have few opportunities to
interact with government and benefit from its services and schemes.
• Includes all sections of the society in the mainstream of development.
• Enabling rural and traditionally marginalized segments of the population to
gain fast and convenient access to services in their own neighborhoods.
2.4 The National e-Governance Plan (NeGP) Taking note of the potential of e-Governance to improve the quality of
life of the vast population of the country, the Government of India has
formulated a national programme – the National e-Governance Plan (NeGP).
This plan attempts to cover all the important areas relating to e-Governance –
Policy, Infrastructure, Finances, Project Management, Government Process
Reengineering, Capacity Building, Training, Assessment and Awareness etc.
across the Central and State Governments.
NeGP is a comprehensive “programme” of the Government of India
and is designed to leverage capabilities and opportunities presented by ICT to
promote good governance across the country. One of the learning that is at the
core of the NeGP is the emphasis on implementation of such projects with clear
timelines and responsibility allocations – in a “Mission Mode”. The Plan initially
extends over a 4-year period at an estimated cost of over USD 3 billion. NeGP is
aimed at introducing e-Governance systematically through 25 Mission Mode
projects, which would touch the lives of more than 1 billion people [17].
The vision of NeGP is to make all Government services accessible to
the common man in his locality through common service delivery outlets. The
implementation strategy envisages clear definition of service goals and metrics
for each project and structured stakeholder consultations with all stakeholders
including citizens and civil society organizations before the service goals of each
32
project are firmed up. Even at the stage of formulation of the NeGP, its vision
and proposed strategy, consultations were held with various stakeholders
including state governments, ministries/ departments, IT industry representatives
and civil society organizations.
The focus of the plan includes the following sectors/projects:
2.4.1 Agriculture e-Initiatives projects in the agricultural sector can provide benefit to
farmers and the rural people and also enhance the lives of urban poor. There are
numerous sub-projects pertaining to provision of timely expert advice to farmers,
food security, marketability and commercial information relating to agricultural
products, enhancing crop productivity, enhancing the reach of and ease of access
to micro-credit, etc.
2.4.2 Municipalities The coordinating agency for this is the Ministry of Urban
Development. The main programmes relevant to vulnerable and marginalized
groups are registration of births and deaths, grievances and suggestions, health
programs etc.
2.4.3 Gram Panchayats (elected village administration) The important programmes being implemented by the Ministry of
Rural Development for poverty reduction are employment generation, provision
of basic services, infrastructure development etc. The objective is to increase
participation of rural population in the government and women empowerment.
2.4.4 Common Service Centers (CSC) CSC is one of the integrated projects envisioned in NeGP. The CSCs
provide assisted community access points a necessity in a country with relatively
low levels of literacy and ICT penetration in rural areas. These centers are very
effective in providing multiple services provided by different departments at a
single location. For a common citizen, it is often confusing and time-consuming
to visit different departments and identify the right official or office to avail of
33
some service. This one stop shop is also helpful in increasing accessibility,
enabling faster service delivery, curbing corruption and reducing difficulties
faced by vulnerable and marginalized groups. Under this programmes, it is
aimed to establish 1,00,000 CSCs predominantly in the rural areas to serve the
needs of the traditionally underserved areas.
The Core Infrastructure such as State Wide Area Networks, Data
Centers, Gateways, etc. form another critical element of the NeGP.
Approximately 15% of the total program outlay is earmarked for common core
and support infrastructure that is shared across projects, excluding the cost of
infrastructure that is created specific to, and as a part of, individual projects.
2.5 Centrally initiated e-Governance projects The Government of India initiatives may e-Governance project under
the e-Governance (G2C) Category. There project are: [
1. Land Records Computerization at Tahsil Level
2. Land Records Citizen Centric Website
3. Transport Office Computerization
4. MIS Development for Jal Sansthan (Pey Jal) Department, Uttarakhand
5. AGMARKNET
6. Right To Information (RTI) Website
7. CONFONET (Computerization of State/District Consumer Forums)
8. Multipurpose National Id-Card (MNIC) Project
9. MIS for National Rural Employment Guarantee Assurance (NREGA)
Programme
10. Unique Id-Project for Residents
11. Common Integrated Police Application (CIPA)
34
The present investigation primarily aims to investigate the impact
assessment of the Uttarakhand state. It endeavors to evaluate impact of various
e-Initiatives taken by the Government.
The findings of this study are expected to be of paramount
significance to a variety of groups such as:
Government officials who are responsible for the e-Initiatives
implementation in Uttarakhand. The study as a whole is directed to meet
the needs of this group by finding obstacles to adoption, proposing
solutions and illustrating critical success factors.
Officials and users from the public and private sector responsible for e-
Initiatives like e-Governance and e-commerce.
Scholars researching e-Governance.
The initiatives of the government agencies and departments to use ICT
tools and applications, Internet and mobile devices to support good governance,
strengthen existing relationships and build new partnerships within civil society
can be considered as e-Initiatives.
The key issue within the context of e-Initiatives is the delivery of e-
Governance applications its citizen, which is the process of making available the
use of e-Governance services for all types of users, in an efficient and
convenient manner. The government can provide value by providing service
delivery which consists of the location timing and manner by which it is
distributed [18]. At the start level, e-governance features include being open for
State citizen and business users 24 hours a day, greater accessibility, lower costs
and not having to visit government offices; it also aims to provide government
information. Thus, to a large extent, e-Initiatives refer to the initiatives in e-
Governance [19].
In India e-Governance began with National Informatics Center’s
(NICs) efforts to connect district headquarters through computers. The approach
over the years has grown out of same idea. The concept has been dominated by
35
connectivity, networking, technological up-gradation, selective delivery systems
for information’s and services, and an array of software solutions.
The central government has created full-fledged ministry called
Ministry of Information and communication Technologies (MICT) [20]. The
ministry is responsible for monitoring the development and use of IT in various
facets of working and initiate steps to remove the bottlenecks, if any.
To give further impetus to e-Governance, a Center for Electronic
Governance has been established in the MICT to coordinate the initiatives in e-
Governance. This also provides a forum for sharing views, experiences, etc. for
all those involved in the e-Governance chain such as government officials,
legislatures, industry, academicians and public etc. All the ministries and the
departments under their control are being encouraged to have its own web-site
with up-to-date information and a mechanism to accept grievances and the
solutions through the site.
According to a report issued by the Department of Administrative
Reforms and Public Grievances in 2001, all ministries have provided PCs to
their senior officers, 60% of ministries are on local area network (LAN) and 52
ministries have their own website with 17 ministries having a website in ‘Hindi’.
Some of the ministries (about 40%) have started delivering some service through
the Internet-from on-line application forms, online grievance redress,
information exchange etc., which makes the government-citizen interface
simpler. To ensure that manpower is fully trained to reap the benefits of
computerization, training has been given to most employees above the Section
Officer level.
According to National e-Governance Action Plan (2003-2007),
government has approved a number of Mission Mode projects for
implementation under the central government like income tax, passport, visa and
immigration, insurance, National Citizen Database, central excise, pensions and
banking[21].
Under the State government mission mode list, which is to be finalized
after consultations with States, the Action Plan envisages to take up land records,
36
road transport, property registration, agriculture, treasuries, municipalities, gram
panchayts, commercial taxes and police in union territories, initially for e-
Governance activities.
Under the integrated services, e-commerce, e-business, common
service centre and India portal have been identified as the Mission Mode
projects.
The Action Plan, which has sought full potential of the private sector
investment, has also embarked on centralized initiative and decentralized
implementation.
Concerned Ministries such as; Finance, External Affairs, Home, Rural
Development, Commerce and Industry, etc. and departments such as:
Information Technology, Administrative Reforms, Public Grievances, etc., are
among the organizations responsible for the Mission Mode project
implementation.
The Action Plan would lay the foundation and provide the impetus for
long growth of e-Governance and institutional mechanism, set up core
infrastructure to create citizen centric and business-centric environments.
The major areas where ICT has been exploited successfully and is
proving to be a boon to public at large are:
The Indian railways have developed a computerized network wherein the
reservation can be done for any place in India for any destination. This has
further been made more public-friendly by providing the variety and
departures, tourism information etc., through the Internet. The reservation
through the Internet and mobiles phones has also been started thereby
avoiding the hassles of going to the railway counters for booking the
tickets.
The banking system has also got streamlined with the setting up of ATM
network. The public has the option of taking out money from their account
anytime, anywhere. The various other services offered by banks are
electronic fund transfer etc.
37
The judicial system has been made operational wherein a person can find
out the status of his legal case in Supreme Court and various High Courts.
He/she can get the complete orders date-wise, case number wise, judge
wise, party-name wise, lawyer-wise etc.
The availability of CBSE results on the Internet is a major milestone in the
education sector.
Likewise, the availability of Income tax return form, tax deposit etc. is also
available.
All the above initiatives provide a boon to the ordinary citizen
directed to provide a responsive, user-friendly, transparent and faster system
cutting the corruption, red-tapism and delay.
e-Initiatives involve much more than simple computerization of the
various socio-administrative and personal activities of the citizens. e-
Initiatives may assume to provide wider platforms to the willing people and they
may also be expected to reach the hitherto unreached segments of society.
Participatory decision making mechanism may be significantly made more
effective through appropriate and relevant e-Initiatives. Citizen’s grass-root level
needs and social–welfare related aspirations may be adequately fulfilled through
suitable intervention of e-Initiatives. Education, health, transport, banking,
justice, taxation and various other sectors may become the thrust areas where e-
Initiatives may empower the ordinary citizens to solve their problems without
any delay irrespective of the distance factor and complexity of the information
network. Using the terminology that [22] the world has become flat and rules of
game are same for all, effective, attainable and workable e-Initiatives may pave
the path in this respect.
2.6 Allocation of funds for e- Initiatives: The National Scenario The allocation of funds for scientific research and development for
various institutes in the country under the Ministry of Science and Technology
38
during the last three years and the current year, State-wise and year-wise, is
given below:
Table 2.1 Allocation Funds by Govt. of India
S.No. States / UT 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10
1. ANDHRA PRADESH 241.1 288.5 311.7 289.7
2. ASSAM 23.4 28.9 38.5 45.6
3. CHANDIGARH 55.2 57.2 90.7 80.9
4. DELHI 197.8 199.5 371.7 302.7
5. GOA 47.5 98.8 103.2 54.6
6. GUJARAT 20.9 23.4 40.3 31.3
7. HARYANA 14.0 17.1 53.0 48.0
8. HIMACHAL PRADESH 16.5 23.6 28.8 22.2
9. JAMMU & KASHMIR 27.5 35.3 39.8 40.8
10. JHAARKHAND 81.2 86.7 131.8 113.3
11. KARNATAKA 225.1 284.8 333 344.6
12. KERALA 102.2 102.5 134.9 124.3
13. MADHYA PRADESH 9.6 11.8 19.7 16.9
14. MAHARASHTRA 158.2 171.1 209.2 192.1
15. MANIPUR 3.0 4.0 0.1 0.1
16. ORISSA 41.5 38.5 54.5 58.5
17. RAJASTHAN 28.2 27.1 43.6 43.3
18. TAMIL NADU 83.7 100.5 134.2 126
19. UTTAR PRADESH 135.9 243.9 234.3 243.9
20. UTTARAKHAND 74.2 83.1 136 120.4
21. WEST BENGAL 209.7 216.4 271.1 281.9
*(Rs. in crores) [23].
The table clearly shows that, the allocation of funds is gradually
increasing from year to year Uttarakhand got Rs.74.2 Crores in Year 2006-07
and Rs 120.4 Crores in 2009-10.
39
2.7 Uttarakhand state level e-Initiatives Uttarakhand has been created primarily to fulfill the demands and
aspirations of the people of this predominantly hilly state, who felt that their
problems in the specific context of the topography could not be addressed to the
desired extent as a part of the combined Uttar Pradesh. Ever since the formation
of the state, the Government has been consciously focusing on evolving a
strategy towards meeting the mentioned objectives, towards this end, the key
prongs of the strategy include:
(i) Rationalization of the role of the state bureaucracy to focus on critical
areas.
(ii) Enhance the effectiveness, transparency and accountability in the
processes of the state government.
(iii) Use of ICT tools for better delivery of development services to the
people.
2.7.1 Various e- Initiatives in Uttarakhand Computer education is an important ingredient in today’s times for our
school children. The State Government has entered into a MoU with Intel to
provide Master Trainers in the schools in order to implement the vision of
computer education to all students. All Government Intermediate Colleges as
well as Secondary Schools have been equipped with computers [24].
For the Polytechnics and the ITIs in the State, the effort is to introduce
industrially relevant course curriculum as well as equip them with
machines/equipments and other infrastructure to impart training. The training
syllabus is being revised after consultation with academic institutions and
industry organization. Industries are being associated with ITI’s & Polytechnics
and forging partnerships which are supposed to benefit all the Stakeholders.
In the field of higher education the endeavor is to develop and build
on the existing and inherent strengths of the institutions to develop at least one
college in each district as a centre of excellence and generally upgrade the
40
standards in each college. This may include validation and up-gradation of
courses with the assistance of existing centers of excellence in India and abroad.
IT enabled course material and e-libraries have also been planned which would
help overcome the shortage of teachers particularly in remote areas [25].
In respect of information technology the vision is to deploy IT as an
effective tool for catalyzing economic growth and efficient governance resulting
in the creation of a knowledge-rich society with a high quality of life and to
develop the State as an attractive destination for the IT industry. The key focus
areas are:
(a) Development of IT infrastructure (connectivity backbone)
(b) Investing in HRD (Human Resource Development) in terms of IT skills.
(c) Deploying e-Governance applications which are citizen focused and
which aim at delivering Govt. services to the citizens at a place and time
of his choice rather than the other way round.
(d) Promoting IT industry particularly the IT enabled service industry in the
State.
2.7.2 Telecommunication in Uttarakhand Uttarakhand has a well-developed communications network. The state
is naturally endowed and has all prerequisites for developing as a preferred
destination for IT & ITes sector along with hardware production. Among the
several initiatives undertaken to promote IT and ITes industry, Uttarakhand
offers high speed connectivity with the establishment of an earth station at
Dehradun and proposed earth stations at other locations. Facilities by BSNL and
Reliance are also available. With an IT Park in Dehradun, an IT-BT park in
Pantnagar, and several other upcoming projects, Uttarakhand is forgoing ahead
as in IT-ITes state as an ideal IT-ITes destination.
2.8 IT Vision and strategy
The state IT policy aims to encourage the use of IT in government not
only as a tool for management and decision support systems, but also to
41
re-engineer the processes to provide a more efficient, transparent,
accountable and responsive (SMART) government to its citizens.
Upgrade the quality of life of citizens by facilitating easy access to
consumer applications of IT.
Encourage private sector initiatives for the development of world class IT
infrastructure adequate for the needs of citizens, industry and government.
Upgrade and develop skills required for the IT industry and to accelerate
its use in schools and colleges.
The government’s plan for the IT sector is three-dimensional.
(a) Setting up infrastructure
(b) Building the capacity
(c) Developing software applications
2.8.1 IT Infrastructure The government’s initiative to introduce e-Governance is aimed at
improving the efficiency of various departments. It is also expected to aid the
government in interacting effectively with investors, other governments as well
as the common public. Improving the transparency in the system also falls high
on the government’s agenda for reforms. Some of the projects include:
• The Uttarakhand State Wide Area Network (UKSWAN) project along with
a Data Centre in place
• The state portal “Uttara” has been developed aming to provide information
about all the 109 departments and institutions
• Common Service Centres (CSC)
• Development of Human Resources Management System
• Project Management Application for PWD
42
2.8.2 Key Uttarakhand e-Governance initiatives
• Development of Smart Card Infrastructure
• The world’s first Microsoft IT Academy was established in Dehradun
• Uttarakhand is among the leading states in computer education
2.9 e-Governance ranking A Study by leading IT publication ‘Dataquest’ and the top technology
research firm International Data Corporation revealed that Uttarakhand was in
13th position in 2007-08 and in 12th position in 2008-09 with regard to e-
Governance ranking [26].
2.10 IT capacity building initiatives The state has plans to achieve 100 per cent computer literacy for
students and government employees. Some of the projects which have been
under taken by the state are the following.
Under project “Arohi” computer laboratories have been established in
1735 high schools and intermediate colleges.
23,953 teachers have been trained as master trainers with the help of Intel
and Microsoft’s project “Shiksha”.
A D-space library contains a digital repository of books, thesis, and
papers from all universities in the state. These libraries have been
established at the Birla Institute of Applied Sciences, Bhimtal, and the
universities of Garhwal, Kumaon, and Pantnagar. The aim is to facilitate
seamless sharing of resources amongst universities in Uttarakhand.
Project Aarohi, one of the prestigious projects of Uttarakhand
government, was adjudged as best IT initiative in education in India. This
project is being implemented by Hiltron.
43
2.11 IT and e- Initiatives in Uttarakhand In the state, maintaining pace with the global world, Government is
drawing up a comprehensive programme to ensure that the benefit of
e-Governance reaches all sections of the society and economy. Various IT
activities, such as development of software applications packages, creation of e-
Governance infrastructure, databases, digital/educational content, etc., in e-
Governance domain, is part of Government’s strategy in driving the IT
penetration in Government offices.
NIC Uttarakhand State Unit, Dehradun has been instrumental in
steering Information and Communication Technology applications in
Government Departments at various levels, facilitating improvement in
Government services, wider transparency in Government functions and resulting
improvement in decentralized planning and management. The state unit was
inaugurated on 10th November 2001 by the then Chief Minister of the state.
Since it’s inception in year 2001, major activities undertaken by NIC in
Uttarakhand can be categorized as follows:
Sectoral ICT
Web Applications
Infrastructure & Services
Trainings
Website (http://ua.nic.in)
` IT has tremendous potential for developing a state like Uttarakhand.
IT can be leveraged to move forward from the status of a developing to a
developed state. It can help in bringing an administration, which is quick,
responsive, transparent and accessible.
The state therefore recognizes the importance of IT as a key enabler in
its economic development and improvement in government functioning. NIC-
Uttarakhand State/district units are playing an important role in promoting the
usage of IT, in increasing transparency and efficiency in the government. It was
44
in the month of Aug’2001, when NIC-USU office actually started its operation
in Uttarakhand. NIC-USU’s services have evolved with time and in a short span
of just 5 years, it has come a long way and touched almost all the sectors, be
it computerization of Treasuries, Land Records, property Registration,
Transport, Planning, Commercial Tax, IPAO, Jal Sansthan, PWD,
employment exchanges, establishment of VC-studios, Networking, website
development and hosting etc. Uttarakhand is a young state and capacity building
is very critical to accelerate the process of development. Against this backdrop,
trained more than 2000 officials and skilled manpower have been generated in
the state [27].
45
Chapter III
Research Methodology
In order to attain the objectives of the study, the following research
methodology has been followed. Preliminary investigation about the e-Initiatives
of the state has been checked and the perceptions of the experts towards the
effectiveness of e-Initiatives in Uttarakhand have been analyzed and understood
in the following manner:
3.1 IAOEIU Questionnaire on the e-Initiatives, Impact assessment of
e-Initiatives in Uttarakhand has been prepared.
Figure 3.1 Research Methodology
Questionnaire on IAOEIU
Inferential Statistics
Recommendations and Conclusion
(i)Technical Feedback on IAOEIU (ii)Experts Comments on IAEIOU
Percentage Analysis
Descriptive Statistics
Preliminary Investigation of e-Initiatives of
Uttarakhand
46
A scale named ‘Impact Assessment of e-Initiatives in Uttarakhand’
IAOEIU has been prepared for the study of e-Initiatives. The questionnaire
contains the feedback of different e-Initiatives of the state covering IT
awareness, infrastructure issues, effectiveness, and necessity of the programme
to the grassroot level. It is a five point scale and contains 28 statements. Out of
these 28 statements, 14 statements are positive and 14 are negative statements. A
copy of this scale has been presented as appendix- 1.
For a positive item the following scoring procedure has been employed:
4 Marks awarded for strongly agree
3 Marks awarded for agree
2 Marks awarded for can’t say
1 Mark awarded for disagree
0 Mark awarded for strongly disagree
For a negative item the scoring procedure is just reversed. The marking system
is
0 Mark awarded for strongly agree
1 Mark awarded for agree
2 Mark awarded for can’t say
3 Mark awarded for disagree
4 Mark awarded for strongly disagree
Scores on all the 28 items are added together and it fielded a score of
the respondent in this scale. An individual score may be interpreted on the basis
of IAOEIU “The higher the score the more favorable is the perception of the
respondent towards the effectiveness of e-Initiatives and the lower the score the
less favorable is the perception of the respondent towards the effectiveness of e-
Initiatives”. Figure 3.2 shows the sample questionnaire:
47
Figure 3.2 Sample questionnaire
3.2 The IAOEIU of the Study The sample of the study consisted of 148 respondents. They were
Computer experts, Computer teachers, Computer education related Students and
computer users of government departments. Gender and educational
qualification wise distribution of these 148 respondents has been mentioned in
Table 3.1
Table 3.1 Gender and educational qualification wise distribution of the
respondents (N=148)
Educational qualification wise groups Gender wise groups
Under graduates
Graduates Post graduates
Other qualifications
Total
Male
02
17
69
24
112
Female
02
03
25
06
36
Total
04
20
94
30
148
48
Gender and age-wise group distribution of these 148 respondents has
been mentioned in Table 3.2.
Table 3.2 Gender and age wise distribution of the respondents
(N =148)
Age wise groups Gender wise groups
Less than 30 Yrs.
30-40 Yrs.
41-50 Yrs.
51 Yrs. & above
Total
Male
42
39
19
12
112
Female
21
11
04
00
36
Total
63
50
23
12
148
As mentioned earlier, the sample included computer experts, computer
teachers, computer education related students and others. The number of these
sample respondents has been presented in table 3.3.
49
Table 3.3 Gender and category/status wise distribution of the sample
respondents (N = 148)
Category /Status wise groups Gender wise groups
Computer experts
Computer Teacher
Computer Students
Others Total
Male
44
24
01
43
112
Female
04
12
05
15
36
Total
48
36
06
58
148
3.3 Data Collection Procedure The relevant data were collected by employing the above mentioned
tool IAOEIU. Information with regard to gender, age, educational qualification,
status/category of the respondents ware also made known. Data were collected
by personally contacting the respondents, through e-mail and through postal
services.
Respondents were from Almora, Bageshwar, Pithoragarh, Udham
Singh Nagar, Nainital, Chamoli, Haridwar, Deharadun, Champawat,
Pouri,Tehari, Uttarkashi and Rudraprayag district of the state of Uttarakhand.
Districtwise distribution of the sample respondents has been presented in
Appendix 2. The data were collected in the month of October, November and
December, 2009.
50
In addition to the above, written comments of 25 experts were also
obtained with regard to the e-Initiatives in Uttarakhand and these have also been
elaborated in chapter IV. [ 3.4 Data Analysis In order to attain the objectives 3 of the study, the following statistics
were employed:
(a) Descriptive Statistics
(b) Inferential Statistics
A master chart (MC) has been prepared which contains the following
information with regard to the sample respondents:
(a) Gender - Code
Male - 1
Female - 2
(b) Age – less than
Less than 30 years 1
30-40 years 2
41-50 years 3
51 years & above 4
(c) Educational Qualification
Under graduates 1
Graduates 2
Post-graduates 3
Other Qualification 4
(d) Category/Status
Computer experts 1
Computer Teachers 2
Computer Education
Related Students 3
Others 4
This master chart (MC) has been presented as Appendix 3.
51
3. 5 Descriptive Statistics In order to understand the nature of the distribution of the scores of the
IAOEIU (scale) of the 148 sample respondents, the values of the relevant
descriptive statistics were prepared, made known and these have been presented
in table 3.4
Table 3.4 Values of the various descriptive Statistics with regard to the
IAOEIU scores of the sample respondents (N=148)
The entries in Table 3.4 reveal the following:
(a) The values of Mean, Mode and Median are 56.43, 54.00 and 54.83
respectively. The lowest score is 42 and the highest score is 86. This
shows that there is not a very large deviation in the values of these three
central tendencies.
(b) The values of the Standard Errors of Mean, Median and Standard
Deviation are 0.686, 0.859 and 0.487 respectively. There values are not
very large and hence the values of the Mean, Mode and Median may be
accepted as approximations of the values of the respective parameters.
(c) The distribution is slightly positively skewed as the value of Skewers is
+0.575 in nature.
S.No. Statistics Symbol Value 1 Mean M 56.43 2 Mode Mo 54.00 3 Median Mdn 54.83 4 Standard Deviation SD 8.346 5 Standard Error of Mean SEm 0.686 6 Standard Error of Median SEmd 0.859 7 Standard Error of Standard
Deviation SEsd 0.487
8 Tenth percentile P10 47.82 9 Twenty Fifth Percentile P25 50.82
10 Seventy Fifth Percentile P75 58.56 11 Ninetieth Percentile P90 65.75 12 Skewness Sk +0.575 13 Kurtosis Ku 0.247
52
(d) The value of Kurtosis is 0.247. It means that the distribution is slightly
leptokurtic in nature.
On the basis of the above narration the nature of the distribution of
IAOEIU scale scores may be assumed to tend towards the shape of a Normal
Probability Curve (NPC). Hence it has been decided to compute the values of t-
ratios for ascertaining the significance of difference in the mean IAOEIU scale
scores of the various relevant groups of the sample respondents.
3.6 Inferential Statistics Values of t-ratios were computed to ascertain the significance of
differences in the mean IAOEIU scale scores of the following groups of the
respondents respectively:
(a) Educational qualification wise groups
(b) Gender wise groups
(c) Age wise groups
In addition to the above, appropriate procedure was followed to find
out the number and percentages of the respondents to attain the following sub-
objectives:
(a) To find out the number of respondents who either “agreed or strongly
agreed” with regard to the 28 statements respectively of IAOEIU Scale.
(b) To find out the number of respondents who responded in ‘Can’t Say’ with
regard to the 28 statements of IAOEIU scale respectively.
(c) To find out the number of respondents who either “disagreed or strongly
disagreed” with regard to the 28 statements of IAOEIU scale respectively.
(d) To make a list of six statements of IAOEIU scale towards which “first six
highest percentage of respondents” responded in “either agree or strongly
agree”.
53
(e) To make a list of six statements of IAOEIU scale towards which “last six
lowest percentages of respondents” responded in “either agree or strongly
agree”.
(f) To make a list of five statements of IAOEIU scale towards which “first
five highest percentages of respondents” responded in “Can’t say”.
(g) To make a list of five statement of IAOEIU scale towards which “last five
lowest percentages of respondents” responded in “Can’t Say”.
(h) To make a list of five statements of IAOEIU scale towards which “first
five highest percentages of respondents” responded in “either disagree or
strongly disagree”.
(i) To make a list of “last five lowest percentages of respondents in “either
disagree or strongly disagree”.
Further more, percentage analysis has been done to attain the following
sub–objectives:
(a) To identify the statement towards which highest number of respondents
“strongly agreed”.
(b) To identify the statements towards which “lowest number of respondents
“strongly agreed”.
(c) To identify the statements towards which highest number of respondents
“agreed”.
(d) To identify the statements towards which lowest number of respondents
“agreed”.
(e) To identity the statements towards which highest number of respondents
“Can’t Say”.
(f) To identify the statements towards which lowest number of respondents
“Can’t Say”.
(g) To identify the statements towards which highest number of respondents
“Strongly disagreed”.
54
(h) TO identify the statements towards which lowest number of respondents
“Strongly disagreed”.
(i) To identify the statements towards which highest number of respondents”
disagreed”.
(j) To identify the statements towards which lowest number of respondents
“disagreed”.
The rejection /acceptance of a hypothesis is decided and determined
on the basis of the significance/insignificance of the relevant statistics of 0.05
level of significance. The data is statistically analyzed using Statistical Package
for Social Sciences (SPSS).
55
Chapter IV
Data Analysis
This chapter deals with the statistical analysis of the data collected to
attain the following two objectives of the study:
(1) To analyze and understand the perceptions of experts towards the
effectiveness of e-Initiatives in Uttarakhand.
(2) To collect and elaborate the comments of the experts on e-Initiatives in
Uttarakhand.
This chapter has been divided into five parts. Part one contains the
value of the t-ratios computed to ascertain the significance of differences in the
mean IAOEIU scores of educational qualification wise four groups of the
respondents. Comparison of the mean IAOEIU scores of male and female
respondents has been presented in Part two. t-ratios computed to find out the
significance of differences in the mean IAOEIU scores of age-wise four groups
of the respondents have been maintained in Part three. Elaboration of the
comments of experts on e-Initiatives has been presented in Part four.
Appropriate percentage analyses of the responses of the subjects have been
presented in Part V to attain the sub –objectives mentioned in chapter III.
4.1Qualification wise four groups of the respondents: t-ratio of the respondents are shown in table 4.1
The entries in Table 4.1 reveal that educational qualification wise four
groups of the respondents do not differ in their perception towards the
effectiveness of e-Initiatives. The perception appearances of the respondents are
shown in Figure 4.1
56
0102030405060708090
100
Under Graduates Graduates Post Graduates Other Qualification
Table 4.1 Comparison of the Perception towards the effectiveness of e-
Initiatives of qualification wise four groups of the respondents.
Note: - All the values of the t-ratio are insignificant at 0.05 Level of significance.
S.No. Qualification wise
Group
N M SD t-ratio, df
1.
Under Graduates
04
53.00
4.54
2.
Graduates
20
57.4
8.15
3.
Post Graduates
94
56.53
7.89
4.
Other Qualification
30
55.17
8.93
t1,2=1.51, 22
t1,3=1.46, 96
t1,4=0.78, 32
t2,3=0.44, 112
t2,4=0.91, 48
t3,4=0.75, 122
Figure 4.1 Qualification wise Group
57
4.2 Gender wise two groups of the respondent scores
Table 4.2 the comparison of the Perception towards the
effectiveness of e-Initiatives of Gender wise two groups of the respondents is
shown in table 4.2 Note:-
The
value
of t-
ratio
is
insigni
ficant
at
0.05
Level
of significance
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Male Female
S.No.
Gender
N
M
SD
t-ratio,df
1.
Male
112
56.10
8.28
2.
Female
36
56.83
7.40
t=0.5,144
Figure 4.2 Gender wise Group
58
The entries in Table 4.2 reveal that gender wise two groups of the
respondents do not differ in their perception towards the effectiveness of e-
Initiatives. Figure 4.2 shows the gender wise distribution.
4.3 Age wise four groups of the respondents scores [
The comparison of the Perception towards the effectiveness of e-
Initiatives of age-wise four groups of the Respondents.
Table 4.3 shown the age wise distribution of the feedback analysis
S.No.
Age-Wise Group
N
M
SD
t-ratio,df
1.
Less than 30Yrs
63
56.71
7.09
2.
Age(30-40)Yrs
50
56.40
8.20
3.
Age(41-50)Yrs
23
56.13
11.23
4.
51Yrs & above
12
53.75
4.88
t1,2=0.21,111
t1,3=0.23,84
t1,4=1.77,73
t2,3=0.10,71
t2,4=1.59,60
t3,4=0.87,33
Note: - All the values of the six t-ratios are insignificant at 0.05 level of significance.
The entries in Table 4.3 reveal that age-wise four groups of the
respondents do not differ in their perception towards the effectiveness of e-
Initiatives. Figure 4.3 age-wise distributions.
59
4.4 Expert Opinion Analysis "GOOD GOVERNANCE" improves the process of decision-making
and the process by which decisions are implemented. Governance can be used in
several contexts such as corporate governance, international governance,
national governance and local governance. It encompasses the entire process of
public administration, the process underlying the formulation of public policies,
the human resource development efforts required for re-skilling the government
machinery, prioritization, and efficient management of public resources and
above all re-designing the various instruments used to realize the concept of a
welfare state. Table 4.4 to 4.7 shows the expert analysis of the survey.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Figure 4.3 Age wise group
Less than 30 Yrs 30-40 Yrs 41-50 Yrs 51yrs & above
60
Table 4.4 Social Aspects
Strengths Weaknesses
People eager to learn Internet People eager to learn IT skills
Basic education poor Low literacy Low IT literacy Different Languages Public acceptance of self service models
Opportunities
Threats
Employment increases Education system will improve People get structural job Cheap manpower will widely available Promotion of internet
Brain drain of IT skilled people after training Influence of other culture Resistance of people Digital divide Privacy
Table 4.5 Political Aspects
Strengths Weaknesses Combination with democratization Political reforms Internet will work as pull factor Modern image
Lack of Budget Lack of cyber laws Slow decision making process Hierarchical structures Short term approach Integration and reform
Opportunities
Threats
Raise external funding Show competitive edge Transparency causes Natural change of processes Reinvent government
Bureaucracy Piracy, misuse Corruption Maintaining disorder, no transparency Political instability Resistance
61
Table 4.6 Economic Aspects
Strengths Weaknesses
e-Governance argument for external
funding
Transparency for
businesses(procurement)
Lack of Investors
Budget control
Opportunities
Threats
Higher cost efficiency
New business
Corruption
4.7 Technological Aspects
Strengths Weaknesses
Everything is new: no negative
legacy
Leapfrogging possible
Good Telecom and Mobile users
Internet as pull factor
Use of Open source software
Shortage IT skills
High cost of internet
Heterogeneous data
Lack of IT standards
Software licenses
Opportunities
Threats
2nd hand hardware available
Use of PPP mode for technology
outsourcing
Dependency of technology
62
4.5 Combined ratio analysis Table 4.8 Combined ratio analysis of respondents
Item No.
SA+A Can’t Say SD+D
1 105 36 07 2 96 31 21 3 68 27 53 4 64 46 38 5 75 52 21 6 77 50 21 7 98 39 11 8 76 57 15 9 82 39 27 10 105 14 29 11 105 25 18 12 73 61 14 13 113 22 13 14 86 49 13 15 127 15 06 16 88 32 28 17 118 20 10 18 86 39 23 19 81 57 10 20 87 46 15 21 104 32 12 22 87 48 13 23 106 27 15 24 118 15 15 25 109 21 18 26 68 55 25 27 124 16 08 28 85 49 14
63
The entries in Table 4.8 reveal the following-
In case of the 26 items (out of a total of 28 items), the number of
responses are in decreasing order from SA+A to can’t say to SD+D.
In the case of the following two items the number of responses are not in
decreasing order from SA+A to Can’t Say to SD+D
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
SA+A Can't say SD+D
Figure 4.4 Combined ratio analysis
64
(a) 68 respondents either agreed or strongly agreed, 27 respondents
responded in “Can’t Say” and 53 respondents either disagreed or
strongly disagreed.
“It is improbable to technologically develop a traditional society
through e-Initiatives”.
(b) 105 respondents either agreed or strongly agreed, 14 respondents
responded in “Can’t Say” and 29 respondents either disagreed or
strongly disagreed.
“Computerization of Government departments faces major problems
because of the lake of 24X 7 hours power backup facility”.
Table 4.9
Percentage analysis of respondents strongly agree +agree
Item. No. Number of Respondents Percentage
Item No.15 127 85.8%
Item No.27 124 83.8%
Item No.17 118 79.7%
Item No.24 118 79.7%
Item No.13 113 76.4%
Item No.25 109 73.6%
Item No.8 76 51.4%
Item No.5 75 50.7%
Item No.12 73 49.3%
Item No.26 68 45.9%
Item No.3 68 45.9%
Item No.4 64 43.2%
The entries in Table 4.9 reveal that on the basis of the Percentage
analysis of the responses towards the 28 items of IAOEIU Scale of the 148
respondents, the following important results have been obtained:
65
1. The Statement which has been either strongly agreed or agreed by the
largest number of respondents (85.8%) is as follows:
“More concrete efforts are required to subsequently increase the IT-
awareness’’.
2. The Statement which has been either strongly agreed or agreed by the
second largest number of respondents (83.8%) is as follows:
“e-Governance projects are providing excellent opportunities to the
different department by bringing them within the ambit or e-
Governance”.
3. The Statement which has been either strongly agreed or agreed by the third
largest number of respondents (79.7%) is as follows:
0.00%
10.00%
20.00%
30.00%
40.00%
50.00%
60.00%
70.00%
80.00%
90.00%
Item No.15 Item No.27
Item No.17 Item No.24
Item No.13 Item No.25
Item No.8 Item No.5
Item No.12 Item No.26
Item No.3 Item No.4Figure 4.5 Percentage analysis of respondents strongly agree +agree
66
“In this era of globalization e-Initiatives are imperative for overall
development of the society”.
4. The Statement which has been either strongly agreed or agreed by the
fourth largest number of respondents (79.7%) is as follows:
“Computerized Government departments have successfully increased
their working efficiency”.
5. The Statement which has been either strongly agreed or agreed by the fifth
largest number of respondents (76.4%) is as follows:
“There are still several shortcomings in the functioning of e-
Governance projects of the state”.
6. The Statement which has been either strongly agreed or agreed by the
sixth largest number of respondents (73.6%) is as follows:
“Lack of continuous upgradation of information is a major problem
being faced by the users of Uttara portal”.
7. The Statement which has been either strongly agreed or agreed by only
43.2% of the respondents is as follows:
“Government employees have truly become IT savvy through the
efforts of project Sakshyam”.
The entries in Table 4.10 reveal that on the basis of the Percentage
analysis of the responses towards the 28 items of IAOEIU Scale of the 148
respondents, the following important results have been obtained:
67
Table 4.10
Percentage analysis of respondents Strongly Disagree+ Disagree
Item. No. Number of Respondents Percentage
Item No.3 53 35.8%
Item No.4 38 25.7%
Item No.10 29 19.6%
Item No.16 28 18.9%
Item No.9 27 18.2%
Item No.19 10 6.8%
Item No.17 10 6.8%
Item No.27 8 5.4%
Item No.1 7 4.7%
Item No.15 6 4.1%
0.00%
5.00%
10.00%
15.00%
20.00%
25.00%
30.00%
35.00%
40.00%
Item No.3Item No.4Item No.10Item No.16Item No.9Item No.19Item No.17Item No.27Item No.1Item No.15
Figure 4.6 Percentage analysis of Strongly Disagree+ Disagree
68
1. The Statement which has been either strongly disagreed or disagreed by
the largest number of respondents 35.8% is as follows:
“It is improbable to technologically develop a traditional society
through the efforts of project Sakshyam”.
2. The Statement which has been either strongly disagreed or disagreed by the
second largest number of respondents 25.7% is as follows:
“Government employees have truly become IT savvy through the
efforts of project Sakshyam”.
3. The Statement which has been either strongly disagreed or disagreed by the
third largest number of respondents 19.6% is as follows:
“Computerization of Government departments faces major problems
because of the lack of 24 X 7 hours power backup facility”.
4. The Statement which has been either strongly disagreed or disagreed by the
fourth largest number of respondents 18.9% is as follows:
“The task of IT workforce creation in college/Universities is being
adequately done through project Shikhar”.
5. The Statement which has been either strongly disagreed or disagreed by
the fifth largest number of respondents 18.2% is as follows:
“The major objective of project Hindi lab is to provide digitized
content to local level is being properly attained”.
6. The Statements which has been either strongly disagreed or disagreed by
only 4.1% respondent is as follows:
“More concrete efforts are required to subsequently increase the IT-
awareness”.
69
Table 4.11 Percentage analysis of Can’t Say
Item. No. Number of Respondents Percentage
Item No.12 61 41.2%
Item No.8 57 38.5%
Item No.19 57 38.5%
Item No.26 55 37.2%
Item No.5 52 35.1%
Item No.17 20 13.5%
Item No.27 16 10.8%
Item No.15 15 10.1%
Item No.24 15 10.1%
Item No.10 14 9.5%
The entries in Table 4.11 reveal that on the basis of the Percentage
analysis of the responses towards the 28 items of IAOEIU Scale of the 148
respondents, the following important results have been obtained:
1. The Statement towards which the largest number of respondents 41.2%
responded in “Can’t Say” is as follows:
“Project Hermitage has really succeeded in creating centers of
excellence in IT in the state”.
2. The Statement towards which the smallest number of respondents 9.5%
responded in “Can’t Say” is as follows:
“Computerization of Government departments faces major problems
because of the lack of 24 x 7 hours power backup facility”.
70
Table 4.12 Combined Analysis
Item No. Strongly agree
Agree Can’t Say
Disagree Strongly disagree
1 29 76 36 06 01
2 26 70 31 15 06
3 26 42 27 45 08
4 18 46 46 35 03
5 25 50 52 19 02
6 26 51 50 17 04
7 36 62 39 09 02
8 36 40 57 12 03
9 21 61 39 22 05
10 51 54 14 25 04
11 40 65 25 16 02
Figure 4.7 Percentage analysis of Can’t Say
0.00%
5.00%
10.00%
15.00%
20.00%
25.00%
30.00%
35.00%
40.00%
45.00%
Item No.12Item No.8Item No.19Item No.26Item No.5Item No.17 Item No.27Item No.15Item No.24Item No.10
71
Item No. Strongly agree
Agree Can’t Say
Disagree Strongly disagree
12 23 50 61 11 03
13 43 70 22 07 06
14 26 60 49 08 05
15 63 64 15 04 02
16 20 68 32 23 05
17 53 65 20 09 01
18 27 59 39 21 02
19 26 55 57 05 05
20 29 58 46 14 01
21 28 76 32 12 00
22 29 58 48 11 02
23 35 71 27 11 04
24 43 75 15 14 01
25 37 72 21 15 03
26 15 53 55 21 04
27 35 89 16 04 04
28 19 66 49 12 02
72
Fig 4.8 Combined Analysis
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
Strongly agree Agree Can’t Say Disagree Strongly disagree
73
TABLE 4.13 Ratio analysis Highest Verses Lowest
ITEM NO. Respondents Percentage
Item No.27 Agree 89 Highest 60.13%
Item No.8 Agree 40 Lowest 27.02%
Item No.15 Strongly
Agree
63 Highest 42.56%
Item No.26 Strongly
Agree
15 Lowest 10.13%
Item No.12 Can’t Say 61 Highest 41.21%
Item No.10 Can’t Say 14 Lowest 9.45%
Item No.3 Disagree 45 Highest 30.41%
Item No.15 Disagree 04 Lowest 2.70%
Item No.27 Disagree 04 Lowest 2.70%
Item No.3 Strongly
Disagree
08 Highest 5.40%
Item No.21 Strongly
Disagree
00 Lowest 0.00%
On the basis of the Percentage analysis of the responses towards the
28 items of IAOEIU Scale of the 148 respondents, the following important
results have been obtained:-
1. Statement which has been agreed by the highest number of
respondents 60.13% is as follows:
74
0.00% 10.00% 20.00% 30.00% 40.00% 50.00% 60.00% 70.00%
Agree
Agree
Strongly Agree
Strongly Agree
Can’t Say
Can’t Say
Disagree
Disagree
Disagree
Strongly Disagree
Strongly Disagree
Item
No.
27Ite
mN
o.8
Item
No.
15Ite
mN
o.26
Item
No.
12Ite
mN
o.10
Item
No.
3Ite
mN
o.15
Item
No.
27Ite
mN
o.3
Item
No.
21
Fig 4.9 Ratio analysis Highest Verses Lowest
“e-Governance projects are providing excellent opportunities to the
different departments by bringing to the different department by bringing
them within the ambit of e-governance”.
2. The Statement which has been agreed by the lowest number of
respondents 27.02% is as follows:
“Benefit of project D-space could not yet reach the beneficiaries in
the remote areas of the state”.
3. The Statement which has been strongly agreed by the highest number of
respondents 42.56% is as follows:
“More concrete efforts are required to subsequently increase the IT –
awareness”.
75
4. The Statement which has been strongly agreed by the lowest number of
respondents 10.13% is as follows:
“Creation of center of excellence of IT through project Hermitage is
beneficial for a limited number of experts only”.
5. The Statement which has been can’t say by the highest number of
respondents 41.21% is as follows:
“Project Hermitage has really succeeded in creating centers of
excellence in IT in the state”.
6. The Statement which has been can’t say by the lowest number of
respondents 9.45% is as follows:
“Computerization of Government departments faces major problems
because of the lack of 24 X 7 hours power backup facility”.
7. The Statement which has been disagreed by the highest number of
respondents 30.41% is as follows:
“It is improbable to technologically develop a traditional society
through e-Initiatives”.
8. The Statement which has been disagreed by the lowest number of
respondents 2.70% is as follows:
“More concrete efforts are required to subsequently increase the
IT- awareness”.
9. The Statement which has been disagreed by the lowest number of
respondents 2.70% is as follows:
“e-Governance projects are providing excellent opportunities to the
different departments by bringing them within the ambit of
e-Governance”.
10. The Statement which has been strongly disagreed by the highest number
of respondents 5.40% is as follows:
“It is improbable to technologically develop a traditional society through
e-Initiatives”.
76
11. The Statement which has been strongly disagreed by the lowest number of
respondents 0.00% is as follows:
“Lack of information facility is creating problems in the attainment
of the objectives of project Shikshya”.
77
Chapter V
Results and Discussions
This chapter presents an improved model based on data analysis of
the research for effective implementation of e-Initiatives in Uttarakhand. The
study puts a road map for e-Initiatives in Uttarakhand state describing proposed
e-Initiative applications such as State Citizen Data Card (SCDC), State Data
Center (SDC) etc. The study highlights the required policies, infrastructure and
expected benefits of proposed system for effective implementation in the state.
5.1 e-Initiatives for Uttarakhand Chapters III and IV provide an in-depth explanation of significant
issues surrounding e-Initiatives development and dissemination in Uttarakhand.
This section presents key conclusions drawn from the previous chapters to plan
and implement a new strategy for better e-Initiatives. Some of the e-Initiatives
undertaken by the state are discussed below.
5.1.1 UKSWAN Uttarakhand State Wide Area Network (UKSWAN) should be
operational as a Wide area network to offer the future e-Governance services as
a backbone to the state. UKSWAN will cover the entire State and shall provide
voice, video and data services on the network. The network could provide a
reliable, resilient and secure backbone to meet the information requirements
and associated services. UKSWAN is required to improve administrative
effectiveness, efficiency of employees & expedite the overall development of
the State and to improve the Quality of Service to the citizens of the State. The
broad objectives of UKSWAN are:
78
To provide a reliable and secured backbone network.
To provide a complete array of government services and online
information to the public in a secured way.
To provide convenient, anytime, anywhere public access to
government’s information and services.
To provide the State and local government entities with cost-effective
long-distance converged communication services (voice, data and video)
to fulfill the State’s vision of widespread access to government services.
To interconnect existing networks with the proposed network to get
better utilization of the existing facilities.
To support e-Commerce applications to meet public requirement and
thereby improve the efficiency of all concerned.
To Provide Open interfaces for connectivity to facilitate the exchange of
information among State government users.
To provide vendor-neutral in regards to user connectivity, and will
expand, not limit the choice of products and services available to State
agencies.
To provide significant improvement in Government to Citizen (G2C),
Citizen to Government (C2G), Government to Business (G2B), Business
to Government and Government to Government (G2G) interfaces.
UKSWAN as a high capacity scalable Network based on open
standards will carry Voice, Data and Video traffic among designated locations
in the state. The connectivity to end-user will be the combination of standard
leased circuits, dial-up circuits or wireless circuits as appropriate for the
individual offices. State e-Governance Gateway (SEGG) with adequate
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capacity for internet and provision for connecting other existing Networks of
other states and countries (Fig 5.1) are the additional requirements.
UKSWAN will work on multi-tiers of Network connectivity model,
which comprise of State Head Quarter (SHQ), District Head Quarters (DHQs),
Tehsil Head Quarters (THQs) etc. This shall be connected to all DHQs and
offices in the State Capital with required bandwidth capacity. Each DHQ shall
be connected to their respective THQs and offices in those Districts with
required bandwidth capacity. Each THQ shall be connected to the offices in
those Tehsils with required bandwidth capacity for delivering and
dissemination of the refined data on day to day basis.
Figure 5.1: UKSWAN Diagram
Tehsil Level
District Level
State Level
Tehsil Head Quarter THQ # 1
Tehsil Head Quarter THQ # n
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5.1.2 Proposed Applications
The study suggests the following services would be available after
UKSWAN is operational:
Online Registration and search - Citizens will be able to fill online
registration forms.
Land Record Information System - ownership, area, taxation, etc.
accessible.
Treasury Information System - status of bills submitted, revenue,
expenditure etc.
Sales Tax - Status of tax collected location-wise.
Transport (RTO, Check Post) - Tax collected at each check post.
High Court – status of all cases (description, pending, next hearing etc.)
e-Agro Services – Details of agricultural land for farmers.
e-Village – To Provide e-Governance services at last level citizens.
Public Health Information System (PHIS) – All medical colleges of state
& Civil Hospitals will get connected and be able to provide telemedicine
services.
Integrated Works Distribution & Management System.
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Figure 5.2 shows the proposed high level architecture of UKSWAN.
Figure 5.2: State level architecture
5.1.3 e-Initiatives Roadmap Many issues have been highlighted earlier that have an effect on
e-Governance adoption as an e-Initiative in Uttarakhand. In future it will help
the people of Uttarakhand to use e-Governance services, in easy to use and
better environment. This study presents key factors of the proposed e-
Governance model in the Uttarakhand state. A detailed framework for adoption
of and illustrating the key factors and issues around proposed e-Governance
model is also highlighted. In addition, this section presents valuable
implications for the future e-Governance projects which have been learned
from the past experiences.
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5.1.4 State e- Initiative Web Portal e- Forms based model
Benefit from the repository of valuable data that the departments
collect is accessed by only a small number of people. The majority of
population have no access to this. However, this issue may soon be addressed
once departments start following standards for electronic forms and sharing
common information on individual and business level. Experts suggest the
standardization of information collection, storage and digitization of forms as
the next crucial steps for making e-Initiatives services successful in the state.
As a foundation step, Uttarakhand has already deployed UKSWAN,
and is in the process of establishing Common Service Centers (CSC) and
deploying and putting in place the State Data Centers (SDCs). e-Forms will
ride on these three pillars – UKSWAN, SDC and CSC. In our proposed model
for Uttarakhand, the State Portal of Uttarakhand should host all the forms as e-
forms, for the various Government Services accessible to citizens in the state.
A citizen will be able to download the e-Forms through the various CSC outlets
and submit his/her application electronically. This submitted form will be
routed intelligently by the State Portal to SDC. A citizen will be able to query
the status of his/her application at a later point in time.
Standardization of information collection, and storage and
digitization of forms are the key factors for making e-Initiatives services in
Uttarakhand effective [28].
These Initiatives, under the different projects may automate the
processes, related to the proactive enforcement and compliance of the legal
requirements under the Companies Act, 1956. For these projects fortunately,
standardization of its various forms is not a big hindrance as the proposed
service. Being a state-wide rollout, there is enough political and bureaucratic
support to ensure to smooth running of the administration activities as well
.The highlights of the proposed model are:
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The UKSWAN infrastructure helps in connecting all State government
offices, horizontally and vertically.
SDC is used for hosting the State Service delivery gateway (SSDG) and
state portal.
CSC is the main access point for citizens and will be used for filling up
e-Forms from a remote location.
Once the infrastructure is in place, state government would be loading
applications on the UKSWAN, which can be accessed through the
SSDG. These gateways will provide a single window access to the
information and services of the state government at all levels. By filling
in specific forms with the required information at nearby CSCs, all
citizens, including those in remote areas, will be able to access data and
apply for certificates etc with the click of a mouse.
5.2 Uttarakhand on the path of e-Initiatives Lots of e-Initiatives have been successfully implemented in Uttarakhand
The Chief Minister’s Information System facilitates monitoring of
CM’s announcements, budget announcements, projects and various financial
aided schemes. These include Chief Minister’s Schedule, issue of various
sanctions from CM Relief Fund/ BPL Schemes etc. The disaster Management
System is a web based enabled integrated system designed and developed to
monitor and control various activities being carried out under relief works.
These applications being transparent reduce response time in administration
procedures in Government departments.
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Government of Uttarakhand State Citizen Data Card (SCDC)
Date of issue: Card Number: Date of ending: Name: DOB: Sex: Address: Distinguish Mark:
Card Holder Signature Card issuing Authority
5.3 State Citizen Data Card (SCDC) In the present scenario all the citizens do not have identity proof or
cards .They are using either PAN card or Electroll Identification Card to prove
their identity.
It is proposed that the State prepare an STDC - State Citizen Data
Card, with biometric authentication which is considered as the most reliable
way of guaranteeing peoples identity, since each person has his or her own
individual characteristics that cannot be forged, changed, lost or stolen.
Fake identities can have very serious consequences, as shown by
Cyber crimes, terrorism and illegal immigration. Biometrics is highly
recommended as the best solution to counter these threats. It is considered to be
the most reliable way of guaranteeing peoples identity, or the identification of
individuals and is used in this way by certain program of States. Figure 5.3
shows the prototype of SCDC card.
Figure 5.3 Prototype of SCDC Card
This prototype intends to provide an interface between citizens and
state officers to process the application online for better delivery of services.
The system provides a form for the state citizens to apply online using the web
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portal. They need to fill up all the relevant information as required in the form
to submit it to the system. The system will cross check the data with the master
database. If a person has earlier applied for say a birth certificate, which
actually generates an identification number, this number will be referenced. If
not, the system will create a new identification card number and a reference
number. This reference number is to facilitate the user to check the application
status.
If the status is approved, then the user must go to any of the state
kiosk or CIC to provide the thumb print and scanned photo. Once all the
information is uploaded to State Data Center - database and once SDC passes
the information to CSC, it will produce the SRIC and SRIC for the uses of the
system.
The current system requires citizens to provide thumb prints and
their photograph in order to process SRIC application. Besides giving thumb
prints manually using thumb pads, thumb prints can also be given using
biometric thumb scanner and related software to store it. There are many kinds
of biometric scanners in the market which can support these options.
Fingerprint and thumbprint scanners are popular for their ease of use. Several
of these devices are integrated into web based or stand-alone scanners.
BioLinks released U-Match 3.5 fingerprint scanner. The U-Match Matchbook
5.0 has taken the concept one step further. These scanners contain a built-in
thumb-print scanner and provide log-on security with no extra hardware on the
desk. The U-Match Matchbook provides added security by combining a
fingerprint scanner and smart card reader. Both devices can be used by USB
port. Biolinks biometric scanners are widely used in Government departments
such as Passport departments in Senegal, Maldives, sales tax department in
India, department of human services in San Francisco, and a few Banks in
Kazakhstan. It is not practical for citizens to acquire it in order to perform the
online registration considering the high price of acquiring it. Therefore, one of
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the ways to capture the fingerprint is by way of placing this type of biometric
scanner at CSC kiosks at public places, so that citizens can drop by at kiosks
and provide thumb prints and photo while they do their shopping. The same is
applicable for loading citizens' photo into the SDC database.
5.4 State Data Centre (SDC) State Data Centre (SDC) has been identified as one of the important
element of the core infrastructure for supporting e-Governance initiatives. This
study suggests creating State Data Canters for the States to consolidate
services, applications and infrastructure to provide efficient electronic delivery
of G2G, G2C and G2B services. These services can be rendered by the States
through common delivery platforms seamlessly supported by core connectivity
infrastructure such as Uttarakhand State Wide Area Network (UKSWAN) and
Common Service Centre (CSC) that feature connectivity extended up to village
level. State Data Centre would provide many functionalities and some of the
key functionalities are on central repository of the state, secure data storage,
online delivery of services, Citizen Information/Services Portal, State Intranet
Portal, Disaster Recovery, Remote Management and Service Integration.
The State Data Centre can work as a key-supporting element of e-
Governance Initiatives & businesses for delivering services to the citizens with
greater reliability, availability and serviceability. SDC can provide better
operations & management control and minimize overall cost of Data
Management, IT Management, Deployment and other costs.
State Data Centre may act as an interface and convergence point
between open unsecured public domain and sensitive government environment.
It could enable various State departments to host their services/applications on
a common infrastructure, leading to ease of integration and efficient
management, and ensuring that computing resources and the support
connectivity infrastructure (UKSWAN) are adequately and optimally used.
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The SDC will be equipped to host / co-locate systems (e.g. Web
Servers, Application Servers, Database Servers, SAN, and NAS etc.) to host
applications at the SDC to use the centralized computing power. The
centralized computers/Servers can be used to host multiple applications. SDC
would have high availability, centralized authenticating system to authenticate
the users to access their respective systems depending on the authentication
matrix. State would need to establish the SDC using any one of the two options
indicated below.
In option (i) the State/UT and the NIC together can form a composite
team for the State Data Centre. The sovereign control of the data/ applications
shall lie with the State and NIC through its dedicated core team (6-7domain
experts /professionals) which may be specially created for each State. It shall
provide complete handholding for infrastructure up-keep, operations &
management including issues related to business continuity. NIC Data Centre
team would further be supported by domain specialists and support staff that
would be recruited by the Centre/State for the State Data Centre. The Facility
Management services for physical infrastructure may be outsourced, if
required.
In option (ii) the State leverages the capabilities of existing
commercial Internet Data Centers (IDCs) for which different deployment
models are available (Co-located services, Dedicated Services and Managed
Services). Under this option, the State may identify a suitable model (confined
to either co-located services or dedicated services, only keeping in view the
security implications) to select an appropriate agency through a suitable
competitive process for outsourcing. The entire process of outsourcing,
including advising on the most appropriate model, would be managed by the
consulting agency to be made available by DIT to the State. Further, the State
may also exercise the option to engage and utilize the manpower resources of
NIC.
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5.5 Common Service Centers (CSC) As a part of the National e-Governance Plan there will be:
100,000 Common Services Centers in Rural India - 10,000 in Urban
India.
One CSC to service a cluster of 6 villages - 6,00,000 villages networked.
CSCs enabled with appropriate IT Infrastructure and Connectivity.
Focus on Rural Entrepreneurship & Market Mechanisms.
Focus on Private Sector services for quick sustainability.
CSCs to be positioned as the retail extension outlets in rural India.
No Capital Subsidy but Guaranteed Revenue Support from State/Centre.
The CSCs would offer a multitude of services in the areas of
e-Government, education, health, agriculture, commerce, retail, etc. It is to be
noted that delivery of Government services would be mandatory for the CSCs.
The services that can be provided to people through this interface using G2C,
G2C services include:
Land Records.
Birth/Death Certificates.
Grievances.
Form downloads and submissions.
Bill payments –water, electricity, telecom, etc.
Licenses, permits, subsidies.
Property Tax and Registration.
Bus pass, Railway tickets, Passport, etc.
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5.5.1 Business to Business – B2B/G2B
B2B model including the transitions between markets, BPO etc.
Market Research, Surveys, Data Collection.
Rural BPO Services (Data Collection, Digitalization, etc.)
Advertising, Branding and Promotions.
5.5.2 Business to Consumer Services - B2C
B2C focus on:
IT services (Printing, Scanning, DTP, web surfing, etc.)
Agri-business services (consulting, procurement, etc.)
Banking and Financial Services (Loans, Deposits, etc.)
Telecom Services (PCO, phone sales, etc.)
Commercial Services (Matrimonial, Astrology, Bio-data, etc.)
Retail Sales & Referrals (Farm Inputs, Vehicles, etc.)
Education Services (IT Training, English Speaking, etc.)
Health (Tele-medicine, OTC medicines, etc.)
e-Commerce (Online shopping, trading, etc.)
5.5.3 Common Services through CSC The common services through CSC can cover Electricity, Water,
Telephone, Ration Card, Sanitation, Public Transport, Land Records,
Telephone, House tax billing, FIR Registration, Lost and Found , Pension,
Registration of Licenses and Certificates Ration Cards, Birth Certificates,
Death Certificate, Domicile Certificate, Caste/Tribe Certificate, Arms
Renewal, Registration of Documents, School Registration, University
Registration, Motor Vehicle Registration, Driving License (issue and renewal),
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Employment Exchange Registration, Employment Opportunities, Examination
Results, Hospitals / Beds Availability / Services, Railway Time Tables, Airline
Time Tables, Road Transport Time Tables, Government Forms, Government
Schemes, Seeds Information, Pesticides, Fertilizers, Crop disease, weather
Forecast - short range / District wise, Market Price for agriculture areas,
Taxation & Return Filing, Income Tax, Corporate Tax ,Sales Tax, House Tax,
Property Tax, Road Tax, Company Returns and many more.
5.5.4 Status of CSC at Uttarakhand Uttarakhand government will run CSC scheme in PPP mode with
Reliance Communication. The main areas of this project will be:
Pithoragarh
Udhamsingh Nagar
Chamoli
Almora
Bageshwar
Haridwar
Pauri Garhwal
Champawat
Nainital
5.6 Policies The aim of e-Initiatives is to transform the Government into a
knowledge society and make the benefits of information technology available
to all citizens. The main objectives of the e-Initiatives polices are improving
economy, employment creation, citizen-centred governance, and globally
competent government. These e-Initiatives considers for achieving better
e-Initiatives project of the following components
Human Resource Development and Management
Data and Content Management
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Security
Front End
Middleware
Back end and Department Automation
Integrated Services
Process Re-engineering
Back End and stakeholders
Users through sensitization
Orientation
Motivation
Figure 5.4 presents a policy framework for the effective
implementation of e-Initiatives for the state of Uttarakhand.
State People Professionals
Internet Users, Mobile Users, Media, Kiosks
Policies
(HRD Management, Data & Content Management, Security, Middleware, Backend, Integrated Services, Process Re-engineering,
GIS, Employment Generation, Electronic Payment)
e-District Portal
State Portal National Portal Department Portals
Central Agencies Service Providers State Agencies
Figure 5.4 e-Initiatives policies framework
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5.7. State Data Warehouse Data warehouse is a subject-oriented, integrated, time-variant, non-
volatile collection of data, cutting across the enterprise. Unless there is a
repository of accurate data across the enterprise value chain, application of
mining tools to analyze and aid in strategic government decisions is not
possible. Currently in most of the enterprises, the difficult and resource
consuming stage is development and deployment of data warehouse and
mining applications.
Government departments might come across shortage of resources in
one department. This could be due to non-availability of proper data and
facilities to disseminate information. If government departments are
computerized and networked data access and response serving can be made
available directly. This is because the information is stored in different formats,
in different platforms and in heterogeneous database systems. A look at the
information requirements at each level and the information flow across levels
shows a pattern. While information that flows from top (fund sanction,
allocation and disbursement details) is split to lower levels, information that
flows from grass root level (such as expenditure details, benefits details,
beneficiary details etc.) is consolidated to generate information for higher
levels. This pattern makes the entire vertical domain of e-Governance
framework, an ideal domain for development of data warehousing and use
of data mining applications.
5.7.1 Benefits of State Data Warehouse Do not have to deal with heterogeneous and silo systems.
Dependence on IT staff minimized.
Can obtain easily decipherable and comprehensive information without
the need to use sophisticated tools.
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Mission Mode Projects Transport Land Records Property Registration
Other State initiatives
e-Initiatives framework for Uttarakhand
UKSWAN
Can perform extensive analysis of stored data to provide answers to
exhaustive queries.
Helps in formulating more effective strategies and policies for citizen
facilitation.
5.8 e-Architecture e-State
The proposed e-Governance model for Uttarakhand state can aim to
make all Government services accessible to the common man in his own
vicinity, through common service delivery outlets (CSC). It can ensure
efficiency, transparency & reliability of such services at affordable costs to
realize the basic needs of the common man by which Uttarakhand can be
viewed as an e-State. One of the goals of the state Government, to meet this
vision i.e., to become an e-State, is the need to cooperate, collaborate and
integrate information across different departments in the Centre, States and
Local Government. Government departments of Uttarakhand state can be
characterized by islands of legacy systems using heterogeneous platforms and
technologies spread across diverse geographical locations including hilly and
remote areas, in varying state of automation, to make this task very
challenging. The figure 5.5 shows an abstract model of proposed e-State
framework.
Figure: 5.5 e-Governance framework for Uttarakhand
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SEGG State e-Governance Gateway
SDWC State Data warehouse Center
UKSWAN Uttarakhand State Wide Area Network
SHQ State Head Quarter
CSC Common Services Center
NSDG National and other State Data Gateway
NSDWC National and other State Data warehouse
Figure 5.6 e-Architecture
5.9 Some proposed e-Initiatives applications 5.9.1 Online Job counselling It is a central gateway to provide information pertaining to various
courses, their admission criteria, fee structure, employment opportunities, seat
availability etc. that are available in the State.
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5.9.2 e-Initiative applications for future Government / Ministries Websites:
This is further incorporated with inter-department or inter-agency
data transfer. For example, a birth registration will be recorded also by the
statistics department for statistical purposes, education department for
forecasting school enrollment and probably notification to the parents about
their placement at nearby schools, health department for notification of
immunization and latest updates regarding medication.
5.9.3 Online Search Option The proposed system only provides submission of registration. The
future system may provide more options to citizens as well as to government
officials to query and search on data stored in databases, with implementation
of strict and powerful security features.
It can provide options to Lodge complaints regarding Loss of
Certificates or SRIC and apply for its copy: Currently, every loss of certificates
is registered manually and the proposed system does not provide any option to
lodge the loss or application for a copy of the certificates. The future system
should include these options in order to provide a complete service.
5.9.4 e-Payment and m-Payment Steps to create electronic payment system and incorporate it with the
portal can be initiated. Services such as, marriage and adoption, registrations
incur charges. This charges must be made payable through State government
portal. The system with e-Payment facilities and m-payment using m-banking
facility will definitely provide ease of use.
In future, people will log on to a website, establish their identity with
a password and digital signature, and carry out their transaction with
government without leaving their home. In time, the Internet will affect the
public sector much more profoundly than it has done in the private sector, for
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the simple reason that people like to go out shopping whereas they dread the
thought of making a trip to a government office and do so only out of necessity.
Using the Internet would not only make people's lives easier, it will change the
way they think about government.
5.9.5 m-Services (Mobile phone based services) We have more mobile users, as compared to the Internet users, in the
state. This fact provides a strong opportunity for the state government to
provide anytime anywhere services to citizens without a stationary wired setup.
Mobile governance is comparatively, a broader phenomenon which is
inevitable and will have a substantial influence on the generation of standard
strategies, rules and functions of e-Governance in future.
The volume of penetration of mobile devices will put severe pressure
on m-Governance implementations. The users will want to have government
services (those which are appropriate for mobile technologies) to be delivered
and made accessible anywhere and at anytime.
5.9.6 SMS Alerts (In Local Language) University results, Boards results, the various entrance examinations
results can be sent through SMSs on mobile phone along with information,
regarding farming and disaster information. Health related information can also
be sent on mobile phone.
The following are some of the attractive benefits of using m-services:
Low Cost: Mobile phones are a relatively low cost technology as compared to
Internet technology.
Ease of Learning: Usage of mobile devices is fairly simple thus making it
easy for any common person to use it and to access information.
Enhanced Network: A wide range of government services can be delivered
via mobile network. According to an estimate by R.Chandrashekhar,
Additional Secretary (e-Gov), Government of India, approximately 50%
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to 60% of government services in India can be delivered through mobile
channels.
Wide availability of mobile phones: The use of Internet requires a fairly
complex set of skills and technology know how's. There are certain
requirements such as electricity, communication lines, computer
workstation and in most cases a reasonable fluency in English. These
requirements are difficult to meet in many e-Governance applications.
These cannot be implemented and even if implemented some how fail to
succeed and meet their objective.
Easy Infrastructure Setup: Due to the simple architecture of mobile
telephony, new mobile phone networks can be easily installed in
countries where infrastructure is an issue and that too without too much
economic constraint.
3G Services: A shift towards higher data transfer rates and third generation
(3G) services can be made as it promises to make more information
available at faster speeds.
5.10 Data Security The proposed model will work as an online system hosted by a
public (Internet) of private network (UKSWAN), and user trust is a must for
that to use those applications. The following are some recommendations:
Authentication: This is the ability to say that an electronic communication
(whether via an email or web) genuinely comes from who it purports to.
The challenge here is to have simple, cost-effective but a strong enough
authentication method. At least two levels of authentication are
recommended. However, implementations of hardware tokens like
Citizen Smart card are expensive and not easily manageable.
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Privacy: Privacy is the ability to ensure that information is accessed and
changed only by authorized parties. Typically this is achieved by
enforcing strong security controls in the server systems and via
encryption.
Authorization: Authorization allows a person or computer system to
determine if someone has the authority to request or approve an action
or information. Authorization is tied with Authentication. If a system
can securely verify that a request for information (such as a web page)
or a service (purchase requisition) has come from a known individual,
the system can then check against its internal rules to see if that person
has sufficient authority for the request to proceed. However, in case of
e-Governance, the huge and varied types of clientele pose a challenge
for the authorization process.
Integrity: The Integrity of information means ensuring that a communication
received has not been altered or tampered with. Traditionally, this
problem has been dealt with by having tight control over access to paper
documents and requiring authorized officers to initial all changes made
– a system with obvious drawbacks and limitations. Integrity of
messages can be achieved in G2B and G2G applications by using digital
certificates. However, for general population this will remain a
challenge.
5.11 Benefits of proposed system The proposed framework will be built on public-private
partnership model. Citizens shall be provided with a clean, transparent,
efficient and effective administrative system through the state-of-art Electronic
and communication technology. This model will be a direct interface between
the citizens and the government (C2G), which saves considerable time, energy
and money to every one and gives the citizens the advantage of hassle free
dealings with the administration. All administrative departments of
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Uttarakhand will come under one roof, offering a wide Range Of citizen-
friendly services. All service centers would be facilitated with an electronic
system. It will be a one-stop-shop for many of G2C and B2C services of
Uttarkhand.
The following will be the key benefits after the adoption of this
proposed model:
All services can be availed at any Common Service Center (CSC) or
with the help of information kiosks.
All services can be availed at any counter within the center, i.e. a
consumer need not visit one counter for one service and another for
another service.
Services can be availed on holidays as well (365X24 work culture).
Bill payments can be made over the internet using EFT schemes of
Banks.
Development of Integrated Citizen Service House (ICSH) to offer
services of multiple Government departments under one roof.
Payment of utility bills like water, electricity, telephone, property tax etc
using Internet / Mobile phone, Issue of birth, death and property
certificates on line.
Booking bus tickets and train tickets through Internet, ATM machine,
information kiosks.
Issue of license on line.
Filing of passport application in Uttarakhand state on line.
Sale of legal documents for land registration.
Sale of state tourism department's travel and entertainment packages.
Integrated caste, nativity and birth certificate based on CID number.
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Filing of income tax and sale tax returns.
e-Education for rural areas in distance learning mode.
e- Healthcare System to provide mobile medical facilities in remote
areas of Hills.
Citizens are not charged for any utility payments.
At all State e-Governance counters payment can be made through cash,
cheque, demand draft & credit card.
Each Data center communicates with the servers of the departments
concerned. Therefore, payment particulars get updated on the
departmental servers in real time.
About 10000 citizens can transact at the e-Governance centers everyday
in future.
Citizens can use the facilities through the net by online payments.
Electronic receipt is treated as a conclusive proof of payment.
Business to Consumer (B2C) services at all centers. They include
financial services like ATM’s, mutual funds etc. Other services include
air ticketing, Train booking, cellular phone bill payments etc.
Online exchange of inter-departmental user specific data to effectively
reduce cycle time for service fulfilment.
Initiation of transactions by citizens shall lead to revenue enhancement
for urban local body.
Optimized IT infrastructure.
Employment opportunities through mechanism like agent login.
Reduced paper work.
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Information on volume of service request with break-up by type and
nature.
Cycle time and all levels resolution of services requests.
Monitoring of incidents (Complaints) and their resolution cycle time.
Information on frequency and details of changes to city infrastructure.
Useful information for capacity planning for infrastructure provision
based on land transactions /service requests received.
Control of building activity in areas where infrastructure capacity is
inadequate.
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Chapter VI
Recommendations and Future Scope
The work lists the findings of the research carried out with the
recommendations to improve the e-Initiatives in the state of Uttarakhand. The
work discusses the major outcomes of the study as introduced in the first
chapter. Subsequently, the recommendations of the study highlight the
effective implementation of e-Initiatives with the advancement of ICTs in the
early 1990s and the use of technology that will produce technical benefits for a
good percentage of the populace. We now have a situation where there is a well
activated plan of e-Governance for various departments across the country.
In Uttarakhand several e-Initiatives have been undertaken by the
government on the basis of the analysis and study of the projects. The general
opinion is that e-Initiatives are required more than ever to provide service to
the citizens.
The major recommendations, for effectively implementing the
e-Initiatives, as worked out in the three phases, are as follows:
6.1 PHASE 1: Publishing - Using ICT, to expand access to government information
Governments generate huge volumes of information, much of which
is potentially useful to individuals and businesses. The internet and other
advanced communication technologies can bring this information quickly and
more directly to citizens. Published implementations of e-Initiatives diverge
widely in their design and content, but developing nations generally can start
the process of e-Initiatives by publishing government information, online,
beginning with rules and regulations, documents, and forms. This could enable
citizens and businesses to readily access government information without
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having to travel to government offices, standing in long queues or paying
bribes. This can be a revolutionary advancement for nations wrecked by
inefficient bureaucracy and corruption. Published sites seek to disseminate
information about government along with information compiled by
government, to as wide an audience as possible. By doing so, published sites
serve as the leading edge of e-Initiatives.
6.1.1 Recommendations to Publish Projects We should begin with a strategy to provide information online with
appropriate milestones, post information of value to people in their daily lives,
while emphasizing on local language content. We must consider a mandate that
all agencies publish a specified range of information online, seek attainable
results using available resources and design sites so that they are easy to
maintain and sustain. They should be provision of appropriate funding must be
made to ensure that information is regularly updated. This must focus on
content that supports other goals, e.g. economic development, anti-corruption
and attract foreign direct investment/(s).
6.2 PHASE 2: Interacting – Broadening Civic
Participation in Government Published sites, however rich in content, are just a first step.
e-Initiatives have the potential to involve citizens in the governance process by
engaging them in interaction with policymakers throughout the policy cycle.
Strengthening civic engagement contributes to building public trust in
government. Interactive e-Initiatives involve two-way communications, starting
with basic functions like e-mail contact information for government officials or
feedback forms that allow users to submit comments on legislative or policy
proposals.
104
6.2.1 Recommendations for Interacting Sites We can show the citizens that their involvement matters, by
informing them of the outcomes of their online comments. We should break
down complex policy issues into easy-to-understood components. We should
be proactive about soliciting participation and use traditional media to publicize
online consultations. We can also engage citizens collaboratively in the design
phase.
6.3 PHASE 3 – Transacting: Making Government
Services available online Governments can go further, by creating websites that allow users to
conduct transactions online. Just as the private sector in developing countries is
beginning to make use of the Internet to offer e-commerce services,
governments is expected to do the same with their services. Potential cost
savings, accountability through information logs and productivity
improvements will be important drivers. A transact website offers a direct link
to government services available at any time. In the past, government services
such as land registration or the renewal of ID cards required long waits,
confrontation with stifling bureaucracy and occasional bribe as well. Innovative
citizen service kiosks can be in shopping centers in Uttarakhand, to fulfill the
purpose.
6.3.1 Recommendations for Transact Projects We can target audiences that will have immediate use for the online
services. We can enlist the support of those who will be using the Site and
address the concerns of government. We can integrate e-Initiatives with
process reforms, by streamlining and consolidating processes before putting
them online. We should recognize that initial investments in transact Systems
105
can pay off over time in terms of cost savings and increased revenue. This
suggest creation of a portal for transact services.
6.4 Some other Recommendations 6.4.1 Recommendations of Successful e-Government
initiatives in Transformation
We can process reform plans carefully. We can process these before
putting them online. We should not automate inefficiencies, but instead try to
eliminate them. We can respond to local needs and draw on the ideas of those
who will use the system and enlist their support. We should try to focus on
projects from the user perspective, dispel resistance of civil servants by training
and incentives to support reform and ensuring commitment of resources for a
long-term.
Leadership creates an office and designates a senior official as a
focal point for e-Government innovation, planning and oversight. So, signal
Presidential/ Prime Ministerial support for the initiative to ensure that all
relevant departments and agencies support it.
We can make short and long-term plans, with expected
expenditures, income streams and deadlines. We can designate an officer or
organizing body that will oversee planning and budgets. We can consider
multi-technology approaches. Some communities may not be ready for the
Internet, but other technologies like radio may better serve their needs.
Consultations with local communities will help ensure that they benefit from
technology. Collaboration in the planning phase, establish a consultative
process that includes opportunities to hear from and speak with businessmen,
NGO’s and other government agencies. Explain the goals of the e-government
initiative and solicit suggestions. Take private sector advice and experience,
into account, when designing systems. Respond to identified needs. Create
106
incentives for the private sector to become active participants in reform.
Encourage cooperation and integration between departments/ministries of
government. Local champions will help projects succeed.
To decrease skepticism in local communities, we can directly
involve local leaders by making them representatives, and by teaching them IT
skills which they can pass on to their communities in terms and thus create
local ownership. In conjunction with the establishment of a local management
committee or body, handing over of e-government projects should occur as
soon as possible. Federal agencies and state and municipal agencies and
authorities need to partner in it to ensure a smooth reform in services. Civic
Engagement must be consult widely in designing systems and design
applications that are focused on the citizen should be developed.
e-Government can be combined with legal reform efforts which
require public notice and comment in legislative and regulatory processes. At
the same time differences in local culture when seeking to engage citizens
should be kept in mind and engagement opportunities that build on successful
models must be designed.
6.5 Infrastructure Development Recommendations
Development of projects compatible with the nation’s telecom
infrastructure is recommended. Use of public access kiosks and mobile centers
can be made if teledensity is low. Introduction of telecom competition and
lifting regulations on wireless and other digital technologies to accelerate their
deployment is also suggested.
We can build on the micro enterprise model to bring connectivity to
under-served areas and ensure sustainability. We should also consider the
government’s current use of technology and learn from past successes and
failures. We must also establish an action framework at the beginning of the
process to allow for a rational and coordinated investment effort down the road.
107
6.5.1 Law and Public Policy Recommendations Consultation with stakeholders to assess how existing laws may
impede the desired results will be helpful. Online publication of government
information should be imparted legal status. Laws and regulations to allow
electronic filings with government agencies must be clarified. Processes must
be reformed by simplifying regulations and procedures.
6.5.2 Digital Divide Recommendations Provision of communal access through village computer centers or
kiosks should be ascertained and access should be combined with training. The
private sector should be provided incentives by donating equipment and
training. Emphasis on local language and content must be tailored to serve
different communities. Use of profit making entrepreneurs to build and sustain
access points in small communities can be made.
6.5.3 e-Literacy Recommendations It should be ensured that content is in local languages and that
interfaces are easy to use. Development of applications that use speech or
pictures in addition to, or instead of, written text must be encouraged.
Inclusion of an educational component in e-government projects is
suggested by providing aides at access points who can train citizens in basic
computer skills. We can additionally create programs that include traditional
media, like radio programs or newspaper columns, through which citizens can
learn about e-government. Special attention should be given to groups that are
difficult to integrate like women, elderly, and immigrants.
6.5.4 Accessibility Recommendations From the outset, we should design applications to facilitate the
disabled, like audio option for the blind etc. We should establish a legal
requirement for the government to adopt technology to assist the disabled.
Performance criteria must be set and its progress measured.
108
6.5.5 Trust Recommendation We can map key internal and external partners and build a strategy to
keep open lines of communications. For this we can start with short-term
projects that yield early results. This could help build trust and point towards
areas for large scale ventures. Strong leadership can help build confidence in
programs.
6.5.6 Privacy Recommendations Government officials should be educated and trained on the
importance of privacy. Design applications that integrate privacy protections
must follow “fair information practices”. We should minimize the collection
and retention of personal information and limit access to personally identifiable
information while not automatically allowing employees to tap into databases
of personally identifiable information.
6.5.7 Security Recommendations We should designate a senior official responsible for computer
security and continually assess systems to make sure that security precautions
are being implemented. We should also backup information regularly and store
backups in a separate location. When it comes to personal information, the
information collection should be kept to a minimum. At the same time personal
information should not be disclosed without express prior consent. Ongoing
training to employees on computer security must be provided and the
performance of system managers in adhering to sound security practices should
be evaluated.
6.5.8 Transparency Recommendations Online rules, regulations and requirements for government services
must be posted (such as requirements for obtaining a license) to minimize
subjective actions by officials. Highly placed public officials can expedite
transparency and accountability efforts by making their offices positive
109
examples of openness. While putting services online, citizens should be given
the ability to track the status of their applications. Civil servants should be
trained to provide incentives to reform. Integrate transparency and process
reform to simplify regulations and procedures must be integrated.
6.5.9 Records Management Recommendations Data sharing and cooperation between government departments must
be encouraged. Offline record keeping processes to make the transformation to
online publication easier must be streamlined. As creation and standardization
of meta-data is critical for conducting successful data searches across
institutions and networks.
6.5.10 Permanent Availability and Preservation
Recommendations Applications according to need must be designed. Considering
relevance, usability, language compatibility and affordability. We should
encourage cooperation between departments and with the private sector in
collecting, storing and utilizing data but proceed continuously with personally
identifiable information.
6.5.11 Education and Marketing Recommendations We should develop publicity and training campaigns that will
adequate the public about e-government initiatives and conduct research to
ensure that online services respond to actual needs and that the implementation
suits the target audience.
6.5.12 Public/Private Competition/ Collaboration
Recommendations We should forge multi-sectored partnerships, review and re-assess
laws and policies that impede public/private cooperation and ensure that
agreements with contractors and partners are equitable and can be reviewed and
110
revised over time. We should also seek assistance and involvement from
organizations that already have experience in providing services and
information using the identical technologies.
6.6 Future Scope Practical implementing of suggested applications or services is
beyond the scope of this study. Future workers may design some working
modules based upon our theoretical model that can be utilized by the state
government.
A new trend of using mobile based services and applications within
developing nations is observed. In future, the m-service may be popular among
people in Uttarakhand. Future research can study or implement the new forms
of m-services integrated with basic internet and e-Governance services [29]. In
Uttarakhand, more focus is required on mobile based applications such as m-
commerce and m-governance. The SMS based alert systems could be viewed
as an early initiative in this direction. Future work could test the validity of the
findings of this study’s on m-Governance and m-Commerce initiatives.
111
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List of Publications
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Uttarakhand Rural Citizen using Telemedicine”, Proceedings of
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(threats and attacks)”, Proceedings of IACSIT(2009) , IMS Manthan,
Journal of innovation, Vol. 5 (1).
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network time series forecasting of financial market”. Annual Conference
& National Symposium on Present Development in Applicable
Mathematics and Information Technology, JAYPEE Institute
Engineering & Technology, Guna.
4. Bisht, Manoj, (2010) “Relevance of e-Governance for the present
world”, Seminar on Present relevance of Indian culture, Department of
History, Kumaun University, Nainital.
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IAOEIU
Code No. Dear Sir/ Madam,
The researcher is conducting a study on the Impact assessment of e- Initiatives in Uttarakhand. As part
of the study, certain facts are required for analyzing the penetration of e-Initiative benefits in various
services. You are, therefore, requested to provide information sought below in the form of various
statements for this academic endeavor. The researcher would like to assure that the information so
collected would be kept strictly confidential and shall be used for research purpose only.
Name:
Department Name:
Designation:
Age: Less than 30 30- 40 years 41- 50 years Above 51 years
Sex: Male Female
Qualification: Under Graduate Graduate Post Graduate Any other (Please specify)
Agree Strongly agree Can’t Say Disagree Strongly disagree
1. Project Aarohi has increased the IT-awareness among school children.
2. There are several problems in the creation of IT workforce in colleges/Universities through project Shikar because of inadequate infrastructural facilities.
3. It is improbable to technologically develop a traditional society through e-Initiatives.
4. Government employees have truly become IT savvy through the efforts of project Sakshyam.
5. Comparatively lesser educational achievements in modern subjects is a big hindrance in the attainment of the objectives of project Taleem.
Appendix 1
128
Agree Strongly agree Can’t Say Disagree Strongly disagree
6. Project Janadhar have provided
proper facilities to the people in
getting day to day work done
properly.
7. Project Shikshya is a major
educational intervention
program for enabling school
children to become is IT savvy.
8. Benefit of project D-space
could not yet reach the
beneficiaries in the remote areas
of the state.
9. The major objective of project
Hindi lab is to provide digitized
content to local level is being
properly attained.
10. Computerization of
Government departments faces
major problems because of the
lake of 24 x 7 hours power
backup facility.
11. The Uttara portal is of immense
use for experts as well as
common people.
12. Project Hermitage have really
succeeded in creating centers of
excellence in IT in the state.
13. There are still several
shortcomings in the functioning
of e-Governance projects of the
state.
14. Project SWAN is an ambitious
and very useful endeavour.
15. More concrete efforts are
required to subsequently
increase the IT –awareness.
129
Agree Strongly agree Can’t Say Disagree Strongly disagree
17. In this era of globalization e-
Initiatives are imperative for
overall development of the
society.
18. The traditional mind set of
Government employees to use
paper files is an obstacle in the
path of capacity building
through the project Sakshyam.
19. IT intervention for minorities in
Madarasas through project
Taleem is an appreciation
worthy task.
20. Awareness with regard to
project Janadhar has not yet
reached at the ground level.
21. Lack of information facility is
crating problems in the
attainment of the objectives of
project Shikshya.
22. Digitized libraries has
revolutionized the access of
required information through
project D-space.
23. There are still several
difficulties in the attainment of
the objectives of project Hindi
lab to make available digitized
content at local level.
24. Computerized Government
departments have successfully
increased their working
efficiency.
25. Lack of continuous up
gradation of information is
amajor problem being faced by
the users of Uttara portal.
130
Agree Strongly agree Can’t Say Disagree Strongly disagree
26. Creation of center of
excellence of IT through
project Hermitage is
beneficial for a limited
number of experts only.
27. e-Governance projects are
providing excellent
opportunities to the different
departments by bringing them
within the ambit of e-
Governance.
28. There are still several
hindrances in the attainment
of the objectives of project
SWAN.
131
Appendix 2 Respondents Districts wise
S. No. Name of Districts Number
1. Chamawat 06
2. Pithoragarh 09
3. Nainital 13
4. Almora 54
5. Udham Singh Nager 07
6. Bageshwar 07
7. Hardwar 06
8. Pouri 05
9. Rudraprayag 05
10 Chamoli 07
11. Uttarkashi 04
12 Tehari 05
13. Dehradun 20
132
Appendix- 3
Master Table
S.No Code.No. Sex Age Qualification Category IAOEIU Score
1 101 1 3 3 4 54
2 102 1 2 3 4 47
3 103 1 2 3 4 47
4 104 1 3 3 1 50
5 105 2 1 3 4 64
6 106 2 2 2 4 54
7 107 2 1 3 4 53
8 108 1 1 3 2 50
9 109 1 2 3 2 56
10 110 1 1 3 4 56
11 112 1 2 3 2 57
12 113 1 2 3 4 58
13 114 1 1 3 4 61
14 115 1 1 2 4 53
15 116 1 2 4 4 57
16 117 2 2 4 2 59
17 118 1 2 3 1 56
18 119 1 3 3 1 53
19 120 1 4 3 1 57
133
1
S.No Code.No. Sex Age Qualification Category IAOEIU Score
20 121 1 4 4 1 49
21 122 1 4 3 4 52
22 123 1 2 3 4 50
23 124 1 2 3 1 62
24 126 1 2 2 4 48
25 127 1 2 3 4 50
26 128 1 2 3 1 56
27 129 1 1 2 56
28 130 1 2 2 1 52
29 131 1 1 3 4 59
30 132 2 2 3 4 59
31 133 1 2 3 1 64
32 134 1 4 4 4 55
33 135 1 3 3 1 51
34 136 1 2 1 1 52
35 137 1 1 2 1 53
36 138 2 1 3 2 55
37 139 1 3 3 1 44
38 140 1 2 3 1 58
39 141 1 1 3 2 68
40 142 1 1 3 4 51
41 143 1 2 3 2 57
134
S.No Code.No. Sex Age Qualification Category IAOEIU Score
42 144 2 3 4 4 50
43 145 1 1 3 1 57
44 147 2 1 3 1 62
45 148 1 1 3 4 58
46 149 1 1 3 2 47
47 150 1 2 3 1 43
48 151 1 3 4 1 49
49 152 1 1 3 1 51
50 153 1 3 4 1 47
51 154 2 2 3 4 52
52 155 1 1 2 1 56
53 157 2 1 1 3 59
54 158 2 3 4 1 49
55 159 1 2 3 1 56
56 160 1 2 3 1 53
57 161 2 1 2 3 63
58 162 2 1 2 3 62
59 163 2 1 3 3 65
60 164 1 3 3 1 58
61 165 2 1 3 3 59
62 166 2 2 3 4 58
63 167 2 1 3 4 63
135
S.No Code.No. Sex Age Qualification Category IAOEIU Score
64 168 2 1 3 4 72
65 169 2 2 3 4 58
66 170 2 2 3 4 51
67 171 2 2 3 4 49
68 172 1 2 3 2 51
69 173 2 1 3 4 58
70 174 1 3 3 4 49
71 175 1 3 2 4 58
72 176 1 3 3 4 50
73 177 2 3 1 4 48
74 178 1 1 2 3 56
75 180 1 4 3 1 51
76 181 1 1 4 1 63
77 182 1 1 4 1 58
78 183 1 3 3 4 77
79 184 1 4 4 1 56
80 185 1 2 2 4 55
81 186 1 4 4 4 55
82 187 1 2 3 4 68
83 188 1 4 4 4 53
84 189 1 2 2 4 51
85 190 1 4 4 1 56
136
S.No Code.No. Sex Age Qualification Category IAOEIU Score
86 191 1 3 2 4 53
87 192 1 1 2 1 73
88 193 1 1 3 2 55
89 194 1 1 2 1 54
90 195 1 1 3 1 55
91 196 1 1 3 1 57
92 197 1 1 1 1 53
93 198 1 1 2 1 61
94 199 1 1 3 2 49
95 200 1 1 3 2 58
96 201 2 1 3 2 55
97 202 2 1 3 2 48
98 203 2 1 3 2 53
99 204 1 2 3 2 52
100 205 1 1 3 2 58
101 206 2 1 3 2 50
102 207 2 3 3 2 57
103 208 1 2 3 2 47
104 209 2 1 3 2 52
105 210 1 2 3 2 54
106 211 1 1 4 2 49
107 212 1 2 4 2 48
137
S.No Code.No. Sex Age Qualification Category IAOEIU Score
108 213 1 1 3 2 50
109 214 1 1 3 2 58
110 215 1 1 3 2 56
111 216 1 3 3 2 53
112 217 1 2 4 2 53
113 218 1 4 4 4 60
114 219 2 1 3 2 61
115 220 1 4 4 4 59
116 221 2 1 3 2 47
117 222 1 1 3 2 55
118 223 2 1 3 2 54
119 224 1 1 3 1 53
120 225 1 1 3 2 50
121 226 1 2 3 1 66
122 228 1 1 3 1 77
123 230 1 2 4 4 46
124 231 1 4 4 1 42
125 233 1 3 4 1 83
126 234 1 2 3 1 79
127 235 2 2 4 1 82
128 239 1 3 2 4 82
129 240 1 2 3 4 80
138
S.No Code.No. Sex Age Qualification Category IAOEIU Score
130 241 1 3 3 4 72
131 242 2 2 4 1 51
132 243 2 1 4 4 49
133 244 1 1 3 4 46
134 245 1 2 4 4 53
135 247 1 2 3 4 57
136 248 1 3 3 1 56
137 249 1 1 3 1 51
138 250 1 1 4 4 54
139 251 1 1 4 4 54
140 252 1 1 3 4 54
141 253 1 1 4 4 53
142 254 1 2 4 4 63
143 255 1 2 3 1 60
144 256 1 2 3 4 60
145 257 1 1 3 2 83
146 258 2 2 3 2 65
147 259 1 3 2 4 48
148 260 1 2 2 4 60