Kazakhstan

Kazakhstan

VegetationThickets of elm, poplar, reeds, and shrubs grow along the banks of rivers and lakes. Coniferous trees, such as spruce, larch, cedar, and juniper, grow in thick forests on the mountain slopes in the extreme east and southeast.

WildlifeWildlife in Kazakhstan such as cheetah,caspian seal,wolf,golden eagle,gray wolf,great bustard,great gerbil,greater flamingo,hemorrhois ravergieri,jerbao,onager,pallass cat,sand cat,etc.

AgricultureAgriculture in Kazakhstanremains a small scale sector ofKazakhstan's economy. Agriculture's contribution to theGDPis under 10% - it was recorded as 6.7%, and as occupying only 20% of labor. At the same time, more than 70% of its land is occupied in crops and animal husbandry. Compared toNorth America, a relatively small percentage of land is used for crops, with the percentage being higher in the north of the country. 70% of the agricultural land is permanent pastureland.Kazakhstan's largest crop iswheat, which it exports. It ranks as the sixth largest wheat producer in the world.Minor crops includebarley,cotton,sugar beets,sunflowers,flax, andrice. Agricultural lands in Kazakhstan were depleted of their nutrients during theVirgin Lands Campaignduring theSovietera. This continues to impact production today.Kazakh wineis produced in the mountains east of Almaty.

Environmental IssuesKazakhstan also faces the problem of urban pollution, particularly in its eastern cities, which receive harmful emissions from lead and zinc smelters, a uranium-processing mill, and other industries. In recent years, environmental activist groups in Kazakhstan have begun lobbying for tighter emission controls. Other environmental issues in Kazakhstan include soil pollution from the overuse of pesticides in agriculture and the increasingly polluted waters of the Caspian Sea.Most ofKazakhstans water supply has been polluted by industrial and agricultural runoff and, in some places,radioactivity. TheAral Sea, which is shared withUzbekistan, has shrunk to three separate bodies of water because of water drawdowns in its tributary rivers. A Soviet-era biological weapons site is a threat because it is located on a former island in the Aral Sea that is now connected with the mainland. The reduction in the Aral Seas water surface has exacerbated regional climatic extremes, and agricultural soil has been damaged by salt deposits and eroded by wind. Desertification has eliminated substantial tracts of agricultural land.

Natural Hazard1.Dust storms of chemical pesticides and salts around of the Aral Sea.2.Earthquakes in the south.3.Mudslides around the city of Almaty

Aral seaTheecosystemsof the Aral Sea and theriver deltasfeeding into it have been nearly destroyed, not least because of the much higher salinity. The receding sea has left huge plains covered with salt and toxic chemicals the results ofweapons testing, industrial projects, and pesticides and fertilizer runoff which are picked up and carried away by the wind as toxic dust and spread to the surrounding area. The land around the Aral Sea is heavily polluted, and the people living in the area are suffering from a lack of fresh water andhealth problems, including high rates of certain forms of cancer and lung diseases. Respiratory illnesses, includingtuberculosis and cancer, digestive disorders,anaemia, and infectious diseases are common ailments in the region.Possible environmental solutionsMany different solutions to the problems have been suggested over the years, varying in feasibility and cost, including:Improving the quality ofirrigationcanalsInstallingdesalinationplantsCharging farmers to use the water from the riversUsing alternativecottonspecies that require less waterUsing fewer chemicals on the cottonMoving farming away from cottonInstalling dams to fill the Aral SeaRedirecting waterfrom theVolga,ObandIrtyshRivers to restore the Aral Sea to its former size in 2030 years at a cost of US$3050 billionPumping sea water into the Aral Sea from theCaspian Seavia a pipeline, and diluting it with fresh water from local catchment areas

Group 2Sukhum Jarangdej M.2/4 No.7Nitipon Sodawong M.2/4 No.8Saranphatr Boykratoke M.2/4 No.9Thanakorn Nuchitkachornwut M.2/4 No.10Pathomporn Ussawanawachat M.2/4 No.11Natchapat Chaipongpati M.2/4 No.12