things that make you sick
DESCRIPTION
BIO 110 Purdue Unit One by Dr. David BosTRANSCRIPT
Things that make you sick
Part I: nonliving things
Burgers and bloodDonated blood lately?
They ask about: Why?
Was there something in the air?
Prions
Isn’t meat full of proteins? What is special about this one?
Structure and function
Where to prions come from?
PrPc:
Cell membrane attachmentPlays a role in memory, movement, sleep/wake cycles and more
Results in change in function
PrPc: Common PrP
Where do prions come from?
Cooking does not disable or destroy prions—why?
Healthy protein prion
Protein structurePrimary structure:
What properties do amino acids have?
Unique properties of each amino acid determined by properties of functional groups at the “R side chain” or “R group”
General principle:
Functional groups
Make up parts of larger molecules
Amino acid properties
Why?
Amino acids with a negatively charged R group are acidic
Amino acids with a positively charged R group are basic
How are amino acids linked to form a sequence?
Joining amino acids forms a new water molecule
Peptide bond is a type of covalent bond
•
Electronegativity
Electronegativity difference ≤ 0.5:
Electronegativity difference > 0.5:
Relative Electronegativies
O Cl 3.2N C P 2.2H Na 0.9K 0.8
Element Electronegativity
Polarity
Despite the partial charge, these molecules are neutral: opposite poles balance each other out
Polarity is not the same as ions
Additional protein structures
The primary structure governs the formation and arrangement of other structures in a protein
Secondary structure:
Tertiary structure:
Quaternary structure: how multiple polypeptide chains are arranged into a single protein
Hydrogen bonding
Opposite partial charges weakly attractive
H bonds are forces that establish secondary and tertiary structural shapes
CJD progression
The process snowballs with time
Prion deposits build up and cause neurodegeneration
Spongiform encephalopathies
Caused by prions:
Mad cow disease, scrapie, kuru, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
The prion theory
Viruses• Very small: 100th the size of bacteria; 1000th the size of Eukaryotic cell
• Capsid:
• Variety of shapes and sizes
• Capsid proteins are used to attach to and gain entry into host cells
•
DNA vs. RNAMonomers?Functions?Structure?Bonds required to maintain structure?
Nucleotide structure/function
comparison
• Nucleotide functions: • •
Virus envelopes
• • • Lipids come from host cells; are mixed with viral proteins
Lipids
The main lipids of cell membranes and thus viral envelopes are phospholipidsOther types of lipids include steroids and triglycerides
Phospholipids
AmphipathicThree main components to the molecule
Function:
TriglyceridesTriglycerides: Two component moleculesFunction:
Fatty acids• Many types of fatty acids exist, varying in length of carbon chain, types of bonds, and amount of hydrogen
• All C-C bonds:
• Some C=C bonds:
What are trans-fatty acids?
Steroids
Function in nutrition, cellular signaling, building block of cells
End Biochem/Biomol