thinking geographically. on a piece of paper imagine and describe the most remote place on earth...
TRANSCRIPT
CHAPTER 1
Thinking Geographically
Warm Up
On a piece of paperImagine and describe the most remote place on Earth you can think of 100 years ago.
Now, describe how globalization has changed this place and how the people there continue to shape it –to make it the place it is today.
An in-depth Social Science
Many people have misconceptions about geography and think of the discipline as simply an exercise in memorizing place names.
Human Geography
The study of how people make places, how we organize space and society, how we interact with each other in places and across space, and how we make sense of others and ourselves in our locality, region, and world.
Where we find Geography?
Geography exist in the global issues receiving attention at this time things such as Population growth Terrorism Cultural diffusion.
Diffusion is defined as the spread of linguistic or cultural practices or innovations within a community or from one community to another.
Location, Location, Location
Geography's importance can also be established by looking at community issues, such as: Water supply Pollution Growth management Housing Retail
Openings Closures
Thinking Geographically In addition to political rule, boundaries
can be drawn based on various components of culture including language, religion, values.
Questions to Ponder Where would the
most desirable places to live be located?
What impacts would this population increase cause?
Every Story Can be approached from a Geographers Perspective
Consider natural events and natural disasters. Do humans choose to live in harm’s way?
Spatial analysis Geography by its nature is a spatial
science. Geographers therefore study space in order to locate the distribution of people and objects. Geographers ask two main questions, “where” and “why.” Spatial analysis is concerned with analyzing regularities achieved through interaction. Regularities result in a distinctive distribution of a feature.
Distribution has three properties: Density Concentration Pattern
World Political Boundaries (2004)
Fig. 1-1: National political boundaries are among the most significant elements of the cultural landscape
How Geographers Address Location
Maps Early mapmaking Map scale Projection Land Ordinance of 1785
Contemporary Tools GIS Remote sensing GPS
CARTOGRAPHY
Map = FLAT Cartographer = Map Maker Cartography is the art/science of map
making.
Cardinal Directions 4 basic directions on
earth North – Never East – Eat South – Soggy West – Waffles
► Compass Rose Directional marker, a map
symbol that tells you where the four cardinal directions are in relation to the map
North and South Hemisphere
Hemi = half/one side Sphere = ball/globe
The equator divides the earth into 2 hemispheres Everything north of
the Equator is in the Northern Hemisphere
Everything south of the Equator is in the Southern Hemisphere
Lines of Latitude
Run parallel to the Equator north and south
Start at the equator 0° Latitude North of the Equator towards the
North Pole up to at 90°N South of the Equator towards the
South Pole up to 90°S
Eastern and Western Hemisphere
The Prime Meridian divides the earth into 2 hemispheres
Everything WEST of the prime meridian is in the Western Hemisphere
Everything EAST of the prime meridian is in the Eastern Hemisphere
Lines of Longitude
Run East and West at equal intervals away from the Prime Meridian
Start at the Prime Meridian 0° Longitude
Are numbered up to 180° Longitude at the international dateline
Are designated as either East or West of the prime meridian.
Ptolemy’s view of the world c150AD
Old Islamic Maps Fulfilling the duties of formal prayers and
the pilgrimage, Muslims need to find the direction and routes leading to al Ka'ba from virtually any spot on the globe. The Ka'ba is the house of Abraham in Mecca. And it is the point at which Muslims must face when they perform prayers.
Left - map of the world in 1154 by Idrissi
Right - map of the world made by the Muslim geographer Jihani in the 10th century of the Christian era.
Maps of the Marshall Islands
Fig. 1-2: A Polynesian “stick chart” depicts patterns of waves on the sea route between two South Pacific islands. Modern maps show the locations of these Marshall Islands.
Scale Differences: Maps of Florida
Fig. 1-3: The effects of scale in maps of Florida. (Scales from 1:10 million to 1:10,000)
Two Types of Maps:
Reference Maps Show locations of places and geographic
features Absolute locations
What are reference maps used for?
THEMATIC MAPS – depict characteristics of places
Categorical type
- Depict areas that are different in kind
- Use several distinct colors to show different categories
desert forest tundra
Examples: climates, religionsChoropleth type
- Depict areas that are different in amount
- Use shades of similar colors to show different values
high value medium low value
Examples: population density, literacy rates
Example of “categorical map”
Example of “choropleth map”Human Development Index (HDI) Rankings
Includes GNI/PPP, Literacy, and Life Expectancy
Which regions have high HDI?
Which regions have low HDI?
Which places are exceptions?
Examples of Map Projections
Mollweid - Equal Area Map
http://www.nationalatlas.gov/articles/mapping/a_projections.html
Township and Range System in the U.S.
Fig. 1-4: Principal meridians and east-west baselines of the township system. Townships in northwest Mississippi and topographic map of the area.
Layers of a GIS
Fig. 1-5: A geographic information system (GIS) stores information about a location in several layers. Each layer represents a different category of information.
GPS
Uniqueness of Places and Regions
Place: Unique location of a feature Place names Site Situation Mathematical location
Regions: Areas of unique characteristics Cultural landscape Types of regions Regional integration of culture Cultural ecology
Site: Lower Manhattan Island
Fig. 1-6: Site of lower Manhattan Island, New York City. There have been many changes to the area over the last 200 years.
Situation: Singapore
Fig. 1-7: Singapore is situated at a key location for international trade.
Djibouti & Lahore
World Geographic Grid
Fig. 1-8: The world geographic grid consists of meridians of longitude and parallels of latitude. The prime meridian (0º) passes through Greenwich, England.
World Time Zones
Fig. 1-9: The world’s 24 standard time zones are often depicted using the Mercator projection.
Election 2000: Regional Differences
Fig. 1-10: Presidential election results by county and state illustrate differences in regional voting patterns.
Formal and Functional Regions
Fig. 1-11: The state of Iowa is an example of a formal region; the areas of influence of various television stations are examples of functional regions.
Vernacular Regions
Fig. 1-12: A number of factors are often used to define the South as a vernacular region, each of which identifies somewhat different boundaries.
Vernacular Region - Kurdistan
Spatial Association at Various Scales
Fig. 1-13: Death rates from cancer in the U.S., Maryland, and Baltimore show different patterns that can identify associations with different factors.
What is Culture? Your book
defines culture as a body of customary believes, material trades, and social forms that together constitute the distinct tradition of a group of people.
The Latin root of culture is cultus, which means to care for. Example Agriculture (term for growing things)
Cultural Ecology Geographers also consider environmental
factors as well as cultural factors, when looking at regions.
This is cultural ecology. Basically, this is the geographic study of human-
environmental relations. In the 19th Century – some geographers said
that human actions were caused by environmental conditions. (environmental determinism)
This is rejected by modern geographers that say some environmental conditions limit human actions. (possibilism)
Of course now we are realizing that humans can actually adjust their environment. (For good or bad)
World Climate Regions
Fig. 1-14: The modified Köppen system divides the world into five main climate regions.
Geomorphology
This is the branch of geology that studies the characteristics and configuration and evolution of rocks and land forms.
Environmental Modification in the Netherlands
Fig. 1-15: Polders and dikes have been used for extensive environmental modification in the Netherlands.
Environmental Modification in Florida
Fig. 1-16: Straightening the Kissimmee River has had many unintended side effects.
View of Miami Beach
The barrier Island - Orchid Island – in the town I grew up in.
Similarity of Different Places
Scale: From local to global Globalization of economy Globalization of culture
Space: Distribution of features Distribution Gender and ethnic diversity in space
Connections between places Spatial interaction Diffusion
Globalization of the Economy
Fig. 1-17: The Denso corporation is headquartered in Japan, but it has regional headquarters and other facilities in North America and Western Europe.
Globalization of culture
What are the major Elements of culture? Customary beliefs Social customs Material traits
Affects of globalization of culture Fewer local differences Enhanced communications Unequal access Difficulty in maintaining of local
traditions There is also globalization of
environment Sensitive and insensitive
environmental modification
Density, Concentration, and Pattern
Fig. 1-18: The density, concentration, and pattern (of houses in this example) may each vary in an area or landscape.
Housing density in Hong Kong
Density and Concentration of Baseball Teams, 1952–2000
Fig. 1-19: The changing distribution of North American baseball teams illustrates the differences between density and concentration.
Space-Time Compression, 1492–1962
Fig. 1-20: The times required to cross the Atlantic, or orbit the Earth, illustrate how transport improvements have shrunk the world.
Spatial Interaction Interdependence exists among places
based upon the degree of spatial interaction. Spatial interaction is established through the
movement of people, ideas, and objects between regions.
For example, Travel has changed considerably over the last 500 years.
In the past, most forms of interaction among cultural groups required the physical movement of settlers, explores, and plunders from one place to another. Today travel by car or plane is much faster
and communication is instantaneous. When places are connected to each other
through a network, geographers say there is a spatial interaction between them.
Airline Route Networks
Fig. 1-21: Delta Airlines, like many others, has configured its route network in a “hub and spoke” system.
Diffusion Diffusion is the process by which a
characteristic spreads across space from one place to another over time. The place of origin of the characteristic is
called the hearth. For example – US, Canadian, and many Latin
cultures can be traced back to the European Hearth.
There are two basic types of diffusion: Relocation diffusion Expansion diffusion
Expansion Diffusion includes- Hierarchical diffusion Contagious diffusion Stimulus diffusion
AIDS Diffusion in the U.S., 1981–2001
Fig. 1-22: New AIDS cases were concentrated in three nodes in 1981. They spread through the country in the 1980s, but declined in the original nodes in the late 1990s.