third annual heritage language research institute introductory remarks maria polinsky
TRANSCRIPT
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Third Annual Heritage Language Research Institute
Introductory remarksMaria Polinsky
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WELCOME
• Third annual event• More participation by graduate students and
educators• More languages represented
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
• DOE and UCLA Russian Flagship Program• Olga Kagan• Kathleen Dillon• Abbas Benmamoun and Silvina Montrul• Kathryn Paul, Susie Bauckus, Agazit Abate,
Matthew Giangrande• Local organizers
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THIS PRESENTATION
• Research challenges posed by heritage languages:– WHERE WE HAVE BEEN– WHERE WE MIGHT WANT TO GO NEXT
• Goals of this Institute (and beyond)
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RESEARCH CHALLENGES POSED BY HERITAGE LANGUAGES
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HERITAGE LANGUAGE RESEARCH: A QUICK LOOK BACK
• Early steps: general understanding of the phenomenon and critical differentiation of categories:– Heritage language in the narrow sense of the word– Variance among heritage speakers, different
subtypes of speakers– Structural and developmental parallels across
different heritage languages– Data collection (still needed—will return to this
later)
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HERITAGE LANGUAGE RESEARCH: A QUICK LOOK BACK
• Early steps: general understanding of the phenomenon and critical differentiation of categories
• Next steps: what is there and what is missing in a typical heritage language?
On the positive side On the negative side
Phonetic competenceImpressive comprehensionReasonable pragmatics
Age-appropriate grammarAmbiguity resolutionComplexityvocabulary
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RESEARCH CHALLENGES
• Early steps: general understanding of the phenomenon and critical differentiation of categories
• Next step: what is there and what is missing?• Moving forward: why are certain things
missing?• Once we know why certain things are missing
it becomes easier to put them back in place, for example, in the classroom
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SOME THOUGHTS ON WHAT MAY BE MISSING AND WHY
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BY WAY OF EXERCISE
• The woman who was seen by my neighbor that stopped by last night speaks Spanish– The woman stopped by– The neighbor stopped by
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BY WAY OF EXERCISE
• The woman who was seen by my neighbor that stopped by last night speaks Spanish– The woman stopped by– The neighbor stopped by
• La donna fermata dalla vicina che e' venuta a farmi visita ieri parla spagnolo– The woman stopped by– The neighbor stopped by
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BY WAY OF EXERCISE
• The woman who was seen by my neighbor that stopped by last night speaks Spanish– The woman stopped by– The neighbor stopped by
• La donna fermata dal vicino che e' venuto a farmi visita ieri parla spagnolo– The woman stopped by– The neighbor stopped by
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BY WAY OF EXERCISE
• La donna fermata dal vicino che e' venuto a farmi visita ieri parla spagnolo
– The neighbor stopped by
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BY WAY OF EXERCISE
• The woman who was seen by my neighbor that stopped by last night speaks Spanish– The woman stopped by– The neighbor stopped by
• La donna fermata dal vicino che e' venuta a farmi visita ieri parla spagnolo– The woman stopped by– The neighbor stopped by
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BY WAY OF EXERCISE
• La donna fermata dal vicino che e' venuta a farmi visita ieri parla spagnolo
– The woman stopped by
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WHAT WAS THIS ABOUT?
• Maintaining a long-distance dependency– Structure: recognizing an antecedent—gap
relationship– Memory: holding the antecedent in working
memory
• Admitting ambiguity and complexity– Resolving the ambiguity with the help from small
details
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WHAT IS MISSING AND WHY
• What: Heritage speakers show recurrent deficits with complex and/or ambiguous structures
• Why: These deficits may appear as heritage speakers overlook small details
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SMALL DETAILS
• Small things have a big role—the ending on the Italian participle was all that one needed to resolve the ambiguity
• Small things are functional elements that tie big things together
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PROPOSAL
Heritage speakers don’t sweat the small stuff and pay dearly for that: • they have a relatively poor control of
morphology • which cascades and escalates into a series of
greater apparent deficits– such as problems with long-distance
dependencies, binding, or agreement
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• Heritage speakers have difficulty noticing and producing light functional elements, which in turn leads to the appearance of significant deficits in the syntactic design of their language The deficits are both in production and comprehension
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DO HERITAGE SPEAKERS PRODUCE MORPHOLOGY?
• Montrul and Bowles 2008, Montrul 2008: heritage speakers of Spanish have a problem with a personal
• They do not seem to have a problem with bigger prepositions and particles
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DO HERITAGE SPEAKERS HEAR MORPHOLOGY?
Sekerina 2005: eye-tracking study of structural ambiguities in Russian monolinguals and heritage speakers
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DO HERITAGE SPEAKERS HEAR MORPHOLOGY?
• Put the horse that’s on the plate in the box• Put the horse on the plate in the box
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DO HERITAGE SPEAKERS HEAR MORPHOLOGY?
Položite lošadku na tarelku i v korobkuput horsey.
ACCon to the plate
and Into the box
Položite lošadku na tarelke v korobku
put horsey.ACC
on the plate Into the box
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DO HERITAGE SPEAKERS HEAR MORPHOLOGY?
Heritage speakers’ adversaries: • Inflectional endings• Light connectors such as i, a, etc.
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DO HERITAGE SPEAKERS HEAR MORPHOLOGY?
• Polinsky 2007: heritage speakers of Russian do not recognize gender agreement endings in adjective and ignore word-final gender cues on nouns; – the sensitivity deteriorates when the endings are
unstressed– end-stressed neuter nouns are preserved at about
70%, end-unstressed neuter nouns are reanalyzed as feminines
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BELOW THE MORPHOLOGICAL BOTTLENECK
• Korean double nominative• Russian and Tongan relative clauses• Russian count forms
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Korean double nominative
• Cascading effects: Korean double nominativeMinswu-ka chinku-ka khu-taMinswu-NOM friend-NOM big-DEC‘Minswu’s friends are tall.’
• The structure requires semantic (and syntactic) subordination:Minswu-uy chinku-ka khu-ta
M-GEN friend-NOM big-DEC
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Korean double nominative
• Instead of interpreting the structure as subordinating, the subjects interpret it as coordinate (‘Minswu and friends are tall’), thus:
X-ka Y-ka X-uy Y-kaX-ka Y-ka X-kwa Y
• Similar reanalysis with the true genitive (less common)
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Russian relative clauses
• Despite the appearance of overt morphology heritage speakers reanalyze relative clauses as subject relatives (Polinsky 2008):the people that my neighbor saw the people that saw my neighbor
But maybe they just assimilate this to the most common word order (SV) and treat the first noun as subject?
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Tongan relative clauses
Tongan (Austronesian), VSO (alternative VOS)
‘The teacher is calling the boy.’
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Tongan relative clauses
‘a e faiako ‘oku ne ui ‘a e tamasi’i
ABS DET teacher PRES RP call ABS DET boy
‘the teacher who is calling the boy’
‘a e tamasi’i ‘oku ui ‘e faiako
ABS DET boy PRES call ABS teacher
‘the boy whom the teacher is calling’
Subject relative
Object relative
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Preliminary results for Tongan
• Adult speakers distinguish subject and object relatives easily; subject relatives are faster
• Heritage speakers (N=5) make errors favoring the subject relative interpretation; however,– subject relative clause is morphologically more
complex– word order differences should be a cue: relative
clauses look like SVO, they are not verb-initial
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Morphology of counting
Russian count form: In Russian, the form of the noun used with numerals 2-4 looks like genitive singular—but is it?
• Native speakers: “Gen.sg.” is a special form which does not map to the underlying representation of gen. sg. (Xiang et al. submitted)
• Advanced heritage speakers: simplification of morphological distinctions, “Gen.sg.” is gen. sg. morphology is more shallow
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Losing small stuff
• Inflectional morphology (“small stuff”) is difficult across a number of populations including heritage speakers
• Why?– Salience: they just don’t notice it– Lack of automatic access: they have no time to
process it and therefore ignore it
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Consequences
• Inflectional morphology (“small stuff”) is difficult because it is not automatic
• Morphological deficit forces speakers into the easiest parsing available:– Default parsing (pragmatically plausible)• Usually works but breaks down under ambiguity….
– First pass parsing (subject and predicate division without further subdivisions)
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First pass parsing
………..
Subjectt
VPt
DONE!
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Consequences
• Morphological deficit forces speakers into the easier parsing available– Default parsing – First pass parsing
• This shallow parsing leads to the appearance of greater deficits in syntax– Outstanding question: are some deficits syntactic
in nature or can they all be attributed to morphology?
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ARE HERITAGE LANGUAGES WITHOUT MORPHOLOGY SAFE?
Tamarine (Tammy) Tamasugarn
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Free production: high fluency
Okay, everybody always thought like I grown up in States, but actually no. I was born in States, and when I was four I moved back to Thailand with parents and I grown up in Thailand. So I definitely am Thai. Everything, the culture, everything Thai. But I also know also American culture also because part of my family also in L.A.
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Free production: high fluency
So I learn language and, you know, how, maybe you can tell from my speak. But I think it's great to know both of culture and, you know, adjust in your life and bring all the good stuff on each culture to improve your life and make your life happy. So I think that's a very good to learn for both culture, yeah.
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A reporter asks
Q. As someone who has been on the tour for quite a long time and been at Wimbledon for so many years in a row, what sense of appreciation do you have at this sometimes seemingly inevitable march to a Williams sisters final, and what are your thoughts on when they play each other?
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Tammy replies…
I think they been in many Grand Slam final against each other. You know, they're, both of them, you know, they're great players. They're working hard. You know, I admire their so much because they're working on the tour like really hard and very serious on their career. And, um, you know, for them to be in the final is like probably bored, huh? I don't know. Not really bored. But good for them anyway. So it's gonna be maybe, I don't know, I don't know, I couldn't say. But they're good players, yeah.
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Q. Do you feel you competed well in that match?Um, yes, I, I think I'm, you know, go out there and, and
try the best I can’t. And, um, I think I, I was joking myself, I have so many breakpoints in the first set.
But, you know, Venus, in, you know, that kind of top players, you know, like defending champion, she don't give you any easy chance to use, so you have to make it. And, um, she served very well during the, during the breakpoints, so…what can I do? I, I play very…you know, I try the best I can today.
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Q. Did you approach it any differently than your other matches against Venus?
Well, her, her game and her style is really hard because she have a very, very hard weapon, you know, big serve and big groundstrokes.
And, you know, today I try to be aggressive and step up, you know, and I think, um, part of the couple, many points that I, I tried, you know, tried to do in the good way.
But, um, only thing today, is like, it's her serve. I really, she served very well today, and... You know, like, I was like — when she's acing me many times, I was like, can I —probably next life I want to be tall as her, please, or something like that.
But it's just, yeah, it’s, it’s, she's, she’s serve very well today, yeah.
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Some observations
• Damaged morphology• Missing functional elements• Multiple redundancies and repetitions• Short segments, no embeddings• Word order different from the baseline
• If Tammy is any indication, languages with little or no morphology also show attrition effects
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IMMEDIATE NEEDS
• Needed: Studies of comprehension in morphologically poor languages
• Needed: Inventory of errors made by HL speakers of Vietnamese, Cantonese, Mandarin, etc.
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QUESTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH
• The morphology-syntax interface seems particularly fragile. What is the equivalent of this interface in languages without inflectional morphology?
• Are other interfaces fragile too?– If yes, which ones?– If no, what makes morphology special?
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QUESTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH
• What happens to morphology in the grammar of heritage languages:Does it go unnoticed? (the salience hypothesis)Does it get sacrificed to minimize processing costs?
(the automation hypothesis)
• How to separate memory effects from language effects?
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PEDAGOGICAL CONSEQUENCES
Heritage speakers can benefit from enhanced morphological awareness:
• Morphology without moans• Lexical development without rote learning• Practicing ambiguities• Practicing linguistic awareness and possibly
word play
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Sneaking morphology through the lexicon
Linguistic rationale:vocabulary knowledge correlates with
grammatical knowledge:• L1 learners (size of lexicon and MLU correlate
between ages 1;6 and 3;0 (Bates et al. 2003)• heritage speakers (Polinsky 1995, 2006)
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Lexical proficiency, Russian HS
20
40
60
80
70.0 80.0 90.0
Vocabulary
Agreement
Correlation between lexical knowledge and control of grammatical agreement (r = .882)
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Sneaking morphology through the lexicon
Pedagogical rationale:more words—more fun interactionmore words—more perception and language awareness (more in Olga’s presentation this afternoon)
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GOALS OF THIS INSTITUTE
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GENERAL GOALS FOR THIS WEEK
• Educating researchers: what is missing in HL research?
• Educating educators: what works and what does not work in HL relearning?
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BUZZWORDS FOR THIS WEEK
Heritage speakers relearn SMALL things by learning BIGGER things
My heritage speakers are NOT like your heritage speakers
L L
L L
HL HL
HL HL
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DISCUSSION POINTS FOR THIS WEEK
• Commonalities across different heritage languages
• Comparison between L2 learners and heritage speakers
• Research and teaching methodologies for specific levels of heritage classrooms
• Development of appropriate instructional materials for heritage speakers
• Development of proficiency measures for heritage learners
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BEYOND THIS WEEK
• Connecting linguistic research and pedagogical practice
• Building bridges across heritage languages
• Creating a viable network of HL researchers and educators :
Blogs? Tweets? Online classrooms? Online lab meetings?
Coming soon: a blog on HL at the Polinsky Lab website:http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~herpro/index.htm
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THANK YOU! ENJOY YOUR WEEK AT UIUC!