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The Tile Council of North America (TCNA) is a trade association representing North American manufacturers of ceramic tile, tile installation materials, tile equipment, raw materials, and other tile-related products. Established in 1945 as the Tile Council of America (TCA), the Tile Council has a leadership role in promoting the use of ceramic tile and in developing North American and international industry standards. Additionally, towards the goal of expanding the ceramic tile market in North America, the Tile Council regularly conducts independent research and product testing, works with regulatory, trade, and other governmental agencies, offers professional training, and publishes installation guidelines, tile standards, economic reports, and promotional literature.

For more information regarding the Tile Council of North America, or for links to TCNA members, please visit www.tileusa.com.

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ANSI A137.1-2008

American National Standard Specifications for Ceramic Tile

SecretariatTile Council of North America, Incorporated

ApprovedAmerican National Standards Institute, Inc.

AbstractThis publication presents voluntary standard specifications for ceramic tile. It lists and defines various types, sizes, physical properties, and grading procedures for ceramic tile, including mosaic tile, quarry tile, pressed floor tile, glazed wall tile, porcelain tile, trim units, and specialty tile. This standard provides quality criteria for buyers, specifiers, installers, manufacturers, and the public in general. It is intended for reference or inclusion in the ceramic tile section of project specifications and contracts.



American National Standard

Approval of an American National Standard requires verification by ANSI that the requirements for due process, consensus, and other criteria for approval have been met by the standards developer.

Consensus is established when, in the judgment of the ANSI Board of Standards Review, substantial agreement has been reached by directly and materially affected interests. Substantial agreement means much more than a simple majority, but not necessarily unanimity. Consensus requires that all views and objections be considered, and that a concerted effort be made toward their resolution.

The use of American National Standards is completely voluntary; their existence does not in any respect preclude anyone, whether he has approved the standards or not, from manufacturing, marketing, purchasing, or using products, processes, or procedures not conforming to the standards.

The American National Standards Institute does not develop standards and will in no circumstances give an interpretation of any American National Standard. Moreover, no person shall have the right or authority to issue an interpretation of an American National Standard in the name of the American National Standards Institute. Requests for interpretation should be addressed to the secretariat or sponsor whose name appears on the title page of this standard.

CAUTION NOTICE: This American National Standard may be revised or withdrawn at any time. The procedures of the American National Standards Institute require that action be taken periodically to reaffirm, revise, or withdraw this standard. Purchasers of American National Standards may receive current information on all standards by calling or writing the American National Standards Institute.

Published by:

Tile Council of North America, Incorporated 100 Clemson Research Boulevard Anderson, SC 29625

Copyright © 2008 Tile Council of North America Incorporated. All rights reserved.

No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, in an electronic retrieval system or otherwise, without prior written permission of the publisher.

Printed in the United States of America.

100 Clemson Research Blvd. Anderson, SC 29625

Tel: 864-646-8453 ❒ Fax: 864-646-2821 Web Site: www.tileusa.com

Product Email: [email protected] Lab Email: [email protected]

Batallón de San Patricio #109-308. Colonia Valle Oriente San Pedro Garza García, Nuevo León. CP 66269 Tel: 52 (81) 8625-3306 ❒ Fax: 52 (81) 8625-3333

Sitio en Internet: www.tileusa.com y www.tcna.com.mx Correo electrónico del producto: [email protected]



Foreword iii

Production Staff

Eric Astrachan, Executive Director, Tile Council of North AmericaDan Brown, Cover Design, Visiontech Studios

Bill Griese, Laboratory Engineer, Tile Council of North AmericaD.J. Liefer, Marketing & Communications Specialist, Tile Council of North America

Stephanie Samulski, Instructor, Ceramic Tile Education FoundationKathy Snipes, Industry Relations, Tile Council of North America

Shannon Woodmansee, Director of Membership & Public Relations, Tile Council of North America

NOTICE TO READER

THIS PUBLICATION AND ALL OF THE INFORMATION IT CONTAINS ARE PROVIDED ‘AS IS’ WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, WHETHER EXPRESS OR IMPLIED. ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NON-INFRINGEMENT, ARE HEREBY EXPRESSLY DISCLAIMED.

PUBLISHER HAS NOT PERFORMED ANY INDEPENDENT ANALYSIS IN CONNECTION WITH ANY OF THE INFORMATION CONTAINED HEREIN, AND EXPRESSLY DISCLAIMS ANY OBLIGATION TO OBTAIN AND INCLUDE INFORMATION OTHER THAN THAT PRESENTED HEREIN RESULTING FROM THE ANSI ACCREDITED STANDARDS COMMITTEE A108 PROCESS.

UNDER NO CIRCUMSTANCES WILL PUBLISHER BE LIABLE TO ANY PERSON OR BUSINESS ENTITY FOR ANY DAMAGES, INCLUDING DIRECT, INDIRECT, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL, CONSEQUENTIAL, OR EXEMPLARY DAMAGES, RESULTING, IN WHOLE OR IN PART, FROM ANY USE OF, REFERENCE TO, OR RELIANCE UPON THIS PUBLICATION.



iv Foreword

Foreword

This voluntary standard lists and defines various types, sizes, physical properties and grading procedures for ceramic tile. It is intended as a guide to aid the general public, manufacturers, distributors, specifiers, architects, tile contractors, and other businesses and professionals in the tile industry.

While the existence of the standard does not in any respect preclude anyone, including those who have accepted it, from manufacturing, marketing, purchasing or using products, processes or procedures not conforming to this standard, producers of ceramic tile made in conformance with this standard are encouraged individually to indicate such conformance in advertising, promotion, and on tags and labels.

These standards were processed and approved for submittal to ANSI by the Accredited Standards Committee (ASC) on Ceramic Tile A108. Committee approval of a standard does not necessarily imply that all committee members voted for its approval. The A108 Committee had the following members at the time it approved these standards:

Committee Members

Organization Represented ........................................................................................ Name of RepresentativeAmerican Hotel and Motel Association .............................................................................................Kevin MaherAPA The Engineered Wood Association ..........................................................................................Fulton DeslerARCOM, Inc. ................................................................................................................. Eugene “Buz” GroshongArtcraft Granite Marble and Tile.....................................................................................................James WoelfelAtlas Minerals and Chemicals ....................................................................................................... Mario NavarroBonsal American............................................................................................................................... Tom CassuttBostik, Inc. .............................................................................................................................................Sue IsbleCeramic Tile and Stone Assoc. of Arizona.......................................................................................... Sam HibbsCeramic Tile and Stone Consultants ............................................................................................Donato PompoCeramic Tile Distributors Association ............................................................................................. Sam WidenerCeramic Tile Education Foundation................................................................................................... Dave GobisCeramic Tile Institute of America ..................................................................................................Gray LafortuneChicago Tile Institute ..................................................................................................................... Larry BourbonConstruction Specifications Institute............................................................................................... Howard PryorCrossville, Inc. ...................................................................................................................................... Tim BolbyCustom Building Products ...............................................................................................................Dave deBearDal-Tile International ......................................................................................................................... James NeelDavid Allen Company ........................................................................................................................... Don ScottForensic Tile Consultants ................................................................................................................. Greg MowatGreat Lakes Ceramic Tile Council ................................................................................................. Gerald ChioiniGypsum Association ......................................................................................................................Robert WesselHuntington Tile.................................................................................................................................David AdamsInterceramic ...................................................................................................................Fernando Lozano AssadInternational Union of Bricklayers and Allied Craftworkers ............................................................... John MasonJames Hardie Building Products .................................................................................................... Chad DiercksMarble Institute of America .....................................................................................................Chuck MuelbauherMaterials and Methods Standards Association....................................................................................Steve FineMetropolitan Ceramics/Ironrock, Inc. ............................................................................................Roy Gorton, Jr.Michael Byrne Associates.............................................................................................................. Michael ByrneNational Association of Home Builders....................................................................................................Jeff InksNational Tile Contractors Association ................................................................................................ Bart BettigaOceanside Glasstile Company .......................................................................................................Scott FlemingPortland Cement Association ........................................................................................................... Jamie FarnyProfessional Consultants International, LLC ............................................................................Richard GoldbergRadiant Panel Association .................................................................................................................. Dan ChilesSchluter Systems............................................................................................................................ Peter NielsenSummitville Tiles, Inc. ..............................................................................................................................Joe DuttTCA Team, LLC .................................................................................................................... Stephanie SamulskiTCNA Underlayment Committee ................................................................................................Leigh HightowerTerrazzo Tile and Marble Association of Canada ......................................................................... Dale KempsterTile and Stone Council of Northern California .................................................................................John Wagner



Foreword v

Committee Members continued

Organization Represented ........................................................................................ Name of RepresentativeTile Contractors Association of America ...........................................................................................Chris WalkerTile Council of North America, Inc. .......................................................................................................Bill GrieseUnited Brotherhood of Carpenters.....................................................................................................Steve FullerUS TAG to ISO TC-189 WG3 ............................................................................................................Greg SchadWestern States Ceramic Tile Contractors Association ................................................................... William SteedWood Construction and Engineering Consultant ............................................................................Frank Woeste

The Tile Council of North America wishes to acknowledge the contributions of the ad hoc A137.1 revision committee: Terry Adams, Noah Chitty, Silver Cornia, Jim Fox, Keith Doegg, Roy Gorton, Jr., Svend Hovmand, Felipe Matan, Craig Miller, James Neel, David Reader, Guy Renkert, Eduardo Rios, and Tom Sawyer, and the many others who also contributed to the development of the draft version submitted to ANSI ASC-A108 for its consideration.



vi Foreword

Standards

The following standards are referred to in the body of this standard by ASTM designation only and by reference are incorporated in this American National Standard. Dates following ASTM designation indicate date of publication or latest revision. Dates in parentheses indicate date on which standard was reaffirmed. Current edition of these standards should be utilized at all times.

Standard Designation Title

ASTM C370-88 (1999) Standard Test Method for Moisture Expansion of Fired Whiteware Products

ASTM C372-94 (2001) Standard Test Method for Linear Thermal Expansion of Porcelain Enamel and Glaze Frits and Fired Ceramic Whiteware Products by the Dilatometer Method

ASTM C373-88 (1999) Standard Test Method for Water Absorption, Bulk Density, Apparent Porosity, and Apparent Specific Gravity of Fired Whiteware Products

ASTM C424-93 (1999) Standard Test Method for Crazing Resistance of Fired Glaze Whitewares by Autoclave Treatment

ASTM C482-02 Standard Test Method for Bond Strength of Ceramic Tile to Portland Cement

ASTM C484-99 (2003) Standard Test Method for Thermal Shock Resistance of Glazed Ceramic Tile

ASTM C485-83 (2003) Standard Test Method for Measuring Warpage of Ceramic Tile

ASTM C499-78 (2003) Standard Test Method for Facial Dimensions and Thickness of Flat, Rectangular Ceramic Wall and Floor Tile

ASTM C502-04 Standard Test Method for Wedging of Flat, Rectangular Ceramic Wall and Floor Tile

ASTM C609-90 (2000) Standard Test Method for Measurement of Small Color Differences Between Ceramic Wall or Floor Tile

ASTM C648-04 Standard Test Method for Breaking Strength of Ceramic Tile



Foreword vii

Standard Designation Title

ASTM C650-04 Standard Test Method for Resistance of Ceramic Tile to Chemical Substances

ASTM C1026-87 (2002) Standard Test Method for Measuring the Resistance of Ceramic Tile to Freeze-Thaw Cycling

ASTM C1027-99 (2004) Standard Test Method for Determining Visible Abrasion Resistance of Glazed Ceramic Tile

ASTM C1028-06 Standard Test Method for Determining the Static Coefficient of Friction of Ceramic Tile and Other Like Surfaces by the Horizontal Dynamometer Pull-Meter Method

ASTM C1243-93 (2003) Standard Test Method for Relative Resistance to Deep Abrasive Wear of Unglazed Ceramic Tile by Rotating Disc

ASTM C1378-04 Standard Test Method for Determination of Resistance to Staining



viii Table of Contents

Table of ContentsForeword .............................................................................................................................................................. iv

Committee Members ............................................................................................................................................. iv

Standards .............................................................................................................................................................. vi

1.0 Purpose ...........................................................................................................................................................1

2.0 Scope ..............................................................................................................................................................1

3.0 Definition of Terms ............................................................................................................................................1

4.0 Tile Classification ..............................................................................................................................................5

4.1 Class.................................................................................................................................................................5

5.0 Procedures for Sampling and Testing and Basis for Acceptance .....................................................................5

5.1 Lot Size.............................................................................................................................................................5

5.1.1 Lot Size Units ................................................................................................................................................5

5.2 Sample Size .....................................................................................................................................................5

5.3 Sampling Plan ..................................................................................................................................................5

5.4 General Procedure ...........................................................................................................................................6

5.5 Basis for Acceptance ........................................................................................................................................7

6.0 Ceramic Tile (Field and Trim) ...........................................................................................................................8

6.1 Allowable Properties by Tile Type ....................................................................................................................8

6.2 Field Tile .........................................................................................................................................................14

6.3 Trim Units ......................................................................................................................................................17

7.0 Specialty Tile ..................................................................................................................................................18

7.1 Freeze-Thaw Cycling......................................................................................................................................18

7.2 Moisture Expansion ........................................................................................................................................18

7.3 Linear Thermal Expansion ..............................................................................................................................18

7.4 Visible Abrasion Resistance ...........................................................................................................................18

7.5 Static Coefficient of Friction ............................................................................................................................18

7.6 Performance of Specialty Tile ........................................................................................................................18

8.0 Grade Marking and Certification .....................................................................................................................18

8.1 Grade Marking Distinguishes Various Qualities and Attributes of Ceramic Tiles ..........................................18

8.2 Definition of Grades .......................................................................................................................................18

8.3 Labeling Procedures ......................................................................................................................................18

8.4 Authorized Use ...............................................................................................................................................19

8.5 Certification.....................................................................................................................................................19



Table of Contents ix

8.6 Pre-Certification ..............................................................................................................................................19

9.0 Applicable Evaluation Procedures .................................................................................................................19

9.1 Procedure for Determining Structural Defects in Field Tile and Trim Units ...................................................19

9.2 Procedure for Evaluating Ceramic Tile for Facial Defects ..............................................................................19

9.3 Test Method for Color Difference (Shading) of Monochromatic (Aesthetic Class V0) Glazed Ceramic Field Tile .......................................................................................................................................................................20

9.4 Evaluation of Shade Value of Ceramic Tiles (Aesthetic Classes V1 to V4) ....................................................20

9.5 Test Method for Mounting Variations .............................................................................................................21

Tables

Table 1: Class and Corresponding Water Absorption (wa) Ranges .......................................................................5

Table 2: 2.5% AQL Inspection Level 2 Normal Sampling Plan ...............................................................................5

Table 3: Aesthetic Classes......................................................................................................................................6

Table 4: Test Classification .....................................................................................................................................7

Table 5: Index of Specification Tables ....................................................................................................................8

Table 6: Mosaic Tile ................................................................................................................................................9

Table 7: Quarry Tile ..............................................................................................................................................10

Table 8: Pressed Floor Tile ...................................................................................................................................11

Table 9: Glazed Wall Tile ......................................................................................................................................12

Table 10: Porcelain Tile ........................................................................................................................................13

Table 11: Deep Abrasion .......................................................................................................................................15

Table 12: Visible Abrasion Classification ..............................................................................................................15

Table 13: Chemical Resistance Classification ......................................................................................................16

Table 14: Stain Resistance Classification .............................................................................................................16

Table 15: Determining Number of Grout Joints for Measurement – Example ......................................................22

Figures

Figure 1: Mosaic Surface 1x1 Trim ...................................................................................................................... 23

Figure 2: Mosaic Surface 2x2 Trim ...................................................................................................................... 23

Figure 3: Mosaic Conventional 1x1 Trim ............................................................................................................. 23

Figure 4: Mosaic Conventional 2x2 Trim ............................................................................................................. 23

Figure 5: Mosaic Pool Edge Trim ........................................................................................................................ 23

Figure 6: Mosaic Surface 1x1 Flat Top Base ....................................................................................................... 23

Figure 7: Mosaic Surface 1x1 Round Top Base, Option 1 ................................................................................... 24




x Table of Contents


Figure 10: Mosaic Surface 2x2 Flat Top Base, Option 1 ..................................................................................... 24

Figure 11: Mosaic Surface 2x2 Flat Top Base, Option 2 ..................................................................................... 24

Figure 12: Mosaic Surface 2x2 Round Top Base ................................................................................................ 24

Figure 13: Quarry 4x8 Bullnose ........................................................................................................................... 25

Figure 14: Quarry 6x6 Bullnose ........................................................................................................................... 25

Figure 15: Quarry 6x8 Round Top Base .............................................................................................................. 25



Figure 18: Quarry 6x6 Flat Top Base ................................................................................................................... 25

Figure 19: Quarry 6x8 Flat Top Base ................................................................................................................... 26

Figure 20: Pressed Floor/Porcelain 8x8 Trim, Option 1....................................................................................... 26



Figure 23: Pressed Floor/Porcelain 12x12 Trim .................................................................................................. 26

Figure 24: Pressed Floor/Porcelain 6x8 Round Top Base ................................................................................... 27

Figure 25: Glazed Wall 4x4 Surface Trim ............................................................................................................ 27

Figure 26: Glazed Wall 6x8 Surface Trim ............................................................................................................ 27

Figure 27: Glazed Wall 4x4 Surface Bullnose ..................................................................................................... 27






Figure 33: Glazed Wall 4x4 Base ........................................................................................................................ 28

Figure 34: Glazed Wall 4x4 Sanitary Base ...........................................................................................................28



Figure 37: Glazed Wall Counter Rail (Sink Rail) ..................................................................................................29

Figure 38: Glazed Wall 4x4 Conventional Trim ....................................................................................................29




Figure 42: Glazed Wall 2x6 Conventional Bullnose .............................................................................................30



Table of Contents xi



Figure 45: Glazed Wall 2x6 Conventional Base ...................................................................................................30

Figure 46: Glazed Wall 6x6 Conventional Base, Option 1 ...................................................................................31

Figure 47: Glazed Wall 6x6 Conventional Base, Option 2 ...................................................................................31

Figure 48: Glazed Wall 4x6 Conventional Base ...................................................................................................31

Figure 49: Glazed Wall Quarter Round Trim ........................................................................................................31

Figure 50: Glazed Wall Double Return Trim .........................................................................................................31

Figure 51: Master Grade Certificate .....................................................................................................................32

Figure 52: Letter of Compliance Certificate ..........................................................................................................33



A137.1 1

American National Standard Specifications for Ceramic TileANSI A137.1 – 2008 [Revised]

1.0 Purpose

These specifications serve as a reference standard for buyers and specifiers of Standard Grade and Second Grade ceramic tile, Decorative Tile, and Specialty Tile. These specifications are also a guide to producers in maintaining quality control of the manufacture of such ceramic tile.

2.0 Scope

These Specifications describe the normally available sizes and shapes of ceramic tile: the physical properties of Standard Grade and Second Grade Ceramic Tile, Decorative Tile and Specialty Tile; the basis for acceptance and methods of testing prior to installation; the marking and certification of ceramic tile; and the definitions of terms employed in these specifications.

3.0 Definition of Terms

Aesthetic Class: A value assigned by the producer to a tile series (V0, V1, V2, V3, or V4). The letter ‘V’ indicates “variation,” with the numbers quantifying the degree of variation of overall color and/or texture. The color can vary in intensity, brightness, hue, and saturation, or by pattern variation. This value is intended to give an indication of what a consumer can visually expect for a specific product. See Table 3.

Basis for Acceptance: The method of determining whether a lot of ceramic tile is acceptable under these specifications.

Caliber Range: An acceptable size range for tiles to be used in the same installation.

Calibrated Tile: Tiles that have been sorted to meet a manufacturer’s stated caliber range.

Ceramic Mosaic Tile: Tile, usually ¼ inch (6.35 mm) to 3/8 inch thick (9.53 mm), and having a facial area of less than 9 inch2 (228.6 mm2). Such tiles are typically mounted in sheets or strips with other mosaic tiles.

Ceramic Tile: See definition for Tile.

Commercial: Flooring areas that are subjected to considerable traffic and abrasive soil. Some examples of these would be: entrances, workrooms, inns, exhibition halls, and salesrooms.

Decorative Tile: A tile that is suitable for decorative use where the aesthetic value may outweigh one or more physical properties including, but not limited to: breaking strength, chemical resistance, or crazing resistance. Such a tile is generally used for interior decorative wall applications.

Edge-bonded Tile: See definition for Pre-grouted Tile.

Facial Defect: The portion of the facial surface of the tile which is readily observed to be nonconforming and which will detract from the appearance or serviceability of the installed tile. Examples of such defects include, but are not limited to: pinholes, contaminants, chips, cracks, scratches, and glaze application errors.

Field Tile: A general term for the tile used in the majority of an installation.

Floor Tile: A manufacturer specified ceramic tile primarily for use on floors, but also suitable for use on walls and countertops, and having a facial area of 9 inch2 or more.

Floor-Wall Coordinating Tile: Wall tile designed to the same basic visual characteristics as corresponding floor tile, intended for use in the same installation.

Gloss: Reflectivity of the tile surface.



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