This presentation is about the effect of pollutants on granite,marble,sandstone,

limestone and terracota.The project also gives information about the steps taken by the GOVERNMENT to

protect it.

ASSEMBLY OF GOD CHURCH SCHOOL

Reasons for damage to Historical Monuments

1. Pollution – traffic and waste of the neighboring factories

2. Natural causes like earthquakes and flooding3. Tourists spoiling by writing, scratching4. Natural environmental conditions like humidity.5. Construction in/on or around the heritage site6. Water seeping into the ground due to irrigation

and farming near heritage sites7. Traditional causes of decay.8. Encroachment and misuse of heritage property.

Major factors that cause pollution in United Kingdom

•Acid rain• sulphur dioxide and

sulphates, nitrogen oxides and nitrates, chlorides, carbon dioxide and ozone.

Acid Rain

• In the 1980s, the UK was described by Scandinavian countries as ‘the dirty old man of Europe’ due to high emissions of sulphurdioxide from industrial sources causing transboundary acid rainMost of the UK sulphur dioxide comes from power stations and other industries whilst the largest source of nitrogen oxides is road transport and power stations. The UK experiences typical impacts from acid rain. In 1995, the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) Forest Survey revealed that 42% of UK trees were healthy, 45% were slightly defoliated and 13% were damaged. Both coniferous and broadleaf trees showed the same degree of damage. Freshwater acidification is a serious problem in susceptible parts of the UK.

ACID RAIN

sulphur dioxide and sulphates, nitrogen oxides and nitrates, chlorides, carbon dioxide and ozone

• The main pollutants affecting materials are sulphur dioxide and sulphates, nitrogen oxides and nitrates, chlorides, carbon dioxide and ozone. The effects of paniculate matter, especially from diesel vehicle emissions is of increasing significance. The materials most sensitive to pollutants are calcareous building stones and ferrous metals. Manifestations of damage include losses of mass, changes in porosity, discolouration and embrittlement.

Steps taken by the Government of U.K to control pollution

• As for government intervention this is up for debate. Charities like English Heritage and National Trust are the main organisations which actively conserve and preserve historical buildings and monuments - these are funded by donations from patrons and e.g. the Lottery Fund.

• · environment through funding English Heritage

• · nominating places in the UK for World Heritage Site status

• · protecting buildings of special architectural or historic interest by giving them listed status, which prevents them being demolished, extended or altered without permission

• · protecting nationally important sites and monuments of archaeological or historic interest by giving them scheduled status, which protects them from being changed without permission

The Government of U.K has issued several acts to combat pollution.....

• Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act 1979(An Act to consolidate and amend the law relating to ancient monuments; to make provision for the investigation, preservation and recording of matters of archaeological or historical interest and (in connection therewith) for the regulation of operations)

• Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990

• Protection of Wrecks Act 1973

We give thanks to QUEENSWOOD PRIMARY SCHOOL,U.K. for providing us with informationregarding the various causes of pollution which are destroying the monuments of U.K…………This has helped us a lot in completing our research work and preparing this presentation…….

THIS PRESENTATION IS MADE BY*AASHI BAGGA*RUPSA BANERJEE*ALOPEE DAS*DEBASMITA SARKAR