tho;f;ifj;nju;r;rpfsk;nie.lk/pdffiles/tg/t9tim13.pdfiii kd;diu,yq;ifapd;; fiyj;jpl;lf; nfhs;iffsf;f...
TRANSCRIPT
tho;f;ifj;Nju;r;rpfSk;tho;f;ifj;Nju;r;rpfSk;tho;f;ifj;Nju;r;rpfSk;tho;f;ifj;Nju;r;rpfSk;tho;f;ifj;Nju;r;rpfSk;
FbAupikf;fy;tpAk;FbAupikf;fy;tpAk;FbAupikf;fy;tpAk;FbAupikf;fy;tpAk;FbAupikf;fy;tpAk;
juk; 9juk; 9juk; 9juk; 9juk; 9
Mrpupau;mwpTiug;G topfhl;bMrpupau;mwpTiug;G topfhl;bMrpupau;mwpTiug;G topfhl;bMrpupau;mwpTiug;G topfhl;bMrpupau;mwpTiug;G topfhl;b(2010 ,y; ,Ue;J mKYf;F tUk;)(2010 ,y; ,Ue;J mKYf;F tUk;)(2010 ,y; ,Ue;J mKYf;F tUk;)(2010 ,y; ,Ue;J mKYf;F tUk;)(2010 ,y; ,Ue;J mKYf;F tUk;)
r%f tpQ;Qhdj;Jiwr%f tpQ;Qhdj;Jiwr%f tpQ;Qhdj;Jiwr%f tpQ;Qhdj;Jiwr%f tpQ;Qhdj;Jiw
nkhopfs;> khdpltpay; kw;Wk; r%f tpQ;Qhd gPlk;nkhopfs;> khdpltpay; kw;Wk; r%f tpQ;Qhd gPlk;nkhopfs;> khdpltpay; kw;Wk; r%f tpQ;Qhd gPlk;nkhopfs;> khdpltpay; kw;Wk; r%f tpQ;Qhd gPlk;nkhopfs;> khdpltpay; kw;Wk; r%f tpQ;Qhd gPlk;
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
kfufkkfufkkfufkkfufkkfufk
i
tho;f;ifj;Nju;r;rpfSk; FbAupikf;fy;tpAk;
juk; 9
Mrpupau;mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
Kjw;gjpg;G 2009
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
r%f tpQ;Qhdj;Jiw
nkhopfs;> khdpltpay; kw;Wk; r%f tpQ;Qhd gPlk;
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;
kfufk
KfTiuKfTiuKfTiuKfTiuKfTiu
Gj;jhapukhz;by; KjyhtJ fiyj;jpl;lr; rPu;jpUj;jk; ,d;iwa ghlrhiyf; fy;tpKiwapYs;s rpy gpur;rpidfSf;Fj; jPu;T fhZk; Nehf;fpy; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. rpe;jpf;Fk; Mw;wy;fSk; r%f Mw;wy;fSk;> jdpahs; Mw;wy;fSk;eyptiltjhy; ,d;iwa ,isQu;fs; vjpu;Nehf;Fk; gpur;rpidfis ,dq;fz;Lk;>mjw;fhd fhuzq;fis Muha;e;Jk;> mt;thwhd epiyikfis ntw;wp nfhs;sj;Njitahd gpd;dzpfis cUthf;fTk; ,f;fiyj;jpl;lr; rPu;jpUj;jk; jpl;lkplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
Mrpa tya ehLfSld; xg;gpLk;NghJ ,jw;F Kd;du; vkJ ehL fy;tpapy; Kd;dzptfpj;jJ. Mdhy; ,d;W ,t;tyaj;jpd; mNef ehLfs; ,yq;ifia tpl fy;tpapy;Kd;Ndw;wkile;Js;sd. njupe;j tplaq;fis nkU$l;LtjpYk;> Vw;nfdNt KbTnra;jtw;iwf; fw;gjpYk;> ,Uf;Fk; tplaq;fis kPz;Lk; mNj mbg;gilapy;fl;bnaOg;GtjpYk; fy;tpapayhsu;fs; mz;ikf;fhykhf <Lgl;lik ,jpy; jhf;fj;ijr;nrYj;jpa fhuzpfspy; rpythFk;.
,t;tplaq;fisr; rPu;J}f;fpg; ghu;j;J xU njspthd Nfhl;ghl;bd; fPo; Gjpa fiyj;jpl;lj;ij cUthf;Ftjpy; Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk; Kaw;rpj;Js;sJ. njupe;jtw;iwkhw;wpaikj;Jk;> Gjpatw;iwf; fz;lwpe;Jk;> vjpu;fhyj;Jf;Fj; Njitahdtw;iwcUthf;fpAk; ehisa ntw;wpf;fhfj; jahu; epiyapy; ,Uf;ff;$ba khztu; FOitcUthf;FtJ ,jd; mbg;gil Nehf;fkhFk;. ,d;iwa epiyikia ntw;wp nfhs;sMrpupau; tfpghfj;jpy; xU ghupa khw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;gijg; Gjpjhff;$wNtz;bajpy;iy. ,Jfhytiu vkJ tFg;giwfspy; epytp te;j mwpitf;flj;jy; tfpghfk;> gupkhw;w tfpghfk; vd;gtw;Wf;Fg; gjpyhf khztu; ika>Nju;r;rpika> nraw;ghLfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l epiykhw;W Mrpupau; tfpghfj;jpd;epiyikfis ed;F tpsq;fpg; Gjpa Mrpupau; tfpghfj;jpy; gapw;rp ngwNtz;baepiy ,d;iwa Mrpupau; r%fj;Jf;F Vw;gl;Ls;sJ.
Gjpa epiyikfSf;F ,irthf;fk; miltjw;fhd gy mwpTWj;jy;fs; mlq;fpa,e;j Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b tpisjpwd;kpf;f Mrpupauhf> Gj;jhapuk; Mz;by;tUtjw;F cjTk; vd ehk; ek;GfpNwhk;. ,e;j mwpTWj;jy;fisg; guprPypg;gjd;%yk; md;whlf; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfisg; Nghd;Nw kjpg;gPl;Lr; nraw;ghLfisAk;,yFthf;fpf; nfhs;Sk; tha;g;Gf; fpilf;Fk;. khztu;fSf;nfdj; jug;gl;Ls;sNjlYf;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fs;> jucs;sPLfs; vd;gd Mrpupau; nraw;ghLfis,yFthf;Fk; vd;gJ jpz;zk;. mj;Jld; Neu xJf;fPl;bd;NghJk; tsg;gq;fPl;bd;NghJk; cs;sf Nkw;ghu;itapd; NghJk; gad;glf;$ba ngWkjpkpf;f gy jfty;fismjpgu;fsplk; nfhz;L nry;tjw;F ,t;topfhl;b cjTk;.
ghlrhiy kl;lj;jpyhd Nkw;gb tplaq;fSf;F Nkyjpfkhf fy;tp eltbf;iffspy;<LgLk; Mrpupau;fs;> Mrpupa MNyhrfu;fSf;F kl;Lkd;wp ntspaf Nkw;ghu;itahsu;kw;Wk; fz;fhzpg;G epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lj;jpy; <LgLk; gy;NtW juj;jpyhd mjpfhupfSf;Fk;gad;glf;$ba tifapy; ,t;topfhl;biaj; jahupg;gjpy; Neubahfg; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;jepWtd cj;jpNahfj;ju;fSf;Fk;> gy;NtW topfspy; Nrit nra;j tsthsu;fSf;Fk;vdJ ed;wp cupj;jhfl;Lk;.
Nguhrpupah; yhy; ngNuuhNguhrpupah; yhy; ngNuuhNguhrpupah; yhy; ngNuuhNguhrpupah; yhy; ngNuuhNguhrpupah; yhy; ngNuuh
gzpg;ghsu; ehafk;>Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;.
ii
iii
Kd;DiuKd;DiuKd;DiuKd;DiuKd;Diu
,yq;ifapd;; fiyj;jpl;lf; nfhs;iffSf;F mikag; ghlrhiyf; fiyj;jpl;lkhdJ>
vl;L tUlq;fSf;F xU Kiw fhyj;jpw;F ,iae;jjhf kWrPuikf;fg;gl;L tUfpd;wJ.
mjw;Nfw;g 2007 Mk; Mz;bypUe;J eilKiwf;F te;j fy;tpr; rPu;jpUj;jj;jpd; fPo;
,g;ghlj;jpl;lKk; Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b E}Yk; mwpKfQ; nra;ag;gLfpd;wd.
,Jtiu eilKiwapy; ,Ue;j ghlj;jpl;lq;fspy; Fwpj;j ghlj;Jld; njhlu;;ghd
tplaq;fSk; mtw;wpd; cs;slf;fKk; toq;fg;gl;L;> mtw;iwf; fw;gpf;Fk; gzp Mrpupaupd;
kPJ Rkj;jg;gl;bUe;jJ. ,e; eilKiwfs; fhuzkhf Vuhskhd jfty;fis khj;jpuk;
mwpe;j khztu; guk;giunahd;W cUthdJ.
Gjpa fiyj;jpl;lr;rPu;jpUj;jj;jpd; fPo; mwpKfQ; nra;ag;gLfpd;w ghlj;jpl;lq;fspy;
mt;tg;ghlq;fspy; khztu; mile;J nfhs;sNtz;ba Nju;r ;r pfs; gy
Kd;itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,e;jg; Gjpa mZFKiw %yk; mjpfkhd tplaq;fisf;
fw;W> mtw;iw eilKiwapy; nraw;gLj;Jfpd;w> Nju;r;rp nfhz;l khztu; guk;giu
xd;iw cUthf;FtJ vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jdhy;> Gjpa ghlj;jpl;lj;ijf;
ifahs;fpd;w Mrpupau;fs; ,t;NtWghl;ilr; rupahfg; Gupe;J nfhs;tJld;> mjpy;
tpN\l ftdKk; nrYj;j Ntz;Lk;.
,e;E}ypd; Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;bg; gFjpapy;> GjpanjhU fw;wy; fw;gpj;jw;;
nranyhOq;F tpje;Jiuf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,r;nranyhOq;fpd; fPo; khztu; E}yfj;ijg;
gad;gLj;Jjy;> E}y;fis thrpj;jy;> Rw;whliy mtjhdpj;jy;> jfty; mwpe;Njhiur;
re;jpj;J tplaq;fisr; Nrfupj;jy;> jkJ rfghbfsplkpUe;J gy;NtW tplaq;fisf;
fw;wy;> jhk; mwpe;jtw;iw mtu;fSld; gupkhwpf; nfhs;sy;> ,aYnkdpy; ,izaj;jsk;
%yk; jfty; jpul;ly; Kjyhd fz;lwpjy; %ykhd fw;wy; fyhrhuk; xd;iwf;
fhzKbAk;. ,jw;F> fy;tp ntspaPl;Lj; jpizf;fsj;jpd; %yk; toq;fg;gl;Ls;s
ghlE}iy crhj;Jizahfg; gad;gLj;jyhk;. ,t;thW fz;lwpag;gLfpd;w jfty;fs;
kpfr; rupahfTk; xOq;fhfTk; KOikahfTk; khztu;fis milar; nra;tNj
Mrpupau;fspd; gzpahFk;. ,e;jtifapy; Mrpupaupd; tfpghfk; Gj;jwpTfs; %yk;
Nghrpf;fg;gLtJ mtrpakhFk;. ,q;F khztu; Vuhskhd tplaq;fisf; fz;lwpe;J>
gy;NtW mk;rq;fisAk; njupe;jtu;fshf khWfpd;wdu;. ,j;jifa nraw;ghl;Lf;
fw;ww; #oyhdJ khztu;fisg; ngupJk; ftu;tjhf mikAk;.
,jw;fhf> ,e;j Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b E}ypy; tpje;Jiuf;fg;gl;l khjpupr;
nraw;ghLfisf; ifahs;tjw;Fk; ,d;Dk; gy;NtW nraw;ghLfis cUthf;fpf;
nfhs;tjw;Fk; ,e;E}iy xU topfhl;bahff; nfhs;Sq;fs;. ,jD}lhf> Gj;jhf;fj;
jpwDila Xu; Mrpupauhfr; nraw;gl;L gy;NtW Gjpa nraw;ghLfis cUthf;fpf;
nfhs;tPu;fnsd vjpu;ghu;f;fpd;Nwhk;.
,e;jg; Gjpa tFg;giwf; fw;wy; fw;gpj;jw; nranyhOq;fpd; NghJ> khztu; vg;nghOJk;
nraw;gLgtu;fshff; fhzg;gLtu;. mjdhy;> mtu;fsJ jpwikfs;> Mw;wy;fs;>
kdg;ghq;Ffs; vd;gd ntspf;nfhzug;gLk;. mtw;Wf;F ePq;fs; kjpg;gspAq;fs;.
khztu;fis cw;rhfg;gLj;Jq;fs;. ,d;Dk; rpy re;ju;g;gq;fspy; khztu; vjpu;nfhs;Sk;;
f\;lq;fs;> ,lu;g;ghLfis ePq;fs; mtjhdpf;f KbAk;. mt;thwhd re;ju;g;gq;fspy;
ePq;fs; cjtp nra;Aq;fs;. maypy; cs;s rfghbfSf;F cjtp nra;a khztiu
topg;gLj;Jq;fs;. ,t;thW nraw;gLk; NghJ ,lk;ngWfpd;w fzpg;gPl;Lr; nranyhOq;
fhdJ rpwe;j fw;wYf;F cjtpahf mikAk;.
,e;j Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b E}ypy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s fw;wy; fw;gpj;jw;
nraw;ghl;bid ePbg;gjw;fhd cgfuzkhdJ xg;gilahf my;yJ gapw;rpahf khztu;
fw;wtw;iw> NkYk; gyg;gLj;jf; $ba tpjj;jpy; xOq;fikf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jidr;
nraw;gLj;Jtjpy; cq;fsJ mtjhdj;ijr; nrYj;Jq;fs;. ,jid khztiu kjpg;gPL
nra;tjw;fhd re;ju;g;gkhfTk; Mf;fpf; nfhs;Sq;fs;. ,t;thwhd fw;wy; fw;gpj;jiy
tpupTgLj;Jk; fUtpfisj; jahupj;J> khztiug; gy;NtW gapw;rpfspy; <LgLj;Jtjpy;
cq;fsJ ftdj;ijr; nrYj;Jq;fs;.
,jD}lhfg;> Gjpa cyfpw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd Nju;r;rpfSila khztu; guk;giunahd;iw
cUthf;fyhk;. mjw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd Mrpupau; tfpghfKk;> tFg;giwAk;> Gjpa
fw;wy; fyhrhuj;jpw;F Vw;g cUthf Ntz;Lnkd vjpu; ghu;f;fpd;Nwd;.
tpky; rpak;gyhnfhl>tpky; rpak;gyhnfhl>tpky; rpak;gyhnfhl>tpky; rpak;gyhnfhl>tpky; rpak;gyhnfhl>
cjtpg; gzpg;ghsu; ehafk;>
nkhopfs;> khdpltpay;> r%f tpQ;Qhd gPlk;
Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;.
iv
v
fy;tp ntspaPl;L Mizahsu; ehafj;jpd; nra;jpfy;tp ntspaPl;L Mizahsu; ehafj;jpd; nra;jpfy;tp ntspaPl;L Mizahsu; ehafj;jpd; nra;jpfy;tp ntspaPl;L Mizahsu; ehafj;jpd; nra;jpfy;tp ntspaPl;L Mizahsu; ehafj;jpd; nra;jp
vi
mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;
tho;f;ifj; Nju;r;rpfSk; FbAupikf;fy;tpAk; vDk; ghlkhdJ 9 Me; juj;jpw;fhf
2010 Mk; Mz;bypUe;J eilKiwg;gLj;jg;glTs;sJ. Gjpa ghlj;jpl;lk; ,U
gFjpfis cs;slf;fpAs;sJ. mjd; Kjw; gFjp tho;f;ifj; Nju;r;rpg; ghlg;gug;Gf;Fupa
fUg;nghUs;fisAk; ,uz;lhk; gFjp FbAupikf;fy;tpg; ghlg;gug;Gf;Fupa
fUg;nghUs;fisAk; nfhz;like;Js;sJ.
Kjw; gFjp MW gpujhd Nju;r;rpfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;Ls;sJ.
Ra tpsf;fj;Jld; nraw;gLjyhdJ> kpfTk; gue;j Kiwapy; tpUj;jp nra;ag;gLtJld;
Nghl;lhNghl;b epyTk; r%fj;jpy; rpwe;j tho;f;ifg; gof;ftof;fq;fis tpUj;jp
nra;jy;> tpisjpwd; kpf;f jPu;khdq;fis vLj;jy;> Kuz;ghLfisr; rkhjhd/ Neakhd
Kiwapy; jPu;j;Jf;nfhs;sy;> NtiyAyfpw;F jahuhjy; Mfpa gug;Gf;fs; njhlu;ghff;
ftdQ; nrYj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. mjw;fpzq;f ehshe;j tho;f;ifapy; vjpu; nfhs;Sk;
gpur;rpidfs;> rthy;fSf;F ntw;wpfukhf vjpu;nfhs;tjw;fhf Mw;wy;fis tsu;j;jNy
vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpwJ.
,g;ghlj;jpl;lj;jpd; ,uz;lhk; gFjp> FbAupikf;fy;tp njhlu;ghdjhFk;. $l;Lr;Nru;e;J
nraw;gLtjd; Clhf r%fg; ghJfhg;ig cWjpg;gLj;Jjy;> r%f ed;ikf;fhfg;
gq;fspf;fj;jf;f r%f> nghUshjhu> njhopDl;g khw;wq;fSf;F ,irtile;J
nraw;gLtjw;Fj; Njitahd Mw;wy;fis tpUj;jp nra;;jy;> [dehaf Ml;rp
Kiwnahd;wpid ntw;wpfukhf elj;jpr; nry;tjw;Fg; gq;fspj;jy;> nghJ ed;ikf;fhfr;
nraw;gLk; cs;Suhl;rp epWtdq;fspd; gzpfspy; gq;fspj;jy; Nghd;w tplaq;fs;
njhlu;ghf tpNrl ftdk; nrYj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. Nkw;gb ghlj;jpl;lj;ijf; fw;gjD}lhf
khztu; MSikiaAk; r%fj; jpwd;fisAk; tpUj;jp miltNjhL> khdplg; gz;Gfs;
epiwe;j r%fj;jpw;Fg; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;af;$ba rpwe;j gpui[fis cUthf;f
vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
ghlk; ghlk; ghlk; ghlk; ghlk; jtiz jtiz jtiz jtiz jtiz Nju;r;rp kl;lk; Nju;r;rp kl;lk; Nju;r;rp kl;lk; Nju;r;rp kl;lk; Nju;r;rp kl;lk; ghlNtisghlNtisghlNtisghlNtisghlNtis
vz;zpf;if vz;zpf;if vz;zpf;if vz;zpf;if vz;zpf;if
ghfk; 1
tho;f;ifj;
Nju;r;rpfs;
;
ghfk; 11
FbAupikf;
fy;tp
1 Me; jtiz
11 Me; jtiz
111 Me; jtiz
1 Me; jtiz
11 Me; jtiz
111 Me; jtiz
9.1.1, 9.1.2, 9.1.3, 9.1.4
9.2.1, 9.2.2, 9.3.1, 9.3.2,
9.3.3, 9.4.1, 9.4.2
9.5.1, 9.5.2, 9.5.3, 9.6.1, 9.6.2
9.1.1, 9.1.2, 9.1.3, 9.2.1, 9.2.2
9.2.2, 9.2.3, 9.3.1, 9.3.2
9.3.2, 9.3.3, 9.4.1, 9.4.2, 9.4.3
08
12
10
12
08
10
,e;j Mrpupa topfhl;ly; E}ypd; %d;whk; ghfk;> fw;wy;> fw;gpj;jy;> kjpg;gPl;Lf;fhd
fUtpfSf;fhf xJf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. xU jtizf;fhf mt;thwhd kjpg;gPl;Lf; fUtpfs;
xd;W tPjk; ,e;j topfhl;ly; E}ypy; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. Njitf;Nfw;g vjpu;ghu;f;fg;
gLk; fw;wy; Nju;r;rpfis tpUj;jp nra;aTk; mstpl;Lf; nfhs;sTk; Vw;w fw;wy;> fw;gpj;jy;
kjpg;gPl;Lf; fUtpfis cUthf;fpg; gad;gLj;j cq;fshy; ,aYk;.
6> 7> 8> 9 juq;fspy; gapd;w tho;f;ifj; Nju;r;rp kw;Wk; FbAupikf; fy;tpg; ghlkhdJ> 10>
11 Mk; juq;fspy; KjyhtJ ghlg; gpuptpd; fPo; Nju;e;njLf;f Ntz;ba tplakhf FbAupikf;
fy;tpAk; kf;fs; Ml;rpAk; vd;w ghlg; ngaupy; njhlu;e;Jk; nraw;gLfpd;wJ.
,e;j Mrpupa topfhl;b njhlu;ghd mgptpUj;jp rhu; MNyhridfs; ,Ug;gpd; vkf;Fr;
rku;g;gpf;FkhW jaTld; Ntz;bf; nfhs;fpNwhk;. ,e;j Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
E}iyj; jahupg;gjpy; gy;NtW tpjj;jpYk; JizGupe;j midtUf;Fk; vkJ ed;wpfs;
cupj;jhtjhf.
vii
tho;f;ifj; Nju;r;rpfSk; FbAupikf; fy;tpAk;tho;f;ifj; Nju;r;rpfSk; FbAupikf; fy;tpAk;tho;f;ifj; Nju;r;rpfSk; FbAupikf; fy;tpAk;tho;f;ifj; Nju;r;rpfSk; FbAupikf; fy;tpAk;tho;f;ifj; Nju;r;rpfSk; FbAupikf; fy;tpAk;
MNyhridMNyhridMNyhridMNyhridMNyhrid :
Nguhrpupau; yhy; ngNuuh gzpg;ghsu; ehafk; - Nj.f.ep
Nkw;ghu;itNkw;ghu;itNkw;ghu;itNkw;ghu;itNkw;ghu;it :
jpU.tpky; rpak;gyhnfhl cjtpg; gzpg;ghsu; ehafk; - Nj.f.ep
,izg;ghf;fk;,izg;ghf;fk;,izg;ghf;fk;,izg;ghf;fk;,izg;ghf;fk; :
jpU.V.vy;.v];.mNgtpf;uk nraw;wpl;l jiytu; - Nj.f.ep
jpU.vk;.Nf.Nf.gpupae;j nraw;wpl;l mjpfhup - Nj.f.ep
vOj;jhsu; FOvOj;jhsu; FOvOj;jhsu; FOvOj;jhsu; FOvOj;jhsu; FO :
cs;thupcs;thupcs;thupcs;thupcs;thup
jpU.V.vy;.v];.mNgtpf;uk nraw;wpl;l mjpfhup - Nj.f.ep
jpU.vk;.Nf.Nf.gpupae;j nraw;wpl;l mjpfhup - Nj.f.ep
jpUkjp.vk;.gp.Mu;. jdtu;jd gpujk nraw;wpl;l mjpfhup - Nj.f.ep
jpUkjp. b.vr;.rp.vd;. ju;kghy nraw;wpl;l mjpfhup - Nj.f.ep
jpUkjp.lg;spA.V.Nf Rju;rdp nraw;wpl;l mjpfhup - Nj.f.ep
jpUkjp A.V.gP.Fzjpyf;f nraw;wpl;l mjpfhup - Nj.f.ep
jpU.v];.fUzhfud; cjtp nraw;wpl;l mjpfhup - Nj.f.ep
jpUkjp.vr;.V. gpupaju;\dp cjtp nraw;wpl;l mjpfhup - Nj.f.ep
ntspthu pntspthu pntspthu pntspthu pntspthu p
fyhepjp.vr;.B.V.gl;Ltpl;lNf Xa;Tngw;w gzpg;ghsu; - Nj.f.ep
jpU.rp.v];.[arpq;f Kfhikahsu; Mrpupau; kj;jpa epiyak; - n`huiz
nry;tp. I.uz#upa cg gPlhjpgjp> Cth Njrpa fy;tpapay; fy;Y}up
jpUkjp.vk;.vk;.[P.rp.uj;dhaf;f Mrpupau; NritI - ngz;fs; cau;ju ghlrhiy> fz;b
nry;tp. V.V.fy;ahztjp Mrpupa MNyhrfu; - gpypae;jy tyak;
jpU.N[.vk;.vk;.iaRe;ju Mrpupa MNyhrfu; - epf;fntul;ba tyak;
jpU.V.gP.ky;ythuhr;rp Mrpupa MNyhrfu; - epf;fntul;ba tyak;
jpUkjp. gP.gP.khypf;fh Mrpupa MNyhrfu; - mk;ghe;Njhl;il tyak;
jpUkjp. vd;.td;dpahuhr;rp Mrpupa MNyhrfu; - jpf;nty;y tyak;
jpU.vd;.Nf Muhr;rp Mrpupau;; - nghy;nfhl tpj;jpahyak;> k`fk
jpUkjp.v];.gP.gpNuktjp Mrpupaia - nrd;Njhk]; tpj;jpahyak;> khj;jiw
jpU.vd;.ju;kjhr Mrpupa MNyhrfu; - rpyhgk; tyak;.
jpU.vk; vr;.vk;. ah$j; Xa;Tngw;w gpujk nraw;wpl;l mjpfhup - Nj.f.ep
jpUkjp.v];.ghyRe;juk; Xa;Tngw;w gpujpg; guPl;ir Mizahsu;
vd;.vk;.vk;.K`;apj;jPd; Xa;Tngw;w Mrpupa MNyhrfu;
jpUkjp.v];.Uifah `];kp Mrpupia - ghGy; `rd; K.k.tp - tuf;fhg;nghis
ml;ilg;glKk; rpj;jpuKk;ml;ilg;glKk; rpj;jpuKk;ml;ilg;glKk; rpj;jpuKk;ml;ilg;glKk; rpj;jpuKk;ml;ilg;glKk; rpj;jpuKk;
jpU.utPe;jpu NjEtu cjtpr; nraw;wpl;l mjpfhup - mofpaw;Wiw - Nj.f.ep
fdpzp gjpg;ghf;fkfdpzp gjpg;ghf;fkfdpzp gjpg;ghf;fkfdpzp gjpg;ghf;fkfdpzp gjpg;ghf;fk; nry;tp. Rgh\pdp =jud;
Vida cjtpfs;Vida cjtpfs;Vida cjtpfs;Vida cjtpfs;Vida cjtpfs; nry;tp.vk;.vd;.vg; up`hdh - Nj.f.ep
nry;tp.V.vy;.v];.gp.mj;jgj;J - Nj.f.ep
jpUkjp.v];.rkuf;nfhb - Nj.f.ep
jpU.Mu;.vk;.&grpq;f - Nj.f.ep
viii
ix
cs;slf;fk;cs;slf;fk;cs;slf;fk;cs;slf;fk;cs;slf;fk;
tpupthd ghlj;jpl;lk;tpupthd ghlj;jpl;lk;tpupthd ghlj;jpl;lk;tpupthd ghlj;jpl;lk;tpupthd ghlj;jpl;lk; 1 - 14 1 - 14 1 - 14 1 - 14 1 - 14
ghlrhiyf; nfhs;ifAk; Ntiyj;jpl;lKk;ghlrhiyf; nfhs;ifAk; Ntiyj;jpl;lKk;ghlrhiyf; nfhs;ifAk; Ntiyj;jpl;lKk;ghlrhiyf; nfhs;ifAk; Ntiyj;jpl;lKk;ghlrhiyf; nfhs;ifAk; Ntiyj;jpl;lKk; 14 14 14 14 14
fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;
----- mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk; 16 - 20 16 - 20 16 - 20 16 - 20 16 - 20
----- khjpupr; nraw;ghLfs;khjpupr; nraw;ghLfs;khjpupr; nraw;ghLfs;khjpupr; nraw;ghLfs;khjpupr; nraw;ghLfs; 22 - 180 22 - 180 22 - 180 22 - 180 22 - 180
fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk;fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk;fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk;fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk;fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk; 181 - 183181 - 183181 - 183181 - 183181 - 183
fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; ePbg;Gf; fUtpfs;fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; ePbg;Gf; fUtpfs;fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; ePbg;Gf; fUtpfs;fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; ePbg;Gf; fUtpfs;fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; ePbg;Gf; fUtpfs; 184 - 190184 - 190184 - 190184 - 190184 - 190
1
2.02.02.02.02.0 ghl Nehf;fk; (gFjp xd;W) tho;f;ifj;ghl Nehf;fk; (gFjp xd;W) tho;f;ifj;ghl Nehf;fk; (gFjp xd;W) tho;f;ifj;ghl Nehf;fk; (gFjp xd;W) tho;f;ifj;ghl Nehf;fk; (gFjp xd;W) tho;f;ifj;
Nju;r;rpfs;Nju;r;rpfs;Nju;r;rpfs;Nju;r;rpfs;Nju;r;rpfs;
• jkJ ,aYikfs;> jpwd;fs;> cs;shu;e;j Mw;wy;fis mwpe;J vjpu;fhy tho;tpd;
,yf;Ffis tbtikj;Jf; nfhs;sy;.
• ehshe;jr; nraw;ghLfis ed;F jpl;lkpl;L epiwNtw;w Kw;gLjy;.
• kdntOr;rpfis ntw;wpfukhf vjpu;nfhs;s neUf;fpilia ,opthf;Fjy;.
• MSik tsu;r;rpf;ffhd nraw;ghLfs;> nghOJNghf;F kw;Wk; mofpay;
nraw;ghLfspy; <Lgl;L Xa;itg; gaDs;sthW fopj;jy;.
• rpwe;j Mspilj; njhlu;Gfisg; NgzpathW gupTzu;Tld; nraw;gly;
• gaDWjp tha;e;j njhlu;ghly; jpwd;fis tpUj;jp nra;jy;.
• ehshe;j fUkq;fspd; NghJ cld;ghlhd kdg;ghq;FfSld; nraw;gLjy;.
• Ma;e;Njha;e;Jk; Mf;f G+u;tkhd rpe;jidAlDk; nraw;gLjy;.
• jiyikj;Jtg; gz;Gfis tpUj;jp nra;jthW jiyikj;Jtj;jpw;F kjpg;gspj;jy;
• gaDWjp tha;e;j jPu;khdq;fis vLg;gjD}lhf gpur;rpidfSf;Fj; jPu;T fhzy;.
• ,lu;Kfhikj;Jtj;Jf;fhf nray;uPjpapy; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;tJld; mdu;j;jq;fisj;
jtpu;j;jYk; ,opthf;fYk;
• jdpahl;fs; rhu;e;j kw;Wk; r%fQ; rhu;e;j Kuz;ghLfis ,ad;w msTf;Ff;
Fiwj;jthW nraw;;gLjy;.
• vjpu;fhy NtiyAyfpw;F ntw;wpfukhf Kfq;nfhLj;jy;.
ghl Nehf;fk; (gFjp ,uz;L) FbAupikf;fy;tpghl Nehf;fk; (gFjp ,uz;L) FbAupikf;fy;tpghl Nehf;fk; (gFjp ,uz;L) FbAupikf;fy;tpghl Nehf;fk; (gFjp ,uz;L) FbAupikf;fy;tpghl Nehf;fk; (gFjp ,uz;L) FbAupikf;fy;tp
• gd;ikr; r%fnkhd;wpy; If;fpaj;Jld; tho;tjw;Fj; Njitahd Nju;r;rpfis
tpUj;jp nra;J nfhs;sy;.
• khdplg; gz;Gfs; kw;Wk; r%f tpOkpaq;fisg; ghJfhg;gjw;F cfe;j gpui[fis
cUthf;Fjy;.
• xOf;fj;jpw;Fk;> rl;lj;jpw;Fk; kjpg;gspf;Fk; gpui[fisr; r%fj;jpw;F toq;Ftjw;Fj;
Njitahd Nju;r;rpfis tpUj;jp nra;jy;.
• jdpahl;fs; rhu;e;j> r%fk; rhu;e;j nraw;ghLfspd; NghJ gu];guk; xj;Jioj;Jf;
fUkkhw;Wjy;.
• ,yq;if kw;Wk; cyf Ml;rpf; Nfhyq;fs; njhlu;ghf tpsq;fpf; nfhs;sy;.
• [dehaf %yjj;Jtq;fSf;Fk; kdpj cupikfs;> rhrdq;fSf;Fk; mikthfr;
nraw;gLk; r%fnkhd;iw cUthf;Fjy;.
• rjh khw;wKWk; cyfpd; vjpu;ghuhj> jPikahd re;ju;g;gq;fis ntw;wp nfhs;sj;
Njitahd rf;jpia tpUj;jp nra;J nfhs;sy;.
• gu];guk; flikfs;> nghWg;Gf;fSf;F kjpg;gspf;Fk; r%fnkhd;iwf; fl;bnaOg;Gjy;.
• r%fj;jpd; ed;ikf;fhf> r%f jhgdq;fs; mikg;Gf;fisg; gad;gLj;j
topg;gLj;Jjy;.
2
9 Mk; juk; - tho;f;ifj; Nju;r;rpfSk; FbAupikf;fy;tpAk; (gFjp 1)9 Mk; juk; - tho;f;ifj; Nju;r;rpfSk; FbAupikf;fy;tpAk; (gFjp 1)9 Mk; juk; - tho;f;ifj; Nju;r;rpfSk; FbAupikf;fy;tpAk; (gFjp 1)9 Mk; juk; - tho;f;ifj; Nju;r;rpfSk; FbAupikf;fy;tpAk; (gFjp 1)9 Mk; juk; - tho;f;ifj; Nju;r;rpfSk; FbAupikf;fy;tpAk; (gFjp 1)
ghl tpla cs;slf;fk;ghl tpla cs;slf;fk;ghl tpla cs;slf;fk;ghl tpla cs;slf;fk;ghl tpla cs;slf;fk;
• jdpahl;fspy; gy;NtW jpwd;fs;> Mw;wy;fs;:• jdpahl;fspy; gy;NtW jpwd;fs;> Mw;wy;fis ,dq;fhzy;.
• xt;nthU jdpahuplj;jpYk; gy;NtW jpwd;fs;>
Mw;wy;fs; fhzg;gLk;
• jkJ Mw;wy;fs;> jpwd;fis tpUj;jp nra;J nfhs;tjw;
fhfg; gad;gLj;jj;jf;f Nkyjpf fw;wy; Kiwfs;
c-k;:
• tho;f;if mDgtq;fs;
• gapw;rp
• E}y;fs;
• ,yj;jpudpay; Clfq;fs;
• tsthsu;fisr; re;jpj;jy;
• jkJ rpwg;ghd jpwd;fs;> Mw;wy;fis mbg;gil
ahff; nfhz;L vjpu;fhy tho;f;iff; Fwpf;Nfhs;
fis cUthf;fpf;nfhs;sy;
• RatpUj;jp
• MSik
• thz;ik/ njhopy;
• tho;f;if elj;Jk;NghJ gy;NtW miw$ty;fis
vjpu;nfhs;s Ntz;b Vw;gLfpd;wik> mJ tho;f;ifapd;
,ay;G
• xt;Nthu; miw$tiyAk; tho;f;ifapd; ntw;wpf;fhd
ce;Jjy;fshf khw;wpaikj;Jf; nfhs;sy;.
Nju;r ;rpNju;r ;rpNju;r ;rpNju;r ;rpNju;r ;rp
9.1 Ra tpsf;fj;Jld;
nraw;gLthu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;
9.1.1 jkJ mwpthw;wy;fis
ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.
9.1.2 tho;f;ifapy; vjpu;Nehf;
Fk; gy;NtW miw$ty;
fspd; NghJ ntw;wpfu
khfr; nraw;gLthu;.
ghlNtisghlNtisghlNtisghlNtisghlNtis
03
3
ghl tpla cs;slf;fk;ghl tpla cs;slf;fk;ghl tpla cs;slf;fk;ghl tpla cs;slf;fk;ghl tpla cs;slf;fk;
• cyfk; njhlu;ghd gue;j Nehf;F• ,yq;ifapd; RNjr fyhrhuk;> cw;gj;jp> RNjrj;Jtk;
Mfpatw;Wf;F kjpg;gspj;jy;.
• RNjr rl;lj;Jf;F mg;ghw; nrd;W Vida Nkk;gl;l
gz;ghLfis ,dq;fhzYk; mtw;wpd; %yk;
ahg;gpidAk; mwpe;J nfhs;sy;
• xOq ;F tho ;jyhdJ cyfshtpa u Pj pa py ;
eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLk; tpjj;ij ,dq;fhzy;.
• gu];guk; xUtu; kPJ xUtu; rhu;e;jpUj;jy;
- cyfpy; ve;jnthU jdpahSf;Nfh kf;fl;
gpuptpdUf;Nfh ehl;Lf;Nfh jdpj;jpUf;f KbahJ.
• cWjpg;ghlhd jd;ik (Assertiveness) ,dq;fhzy;.
• jd;Dld; cWjpg;ghL
• VidNahUld; cWjpg;ghL
• jdJ czu;Tfis Njitahd re;ju;g;gq;fspy;
Njitahd tifapy;> nghUSs;s tifapy;> xOf;fk;
NgzpathW Kd;itj;jy;
• cld;ghlhd kdg;ghq;FfSld; Ma;e;Njha;e;J ghu;j;J
cWjpahd nfhs;iffis Ngzpr; nraw;gLjy;.
Nju;r ;rpNju;r ;rpNju;r ;rpNju;r ;rpNju;r ;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;
9.1.3 RNjrj;Jtj;ijf; fhj;J
G+Nfhsf; fpuhkj;jpd; Xu;
mq;fj;jtu; vd;w tif
apy; xUq;F tho;e;jthW
nraw;gLthu;.
9.1.4 Njitg;gLk; Nghnjy;
yhk ; cWjpg ;ghlhd
tifapy; nraw;gLthu;.
ghlNtisghlNtisghlNtisghlNtisghlNtis
01
02
4
ghl tpla cs;slf;fk;ghl tpla cs;slf;fk;ghl tpla cs;slf;fk;ghl tpla cs;slf;fk;ghl tpla cs;slf;fk;
• ey;tho;tpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;- jdpahdJ tpUg;Gf;fspd; gy;tifik- rpf;fyhd tho;f;iff;Nfhyk;
• ey;tho;tpd; gz;Gfs;- kfpo;r;rpAld; ,Uj;jy;- fpilg;gijf; nfhz;L jpUg;jpailjy;- vspikahd tho;f;if tho;jy;- el;Gzu;T- rkepiyahf tho;jy;
• ey;tho;tpd; gz;Gfis filgpbf;fhikahy; Vw;gLk;
tpisTfs;
• Vw;gLk; #o;epiyfSf;F Vw;g ey;tho;tpd; gz;Gfis
md;whl tho;Tld; nghUe;jpaikj;Jf;nfhs;Sjy;.
Nju;r ;rpNju;r ;rpNju;r ;rpNju;r ;rpNju;r ;rp
9.2 N g h l ; b j ; j d ; i k
tha;e;j cyfpy; ey;
tho ;it t pUj ;j p
nra;J nfhs;thu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;
9.2.1 Nghl;bj;jd;ik tha;e;j
cyfpy; ey;tho;tpd;
K f ; f p a j ; J t j ; i j
tprhuiz nra;thu;.
9.2.2 ey;tho;Tf;F ,l;Lr;
nry;Yk; gz;Gfisf;
filgpbg;ghu;.
ghlNtisghlNtisghlNtisghlNtisghlNtis
02
02
5
ghl tpla cs;slf;fk;ghl tpla cs;slf;fk;ghl tpla cs;slf;fk;ghl tpla cs;slf;fk;ghl tpla cs;slf;fk;
• rthy; vd;gij ,dq;fhzy;- Fwpj;jnjhU Nehf;if ntw;wpfukhf mile;Jnfhs;tjpy; vjpu;g;;gLk; jilfs; my;yJ tiuaiwfSf;F Kfq;nfhLj;J mtw;iw ntw;wpnfhs;tjw;fhd jplrq;fw;gNk rthyhFk;.
• rthy;fs;- jdf;F> jdJ FLk;gj;jpy;> ghlrhiyapy;> r%fj;jpy;> Vida re;ju;g;gq;fspy;
• jilfis ntw;wpnfhs;tjw;F Mf;fG+u ;tkhd
Kiwikfis ifahz;Lghu;j;jy;.
• khw;W topfspy; ftdQ;nrYj;jy;.
Nju;r ;rpNju;r ;rpNju;r ;rpNju;r ;rpNju;r ;rp
9.3 tho;tpy; re;ju;g;gq;f
Sf;Fk; rthy;fSf;
Fk; Kfq;nfhLj;J>
tpisjpwd;kpf;f jPu;kh
dq;fis vLg;ghu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;
9.3.1 tho ;t pd ; gy ; NtW
re ; j u ; g ; gq ; fisAk ;
rthy;fisAk; EZfp
aha;thu;.
9.3.2 gy;NtW rthy;fspd;
NghJ jiyikj;Jtg;
gz ;Gfis tpUj ;j p
nra;J nfhs;thu;.
9.3.3 tho ;t pd ; gy ; NtW
gpur;rpidfs;> rthy;
fis ntw;w pfukhf
vjpu; nfhs;thu;.
ghlNtisghlNtisghlNtisghlNtisghlNtis
02
01
02
6
ghl tpla cs;slf;fk;ghl tpla cs;slf;fk;ghl tpla cs;slf;fk;ghl tpla cs;slf;fk;ghl tpla cs;slf;fk;
• ehk; vjpu;nfhs;Sk; gy;NtW tpgj;Jf;fis ,dq;fhzy;• tpgj;Jf;fSk; mdu;j;jq;fSk; epfoj;jf;f ,lq;fistifg;gLj;jy;.- tPL- ghlrhiy- maw; #oy;- Ntiyj;jsk;
• Nkw;gb ,lq;fs; jtpu tpgj;Jf;fs; epfoj;jf;f NtWre;ju;g;gq;fs;• ,aw;ifahfTk; kdpj nraw;ghLfspd; tpisthfTk;
tpgj;Jf;fSk; mdu;j;jq;fSk; Vw;gLjy;.
• czT kw ;Wk ; xsljq ;fs ; njhlu ; g hd
tpgj;Jf;fSk; mdu;j;jq;fSk;
• ghjfkhd gof;fq;fshy; Vw;gLk; mdu;j;jq;fs;
• tpgj;Jf;fis jtpu;j;Jf; nfhs;tjw;fhf Nkw;nfhs;sj;
jf;f topKiwfs;
• rk;ge;jg;gl;l epWtdq;fs; njhlu;ghf mwpT+l;lk;
ngWjy;.
- itj;jparhiy
- nghyp];
- jPaizf;Fk; gpupT
- ,lu; Kfhikj;Jt epiyak;
- Vida epWtdq;fs;
• mt;tr;re;ju;g;gq;fspd; NghJ rkNahrpjkhfTk;
epjhdkhfTk;; nraw;gly;.
Nju;r ;rpNju;r ;rpNju;r ;rpNju;r ;rpNju;r ;rp
9.4 ,lu;Kfhikj;Jtj;
ij Nkw;nfhs;thu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;
9.4.1 tpgj;Jf;fs;> mdu;j;jq;
fs; njhlu;ghf tpopg;G
zu;Tld; nraw;gLthu;.
9.4.2 tpgj;Jf;fs;> mdu;j;jq;
fs;pd; NghJ Gj;jprhypj;
jdkhfr; nraw;gLthu;.
ghlNtisghlNtisghlNtisghlNtisghlNtis
02
01
7
ghl tpla cs;slf;fk;ghl tpla cs;slf;fk;ghl tpla cs;slf;fk;ghl tpla cs;slf;fk;ghl tpla cs;slf;fk;
• Kuz;ghl;il tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;jy;
• Kuz;ghLfspd; jd;ikfis mwpe;J nfhs;sy;.
• Kuz;ghl;ilg; gFj;jha;jy;
- fhuzq;fs;
- gz;Gfs;
• Kuz;ghl;Lj; jPu;Tf;fhd jilfs;
- ,Wf;fkhd epiyg;ghL
- xNu jPu;tpy; jq;fpapUj;jy;
- kw;iwa jug;gpdiuj; Njhw;fbj;J jhd; ntw;wp
nfhs;sy;.
• Kuz;ghl;Lj; jPu ;nthd;wpd; rpwe;j gz;Gfis
,dq;fhzy;
- njhlu;ghly;
- khw;Wj;jPu;Tfisf; fz;lwpjy;
- xj;Jiog;G
- ,U jug;Gk; ,zq;fj;jf;f jPu;nthd;iw Nehf;fpr;
nry;yy;. (ntw;wp - ntw;wp jPu;T)
• Kuz;ghL jPu;j;jy; jpwd;fs;
- fye;jhNyhrpj;jy;
- gupTzu;Tld; nrtpkLj;jy;
- Kuz;ghl;ilg; gFj;jha;jy;
- khw;Wj;jPu;Tfis ,dq;fhzy;
- cWjpg;ghlhd Jyq;fy;
Nju;r ;rpNju;r ;rpNju;r ;rpNju;r ;rpNju;r ;rp
9.5 K u z ; g h L f i s
rkhjhdkhd tif
apy; jPu;j;Jf;nfhs;
thu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;
9.5.1 Kuz;ghLfspd; jd;ik
ia tpsf;Fthu;.
9.5.2 jilfis ntw ; w p
nfhz;L Kuz;ghLfisj;
jPu;f;f Kidthu;.
ghlNtisghlNtisghlNtisghlNtisghlNtis
02
02
8
ghl tpla cs;slf;fk;ghl tpla cs;slf;fk;ghl tpla cs;slf;fk;ghl tpla cs;slf;fk;ghl tpla cs;slf;fk;
• ,zf;fg;ghL - mwpKfk;- Kuz;ghl;ilj; jPu;j;Jf; nfhs;tjw;F %d;whe; jug;nghd;wpd; cjtpia ehly;.
• ,zf;fg;ghl;bd; gbKiwfs;- gf;fr;rhu;gw;w Kiwapy; Kuz;ghl;ilj; jPu;j;Jf;nfhs;s cjTgtuhf Kd;tUjy;
- Kuz;ghl;il Muha;jy;- jug;GfSld; jdpj;jdpahff; fye;Jiuahly;.- khw;Wj; jPu;Tfis Kd;itg;gjw;F ,U jug;gpdiuAk; J}z;Ljy;
- ,U jug;gpduhYk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sj;jf;f jPu;Tfs;njhlu;ghf ,Ujug;gpdiuAk; J}z;Ljy;.
- mjidr; nraw;gLj;Jk; tpjj;ijg; gpNuupj;jy;
Nju;r ;rpNju;r ;rpNju;r ;rpNju;r ;rpNju;r ;rp Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;
9.5.3 Kuz;ghl;il ,zf;fg;
g hl ;Lf ;F nfhz ;L
tUthu;.
ghlNtisghlNtisghlNtisghlNtisghlNtis
02
9
ghl tpla cs;slf;fk;ghl tpla cs;slf;fk;ghl tpla cs;slf;fk;ghl tpla cs;slf;fk;ghl tpla cs;slf;fk;
• tho;f;ifj; njhopy; xd;iwj; Nju;e;njLj;jy;.- jkJ mwpthw;wy;fisAk; jpwikfisAk;cs;shu;e;j Mw;wy;fisAk; mwpe;J nfhz;L mjw;Nfw;g njhopnyhd;iw ,yf;fhff; nfhs;Sjy;.
- njupT nra;J nfhz;l njhopYf;fhd gpd;dzpj;jfty;fis Njbahuha;jy;.
- mj;njhopYf;Fupa mbg;gilj;jpwd;fis tpUj;jpnra;J nfhs;s Kidjy;.
- mbg;gilg; gapw;rpiag; ngw;Wf; nfhs;s Kidjy;- Ranjhopy; tha;g;Gfspy; ftdQ; nrYj;Jjy;- tpidj;jpwDlDk; tpisjpwDila tifapYk;Ranjhopy; cw;gj;jpfspd; juj;ij Nkk;gLj;jKidjy;
- jkJ njhopy; Kidg;Gf;F mikthf vjpu;fhyj;jpy;njhopnyhd;wpidj; njupT nra;Jnfhs;s Kidg;GWj;jy;
- nraw;wpwd;
- tpisjpwd;
- njhopy; kfpik
- nghUl;fs; Nritfspd; gz;Gj; juk;
- jkJ Nritfis caupa juj;jpy; toq;f Kd;tuy;.
Nju;r ;rpNju;r ;rpNju;r ;rpNju;r ;rpNju;r ;rp
9.6 NtiyAyf p w ;Fj ;
jahuhFthu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;
9.6.1 gy ; NtW njho pw ;
Jiwfis ,dq;fz;L
jkJ Mw;wy;fSf;F Vw;g
tpUg;gkhd njhopnyhd;
iwj; Nju;e;njLg;gjw;F
Kidthu;.
9.6.2 njhopy; mgptpUj;jpf;Fj;
Njitahd kdg;ghq;if
tsu;j;Jf; nfhs;thu;.
ghlNtisghlNtisghlNtisghlNtisghlNtis
02
02
10
gFjp gFjp gFjp gFjp gFjp II
9.1 ehk; thOk; r%fk;9.1 ehk; thOk; r%fk;9.1 ehk; thOk; r%fk;9.1 ehk; thOk; r%fk;9.1 ehk; thOk; r%fk;
Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;
9.1.1 r%f ghJfhg;Gf;fhdjdpahspd; nghWg;Gf;fisAk; flikfisAk; epiwNtw;Wthu;.
9.1.2 r%f ghJfhg;gpd;kPJgq;fspg ;Gr ; nra;Ak;gy;NtW epWtdq;fismw pe ;J ngUk pjq ;fhz;l gpuir vd;wtifapy; xj;Jiog;Gld;fUkkhw;Wthu;.
9.1.3 $l;LwT ,af;fj;Jld;,ize;J rf tho;TthOk; g puirahfr ;nraw;gLthu;.
ghl tpla cs;slf;fk;ghl tpla cs;slf;fk;ghl tpla cs;slf;fk;ghl tpla cs;slf;fk;ghl tpla cs;slf;fk;
9.1.1 r%fg; ghJfhg;G• r%fj;jpw;Fk; jdpahSf;Fkpilapyhd njhlu;G• r%f ghJfhg;G - mwpKfk;• r%fg; ghJfhg;gpw;Fg; gq;fspj;jy;• FLk;gk;> ghlrhiy> rka epWtdq;fs;> r%fepWtdq;fs;
9.1.2 r%fg; ghJfhg;ig Vw;gLj;Jtjw;fhf Nkw;nfhs;sg;
gl;Ls;s nghwpKiwfs;> rl;ljpl;lq;fs; kw;Wk;
mtw;nwhbize;j jdp Ml;fspd;; nghWg;GfSk;
- nghyp];
- ghJfhg;Gg; gilapdu;
9.1.3 $l;LwT ,af;fk; - mwpKfk;• $l;LwT ,af ;fj ;j pd ; jw ;fhy flikfSk;nghWg;GfSk;
− gyNehf;F $l;LwT rq;fq;fs;> gpuNjr mikg;Gf;fs;
Clhf
Nju;r;rpNju;r ;rpNju;r ;rpNju;r ;rpNju;r ;rp
9.1 $l;lhd nraw;ghL
fspd; Clhf r%fg;
ghJfhg;ig cWjpg;
gLj;jpf; nfhs;tjw;F
nray;uPjpapy; gq;f
spg;Gr; nra;thu;.
ghlNtisghlNtisghlNtisghlNtisghlNtis
08
11
Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;
9.2.1 rkfhy khw;wq;fSf;$lhf jdpahs;> r%fm g p t p U j ; j p a p y ;nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk;khw;wq;fis tprhuizEZfpaha;thu;.
9.2.2 nghUshjhuj;jpy; Vw;gLk; khw;wq;fSf;F,irthfr; nraw;gLthu;.
9.2.3 Gjpa njhopw;re;ijf;Fg;nghUj;jkhd tifapy;jkJ jpwikfisAk;Mw;wy;fisAk; mwpe;Jmtw;iw tpUj;jp nra;Jnfhs;thu;.
ghl tpla cs;slf;fk;ghl tpla cs;slf;fk;ghl tpla cs;slf;fk;ghl tpla cs;slf;fk;ghl tpla cs;slf;fk;
9.2.1 njhopDl ;g khw ;wq ;fSk; mtw;w pd ; k PjhdJyq;fy;fspd; Kf;fpaj;JtKk;
• njhopDl;g khw;wq;fs; - mwpKfk;• gy;NtW Muha;r;rpfs;> Njbaha;Tfs; Clhff;fpilf;Fk;Gjpa fz;Lgpbg;Gf;fs;
• njhopDl;g khw;wj;Jld; $lNt Vw;gLk; r%fkhw;wq;fs;;
• Mf;fj;jpwd; kpf;f gpui[ vd;w tifapy; njhopDl;g
khw;wq;fisg; gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;.
9.2.2 nghUshjhuj;jpy; Vw;gLk; khw;wq;fs;• tptrhaj;Jiw• ifj;njhopy; Jiw• Nritfs; Jiw
9.2.3 njhopw;re;ijAk; mjd; GjpaNghf;FfSk;
• tptrhak;• ifj;njhopy;
• Nritfs;
Nju;r ;rpNju;r ;rpNju;r ;rpNju;r ;rpNju;r ;rp
9.2 r%f ed;ik kPJ> gq;
fspf;Fk; njhopDl;g>
r%f nghUshjhu
khw;wq;fSf;F ,ir
thfr; nraw;gLthu;.
ghlNtisghlNtisghlNtisghlNtisghlNtis
08
9.29.29.29.29.2 rkfhy r%f khw;wk;rkfhy r%f khw;wk;rkfhy r%f khw;wk;rkfhy r%f khw;wk;rkfhy r%f khw;wk;
12
9.3 Ml;rpapy; kf;fspd; gq;Fgw;wWif9.3 Ml;rpapy; kf;fspd; gq;Fgw;wWif9.3 Ml;rpapy; kf;fspd; gq;Fgw;wWif9.3 Ml;rpapy; kf;fspd; gq;Fgw;wWif9.3 Ml;rpapy; kf;fspd; gq;Fgw;wWif
ghl tpla cs;slf;fk;ghl tpla cs;slf;fk;ghl tpla cs;slf;fk;ghl tpla cs;slf;fk;ghl tpla cs;slf;fk;
9.3.1 rdehaf Ml;rp Kiwnahd;wpd; mbg;gilg; gz;Gfs;• rdehafk; - mwpKfk;• rdehaf Ml;rp Kiwnahd;wpd; mbg;gilg; gz;GfSk;rdeha Ml;rp eilngWk; ehLfSk;
• rdehaf Ml;r p Kiwnahd;w pd ; ntw ;w pf ;Fmbg;gilahd mk;rq;fs;.
9.3.2 murpay; fl;rpfs;;• murpay; fl;rpfs; - mwpKfk;
• kf;fs; r%fnkhd;wpy; If;fpaj;ij Vw;gLj;Jtjw;fhf
murpay; fl;rpfs; nra;af;$ba flikfs;> nghWg;Gf;
fs;
9.3.3 thf;FupikAk; Nju;jy;fSk;• Ml;rpapy; kf;fs; gq;Nfw;Fk; re;ju;g;gq;fs;
• ru;trd thf;FupikAk; mjd; Kf;fpaj;JtKk;
• Nju;jy;fSk; Nju;jy;fs; njhlu;ghf kf;fspd; cupik
fSk; flikfSk;
Nju;r ;rpNju;r ;rpNju;r ;rpNju;r ;rpNju;r ;rp
9.3 rdehaf Ml;rp Kiw
apid ntw;wpfukhf
Kd ; ndLg ; g j w ; F
nray;uPjpapy; gq;fspg;
ghu;.
ghlNtisghlNtisghlNtisghlNtisghlNtis
08
Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;
9.3.1 rdehaf Ml;rpKiwnahd;wpd; mbg;gilg;gz;Gfis gFg;gha;Tnra;thu;.
9.3.2 kf;fs; r%fj;jpy; If;fpaj;ij Vw;gLj;Jtjw;Fmurpay; fl;rpfs;; Mw;wf;$ba flikfisAk;nghWg;Gf;fisAk; kjpg;gpLthu;.
9.3.3 rdehaf r%nkhd;wpy;xU ew;gpuir vd;wtifapy; jkJ nghWg;Gf;fisAk; flikfisAk; epiwNtw;Wthu;.
13
9.4 cs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fSk; kf;fspd; gq;Fgw;wYk;9.4 cs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fSk; kf;fspd; gq;Fgw;wYk;9.4 cs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fSk; kf;fspd; gq;Fgw;wYk;9.4 cs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fSk; kf;fspd; gq;Fgw;wYk;9.4 cs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fSk; kf;fspd; gq;Fgw;wYk;
ghl tpla cs;slf;fk;ghl tpla cs;slf;fk;ghl tpla cs;slf;fk;ghl tpla cs;slf;fk;ghl tpla cs;slf;fk;
9.4.1 cs;Suhl;rp - mwpKfk;epWtdq;fs;> cWg;gpdu;fis njupT nra;Ak; tpjk;
9.4.2 cs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fspd; fl;likg;Gk; mjpfhuq;fSk;flikfSk;
9.4.3 cs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fspd; Nritfs; njhlu;gpy;
nghJkf;fspd; flikfSk; nghWg;Gf;fSk;
Nju;r ;rpNju;r ;rpNju;r ;rpNju;r ;rpNju;r ;rp
9.4 nghJ ed;ikapd ;
nghUl;lhd cs;S
uhl;rp kd;wq;fspd;
nraw;ghLfSf;F xj;
Jiog;G toq;Fthu;.
ghlNtisghlNtisghlNtisghlNtisghlNtis
06
Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;
9.4.1 jkJ gpuNjrj ;j pw ;Fcs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fspd; Clhf Mw;wg;gLk; Nritfs; njhlu;gpy; EZfpaha;thu;.
9.4.2 cs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fspd; Nritfs; njhlu;gpyhd nghJ kf;fspd;flikfisAk; nghWg;Gf;fisAk; epiwNtw;Wthu;.
9.4.3 cs;suhl ;r p kd;wq ;fs pd ; Nritfistpidj; jpwDs;s tifapy; Nkw;nfhs;tjw;Fkf;fsJ gq;Fgw;wypd;cs;s Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijkjpg;gpLthu;.
14
3.03.03.03.03.0 ghlrhiyf; nfhs;ifAk; Ntiyj;jpl;lKk;ghlrhiyf; nfhs;ifAk; Ntiyj;jpl;lKk;ghlrhiyf; nfhs;ifAk; Ntiyj;jpl;lKk;ghlrhiyf; nfhs;ifAk; Ntiyj;jpl;lKk;ghlrhiyf; nfhs;ifAk; Ntiyj;jpl;lKk;
“tho;f;ifj; Nju;r;rpfSk; FbAupikf;fy;tpAk;” ghlj;ijg; ghlrhiyapy; fw;gpf;Fk;
NghJ tFg;giwf;F kl;Lg;gLj;jg;glhJ Njitahd vy;yhr; re;ju;g;gq;fspYk; ntspthup
nraw;ghLfspYk; khztiu <LgLj;jy; Kf;fpakhFk;. ghl ,izr; nraw;ghLfspYk;
tFg;giwf;F ntspNaahd nrw;ghLfspYk; khztiu <LgLj;jyhdJ gy;NtW
Jiwfisr; Nru;e;j jpwd;fis mtu;fsplj;Nj tpUj;jp nra;tjw;Fg; ngupJk; Jizahf
mikAk;. KbntLj;jy;> jiyikj;Jtk;> gq;fspg;G> xOq;fikg;G> jpl;lkply; Nghd;w
gy;NtW nraw;ghLfspd; NghJ ,aYkhd vy;yhr; re;ju;g;gq;fspYk; khztupd;
gq;fspg;igg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;tjpy; tpNrl ftdk; nrYj;j Ntz;Lk;. tpNrlkhf
ghlrhiyapy; nraw;gLfpd;w kiw fiyj;jpl;lj;jpidr; nraw;gLj;Jk;NghJ mjpgu;
cl;gl vy;yh epu;thfj; jiytu;fSk; gps;isfsplj;Nj tho;f;ifj;Nju;r;rpfis tpUj;jp
nra;tjw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd Ntiyj;jpl;lq;fisr; nraw;gLj;Jtjpy; ftdk; nrYj;Jjy;
Kf;fpakhdJ.
,it jtpu gy;NtW r%f eyd;Gupr; nraw;ghLfspy; khztiu <LgLj;jjf; $bathW
ghlrhiyf; nfhs;iffisAk; Ntiyj;jpl;lq;fisAk; etPdkag;gLj;jy; mtrpakhFk;.
tpNrlkhf Mrpupau;> ngw;Nwhu; rhu;e;j kw;Wk; r%f Ntiyj;jpl;lq;fspy; khztupd;
gq;fspg;igAk; topfhl;liyAk; ngw;Wf; nfhs;sj; Njitahd eltbf;iffs; ghlrhiy
nfhs;ifapy; cs;slf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. NkYk; ghlrhiyapy; “vdJ ey;y Ntiyg;
gjpNtL” vDk; ehl;Fwpg;NgL xd;iw xt;nthU khztDk; Ngz topg;gLj;jg;gly;
Ntz;Lk;. ,jid ,ilf;fpilNa guPl;rpg;gjd; %yk; khztuplj;Nj ,jid kPs
typAWj;JtJ Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.
Fwpg;ghf “tho;f;ifj; Nju;r;rpfSk; FbAupikf;fy;tpAk;” vz;zf;fUf;fis> tho;f;if
Nju;r;rp ghl Mrpupau; kl;Lkd;wp Vida ghlq;fisf; fw;gpf;Fk; Mrpupau;fs; mgptpUj;jp
nra;jyhdJ ghlrhiyf; nfhs;ifapy; cs;slf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. mtu;fsJ
xj;Jiog;igAk; ,jw;fhfg; ngwy; nghUj;jkhdJ. NkYk; ,g;ghlj;Jld; njhlu;Gila
Nritfisg; ngwf;$ba ntsp tsthsu;fsJk; epWtdq;fsJk; gq;fspg;ig
,ad;wsTf;Fk; ngw Kida Ntz;Lk;. tFg;giwapYk; tFg;giwf;F ntspNaAk;
gy;NtW re;ju;g;gq;fspYk; tpisahl;Lj; jply;> rpw;Wz;Lr;rhiy> nghJ ,lq;fs;>
fhiyf;$l;lk;> ghlrhiyapd; gy;NtW gzpfs;> epfo;Tfspd; NghJ khztuJ
elj;ijfspD}lhf tho;f;ifj; Nju;r;rpfs; ntspf;fhl;Lg;gLk; vd vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
,g;ghlj;ijf; fw;gjd; tpisthf ghlrhiyap;y; xOf;fk; njhlu;ghd gpur;rpidfs;
FiwtiltNjhL> khztu; kfpo;Tld; fw;fj;jf;f mtu;fsJ tpUg;Gf;Fupa xU
#oy; cUthFnkd vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
15
fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwapay;
16
fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; Kiwapay;fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; Kiwapay;fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; Kiwapay;fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; Kiwapay;fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; Kiwapay;
,g;ghlj;jpl;;lj;jpw;F Vw;g fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwikfisj; jPu;khdpf;Fk;NghJ
Ma;Tfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L khztu;fsplj;jpy; Nju;r;rpfis cUthf;Ftjw;F
Vw;w tifapy; fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jw; nraw;ghLfisj; jpl;lkpLtJ njhlu;ghff; ftdk;
nrYj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ. Nju;r;rp ikaf; fy;tpf;F Maj;jk; MFk;NghJ Mrpupau; gq;fpy;
njspthd khw;wk; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpwJ.
vkJ tFg;giwfspy; fle;j fhyq;fspy; gutyhfr; nraw;gLj;jg;gl;L te;j flj;Jk;
tfpgq;F (Transmission Role), gpd;du; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l gupkhw;wy; tfpgq;F (Transac-
tion Role) vd;gd tFg;giwapy; ,g;NghJk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ghlrhiyia tpl;L
tpyfpr; nry;Yk; gps;isfsplj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; rpe;jidj; jpwd;fs;> jdpahs; jpwd;fs;>
r%fj; jpwd;fs; Nghd;wtw;wpYs;s FiwghLfis fUj;jpw; nfhs;tjd; %yk; fw;wy;
- fw;gpj;jy; Kiwikfspy; nra;a Ntz;ba mgptpUj;jprhu; khw;wq;fisAk;> mitvt;thW nra;ag;gly; Ntz;Lnkd;gijAk; ,dq; fhz;gJ fbdkd;W.
flj;Jk; tfpgq;fpy;> fw;gpf;fg;gl Ntz;ba tplaq;fs; ahtw;iwAk; Mrpupau; jhd;njupe;Js;sjhf vLj;Jf; nfhz;L> khztu;fs; ,t;tplaq;fs; njhlu;ghf xd;WNkmwpe;jpuhjtu; vdf; fUjpf; nfhz;L tpla mwpit khztu;fSf;Fr; nrYj;Jk;xUtuhfNt fhzg;gLthu;. ,k;Kiwapy; Mrpupau; tpupTiuahsu; Nghyj;njhopw;gLtNjhL> khztu;fspd; rpe;jidiaj; J}z;Ltjw;Nfh> khztu;fspd; jdpahs;jpwd;fis> r%fj; jpwd;fis tpUj;jp nra;tjw;Nfh nra;Ak; gq;fspg;G NghJkhdjy;y.
Mrpupau; tFg;giwapy; khztu;fSld; fye;JiuahLtJ> gupkhw;wy; tfpgq;fpd;Muk;gf; fl;lkhf mikfpwJ. ,jd;NghJ MrpupauplkpUe;J khztu;fSf;Fk;>khztu;fsplkpUe;J MrpupaUf;Fk; fUj;Jf;fs; gupkhwg;gLtNjhL> mijj; njhlu;e;Jkhztu;- khztu; ,ilj;njhlu;Gk; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;L mtu;fSf;fpilapYk; fUj;Jg;gupkhwy; eilngWtNjhL> mJ ju;f;fuPjpahd fye;Jiuahlyhf khWk;.njupe;jjpypUe;J njupahjjw;Fk;> vspajpypUe;J rpf;fyhdjw;Fk;> J}y tplaj;jpypUe;JfUj;Jepiy tplaj;jpw;Fk; khztu;fisf; nfhz;L nry;Yk; tifapy; Mrpupau;njhlu;e;J tpdhf;fisj; njhLg;gjpy; <Lgly; Ntz;Lk;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lf; fy;tpapy; khztu; nraw;ghLfs; tYthd ,lj;ijg; ngWtNjhL>tFg;gpYs;s xt;nthU gps;isAk; me;je;jj; Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs; njhlu;ghff; Fiwe;jJmz;kpa Nju;r;rpkl;lq;fisahtJ mile;J nfhs;tjw;F Vw;w tifapy; Mrpupau;xU tsthsuhf (Resource Person) khw Ntz;Lnkd vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
fw;wYf;Fj; Njitahd cgfuzq;fSk; kw;Wk; trjpfSk; nfhz;l fw;ww;#onyhd;iwj; jpl;lkpLjy;> khztu;fs; fw;Fk; tpjj;ij mUfpypUe;J mtjhdpj;jy;>khztu;fspd; ,aYik> ,ayhik vd;gtw;iw ,dq;fhZjy;> Njitahd Kd;D}l;;ly;>
gpd;D}l;ly; vd;gtw;iw toq;fy; %yk; fw;wiy tpUj;jp nra;tNjhL tFg;giwf;F
ntspapYk; khztu;fs; fw;gjw;Fk;> fw;gijj; J}z;Ltjw;Fk; cupathW fw;wy;
cgfuzq;fisj; jpl;lkpLtJk; Mrpupaupd; mbg;gilf; flikfshFk;. ,t;thwhd
Mrpupau; gq;fspg;G epiykhw;wy; tfpgq;F (Transformation Role) vdg;gLk;.
17
Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;bapd; Kjw;gFjpahf ,q;F mwpKfQ; nra;ag;gl;Ls;s
tpupthd ghlj; jpl;lKk;> mjid mKy;gLj;Jk;NghJ gad;gLj;jf;$ba nraw;ghLfs;
,uz;lhk; gFjpahfTk; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,r; nraw;ghLfs; xt;nthd;Wk;
Fiwe;jJ %d;W gbfisf; nfhz;ljhf tpUj;jp nra;ag;gl;Ls;sd. nraw;ghl;bd;
Kjw;gbapy; khztu;fisf; fw;wYf;Fj; jahu; nra;tjpy; <LgLj;jpf; nfhs;tJ
vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpwJ. ,t;thW khztu;fisj; jahu; nra;J nfhs;Sk;gb
(njhlu;GWj;Jk; gb) ‘<LgLj;Jk; gb| (Engagement Step) vdg;gLk;. ,g;gbapd; Muk;gj;jpy;
Mrpupau; gupkhw;wy; tfpgq;fpd; %yk; khztu;fSld; fye;Jiuahliy Muk;gpg;ghu;.
gpd;du; khztu;fs; tplaq;fis ed;F Muha;e;J nraw;gLtjw;Fj; Njitahd
Kd;dwpit kPl;Fk; tifapYk;> nraw;ghl;Lf;Fj; Njitahd iriffisf; nfhLf;Fk;
tifapYk; fye;Jiuahliy tpupTgLj;jpf; nfhs;sy; Ntz;Lk;. ,f;fye;Jiuahlypy;
fUj;Jg; gupkhwYf;Fg; gad;gLj;jf;$ba El;gq;fs; Mrpupauplk; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
tpdhf;fis Kd;itj;jy;/ glq;fs;> gj;jpupif tpsk;guq;fs;> mwptpj;jy;fs;> kpd;
ml;ilfs; (Flash Cards) Nghd;w Mu;tk; Cl;Ltdtw;iwg; gad;gLj;jy;/ gpurpdq;fs;>
Gjpu;fs;> tpla Ma;Tfs;/ fye;Jiuahly;> ebj;jy;> ftpijfs;> ghly;fs;>
nra;Jfhl;ly;fs; (Demonstrations) fl;Gy> nrtpg;Gy rhjdq;fs; Nghd;wd
gad;gLj;JtJk; tuNtw;fj;jf;fjhFk;. Kjyhk; gb gpd;tUk; %d;W Nehf;fq;fisAk;
epiwNtw;wpf; nfhs;tij mbg;gilahff; nfhz;ljhFk;.
• tFg;G khztu;fspd; ftdj;ij <u;j;Jf; nfhs;sy;.
• Njitahd Kd;dwpit kPl;bf; nfhs;tjw;F khztu;fSf;Fr; re;ju;g;gk;
toq;Fjy;.
• nraw;ghl;bd; ,uz;lhk; gbapy; khztu;fsplk; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk; fz;lwpAk;
tplaq;fSf;Fj; Njitahd Muk;g tplaq;fis toq;Fjy;.
nraw;ghl;bd; ,uz;lhk; gbapy; khztu;fSf;Fg; ghl tplaq;fisf; fz;lwpe;J
nfhs;tjw;F re;ju;g;gk; toq;fg;gLfpwJ. khztu;fs; NgWfisf; fz;L gpbg;gJ>
mjw;nfd tpNrlkhfj; jahupf;fg;gl;;l mwpTWj;jy; gbtj;jpid mbg;gilahff;
nfhz;lhFk;. ghl myFld; njhlu;ghd gy;NtW tplaq;fisAk; $l;lhfr; nraw;gl;L
Muha;e;J FOthff; fw;gjw;F Vw;w tifapy; Mrpupau; nraw;ghl;ilj; jpl;lkply;
Ntz;Lk;. toq;fg;gl;Ls;s cgfuzq;fisAk;> kw;Wk; tsq;fisAk; gad;gLj;jpj;
njspthd tpsf;fj;Jld;> ju;f;f uPjpahd fye;JiuahlYld; Muha;e;J NgWfisf;
fz;Lgpbg;gJ Nghd;wd ,g;gbKiwapy; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk; Kf;fpa gz;Gfs; rpythFk;.
,t;thwhd nraw;ghLfspy; khztu;fs; njhlu;e;J <LgLtjhy; Rafl;Lg;ghL> xOf;fk;>
VidNahupd; fUj;Jf;fSf;Fr; nrtpkLj;jy;> VidNahUld; $l;lhfr; nraw;gly;>
VidNahUf;F cjTjy;> Neu Kfhikj;Jtk;> cau; juj;Jldhd ,Wjpg; ngWNgw;iwg;
ngwy;> Neu;ik Nghd;w md;whl tho;f;iff;Fj; Njitahd Kf;fpa gz;Gfis
tpUj;jp nra;J nfhs;sy; Nghd;wd khztu;fsplj;jpy; tpUj;jpahFk;.
khztu;fs; fz;Lgpbg;Gf;fspy; <LgLk;NghJ FOj;jiytu;fisj; njupT nra;tij
Mrpupau; jtpu;j;Jf; nfhs;tNjhL jiytu; FOtpypUe;J cUthtjw;Fr; re;ju;g;gk;
mspf;ff;$ba gpd;dzpia kl;Lk; Mrpupau; Vw;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. ,jdhy; kiwe;jpUf;Fk;
Mw;wy;fis ntspg;gLj;Jtjw;F khztu;fSf;Fr; re;ju;g;gk; fpilf;fpd;wJ.
18
nraw;ghl;bd; %d;whk; gbapy; FOf;fs; fz;lwpe;j tplaq;fisAk;; NgWfisAk;
Vida khztu;fSk; mwpe;J nfhs;Sk; tifapy; tFg;gpy; rku;g;gpg;gjw;F xt;nthU
FOtpw;Fk; re;ju;g;gk; mspf;fg;gLfpwJ. xt;nthU FOTk; NgWfisr; rku;g;gpf;Fk;
NghJ mf;FOtpd; xt;nthU mq;fj;jtUk; mjpy; gq;nfLj;Jf; nfhs;Sk; tifapy;
mtu;fSf;F Ntiyg;gfpu;T ,Ug;gJ gaDilajhFk;. fz;lwpe;jtw;iw
tpsf;fkspj;jy; (Explanation) ,g;gbapd; Kf;fpa vjpu;ghu;g;G MFk;. tFg;giwapy;
tof;fkhf xypf;Fk; Mrpupau; FuYf;F Nkyjpfkhf khztu;fspd; Fuy;fSk;
fUj;Js;sthW xypf;fj; njhlq;FfpwJ. ,J ,g;gbapy; cs;s Kf;fpa mk;rkhFk;.
nraw;ghl;bd; %d;whk; gbapy; FOf;fspd; fz;lwpe;jtw;iwAAk; NgWfisAk; NkYk;
tpUj;jp nra;J Mokhf tpupthf;fpf; nfhs;tjw;F (Eleboration) khztu;fSf;Fr; re;ju;g;gk;
toq;f Ntz;Lk;. xt;nthU FOTk; NgWfisr; rku;g;gpj;j gpd; mtw;iw NkYk;
mgptpUj;jp nra;Ak; tifapyhd fUj;Jf;fis toq;Ftjw;F Kjypy; mf;Fwpg;gpl;l
FOtpd; mq;fj;jtu;fSf;Fk;> gpd;du; Vida FOf;fspd; mq;fj;jtu;fSf;Fk; re;ju;g;gk;
toq;Fjy; ,jd; %yk; epiwNtw;wg;gLfpwJ. vt;thwhapDk;> ,Wjpapy; NgWfisj;
njhFg;gJ Mrpupaupd; nghWg;ghFk;. ,jd;NghJ khztu;fs; Muha;e;j tplaq;fis
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l Kf;fpa tplaq;fs;> vz;zf;fUf;fs;> Nfhl;ghLfs;> tpjpfs;
Nghd;wtw;iw khztu;fspilNa cWjpg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tJ vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpwJ.
tFg;giwf; fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jw; nra;if vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gl;l tpjj;jpy; ntw;wpfukhfeilngWfpwjhntdj; njhlu;e;J Njbg; ghu;g;gJ ,k;Kiwapd; fPo; MrpupauJ gpujhdflikahFk;. ,jw;fhff; fzpg;gPl;L Kiwiag; gad;gLj;j Ntz;baNjhL> ,Jfw;wy; - fw;gpj;jw; nra;ifapDs; ,lk;ngWtjw;F> jpl;lkpl;l nraw;ghLfisj;jahupg;gjw;Fupa re;ju;g;gj;ij MrpupaUf;F toq;FfpwJ. nraw;ghl;bd; ,uz;lhk;gbapy; khztu;fs; tplaq;fis MuhAk;NghJ fzpg;gPl;ilAk; (Assessment)>nraw;ghl;bd; %d;whk; gbapy; khztu;fs; mtu;fsJ NgWfis tpsf;Fk;NghJfzpg;gPl;NlhL rhu;e;j kjpg;gPl;ilAk; (Evaluation) epfo;j;Jtjw;F MrpupaUf;F tha;g;GVw;gLfpwJ. fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk; njhlu;ghd tpsf;fk; Ntwhfj; jug;gl;Ls;sJ.
,Jtiu tptupf;fg;gl;l fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwik epiykhw;wy; tfpghf gq;fspg;igr;nra;tjw;F Mrpupaiu cl;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. ,q;F FO Ma;Tf;F Kjyplk;mspf;fg;gLtNjhL nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;> ju;f;f uPjpahd fye;Jiuahly; vd;gtw;NwhLrpwpjsthf Mrpupaupd; tpupTiuf;Fk; ,lKz;L. ghlg; gpuNtrj;jpd;NghJ gupkhw;wy;;>fye;Jiuahly; Kiw vd;gd eilngWtNjhL> ,Wjpg; gbapy;> njhFg;gpd; fPo;rpwpa tpupTiuf;Fk;> mj;NjhL vz;zf;fU cUthtjw;Fk; ,lk; Vw;gLfpwJ.Gj;jhapukhk; Mz;bd; KjyhtJ ghlj;jpl;l kWrPuikg;gpd; fPo; jahupf;fg;gl;l,g;ghlj;jpl;lj;NjhL njhlu;ghd fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; Kiwikfis mgptpUj;jp nra;Ak;NghJ epiykhw;w tfpgq;Ff;F Nkyjpfkhf flj;Jk; tfpgq;fpYk;> gupkhw;wy;tfpgq;fpYk; fhzg;glf;$ba Kf;fpa ,ay;GfSk; ftdj;jpw; nfhs;sg;gl;Ls;sik
,k;Kiwapd; tpNrl jd;ikahFk;.
19
cj;Njr fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; Kiwapay; (tho;f;ifj; Nju;r;rpfs;)cj;Njr fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; Kiwapay; (tho;f;ifj; Nju;r;rpfs;)cj;Njr fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; Kiwapay; (tho;f;ifj; Nju;r;rpfs;)cj;Njr fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; Kiwapay; (tho;f;ifj; Nju;r;rpfs;)cj;Njr fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; Kiwapay; (tho;f;ifj; Nju;r;rpfs;)
tho;f;if Nju;r;rpfs; fw;gpf;Fk; ghlj;jpl;lj;ij nraw;gLj;Jk;NghJ Mrpupaupd;
fw;gpj;jiy tpl khztupd; fw;wYf;Nf Kf;fpakhf ,lkspf;f Ntz;Lk; vdf;
fUjg;gLfpd;wJ. ,g;ghlj;jpl;lj;jpd; %yk; vjpu;ghu;f;Fk; egupd; mgptpUj;jp %yk;
r%f mgptpUj;jpia Vw;gLj;Jtjhapd; gps;isfspDs; Nju;r;rpfis tpUj;jp nra;jy;
Ntz;Lk;. mt;thwhd Mw;wiy tsu;f;f fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; #oy; xd;iw epu;khzpj;jy;
kpf Kf;fpakhFk;.
Gjpa ghlg; Gyj;jpDs; fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; cj;jpfs;> kpf nefpo;r;rpAld; $badthf
,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. tpupTiufs;> fye;JiuahlypYk; ghu;f;f eilKiw r%fj;jpw;F
kpfTk; crpjkhd capu;g;Gs;s tho;f;if mDgtq;fisg; ngw;Wj; juy; nghUj;jkhdJ.
tpNrlkhf xj;jhirAld; $ba FO Kiw %yk; fw;wy; mDgtq;fisg; ngw;Wf;
nfhLg;gjd; %yk;> gps;isfspDs; r%fj; jpwd;fis tsu;f;f vjpu;g;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghl;bd;NghJ tFg;giw> ghlrhiy r%fk;> ghlrhiy #oy;>
maw; #oy;> may; r%f epWtdq;fs; %yk; capu;g;Gs;s fw;wy; mDgtq;fisg;
ngwg; gad;gLj;Jthu;.
,t;thwhd fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; #oypDs; mtjhdpg;G epfo;Tf; fw;if> tpisahl;L>
gq;Nfw;W ebj;jy;> Neu;fhzy;> Ma;T> fz;lwpif> Rafw;if nra;J ghu;j;jy;> rpe;jidf;
fpsu;T fye;Jiuahly;> fz;fhl;rp> nraw;wpl;lk;> fsf;fw;if Nghd;w fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy;
Kiwfis tpUg;gpw;Nfw;wthW gad;gLj;jyhk;.
Nkw;gb fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; Kiwapaiy epiykhw;Wk; Mrpupa tfpghfj;jpd;NghJ
,yFtpy; gad;gLj;jyhk;> ,jd;gb ,t;nty;yh fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; KiwapaiyAk;
gad;gLj;Jk; gbfis> fz;lha;Tfis tpsf;Fjy;> tpupthf;fk;> kjpg;gPl;Lf;F cl;gLj;jy;
Nghd;w re;ju;g ;gq;fspy; gad;gLj;jpagb fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghl;il
fUj;Js;sjhf;fyhk;.
20
cj;Njr fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; Kiwapay; (FbAupikf;fy;tp)cj;Njr fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; Kiwapay; (FbAupikf;fy;tp)cj;Njr fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; Kiwapay; (FbAupikf;fy;tp)cj;Njr fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; Kiwapay; (FbAupikf;fy;tp)cj;Njr fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; Kiwapay; (FbAupikf;fy;tp)
neLq;fhykhf tFg;giw fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nrad;Kiwapd; Kf;fpa ,lj;ijg; gpbj;Js;s
tpupTiu Kiwia NkYk; Kf;fpa xU fw;gpj;jy; cj;jpahfg; gad;gLj;j ,q;F
typAWj;jg;glkhl;lhJ. ,q;F khztu; Nghl;br; #oYf;F ,l;Lr; nry;yg;gLtjw;Fg;
gjpyhf $l;Lzu;T> NtiyAyFf;Fj; Njitahd Nju;r;rpfs; Mfpatw;iw tpUj;jp
nra;aj;jf;f kfpo;r;rpfukhd xU fw;wy; #oiy Vw;gLj;jj;jf;f Ra fw;wiyj; J}z;Lk;
fw;wy; Kiwfspd;ghy; vkJ ftdk; <u;f;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;. FbAupikf;fy;tpg;
ghlj;jpd; ,Wjpahd Nehf;fk; khDlg; gz;Gfisf; nfhz;l mikjpahf $bthoj;jf;f
vjpu;fhyr; re;jjpia cUthf;FtjhFk;. ,jw;F nrad;Kiwr; nraw;ghLfs;
,d;wpaikahjit. vdNt ghl tplaq;fisf; fw;gpg;gjw;F Nkyhf nrad;Kiw
mDgtq;fisf; fw;wy;-fw;gpj;jy;> kjpg;gPL Mfpa Ra Mf;f tFg;giw nrad;Kiwia
xOq;F Kiwia xOq;Fnra;jy;> njhlu;Gfisg; NgZtjhy; khztupd;
r%fj;jpwd;fs; tpUj;jpiaAk; rdehafg; ngWkhdq;fSld; njhlu;Gila elj;ijf;
Nfhyq;fs; tpUj;jpailaj;jf;fthW fw;wy; epfo;TfspD}lhf mDgtq;fis tpUj;jp
nra;tjw;fhf tFg;giwf;F mg;ghw;gl;l nraw;ghLfspy; khztiu <LgLj;Jtjw;F
mr;nraw;ghLfis khztuJ taJ kl;lj;jpw;Fg; nghUj;jkhdthW xOq;fikj;Jf;
nfhs;tjw;Fkhf Mrpupau;fs; ed;F jpl;lkpl;Lr; nraw;gLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
tplaq;fisf; fw;gpg;gij tpLj;J Rakhff; fw;wy;> jfty; Nrfupj;J mtw;iwg;
gFg;gha;jy;> FOr; nraw;ghLfspy; <LgLj;jy;> jpwik tpUj;jpf;F VJthFk; tifapy;
jiyikj;Jtj;Jf;F kjpg;gspj;jy; VidNahupd; fUj;Jf;fisr; rfpj;jy;> xOf;fkhfTk;
fl;Lg;ghl;LlDk; ele;Jnfhs;sy; Nghd;w gz;Gfis khztuplj;jpy; tpUj;jp nra;tjw;F>
nrad;Kiwr; nraw;ghLfs; ,d;wpaikahjit. ,jw;fhf tFg;giwapDs;Sk; mjw;F
ntspNaAk; MrpupauJ topfhl;ly; mtrpakhdJ. gpd;tUk; fw;wy;-fw;gpj;jy; Kiwfs;
FbAupikf; fy;tpg;ghlj;ijf; fw;gpg;gjw;F tpje;Jiuf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,J njhlu;ghd
Nkyjpf tpguq;fis mku;TfSlhfg; ngw;Wf; nfhs;Sq;fs;.
mtjhdpj;jy;
Muha;T
Neu;fhzy; %yk; jfty; Nrfupj;jy;
jfty;fisg; gFj;jha;jy;
fsNtiy
rpWtu; ghuhSkd;wk;> eyd;Gupr;rq;fk;> rpukjhd ghriw> ciog;gpd; kfj;Jtg;
ghriw> khztu; gilazp> rhuzu; ghriw
NehahsUf;Fg; gzptpil nra;jy;> mdu;j;j Kfhik
gy;NtW rq;fq;fs;> fofq;fs;> r%f eyNdhk;gy;> #oiyf; fw;wy;> gz;ilg; ngUik
kpf;f tsq;fisf; fhj;jy;
nraw;wpl;lq;fs;> Njbaha;e;J fw;wy; Kiw> fz;fhl;rpfs;
gpur;rpidj; jPu;j;jy; Kiw> tpdhtpil Kiw> Rtu;g;Gjpdj;jhs;
tFg;giwapy; eilKiwg;gLj;Jk; fw;wy;-fw;gpj;jy; nrad;KiwfNshL Nkw;gb fw;wy;
fw;gpj;jy; cj;jpfisj; jUzj;jpw;Nfw;wthW gad;gLj;Jk; Rje;jpuk; MrpupaUf;F
cz;L.
21
tho;f;ifj; Nju;r;rpfSk; FbAupikf; fy;tpAk;tho;f;ifj; Nju;r;rpfSk; FbAupikf; fy;tpAk;tho;f;ifj; Nju;r;rpfSk; FbAupikf; fy;tpAk;tho;f;ifj; Nju;r;rpfSk; FbAupikf; fy;tpAk;tho;f;ifj; Nju;r;rpfSk; FbAupikf; fy;tpAk;
Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;bMrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;bMrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;bMrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;bMrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b
Kjyhk; ghfk; - tho;f;ifj; Nju;r;rpfs;Kjyhk; ghfk; - tho;f;ifj; Nju;r;rpfs;Kjyhk; ghfk; - tho;f;ifj; Nju;r;rpfs;Kjyhk; ghfk; - tho;f;ifj; Nju;r;rpfs;Kjyhk; ghfk; - tho;f;ifj; Nju;r;rpfs;
22
9.1 Ratpsf;fj;Jld; nraw;gLthu;9.1 Ratpsf;fj;Jld; nraw;gLthu;9.1 Ratpsf;fj;Jld; nraw;gLthu;9.1 Ratpsf;fj;Jld; nraw;gLthu;9.1 Ratpsf;fj;Jld; nraw;gLthu;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;
Foe;ij gpwg;gpNy gyjug;gl;l mwpthw;wy;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L ,t;Tyfpy;
gpwf;fpd;wJ. gbg;gbahf mt;twpthw;wy;fs; gps;isaplj;jpy; jpwd;fshf kpspuj;
njhlq;Ffpd;wd. jdpahspd; MSik tpUj;jpapy; mtdpd; cly;> mwpT> r%f> Md;kPf
uPjpahd jpwd;fs; rpWtajpypUe;Nj tpsf;fk; ngw;W tpUj;jp nra;a Ntz;bAs;sJ. “mwpT”
khj;jpuk; tpUj;jp ngwr; nra;tij Nehf;fhff; nfhz;l Kiwf;Fg; gjpyhf xt;nthU
JiwapYk; tpUj;jpia Vw;gLj;JtJ mj;jpahtrpakhFk;.
etPd cstpay; mwpQu;fspd; fUj;Jg;gb xU jdpahsplj;jpy; mwpthw;wy; gy;NtWgl;ljhf
fhzg;gLfpwJ. cs;shu;e;j mbg;gilapy; xt;nthUtUk; VNjh xU Jiwapy; tpNrl
jpwidf; fhl;Ltu;. my;yJ gy Jiwfspy; tpNrl jpwd;fis ntspg;gLj;Jtu;. kpfTk;
FiwthNdhu; vy;yhj; JiwfspYk; jkJ jpwd;fisf; fhl;Lthu;fs;. mj;Jld; midj;J
jpwd;fSk; cs;shu;e;j uPjpahd mwpthw;wy; jpwd;fis re;ju;g;g #oy; vd;gtwWld;
nghUj;jg;ghlhf kpspur; nra;tjpdhNyNa ntspg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. vdNt Mrpupau;fshfpa
ehk; gps;isfspd; mwpthw;wiy ,dq;fz;L tpUj;jp nra;a Ntz;bAs;sJ.
Nju;r ;r pNju ;r ;r pNju ;r ;r pNju ;r ;r pNju ;r ;r p : -: -: -: -: - Ratpsf;fj;Jld; nraw;gLthu;
Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk; : -: -: -: -: - jkJ mwpthw;wy;fis ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.
ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk; : -: -: -: -: -
• gy;NtW jdpahs; jpwd;fisAk; ,aYikfisAk; mwpe;J nfhs;sy;.
• rfy kdpju;fspl.Kk; mtu;fSf;NfAupa jpwd;fSk; ,aYikfSKs;sd.
• jdpahspd; jpwd;fisAk; ,aYikfisAk; mwpe;jpUg;gjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
• jdpahs; ,aYik njhlu;gpy; vk;kplk; epyTk; rk;gpujha G+u;tkhd fUj;Jf;fSs;sd.
• jw;fhy rpf;fyhd r%f fyhrhuj;jpy; vOe;Js;s gy;NtW JiwfSf;Fupa gy;NtW
mwpthw;wy;fis mwpe;J nfhs;tjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
F kdpjuplk; cs;s jpwikfis tpUj;jp nra;tjw;fhf gy;NtW fw;wy; Kiwfis
cUthf;fyhk;.
F tho;f;if mDgtq;fSld; $ba fw;wy; xUNghJk; kwf;fg;gLtjpy;iy. ,jd;%yk;
tho;f;ifia ntw;wpfukhf khw;wpf;nfhs;s KbAk;.
F Foe;ij kw;Wk; gps;isg; gUtq;fspy; ngw;Nwhu;> rNfhjuu;fs;> Mrpupau;fs;> KjpNahu;fspd;
ghJfhg;igAk; mtu;fspd; mwpT vd;gtw;wpd; kPJ mDgtq;fisAk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s
Ntz;Lk;.
F ,jidj; njhlu;e;J Rakhf fUkkhw;Wtjw;Fupa mwpT Kjpu;r;rpaile;jjd; gpd; jhd;
Rje;jpukhf nray;gl;L fUkq;fs; njhlu;ghf mDgtq;fisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s KbAk;.
F VidNahu ;fspd ; tho ;f ;if mDgtq;fshapDk; vkf ;F gbg ;g pidahfTk;
Kd;khjpupahfTk; ,Uj;jy;.
F tho;f;if mDgtq;fs; Fiwthf ,Ue;jhy; r%fj;jpy; Nru;e;J Ntiynra;Ak;NghJ
gy;NtW gpur;rpidfSf;F Kfk; nfhLf;f Neuplyhk;. mr;re;ju;g;gq;fspy; RahjPdkhf
eltbf;iffspy; <LgLk;NghJ ngUk; mnrsfupaq;fSf;F cs;shfyhk;.
F jdJ jpwikfisAk;> Mw;wy;fisAk; r%fj;jpd;> FLk;gj;jpD}lhfg; ngwhtpbDk;
jhd; gpujpepjpj;Jtk; nra;Ak; r%f FOT+lhfTk; ,jidg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;syhk;.
cjhuzk; :- mofpay;> njhopDl;g jpwd;fs;>
23
F ,j;Jiwfs; mNefkhf tho;f;if mDgtq;fspNyNa ngwg;gLfpd;wd.
F jpwikfis tpUj;jpnra;J nfhs;tjw;fhf rKjhaj;jpNy gy;NtW gapw;rp epfo;r;rpj;
jpl;lq;fs; nraw;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. mtw;iw ,dq;fz;L jdJ jpwd;fis NkYk;
tsg;gLj;jpf; nfhs;s KbfpwJ. mjD}lhf vjpu;fhy Ntiynahd;wpw;Fupa jpwd;fisAk;ngw;Wf;nfhs;s KbAk;.
F VNjh xU gapw;rpia ngw;Wf;nfhs;s Kaw;rpf;Fk;NghJ gz tUtha; my;yJ NtW
gpujpgyd;fisg; gw;wp rpe;jpf;f Ntz;lhk;. mg;gapw;rpapD}lhf jk; jpwikfis Nkk;gLj;jpf;
nfhs;tijg; gw;wpr; rpe;jpAq;fs;. gapYeu; vd;w tifapy; ePq;fs; ngWk; gapw;rpia
vjpu;fhy KjyPlhff; fUJq;fs;.
• cq;fs; jpwikfis NkYk; tpUj;jp nra;Jnfhs;tjw;F ,yFthf gad;gLj;jpf;-
nfhs;sf;$ba Clfk; vd;w tifapy; Gj;jfq;fs; Kf;fpak; tha;e;jit.
F jd;dplKs;s jpwikfs;/ Jiwrhu; Gj;jfq;fis thrpj;J mjD}lhf jdJ mwpit
tpupTgLj;jpf; nfhs;s KbAk;.F NkYk; gy;NtW ghlnewpfs; kw;Wk; Jiwfs; rhu;e;j Gj;jfq;fisg; guprPypj;J
mjD}lhfTk; jdJ jpwikfis tpUj;jp nra;Jnfhs;s KbAk;.
F ,yj;jpudpay; Clfr; rhjdq;fspd;; gad;ghl;lhYk; jk; jpwikfis tpUj;jpnra;J
nfhs;syhk;. tPbNah fhl;rpfs;> ,izak;> njhiyf;fhl;rp epfo;r;rpfs;> thndhyp>
nra;jpg; gj;jpupif Nghd;w Clfq;fspd; %yKk;; cq;fs; jpwikfis tsu;f;fyhk;.
F mjd;%yk; VidNahupd; mDgtq;fis fz;L jkJ Mf;fj;jpwDld; jpwikfis
tpUj;jpnra;J nfhs;sKbAk;.
F gy;NtW jpwd;rhu; Jiwfspy; gpugy;ak; ngw;wtu;fis re;jpj;J> mtu;fspd;mDgtq;fisAk; mwpitAk; ngw;W jdJ jpwik tpUj;jpf ;F gq;fspg ;G
nra;Jnfhs;sKbAk;.
• jd;dplKs;s tpNrl jpwikia mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L jdJ tho;f;ifapd;
,yf;fpidf; fl;bnaOg;g KbAk;.
F cz;ikapy; jd;dplk; ,y;yhjit vit?
F jdf;F ,ayhJtpbDk; tpUg;gkw;wit vit?
F ,tw;iw njupe;njLg;gjD}lhf cz;ikapy; vdJ jpwdhw;wiyf; nfhz;L
tho;f;ifapd; ,yf;fpidf; fl;bnaOg;g KbAk;. mj;Jld; jdpahs; tpUj;jp>
MSik tpUj;jp rPtNdhghaj; njhopy; vd;gtw;iw cUthf;fpf; nfhs;s KbAk;.
9.1.29.1.29.1.29.1.29.1.2 gy;NtW tho;f;ifr; rthy;fspd;NghJ ntw;wpfukhf nraw;gLthu;.gy;NtW tho;f;ifr; rthy;fspd;NghJ ntw;wpfukhf nraw;gLthu;.gy;NtW tho;f;ifr; rthy;fspd;NghJ ntw;wpfukhf nraw;gLthu;.gy;NtW tho;f;ifr; rthy;fspd;NghJ ntw;wpfukhf nraw;gLthu;.gy;NtW tho;f;ifr; rthy;fspd;NghJ ntw;wpfukhf nraw;gLthu;.
F tho;f;if vd;gJ gyjug;gl;l gpur;rpidfSf;F Kfq;nfhLj;J mtw;Wf;F jPu;T fz;lthW
my;yJ Fiwj;Jf; nfhs;sY}lhf ajhu;j;jj;jpw;F Kfq;nfhLj;jyhFk;.
F ,it njhlu;ghf vkf;F gy;NtW jPu;khdq;fis njupTnra;tjpy; ftdQ;nrYj;jNtz;bapUf;Fk;.
24
F tho;f;ifapd; gy;NtW epfo;Tfspd;NghJ Jauk;> kfpo;r;rp> Nrhu;T> epe;jid> Gfo;r;rp>
,yhgk;> el;lk; Nghd;wtw;Wf;F vy;NyhUk; Kfq;nfhLf;fpd;Nwhk;. mr;re;ju;g;gq;fspy;
czu;r;rptrg;gLtij tpLj;J epjhdkhf nraw;gLtJ Kf;fpakhFk;.
F xt;nthU rthy;fspd; NghJk; vjpu;kiwahff; ftdpahJ ed;ikapd; gf;fk; rpe;jpj;J
nraw;gLtjD}lhf tho;f;ifia ntw;wpfukhdjhf Mf;fpf; nfhs;sKbAk;.
F tho;f;ifapy; rthy;fSf;F Kfq;nfhLf;Fk; re;ju;g;gq;fspy; mjd; gpujpgydhf
Gj;jhf;ff; fUj;Jf;fs;> Gj;jhf;fq;fs; cUthFk;.
F tho;f;ifapd; rthy;fSf;F ntw;wpfukhf Kfq;nfhLf;f Kbahky; mjpypUe;J tpyfpr;
nry;yy;> gae;J xJq;Fjy;> epuhfupj;jy; Nghd;w nray;fs; %yk; ntw;wpfukhd
Njhy;tpiaf; $lj; jOtyhk;.
F ekJ rpWguhaj;jpypUe;Nj gy;NtW gpur;rpidfSf;F Kfk;nfhLj;jthW mtw;wpw;F
gy;NtW Jyq;fy;fisf; fhl;LtjD}lhf gy;NtWgl;l tho;f;if mDgtq;fisg;
ngw;wpUf;fpNwhk;.
F rpWgUtj;jpy; gy;NtW fbdkhd gpur;rpidfSf;F Kfq;nfhLj;J mtw;iw ntw;wpfukhf
re;jpj;J mjp cd;djkhd ntw;wp epiyia mile;jtu;fSf;fhd cjhuzq;fis
vk;ikr; rhu;e;j r%fj;jpNy fhzKbAk;.
9.1.39.1.39.1.39.1.39.1.3 RNjrj;Jtj;ijf; fhj;J G+Nfhsf; fpuhkj;jpd; Xu; mq;fj;jtu; vd;wRNjrj;Jtj;ijf; fhj;J G+Nfhsf; fpuhkj;jpd; Xu; mq;fj;jtu; vd;wRNjrj;Jtj;ijf; fhj;J G+Nfhsf; fpuhkj;jpd; Xu; mq;fj;jtu; vd;wRNjrj;Jtj;ijf; fhj;J G+Nfhsf; fpuhkj;jpd; Xu; mq;fj;jtu; vd;wRNjrj;Jtj;ijf; fhj;J G+Nfhsf; fpuhkj;jpd; Xu; mq;fj;jtu; vd;w
tifapy; xUq;F tho;j;jthW nraw;gLthu;.tifapy; xUq;F tho;j;jthW nraw;gLthu;.tifapy; xUq;F tho;j;jthW nraw;gLthu;.tifapy; xUq;F tho;j;jthW nraw;gLthu;.tifapy; xUq;F tho;j;jthW nraw;gLthu;.
F njhopDl;g tpUj;jpAld; cyfpd; jfty; njhopDl;gk; ,d;iwa nghOjpy; Vidatw;iwg;
Gwk; js;sp ghupa Kd;Ndw;wj;ijf; fz;Ls;sJ. ,jdhy; KO cyfKk; G+Nfhs
fpuhkkhf khw;wk; ngw;Ws;sJ. ve;j xU jdp kdpjDf;Fk; jdpj;J tho KbahJ
vd;gJ NghyNt Gjpa G+Nfhs fyhrhuj;jpd; tsu;r;rpiaAk; jLf;f KbahJ. mj;Jld;
jd; jdpj;Jtj;ijg; NgzpathW Njrpaj;;;ij kjpj;J gu];guk; Gupe;Jzu;Tld; tho
Ntz;Lnkd;gij tpsq;fpf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. G+Nfhs fyhrhuj;jpd; gpd;Nd njhlu;e;J
nry;tjw;Fg; gjpyhf midj;ijAk; fUj;jho kpf;fjhf tprhupj;jthW tpsq;fpf;
nfhz;L thoNtz;Lnkd khztUs; cWjpnra;a Ntz;bAs;sJ.
ghly; tupfs;
ehd;F gf;fj;jpypUe;J tUk; fhw;wpd;
ePq;fs; thOkplj;jpNy jho;jpwe;J toptpLq;fs;
ehw;Gwj;jhYk; EioAq;fs;
vdg;gLtJ kfhj;kh fhe;jpapd; fUj;jpdhy; gpwe;j ftpijabfshFk;. ,q;Nf
Kf;fpak; ngWfpwJ. ,jd; %yk; G+Nfhsf; fphkj;jpd; cWg;gpduhfr; nraw;gl
Ntz;batpjk; ed;F cWjpahfpwJ.
9.1.49.1.49.1.49.1.49.1.4 Njitahdtplj;J cWjpg;ghl;Lld; nraw;gLthu;.Njitahdtplj;J cWjpg;ghl;Lld; nraw;gLthu;.Njitahdtplj;J cWjpg;ghl;Lld; nraw;gLthu;.Njitahdtplj;J cWjpg;ghl;Lld; nraw;gLthu;.Njitahdtplj;J cWjpg;ghl;Lld; nraw;gLthu;.
epiyNgW vd;gJ xU jdpahsplj;jpy; ,Uf;f Ntz;ba tpNrl jpwdhFk;. VidNahupd;
upikfis kPwhj tifapy; jdJ cupikfis mDgtpg;gjw;F jdf;fhf Kd;tuTk;.
jdJ ey;y vz;zq;fspd;gb nrayhw;Wtjw;F jdpahl;fisj; J}z;Lk; elj;ijahfTk;
$wyhk;.
25
VJk; xU rthypd; Kd;Nd xUtu; ,uz;L Kiwfspy; mjid jPu;f;f Kaw;rpg;ghu;.
mitahtd gzpe;JNghjy; kw;Wk; Mf;Nuh\k;. ,itapuz;Lf;Fk; ,lkspahJ
rthy;fspd ;NghJ ,J gzpe ;J NghjYf;Fk; Mf;Nuh\j;Jf ;Fk ; ,ilapyhd
eLepiyg;Nghf;fhFk;. jkf;fhf Neubahf Kd;dpw;Fk;> ciuahLk; gz;G epiyNgwhFk;
vdyhk;.
gzpe;JNghFk; KiwahdJ jd;idj; jhNd ,y;yhky; nra;Jnfhs;s Kaw;rpf;Fk; xU
epiyia Vw;gLj;Jk;. gpwu; fUj;jpd;gb nraw;gLtjhy; jhk; ntWkNd gpd;gw;WgtuhfNt
khWthu;. ,J mtuJ MSikapYk; ghjpg;ig Vw;gLj;Jk;. Mf;Nuh\k; nray; %yk;
jd;id epk;kjpaw;W jLkhw;wj;jpw;Fs;shfp NtW egu;fSf;fpilapyhd njhlu;GfSk; mWj;J
nry;y fhuzkhfyhk;. ,e;epiyikAk; xU egupd; MSikiag; ghjpf;Fk;. xUtupy;
rpwe;j jdpj;Jtj;ij Vw;gLj;jpf;nfhsSk; tpjkhf KO MSik tsu;r;rpf;F epiyNgwhd
nraw;ghl;il jd;Ds; fl;bnaOg;gpf; nfhs;tJ kpfTk; mtrpakhdnjhd;whFk;. jdf;Fs;
epiyNgwhd jd;ikiaf; fl;bnaOg;GtjpYk; kw;iwatu;fSldhd epiyNgwhd
jd;ikiaf; fl;bnaOg;GtjpYk; xU jdpegu; ntw;wpfhz Ntz;Lk;.
F epiyNgw;Wj; jd;ikia tpsq;fpf;nfhs;sy;.
F jd;Ds; epiyNgw;Wj; jd;ikia Vw;gLj;jy;.
F VidNahUld; epiyNgw;Wj;jd;ikia Vw;gLj;jpf;nfhs;sy;.
F jdJ vz;zq;fis Njitahd ,lj ;j py ; Njitf ;F Vw ;gTk ; re ;ju ;g ;g
#o;epiyf;Nfw;gTk; ey;nyhOf;fj;ijAk; NgZk; tpjj;jpYk; ntspg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
F cld;ghlhd kdg;ghq;FfSld; tpku;rd uPjpahf cWjpahd nfhs;iffspd; mbg;gilapy;
nrayhw;wy;.
26
9.1.19.1.19.1.19.1.19.1.1 nraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghL
Nju;r ;r pNju ;r ;r pNju ;r ;r pNju ;r ;r pNju ;r ;r p : -: -: -: -: - Ratpsf;fj;Jld; nraw;gLthu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk; : -: -: -: -: - jkJ mwpthw;wiy ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.
nraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghL : -: -: -: -: - jpwikfis ntspg;gLj;JNthk;.
Neuk;Neuk;Neuk;Neuk;Neuk; : -: -: -: -: - 40 epkplq;fs;
ju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPL :- :- :- :- :- � fljhrp
� ngy;l; Ngdh
� jdJ Gifg;glk; / cUtg;glk;
� fk;Nlg; (xl;Lk; Nlg;)
� ,izg;G 1.1.1.1. ,izg;G 1.1.1.2
fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghL
gb 1.1.1.1gb 1.1.1.1gb 1.1.1.1gb 1.1.1.1gb 1.1.1.1
� gy;NtW jpwd;fisAila tFg;G khztu;fspilNa ghly; / eldk; / mgpeak; /
Nfyp / ebg;G Nghd;w VNjh xd;iw Kd;itf;fr; nra;Aq;fs;.
� ,izg;G 1.1.1.1 ,y;> Fwpg;gpl;l gy;NtW mwpTrhu; jpwd;fs; vd;d vd;gijAk; Nfl;lwpe;J
nfhs;Sq;fs;.
� gpd;tUk; mk;rq;fis ntspg;gLj;jpathW fye;Jiuahliy Kd;itf;fTk;.
F kdpjdpd; jpwikfs; gy;NtWgl;lit.
F kdpjDf;F jdJ jpwikfs; ,ay;ghfNth my;yJ gapw;rpapdhNyh
fpilf;fg; ngWfpd;wd.
F rpWtajpy; ntspg;gl;l my;yJ ,dq;fz;l Mw;wy;fis jdJ
gazj;jpw;F gad;gLj;jpf; nfhs;sKbAk;.
F jdJ jpwikfisr; rupahf tpsq;fpf; nfhs;tJ Kf;fpakhf ,Ug;gJld;
mtw;iw tpUj;jpnra;Jnfhs;sTk; Ntz;Lk;.
(10 epkplq;fs;)
gb 1.1.1.2gb 1.1.1.2gb 1.1.1.2gb 1.1.1.2gb 1.1.1.2
� ,izg;G 1.1.1.2 ,w;fhd nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuj;ij midj;J khztu;fSf;Fk;
toq;Fq;fs;.
� nra;a Ntz;ba Ntiyfis njspTgLj;Jq;fs;.
� Njitahd re;ju;g;gq;fspy; topfhl;Lq;fs;.
� khztu;fspd; xg;gilfis rupghu;f;fTk;.
(10 epkplk;)
27
gb 1.1.1.3gb 1.1.1.3gb 1.1.1.3gb 1.1.1.3gb 1.1.1.3
� ,izg;G 1.1.1.2 ,w;fhd nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuj;ij midj;J khztu;fSf;Fk;
toq;Fq;fs;.
� ,jpy; nra;a Ntz;ba Ntiyfspy; <LgLj;Jq;fs;.
� khztu;fspd; Mf;fq;fs; kw;Wk; fUj;Jf;fis VidNahuplkpUe;J njupe;Jnfhs;s
itAq;;fs;.
� khztu;fspd; jpwikfis NkYk; tpUj;jpnra;a gpd;D}l;ly; toq;FtJld; gpd;tUk;
tplaq;fis ntspg;gLj;jpathW fye;Jiuahliy Nkw;nfhs;sTk;.
� xt;nthUtupdJk; jpwikfs; gy;NtWgl;ldthf ,Ue;jikia tFg;giw
khztiu mtjhdpf;fyhk;.
� jpwikfs; gpwg;gpdhy; khj;jpukd;wp gapw;rpahYk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s KbAk;.
� xUtuplj;jpy; xU jpwikNah my;yJ gy jpwikfisNah fhzyhk;.
� jpwikfs; rupahd Kiwapy; jPu;khdk; nra;jy; Kf;fpak;.
� jpwikfis jPu;khdpf;Fk;NghJ jdJ fUj;ijg; NghyNt VidNahupd;
fUj;Jf;fSk; Kf;fpak;.
� jdJ jpwikiag; gw;wp jd;dk;gpf;ifia Vw;gLj;jpf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
� VidNahupd; jpwikfSf;F kjpg;gspf;f Ntz;Lk;.
(20 epkplk;)
fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPl;L epajpfSk;fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPl;L epajpfSk;fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPl;L epajpfSk;fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPl;L epajpfSk;fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPl;L epajpfSk;
� jdpahsplj;jpy; cs;s jpwikfis ngaupLthu;.
� jdJ jpwikfs; njhlu;ghd jd;dk;gpf;ifAld; fUj;Jfisj; njuptpg;ghu;.
� jdJ jpwikfis kPsha;T nra;J vOjpf;fhl;Lthu;.
� jdJ jpwikfis rupahf ,dq;fz;L tpUj;jp nra;Jnfhs;thu;.
� VidNahupd; jpwikfis kjpg;ghu;.
gpd;njhlu; Ntiygpd;njhlu; Ntiygpd;njhlu; Ntiygpd;njhlu; Ntiygpd;njhlu; Ntiy
khztu;fsplj;jpy; ,dq;fz;l mtu;fspd; jpwikfisf; fhl;Lk; tu;z Gifg;glq;fis
tFg;giwapy; fhl;rpg;gLj;jp “vq;fs; tFg;gpy; cs;s jpwikrhyp” vd;w Mf;fj;ijf;
fhl;rpg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
28
,izg;G 1.1.1.1,izg;G 1.1.1.1,izg;G 1.1.1.1,izg;G 1.1.1.1,izg;G 1.1.1.1
[pg;up ghth vDk; fl;blf; fiyQupd; epu;khzk;
`pjhr;rp Giftz;bapy; EtnuypahTf;Fg; gazk;`pjhr;rp Giftz;bapy; EtnuypahTf;Fg; gazk;`pjhr;rp Giftz;bapy; EtnuypahTf;Fg; gazk;`pjhr;rp Giftz;bapy; EtnuypahTf;Fg; gazk;`pjhr;rp Giftz;bapy; EtnuypahTf;Fg; gazk;
mjpfiy 2.00 kzpastpy; JapnyOe;j ehk; `pjhr;rp Gifapuj tz;bg;
gazj;jpw;Fj; jahuhNdhk;. tPl;bypUe;J Ntd; xd;wpy; Gifapuj epiyaj;ij
ehk; nrd;wile;Njhk;. rpwpJ Neuj;jpy; `pjhr;rp Giftz;b Gifapuj epiya
NkilapDs; gpuNtrpj;jJ. Giftz;b epWj;jg;gl;lTld; ehk; ahtUk; mjd; nrhFR
Mrdq;fspy; mku;e;J nfhz;Nlhk;.
Giftz;b Mb mire;J gazpf;f Muk;gpj;jJ. ehk; epj;jpiuapy; Mo;e;Njhk;.
nfhOk;G Nfhl;ilia milAk;NghJ #upad; jdJ xspf;fjpu;fis gug;g Muk;gpj;Jf;
nfhz;bUe;jhd;. ntspNa Nehf;fpaNghJ flw;fiu gpuNjrj;ij tpLj;J> kj;jpa
kiyehl;Lg;gFjpia Nehf;fp tz;b gazpg;gijf; fhz Kbe;jJ. ,ilapilNa
rpW gw;iwf; fhLfs;> MWfs;> fhLfs;> efuq;fs; Nghd;witAk; fhzg;gl;ld.
rpwpJrpwpjhf fly; kl;lj;jpypUe;J Nky; Nehf;fp Giftz;b nrd;wikahy; Vzpapy;
VWtJ Nghd;w czu;it vk;Ks; Vw;gLj;jpaJ. mLj;J wk;Gf;fz Gifapuj
epiyaj;ij ehk; mile;Njhk;. ,g;gazj;jpd;NghJ gy Ruq;fg; ghijfisf;
fle;Njhk;.
Fl;b tPuDf;F
ehye;j ghlrhiyapy;
mDkjp
=kj; Mju; rp.fpshf; mtu;fs;
29
vkf;F Gifapujj;jpd; vQ;rpd; miwapy; gazk; nra;Ak; tha;g;gk; fpl;baJ. ehk;
myfy;iy kiyj;njhlupYs;s rpd;dkiy Ruq;fj;jpD}lhfTk; nrd;Nwhk;. ,J
,yq;ifapd; kpf ePz;l Ruq;fg; ghijahFk;. mJ xU fpNyh kPw;wu; ePskhdJ.
rpwpJ Neuk; nrd;wNghJ rPfpupahitg; Nghd;w kiyf; Fd;nwhd;W Njhd;wpaJ.
NkYk; Kd;Ndhf;fpr; nry;Yk;NghJ NtW Ruq;fq;fisAk; fz;Nlhk;. NkYk;
nry;Yk;NghJ #u rujpay; kiy cJtq;fe;j kiy Njhd;wpaJ. fhiy czT
cz;Z Kd;du; filrpahf ehk; fle;j Gifapuj epiyak; fLfz;zhitahFk;.
lg;spA.vk;.tp.it.Fkhurpq;f
juk; - 06
fh/ gP.j.v];.Fyuj;d tpj;jpahyak;
30
,izg;G 1.1.1.2,izg;G 1.1.1.2,izg;G 1.1.1.2,izg;G 1.1.1.2,izg;G 1.1.1.2
tplag;gj;jpuj;jpw;fhd Mrpupau; MNyhridtplag;gj;jpuj;jpw;fhd Mrpupau; MNyhridtplag;gj;jpuj;jpw;fhd Mrpupau; MNyhridtplag;gj;jpuj;jpw;fhd Mrpupau; MNyhridtplag;gj;jpuj;jpw;fhd Mrpupau; MNyhrid
� khztu;fspd; jpwikfis ,dq;fhZk;NghJ cly;> cs> Md;kPf> r%f>
njhopDl;g> mofpay;> njhopy; uPjpahd Jiwfspy; jpwikfSf;fhd
cjhuzq;fis njspTgLj;Jq;fs;.
� jpwikfis ,dq;fhZk;NghJ gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fSf;F tpiliag; gw;wp
Nahrpg;gjw;F khztu;fis topg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
1. cq;fsplKs;s cs;shu;e;j jpwik vd;d?
2. ePq;fs; ntspg;gLj;jpAs;s jpwikfs; vit?
3. ePq;fs; ntw;wpngw;w tplak; vJ?
4. ePq;fs; nra;jpUf;Fk; Mf;fk; vd;d?
5. gpwu; cq;fspy; ,Ug;gjhf epidf;Fk; jpwik vd;d?
6. VidNahu;fs; cq;fspd; vj;jpwikiag; gw;wp Gfo;thu;fs;?
jpwd;fs; Jiwthupahfjpwd;fs; Jiwthupahfjpwd;fs; Jiwthupahfjpwd;fs; Jiwthupahfjpwd;fs; Jiwthupahf jpwik jpwik jpwik jpwik jpwik
cly; ............................
cs ............................
Md;kPf ............................
r%f ............................
njhopDl;gk; ............................
mofpay; ............................
njhopy; ............................
NtW ............................
� ,U tpopfisAk; %bf;nfhs;Sq;fs;.
Kk;Kiw ed;F RthrpAq;fs;. (%r;rpOj;J tpLq;fs;.)
cq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; jpwikfis epide;Jnfhs;Sq;fs;. mtw;iwg; gpd;tUk;
ml;ltizapy; epug;Gq;fs;.
� cq;fs; glj;ijr; Rw;wp cq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; jpwikfis myq;fhukhd tpjj;jpy;
Mf;fG+u;tkhf Kd;itf;fTk;.
� kPz;Lk; NtnwhU gj;jpunkhd;iw vLj;Jf;nfhs;Sq;fs;.
� mjpy; cq;fs; Gifg;glj;ij my;yJ glnkhd;iw xl;Lq;fs; / tiuAq;fs;.
31
� kPz;Lk; fz;fis %bf;nfhs;Sq;fs;.
� Kk;Kiw ed;F RthrpAq;fs;. (%r;rpOj;J tpLq;fs;.)
� tpopfisj; jpwTq;fs;.
� ,dp cq;fs; jpwikfisf; nfhz;like;j myq;fhukhd rpj;jpuj;ij Nehf;fp
xt;nthd;iwAk; ftdkhfg; ghu;j;J kdjpdhy; kfpo;r;rpailAq;fs;. Gd;KWty;
G+j;Jf;nfhs;Sq;fs;.
,izg;G 1.1.1.3,izg;G 1.1.1.3,izg;G 1.1.1.3,izg;G 1.1.1.3,izg;G 1.1.1.3
nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk;nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk;nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk;nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk;nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk;
� ePq;fs; ,dq;fz;l jpwikfis ePq;fs; mile;jJ> cs;shu;e;j tifapy; ,y;yhtpbd;
fw;wjdhyh vd rpe;jpAq;fs;.
� ,jw;fika njupTnra;j jpwikfs; rpytw;iw ,g;gFjpfs; ,uz;bd; fPo ;
tifg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
� ,tw;Ws; ePq;fs; tsu;j;Jf;nfhs;s Ntz;bajhf epidf;Fk; jpwikfs; rpytw;iwj;
njupTnra;J mjpy; Kd;Dupikf;F mika 1> 2> 3 vd;wthwhf vOjpf;nfhs;Sq;fs;.
� mj;jpwikfis tsu;j;Jf;nfhs;tjw;Fr; nra;aNt;zbatw;iw vOJq;fs;.
� ePq;fs; vOjpa jpwikfisAk; tsu;j;Jf;nfhs;tjw;fhff; iff;nfhs;s NTz;ba
toptiffisAk; mz;ikapy; cs;s md;gu;fSf;Fk; MrpupaUf;Fk; ntspg;gLj;jp
gpd;D}l;liyg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sTk;.
cs;shue;j tif jpwikfs; fw;wjpdhy; ngw;w jpwik cs;shue;j tif jpwikfs; fw;wjpdhy; ngw;w jpwik cs;shue;j tif jpwikfs; fw;wjpdhy; ngw;w jpwik cs;shue;j tif jpwikfs; fw;wjpdhy; ngw;w jpwik cs;shue;j tif jpwikfs; fw;wjpdhy; ngw;w jpwik
............................ ............................
............................ ............................
............................ ............................
............................ ............................
jpwik tsu;j;Jf;nfhs;s Ntz;bait jpwik tsu;j;Jf;nfhs;s Ntz;bait jpwik tsu;j;Jf;nfhs;s Ntz;bait jpwik tsu;j;Jf;nfhs;s Ntz;bait jpwik tsu;j;Jf;nfhs;s Ntz;bait
............................ ............................
............................ ............................
............................ ............................
............................ ............................
32
9.1.29.1.29.1.29.1.29.1.2 nraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghL
Nju;r ;r pNju ;r ;r pNju ;r ;r pNju ;r ;r pNju ;r ;r p : -: -: -: -: - Ratpsf;fj;Jld; fUkkhw;Wthu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk; : -: -: -: -: - tho;f;ifapy; vjpu;Nehf;Fk; gy;NtW miw$ty;fspd; NghJ
ntw;wpfukhfr; nraw;gLthu;.
nraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghL : -: -: -: -: - “rthy;fis mwpe;J tho;f;ifapy; ntw;wp fhz;Nghk;”
Neuk;Neuk;Neuk;Neuk;Neuk; : -: -: -: -: - 80 epkplq;fs;
ju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPL :- :- :- :- :- � ,izg;G 9.1.2.1
� ,izg;G 9.1.2.2 Muha;Tg; gj;jpuk;
� ,izg;G 9.1.2.3 Muha;Tg; gj;jpuk;
� vOJk; fhfpjhs;fs;
fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghL
gb 9.1.2.1gb 9.1.2.1gb 9.1.2.1gb 9.1.2.1gb 9.1.2.1
� ,izg;G 9.1.2.1 toq;fp khztu;fis tpisahl;by; <LgLj;Jq;fs;.
� ,t;tpisahl;by; ntw;wp nfhz;Nlhu;fs; njhlu;ghff; Nfl;lwpe;J nfhs;Sq;fs;.
� Njhy;tpf;Fupa fhuzk; ahJ vd tpdTq;fs;.
� Nghl;bapd;NghJ jdf;Fs; Vw;gl;l vz;zq;fis tpsf;FtNjhL jhd; Kfq;nfhLf;f
Neupl;l tpUg;gkw;w rthy;fs; njhlu;ghff; fye;Jiuahliy Nkw;nfhs;f.
� mf;fye;Jiuahlypy; gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; fUj;jpw;nfhs;sg;gl;l fye;Jiuahliy
Nkw;nfhs;Sq;fs;.
� tho;f;ifapy; xt;nthU egUk; gpur;rpidfSf;F Kfq;nfhLf;f Ntz;ba
epiyik Vw;gLk;.
� tho;f;ifapy; rthy;fs; Vw;gLtJ ,aw;if.
� rthy;fs; vd;gJ tho;f;ifapd; ,yf;Ffis miltjpy; Vw;gLk; gpur;rpidfs;>
jilfSf;F ntw;wpfukhf Kfq;nfhLj;jyhFk;.
� rthy;fs; Vw;gLk; re;ju;g;gq;fs; kw;Wk; mjd; jd;ikfs; gy;NtW gw;wpf;fpd;wik.
F mfjpfshf;fg;gly; (Aj;jk; / Rdhkp / nts;sk; / #whtsp vd;gtw;why;
ghJfhg;G fpilf;fhik. (jha; / je;ij / ghJfhtyu; ,d;ik)
F rktaJf; FOf;fshy; Vw;gLk; mOj;jq;fs;.
F njhlu;G rhjdq;fs; / ,izak;
F cly; FiwghLfs; / gyaPdq;fs;.
F Aj;j eltbf;iffs; kw;Wk; Kuz;ghLfs;.
F nghUshjhuk; eypTwy;.
F eilKiwr; r%fk; khw;wj;jpl;Fl;gl;L tUtjhy; cUthFk;
epiyikfs;.
F jdpahs; fhuzpfs; kw;Wk; NtW fhuzpfs;.
(20 epkplq;fs;)
33
gb 9.1.2.2gb 9.1.2.2gb 9.1.2.2gb 9.1.2.2gb 9.1.2.2
� khztu;fis rpW FOf;fshf Ntwhf;Fq;fs;.
� rpW FOf;fspilNa 9.1.2.2 kw;Wk; 9.1.2.3 ,izg;Gf;fis toq;Ff.
� khztu;fis nraw;ghLfspy; <LgLj;Jq;fs;.
� Njitahd ,lq;fspy; MNyhridfisAk; topfhl;liyAk; toq;Fq;fs;.
(20 epkplq;fs;)
gb 9.1.2.3gb 9.1.2.3gb 9.1.2.3gb 9.1.2.3gb 9.1.2.3
� khztu;fs; fz;Lgpbj;jy; %yk; ngwg;gl;l KbTfis Kd;itg;gjw;F re;ju;g;gk;
toq;Ff.
� midj;J FOtpdJk; fUj;Jf;fisf; Nfl;lwpe;J nfhs;Sq;fs;.
� gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; ntspg;gLk; tifapy; fye;Jiuahlypy; khztu;fis
<LgLj;Jq;fs;.
� midj;J rthy;fSk; tho;f;ifapy; ntw;wpf;fhd iky; fw;fshFk;.
� rthy;fis ntw;wp nfhz;ltu;fs; cyfpy; Kjd;ik ngw;wtu;fshff;
fhzg;gLfpd;wdu;.
� rthy;fis vjpu;nfhs;Sk;NghJ ntw;wpfukhf Kfk; nfhLj;jy; tho;f;iff;F
mtrpakhd xU jpwdhFk;.
� xt;nthU rthy;fSf;Fk; Kfk; nfhLf;Fk; gy;NtW topKiwfs;
fhzg;gLfpwJ. kw;Wk; jd;dhy; mt;topKiwfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
� fLikahd rthy;fs; $l fle;j fhyq;fspy; ntw;wp nfhs;tjd; %yk;
mofhd/ Rthu];akhd mDgtq;fs; vd mtw;iw $w KbAk;.
(40 epkplq;fs;)
fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPl;L epajpfSk;fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPl;L epajpfSk;fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPl;L epajpfSk;fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPl;L epajpfSk;fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPl;L epajpfSk;
� rthiy tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;Jthu;.
� rhtypd; %yk; tho;it ntw;wpnfhs;s KbAnkd;gij Vw;ghu;.
� gy;NtW rthy;fisAk; milahsq;fz;L mtw;iw ntw;wp nfhs;Sk; gy;NtW
topKiwfis Kd;itg;ghu;.
� jkJ FOtpdNuhbize;J rthy;fSf;fhd jPu;Tfisf; fhz;ghu;.
� jhk; Kfq;nfhLj;j rthy;fSf;F ntw;wpfukhfj; jPu;T fz;l tpjj;ij
Kd;itg;gJld; mjidg; gpd;tUkhW
gpd;njhlu; Ntiygpd;njhlu; Ntiygpd;njhlu; Ntiygpd;njhlu; Ntiygpd;njhlu; Ntiygy;NtW rthy;fSf;F kj;jpapYk; tho;f;ifapy; ntw;wpngw;w egu;fs; njhlu;gpyhd
jfty;fisr; Nrfupj;J rpW E}nyhd;iw Mf;fy;.
,izg;G 9.1.2.1,izg;G 9.1.2.1,izg;G 9.1.2.1,izg;G 9.1.2.1,izg;G 9.1.2.1tpNdhj tpisahl;L (ghjzpfisf; fiye;J khztiu tpisahlj;jahu;g;
gLj;jTk;)
� tFg;G khztu; njhiff;Nfw;g gY}d;fis vLf;fTk;.
� Njitahd cauj;Jld; E}iyj;jahu;g;gLj;jpf; nfhs;sTk;.
� khztuplk; gY}d;fisf; nfhLj;J Cjp> E}iyf; fl;lr; nra;aTk;.
� fowhj gb khztupd; fhy;fspy; gY}d;fisf; fl;bf; nfhs;sr; nra;aTk;
34
,izg;G 9.1.2.2,izg;G 9.1.2.2,izg;G 9.1.2.2,izg;G 9.1.2.2,izg;G 9.1.2.2
gpd;tUk; jfty;fis ed;F mwpe;J Nfl;fg;gLk; tpdhf;fSf;F tpil vOJq;fs;.
Rju;rd; gdhd fdp\;l jkpo; tpj;jpahyaj;jpy; fw;Fk; mohd rpWtdhthd;. mtdpd;jha; ,we;Jtpl;lhs;. je;ij vO tUlq;fSf;F Kd;du; ntspehL nrd;whu;. mtiug;gw;wpa nra;jpfs; ,Jtiuapy; mwpe;Jnfhs;s Kbatpy;iy. Rju;rDk; mtd; jk;gpAk;jq;ifAk; jhj;jh kw;Wk; ghl;bapd; nghWg;gpy; ,Uf;fpwhu;fs;. nghUshjhu uPjpahfmtu;fs; kpfTk; gpd;jq;fpa tho;f;if tho;e;Jnfhz;bUf;fpd;whu;fs;.
,t;thwpUf;ifapy; ,k; %d;W gps;isfspy; xUtUf;F Gyikg;guprpy; toq;Ftjhfte;j njhz;lu; mikg;nghd;wpd; gpujpepjpf;Fk; Rju;rDf;Fk; ,ilapy; ,lk;ngw;wrk;gh\iz fPNo jug;gl;Ls;sJ.
gpujpepjp :- cq;fs; jha; je;ij ,UtUk; cq;fSld; ,y;iy. cq;fisf; fz;fhzpj;Jtsu;g;gtu;fs; gw;wp nrhy;y KbAkh?
Rju;\d; :- Mk;. vq;fis jw;NghJ ghJfhg;ghf itj;jpUg;gtu;fs; jhj;jhTk; ghl;bAk;.
gpujpepjp :- ghl;bf;Fk; jhj;jhTf;Fk; ,g;NghJ ed;whf taJ Ngha;tpl;lJjhNd.mNjNghy; RftPdKw;wtu;fshfTk; ,Uf;fpwhu;fsh jhNd.
Rju;\d; :- ehq;fs; mtu;fs; ,UtUf;Fk; cjtp nra;fpNwhk;. vdf;F;jhd; $LjyhdNtiyfs; xg;gilf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. Njhl;lj;jpy; Ntiy nra;a Ntz;banghWg;Gk; vdf;Fj;jhd;.
gpujpepjp :- ePq;fs; %tUk; fw;Wf;nfhz;bUf;Fk; tFg;igf; $Wq;fs;.
Rju;\d; :- ehd; 9 Mk; tFg;G. jk;gp 4 Mk; tFg;G> jq;if 2 Mk; tFg;G.
gpujpepjp :- xU khjj;jpw;F ehq;fs; 2000/= Gyikg;guprpy; xd;iwf; nfhLf;fj; jahuhf,Uf;fpd;Nwhk;. ,ij ahUf;Ff; nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;?
Rju;\d; :- vq;fs; %tUf;Fk; jhUq;fs;.
gpujpepjp :- mg;gb KbahJ. ,jid xUtupd; ngaupNyNa juyhk;.
Rju;\d; :- mg;gbahapd; vdf;Fj; jhUq;fs;.
gpujpepjp :- cq;fis tpl ,isa jq;ifAk; jk;gpAk; ,Uf;Fk;NghJ Vd; cq;fsJngaUf;Ff; Nfl;fpwPu;fs;?
� Ie;J epkplq;fSf;fhtJ jkJ gY}d;fisg; ghJfhj;Jf; nfhz;L VidNahupd;
gY}d;fis cilf;fr; nra;aTk;.
� njhlf;fj;ijAk; KbitAk; mwptpf;fTk;.
35
,izg;G 9.1.2.3,izg;G 9.1.2.3,izg;G 9.1.2.3,izg;G 9.1.2.3,izg;G 9.1.2.3
gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fSf;F cq;fs; tho;f;if mDgtq;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L tpil
jhUq;fs;.
1. ePq;fs; Kfk; nfhLj;j xU rthiyf; Fwpg;gpLq;fs;.
2. me;j rthypd; jd;ikia RUf;fkhf tpsf;fk; jUf.
3. mr;rthy; fhuzkhf ePq;fs; mile;j Njhy;tp kd rQ;ryk; kw;Wk; ,og;Gf;fs;
,Ue;jhy; mtw;iwf; Fwpg;gpLq;fs;.
4. mr;rthy;fis ntw;wpnfhs;tjw;F ePq;fs; vt;tpjj;jpy; cq;fs; Nahrid
Kd;itf;fpwPu;fs;?
Rju;\d; :- jq;iff;Fk; jk;gpf;Fk; toq;fp eilKiwfs; njupahJ vd epidf;fpNwd;.mj;NjhL ehd; ,e;jg; Gyikg; guprpy; njhifiag; ngw;why; mtu;fs;,Utupd; NjitfisAk; vd;dhy; ghu;j;Jf;nfhs;s KbAk; jhNd.vy;yhtw;wpw;Fk; Nkyhf ehd; ey;yKiwapy; rh/ j guPl;irapy; rpj;jp ngwed;whf gbf;f Ntz;Lk;. ed;whfg; gbj;jhy; jhd; vdJ jk;gpf;Fk; jq;iff;Fk;ed;whfg; gbg;gpf;f vdf;F KbAk;.
gpujpepjp :- rup. ehq;fs; cq;fSf;F ,e;jg; Gyikg;guprpiy toq;FNthk;.
36
9.1.39.1.39.1.39.1.39.1.3 nraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghL
Nju;r ;r pNju ;r ;r pNju ;r ;r pNju ;r ;r pNju ;r ;r p : -: -: -: -: - Ratpsf;fj;Jld; fUkkhw;Wthu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk; : -: -: -: -: - RNjrj;Jtj;ijf;fhj;J G+Nfhsf; fpuhkj;jpd; Xu; mq;fj;jtu;
vd;w tifapy; xUq;F tho;j;jthW nraw;gLthu;.
nraw;ghL :- “Njrpaj;jpw;F kjpg;gspj;J cyf r%fj;jpDs; gpuNtrpg;Nghk;”
Neuk;Neuk;Neuk;Neuk;Neuk; : -: -: -: -: - 40 epkplq;fs;
ju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPL :- :- :- :- :- � ,izg;G 9.1.3.1 kw;Wk; 9.1.3.2
� bik Ngg;gu;
� ngy;l; Ngdh
� vOJjhs;fs;
fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghL
gb 9.1.3.1gb 9.1.3.1gb 9.1.3.1gb 9.1.3.1gb 9.1.3.1
� ,izg;G 9.1.3.1 njhlu;ghd ge;jpia tFg;giwapy; Kd;itf;f
� mq;F toq;fg;gl;l jfty; njhlu;ghf fUj;Jf;fis Kd;itf;f khztu;fSf;F
re;ju;g;gk; mspf;f.
� gpd;tUk; tplaq;fisf; fUj;jpw;nfhz;L fye;Jiuahliy Nkw;nfhs;f.
F Kd;ndhU fhyj;jpy; ,yq;ifapd; njhopDl;gk; cau;kl;lj;jpy; fhzg;gl;lik.
F jw;fhyj;jpy; ,yq;ifapd; gy;NtW cw;gj;jpfs; cyf re;ijf;F
mDg;gg;gLfpd;wik.
F mt;Tw;gj;jpfs; cyf re;ijapy; cau; mq;fPfhuk; ngw;Ws;sik.
F fle;j fhyj;ijg; Nghd;W jw;fhyj;jpYk; Njrpa uPjpahf kjpg;gspf;f;$ba
ey;nyhOf;f tpOkpaq;fs; kw;Wk; Mf;fk; vk;Ks; fhzg;gLtNjhL> Njrj;jpw;F
kjpg;gspg;gJld; mjid Kd;ndLj;Jr; nry;tjw;Fk; ehk; Kaw;rpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
(10 epkplq;fs;)gb 9.1.3.2gb 9.1.3.2gb 9.1.3.2gb 9.1.3.2gb 9.1.3.2
� khztu;fisg; nghUj;jkhd tpjj;jpy; FOf;fshfg; gpupAq;fs;.
� tplag; gj;jpuq;fis FOf;fSf;F toq;Fq;fs;.
� Fwpj;j tplaj;ijg; G+u;j;jp nra;tjw;Fg; Nghjpa Neuj;ij toq;Fq;fs;.
� NjitNaw;gLk; re;ju;g;gq;fspy; MNyhrid> topfhl;ly; toq;Fq;fs;.
� mwpf;if jahupg;gjw;Fg; NghJkhd Neuj;ijg; ngw;Wf; nfhLq;fs;.
gb 9.1.3.3gb 9.1.3.3gb 9.1.3.3gb 9.1.3.3gb 9.1.3.3
� FO mwpf;ifia tFg;giwapy; Kd;itf;f re;ju;g;gk; toq;Fq;fs;.
� xt;nthU FOTk; Kd;itj;j jfty;fs; njhlu;ghff; fUj;J njuptpf;f midj;J
FOf;fSf;Fk; re;ju;g;gk; toq;Fq;fs;.
� gpd;tUk; tplaq;fis ntspf;nfhzUk; tifapy; fye;Jiuahliy Nkw;nfhs;sTk;.
37
F ehl;bd; rka> rk;gpujhaq;fs;> eilKiwfSf;F kjpg;gspj;jy;.
F Njitfisg; G+u;j;jp nra;tjw;F gy;NtW cw;gj;jpfis gad;ghl;bw;F
vLj;Jf;nfhs;s Ntz;bNaw;gLk;.
F vkJ ehl;bd; nghUSl;gj;jpfisf; nfhz;Nl vkJ Njitfisg; G+u;j;jp
nra;Jnfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
F mt;thW nra;tjhy; ntspehl;Lf;Fr; nry;Yk; gzj;ij Nrkpf;f KbtNjhL
Njrpa cw;gj;jpfis mjpfupf;fTk; KbAk;.
F tsq;fspd; rkdw;w guk;gy; kw;Wk; Njitahd midj;J nghUl;fisAk; cw;gj;jp
nra;Jnfhs;s Kbahik.
F ,jd; fhuzkhf cyf ehLfSld; njhlu;Gfis itj;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;.
F r%f njhlu;Gfisf; fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;Fk; njhlu;Gfis itj;jpUg;gjw;Fk; cyf
rKjhaj;jpd; mq;fj;jtuhf tho;tjw;Fj; Njitahd jpwd;fis vkf;Fs; tpUj;jp
nra;Jnfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
(20 epkplk;)
fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPl;L epajpfSk;fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPl;L epajpfSk;fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPl;L epajpfSk;fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPl;L epajpfSk;fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPl;L epajpfSk;
� cs;Su; cw;gj;jpfis tpiynfhLj;J thq;FtJ Njrpa tsu;r;rpf;F fhuzkhf mikAk;
tpjj;ij tpsf;Fthu;.
� cs;Su; gof;ftof;fq;fs; ghuk;gupaq;fis kjpg;gJld; mjw;fhd fhuzq;fis
Kd;itg;ghu;.
� cyf r%fj;jpd; xU Fbkfdhf tho;tjw;Fj; Njitahd Fzeyd;fis
Nkk;gLj;jpf;nfhs;tjpy; tpUg;G fhl;Lthu;.
� FOr; nraw;ghl;bid epiwTnra;tjw;F mu;g;gzpg;Gld; nraw;gLthu;.
� jdJ jpwd;fis ntspf;fhl;b VNjh xU Mf;fnkhd;iw gilf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;w
tpUg;ig ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.
38
,izg;G 9.1.3.1,izg;G 9.1.3.1,izg;G 9.1.3.1,izg;G 9.1.3.1,izg;G 9.1.3.1
gpd;tUk; ntspg;ghl;il tFg;giwapy; Kd;itg;gjw;F jahu;gLj;jpf; nfhs;Sq;fs;.
,yq;ifapd;
Njapiyf;F
cau;e;j tpiy
epu;zapg;G
,yq;ifapd; Mil
cw;gj;jpfSf;F cyf
re;ijapy; mjpf
Nfs;tp (fpuhf;fp)
� ,yq;ifapy; Guhjd njhopDl;gk;
F ePu;g;ghrdj; njhopDl;gk;
jhJNrd murdhy; fl;lg;gl;l Nahj fhy;tha; vDk; [a fq;if 86 Km ePskhdJ.
mj;Jld; fhy;thapd; rha;T xU fpNyhkPw;wUf;F 95 kpy;ypkPw;wu;fshFk;.
F kUj;Jtj; njhopDl;gk;
nghyd;dWit fhyj;jpw;Fr; nrhe;jkhd Myh`d gpupntdhtpd; mfo;tpd;NghJ
kUj;Jt cg fhuzq;fs; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lik.
F fiyg; gilg;Gf;fs;
fp.K. 5 Mk; E}w;whz;by; Mf;fg;gl;l rPfpupah rpj;jpuq;fs; ,d;Wk; khwhJ
,Ug;gjw;Fupa fhuzk; mjpy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s njhopDl;g tpNrlj;JtkhFk;.
,izg;G 9.1.3.2,izg;G 9.1.3.2,izg;G 9.1.3.2,izg;G 9.1.3.2,izg;G 9.1.3.2
nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk; 01
cq;fshy; Nghw;wg;gLk; rka rk;gpujhaq;fs;> eilKiwfs; vd;gdtw;iw
ml;ltizg;gLj;jp mit Nghw;wg;gl Ntz;Lk; vd;gjw;fhd fhuzq;fis
tFg;giwapy; njspTgLj;Jf.
nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk; 02
cyf rKjhaj;jpNy Fbkfd; vd;w tifapy; tho;tjw;F cq;fsplj;jpy;
tpUj;jpnra;a Ntz;ba Fzeyd;fs; mlq;fpa gl;bay; xd;iwj; jahu;nra;f.
nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk; 03
� gpd;tUk; ml;ltiziag; G+u;j;jp nra;f.
� cq;fs; FO ml;ltizg;gLj;jpa tplaq;fis tpsf;fkhf tFg;gpy; Kd;itf;f.
39
cq;fsJ md;whl
Njitfisg;
G+u;j;jpnra;Jnfhs;sg;
gad;gLj;Jk; nghUl;fs;
mg;nghUl;fspy;
tpiynfhLj;J thq;Fk;
,yq;if cw;gj;jpg;
nghUSf;F Kd;dhy;
P milahskpLf.
,yq;ifapd; cw;gj;jpg;
nghUl;fis
tpiynfhLj;J
thq;Ftjhy; fpilf;Fk;
ed;ikfs;
tplag;gj;jpuk; 04
jw;fhy cyfpy; ve;jnthU ehl;bw;Fk; jdpj;J jdJ Njitfis
epiwNtw;wpf;nfhs;tJ fbdk;. ,jw;fhd fhuzq;fis Kd;itf;f.
40
9.1.49.1.49.1.49.1.49.1.4 nraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghL
Nju;r ;r pNju ;r ;r pNju ;r ;r pNju ;r ;r pNju ;r ;r p : -: -: -: -: - Ratpsf;fj;Jld; fUkkhw;Wthu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk; : -: -: -: -: - Njitg;gLk; Nghnjy;yhk; cWjpg;ghlhd tifapy;
nraw;gLthu;.nraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghL : -: -: -: -: - “nghUj;jkhd ,lq;fspy; epiyNgwhd tpjj;jpy;
fUkkhw;Wthu;.”
Neuk;Neuk;Neuk;Neuk;Neuk; : -: -: -: -: - 40 epkplq;fs;
ju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPL :- :- :- :- :- � ,izg;G 9.1.4.1 ,w;fhd tuyhw;Wf; fij
� ,izg;G 9.1.4.2.1 ,w;fhd nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk;
� vOJjhs;fs;
� Ngdh
fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghL
gb 9.1.4.1gb 9.1.4.1gb 9.1.4.1gb 9.1.4.1gb 9.1.4.1
� ,izg;G 9.1.4.1 ,w;fhd tuyhw;Wf; fijia Kd;itAq;fs;.
� fijiaf; Nfl;lgpd; khztu;fsplj;jpy; Vw;gLk; fUj;Jf;fisf; Nfl;lwpAq;fs;.
� rpe;jidf; fpsu;tpNy khztu;fis <LgLj;Jq;fs;.
F jhd; nra;Ak; Ntiy njhlu;ghf jdf;Fg; Nghjpa tpsf;fk; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
F VidNahupd; fUj;Jf;fis Vw;Wf;nfhs;sy;.
F jdf;Fg; nghUj;jk; vdpd; VidNahupd; fUj;Jf;fis tpku;rpj;J Vw;Wf;nfhs;sy;.
F epiyNgwhd fUj;Jf;fSld; nraw;gLtjhy; jd;idAk; jdJ nfsutj;ijAk;
ghJfhj;jy;.
(10 epkplq;fs;)
gb 9.1.4.2gb 9.1.4.2gb 9.1.4.2gb 9.1.4.2gb 9.1.4.2
� ,izg;G 9.1.4.2.1 nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuj;ij khztu;fSf;F gfpu;e;jspAq;fs;.
� khztu;fis nraw;ghl;by; <LgLj;Jq;fs;.
(10 epkplq;fs;)
gb 9.1.4.3gb 9.1.4.3gb 9.1.4.3gb 9.1.4.3gb 9.1.4.3
� khztu;fspd; fUj;Jf;fis tFg;gpy; Kd;itj;jy;.
� khztu;fspd; Nkyhd MNyhridfis tpdTq;fs;.
� gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; ntspg;gLk; tifapy; fye;Jiuahliy Nkw;nfhs;Sq;fs;.
(10 epkplq;fs;)
41
F rthy;fspd;NghJ ,UKiwapy; xUtu; jdJ Jyq;fiy ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.
fPo;g;gbjy; kw;Wk; Mf;fpukpg;G uPjpahf.
F ,t;tpU Kiwfspy; xd;wpYk; rhuhJ epiyNgzj;jf;f tifapy; nraw;gly;
Ntz;Lk;.
F epiyNgw;Wj;jd;ikia jd;dplj;jpYk; VidNahuplj;jpYk; Vw;gLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
F jdJ vz;zq;fis ,lj;jpw;Nfw;g nghUj;jkhd Kiwapy; ntspg;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPl;L epajpfSk;fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPl;L epajpfSk;fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPl;L epajpfSk;fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPl;L epajpfSk;fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPl;L epajpfSk;
� epiyNgw;Wj;jd;ikia tpsq;fpf; nfhs;thu;.
� epiyNgw;Wj;jd;ikAld; nraypyPLglj; jahuhthu;.
� jdJ fUj;Jf;fisg; nghUj;jkhd ,lj;jpy; nghUj;jkhd Kiwapy; ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.
� Neuhd kdg;ghq;Fld; tho;f;if topKiwfisg; NgZk; tifapy; nraw;ghLfspy;
<LgLthu;.
� epiyg;Ngw;wbg;gilapy; r%fj; njhlu;ig itj;Jf; nfhs;thu;.
(10 epkplq;fs;)
42
,izg;G 9.1.4.1,izg;G 9.1.4.1,izg;G 9.1.4.1,izg;G 9.1.4.1,izg;G 9.1.4.1
Kd;ndhU fhyj;jpy; xU je;ij jdJ kfDld; jkf;Fr; nrhe;jkhd fOijiatpw;gjw;fhf re;ijf;Fg; Ngha;f;nfhz;bUe;jhu;.mjidf; fz;Zw;w rpy kdpju;fs;fOijapd; Nky; Vwpr; nry;yhky; je;ij kfd; ,UtUk; ele;J nry;fpwhu;fNs vdmq;fyha;j;jdu;. “fOijia itj;Jf; nfhz;L ,g;gb ele;J nry;Yk; Kl;lhs;fSk;,Uf;fpd;wdu;.
%lu;fNs vdf; $wpdu;. ,jidf; Nfl;l je;ij jdJ kfid fOij Nky;itj;Jf;nfhz;L ele;J nrd;whu;. mjidf; fz;Zw;w rpyu; ,e;j Kjpatu; ele;Jnry;y kfd; fOij Nky; mku;e;J nry;fpwhNd vdj; J}w;wpdu;. gpd;du; kfd; fPopwq;fpje;ij fOijapd; Nky; mku;e;J nrd;whu;. ,t;thW rpwpJ Neuk; nry;ifapy; “INah!me;j mg;ghtpr; rpWtd; ele;J nry;fpwhNd” “ngupa kdpjd; xa;ahukhf fOij Nky;mku;e;J nry;fpwhu;” vd NkYk; rpyu; J}w;wpdu;. gpd;du; je;ij> kfd; ,UtUNkfOij Nky; mku;e;J nrd;wdu;. mjidf; fz;Zw;w kdpju;fs;> “mg;ghtpahdkpUfj;jpw;F nra;Ak; mt];ijiag; ghUq;fs;. ,g;gbAk; kpUfq;fis tijf;fpwhu;fNs!clNd ,UtUk; fPopwq;fp tUe;jpr; nry;Yk; fOijia Rke;J nry;tJ ey;yjy;yth”vdf; $wpdu;.
gpd;du; ,UtUNk fOijapd; ehd;F fhy;fisAk; Nru;j;Jf; fl;b mjDs; jbnahd;iw,l;Lj; J}f;fpr; nry;yyhapdu;. nry;Yk; topapy; Xu; xw;iw kug; ghyj;jhy; Mw;iwf;flf;f Neupl;lJ. mt;Ntisapy; fOij jLkhw;wkile;jjhy; %tUk; Mw;wpy; tpOe;jdu;.
43
gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fSf;F tpilfz;L tFg;gpy; Kd;itf;f.
1. tpdpj; mfpyDld; Fsj;Jf;Fr; nry;y Vd; tpUk;gpdhd; vd ePq;fs; epidf;fpwPu;fs;?
2. Rju;rd; mfpydpd; Ntz;LNfhis epuhfupj;j tpjk; njhlu;ghf ePq;fs; vd;d
epidf;fpwPu;fs;?
3. mg;Jy;yh mfpyDf;Ff; $wpa gjpy; njhlu;ghf cq;fsJ fUj;ij vOJq;fs;.
4. mfpyd; cq;fsplk; ,t;Ntz;LNfhis tpLj;jhy; ePq;fs; vt;thwhd gjpiy
mspg;gPu;fs;?
,izg;G 9.1.4.2,izg;G 9.1.4.2,izg;G 9.1.4.2,izg;G 9.1.4.2,izg;G 9.1.4.2
gpd;tUk; rk;gtj;ij thrpf;fTk;.
mfpyd; tFg;gpy; cs;s thahbr; rpWtdhthd;. mNjNghy; Vida khztu;fspd;Njitfis epiwNtw;Wtjpy; Kd;dpw;ghd;. NtW tFg;G khztu;fshy; jdJ tFg;Gkhztu;fs; gaKWj;jg;gLk; re;ju;g;gq;fspYk; Kd;dpw;gtd; mfpyNd. vdpDk; jd;idtFg;G khztu;fs; Vw;Wf;nfhz;ljhy; mtdJ vy;yhf; fUj;Jf;fisAk; vy;yhg;gps;isfSk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sy; Ntz;Lk; vd;w gpioahd vz;zk; nfhz;bUe;jhd;mfpyd;.
mfpyd; :- tpdpj; ,d;W khiy ghlrhiy tpl;ljd; gpd;du; vd;Dld; Fspg;gjw;FFsj;jpw;Fr; nry;y tu Ntz;Lk;. rupjhNd> KbahJ vd;Wnrhy;yhNj!
tpdpj; :- rup. ehd; tUfpNwd; mfpyd;.
mfpyd; :- Rju;rd; cdf;Fk; Nfl;lJ jhNd. rhg;gpl;lTld; Fsj;Jf;F th.
Rju;rd; :- ey;y Ntiyjhd; cdf;F Ntz;Lnkdpd; eP Nghfyhk;.mg;gbg; Ngha; %o;fpg; Nghdhy;...
mfpyd; :- rup. mg;gbnahd;why; mijAk; ghu;g;NghNk. mg;Jy;yh eP vd;dnrhy;fpwha;?
mg;Jy;yh :- vdf;F epr;rakhf nrhy;y KbahJ mfpyd; tuKbAk; vd;W. NghdgpwF tPl;by; Nghf Ntz;lhk; vd;W nrhd;dhy; ehd;ngha;f;fhudhNtd;. kw;wJ ,e;j ehl;fspy; Fsj;J ePu; mt;tsTey;yjy;y. ePnad;whYk; Neha;tha;gLtha;. ftdkhf ,U.
44
9.2 9.2 9.2 9.2 9.2 Nghl;bj;jd;ik tha;e;j cyfpy; ey;tho;itNghl;bj;jd;ik tha;e;j cyfpy; ey;tho;itNghl;bj;jd;ik tha;e;j cyfpy; ey;tho;itNghl;bj;jd;ik tha;e;j cyfpy; ey;tho;itNghl;bj;jd;ik tha;e;j cyfpy; ey;tho;it
tpUj;jp nra;J nfhs;thu;tpUj;jp nra;J nfhs;thu;tpUj;jp nra;J nfhs;thu;tpUj;jp nra;J nfhs;thu;tpUj;jp nra;J nfhs;thu;(ghlNtisfs; 04)(ghlNtisfs; 04)(ghlNtisfs; 04)(ghlNtisfs; 04)(ghlNtisfs; 04)
mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;
ey;tho;f;if njhlu;gpy; kdpjd; jdf;Fk; jhd; rhu;e;Js;s kdpj tu;f;fj;jpw;Fk; ed;ikiar;
nra;a Mw;wy; ngw;Ws;shd;. vdpDk; kdpjd; Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhz;l nfhs;iffs;> rpe;jidfs;
fhuzkhfTk; cw;gj;jp nra;Js;s gytifg; nghUl;fs; fhuzkhfTk; ,d;W r%fk;
cyfkakhdjhfTk; Efu;T Nehf;iff; nfhz;ljhfTk; mike;j #oypDs; tho
Neupl;Ls;sJ. ,jd;%yk; cUthFk; Nghl;bkpf;f cyfkhdJ kdpjDf;F gaDs;s
Nghl;biaAk; gadw;w Nghl;biaAk; Nju;e;njLj;J Ntwhf;fpf;nfhs;s KbahjsTf;F
rpf;fyhFk; re;ju;g;gq;fis mjpfkhff; nfhz;Ls;sJ.
gpwg;gpNyNa ,jaj; Jbg;Gld; my;yJ kdrhl;rpAld; nraw;gLk; kdpjDf;F ,e;epiy
xU rthyhFk;.,Ujiyf;nfhs;spahFk;. mjw;F mtdplk; cs;s kdpjNeak; fhuzkhfpwJ.
rpyrkak; Nghl;bahdJ kdpaNeaj;ij Nfhioahd gae;jhq;nfhs;spj;jdkhd epiyahf
Nehf;fg;gLtijf; fhzKbAk;.
mt;thwhd ,lq;fspy; kdpju;fs; kdpjNeaj;ij kwe;JtpLfpd;wdu;. kpUfj;jd;ikia
ntspf;fhl;Lfpd;wdu;. fUj;jw;w Nghl;bfspy; ntw;wpngw fz;%bj;jdkhf Kaw;fpd;wdu;.
ey;tho;f;if rpijtJ ,jdhyhFk;. ,J kdpjidj; jdpg;gl;l KiwapYk; $l;lhfTk;
Ntjidg;gLj;jr; nra;fpd;wJ. el;lj;ijAk; Vw;gLj;Jfpd;wJ.
egu;fs; ahtUk; rkkhdtu;fsy;y. mtu;fspilNa NtWghLfs; gy cs. tpUg;Gf;fs;
NtWgl;lit. ,e;epiy ,ay;ghdJ. ,jdhy; mtutu; tho;f;iff; Nfhyk; NtWgLfpd;wJ.
FWfpa Nehf;fq;fspdbg;gilapy; Ntz;Lnkd;Nw Vw;gLj;Jfpd;w Nghl;b fhuzkhf
,aw;ifahd gy;tifikia jhq;f KbahjsT rpf;fyhtJk;> NtfkiltijAk; gy
re;ju;g;gq;fspy; fhzKbfpwJ. mJ kdpjdpDs; rkhjhdj;jpw;Fk; kdpju;fs; ,ilNa
rkhjhdj;jpw;Fk; jilahf mikfpwJ.
mjhtJ jk;KlDk; VidNahUlDk; ey;ypzf;fkhf thOjy; vDk; ey;tho;f;if Kiwf;Fj;
jPq;fhaikAk;. cldbahf jiyapl Ntz;ba r%fg; gzpahFk;. Mrpupa tfpghfKk;
,JNtahFk;.
vdpDk; ,J Xuputpy; eilngwf; $bajy;y. MfNt cldbahf ,J Muk;gpf;fg;gl
Ntz;Lk;. kdpjNeak; tw;wpg;NghFk; ,lq;fs; cld; epug;gg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
ey;tho;f;ifahdJ jdpegu; tho;f;if> r%f tho;f;if Mfpatw;iw mbg;gilahff;
nfhz;ljhifahy; rpWguhak; KjNy ey;tho;f;ifg; gz;Gfs; tsu;f;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
egupd; cly;> cs> r%f> Mj;kPf mgptpUj;jpf;F fhuzkhaikAk; ey;tho;f;ifg; gz;Gfs;
gpw;fhyj;jpy; gof;fkhfNth cs;shu;e;j J}z;lYld;$ba Nju;r;rpahfNth khWtJ
mjdhyhFk;. ey;y kdpju; xUtu;> ey;y FLk;gk;> ey;y r%fk; gw;wp ek;gpf;if itf;f
KbtJ mjdhyhFk;. ,e;epiyahdJ ePz;lfhy> gue;j mstpyhd Njrpa mgptpUj;jpf;F
rpwe;j mbj;jskhfpd;wJ. jk;ikg;gw;wp jkJ FLk;gk; gw;wp> jhk; rhu;e;j epWtdk; njhlu;ghf>
Vida gpui[fs; njhlu;ghfTk; jkJ ehL njhlu;ghf> jkJ kdpj ,dk; njhlu;ghf>
nghWg;Gs;s kdpju;fis cUthf;fTk; KbAk;. kdpj ,dj;jpd; kPJ mf;fiw nfhz;l
kdpj ,dj;ij cUthf;fTk; ghJfhf;fTk; ,J cjTk;.
45
ntWkNd thrpg;gjd; %yNkh Nfl;gjd; %yNkh khj;jpuk; ey;tho;f;ifiag; gapyNth
typAWj;jNth KbahJ. mj;Jld; mtw;iwg; gapYk; epGzj;Jtk; mila gpuNahfr;
re;ju;g;gq;fis cUthf;Fjy; Ntz;Lk;. MrpupaUld; Nritahw;Wk; fhyk; kpff;
Fiwthdgbahy; Mff; $basT mjpy; <Lgl KaYjy; kpfTk; gaDs;sJ. fUj;Js;sJ
Nghyr; nra;Ak; elj;ijfspdhy; gps;isia kPl;L NguwpitAk; gz;G> mwpT gyj;ijAk;
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l ey;tho;f;if gw;wpa cau; czu;Tfis Vw;gLj;j Mrpupau;
Kaw;rpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
rupahdtw;iwr; rupahfr; nra;af;$bathwhd jd;dk;gpf;ifia mtu;fSs; cUthf;f
Ntz;Lk;.
mJ khj;jpuky;yhJ ew;gpui[fis ehl;bw;fspf;fTk; fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfs;
cjtk;. ,tw;wpd; %yk; gps;isfs; jkJ kdr;rhl;rpf;F Vw;wthW Neuhd topfspy;
Nju;r;rpfis tpUj;jp nra;Jnfhz;L mtw;wpd; %yk; Kd;khjpupahd vz;zq;fis Nehf;fpr;
nry;thu;fs;. my;yJ kdpjd; vd;w uPjpapy; jhd; nry;y Ntz;ba cau;e;j ,lj;ij
Nehf;fp mr;rkpd;wp nry;thu;fs;. mtu;fs; ahtw;iwAk; NeuhfTk; gf;fr; rhu;gpd;wpAk;
ju;f;f uPjpahfTk; Mf;fg;G+u;tkhfTk; Nehf;Fthu;.
XupU tplaq;fspd; kPJ jq;fpapuhJ> gf;fr;rhu;gpd;wpAk; eLepiyahfTk; KOikahfTk;
Muha;tu;.
G+uzkhd cWg;Gf;fSk; tskhd kdJk; nfhz;l mtu;fs;> jkJ r%f nghWg;Gf;fs;
njhlu;ghf MwpTld; Rarf;jpia ntspg;gLj;Jthu;fs;. mtu;fs; tho;f;ifj;juKk; cau;e;j
ey;tho;f;ifg; gz;GfSk; epuk;gg;ngw;w gpui[fshf miktu;.
Nju;r ;r pNju ;r ;r pNju ;r ;r pNju ;r ;r pNju ;r ;r p : Nghl;bj;jd;ik tha;e;j cyfpy; ey; tho;it
tpUj;jp nra;J nfhs;thu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk; : 9.2.1 Nghl;bj;jd;ik tha;e;j cyfpy; ey;tho;tpd;
Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij tprhuiz nra;thu;.
9.2.2 ey;tho;Tf;F ,l;Lr; nry;Yk; gz;Gfisf;
filg;gpbg;ghu;.
ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk; : · ey;tho;tpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
- jdpahsJ tpUg;Gf;fspd; gy;tifik
- rpf;fyhd tho;f;iff;Nfhyk;
· ey;tho;tpd; gz;Gfs;
- kfpo;r;rpAld; ,Uj;jy;
- fpilg;gijf; nfhz;L jpUg;jpailjy;
- vspikahd tho;f;if tho;jy;
- el;Gzu;T
- rkepiyahf tho;jy;
ey;tho;tpd; gz;Gfis filg;gpbf;fhikahy; Vw;gLk; tpisTfs;>
#o;epiyfSf;F Vw;g ey;tho;tpd; gz;Gfis md;whl tho;Tld;
nghUj;jpaikj;Jf;nfhs;Sjy;.
46
F jkJ Njitf;Nfw;wtw;iw khj;jpuk; ngw;W jpUg;jpailAk; gz;G Kf;fpakhdJ.
F jkf;F fl;lhakhfj; Njitaw;w tplaq;fs; njhlu;ghf Fog;gKwy;
jPikahJ.
F Neu;ik ePz;lfhy ew;gyd;fisg; ngw;Wj; juf;$baJ.
(10 epkplq;fs;)
gb 9.2.1.2gb 9.2.1.2gb 9.2.1.2gb 9.2.1.2gb 9.2.1.2
� ,izg;G 9.2.1.2 ,y; toq;fg;gl;Ls;s mwpTWj;jYf;F khztiu Jyq;fr; nra;aTk;.
� topfhl;liy Nkw;nfhz;L cjtpfisr; nra;aTk;.
(15 epkplq;fs;)
gb 9.2.1.3gb 9.2.1.3gb 9.2.1.3gb 9.2.1.3gb 9.2.1.3
� khztu; Kd;itg;Gf;Fr; re;ju;g;gk; mspf;fTk;.
� midj;J fUj;Jf;fisAk; ftdj;jpw;nfhz;L gpd;tUk; tplaq;fis ntspf;nfhzUk;
tifapy; njhFg;Giuapy; <LglTk;.
9.2.1 nraw;ghL9.2.1 nraw;ghL9.2.1 nraw;ghL9.2.1 nraw;ghL9.2.1 nraw;ghL
Nju;r ;r pNju ;r ;r pNju ;r ;r pNju ;r ;r pNju ;r ;r p : -: -: -: -: - Nghl;bj;jd;ik tha;e;j cyfpy; ey;tho;it tpUj;jp nra;J
nfhs;thu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk; : -: -: -: -: - Nghl;bj;jd;ik tha;e;j cyfpy; ey;tho;tpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij
tprhuiz nra;thu;.
nraw;ghL;nraw;ghL;nraw;ghL;nraw;ghL;nraw;ghL; : -: -: -: -: - “ew;Fztpay;Gfis tpUj;jp nra;J nfhs;Nthk;.”
Neuk;Neuk;Neuk;Neuk;Neuk; : -: -: -: -: - 40 epkplq;fs;
ju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPL :- :- :- :- :- � ,izg;G 9.2.1.1 ,y; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s fij
� ,izg;G 9.2.1.2 ,y; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk;
fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghL
gb 9.2.1.1gb 9.2.1.1gb 9.2.1.1gb 9.2.1.1gb 9.2.1.1
� ,izg;G 9.2.1.1 ,y; fhzg;gLk; fijiar; RUf;fkhf Kd;itf;fTk;.
� mjpy; fhzg;gLk; gbg;gpid ahJ vd tpdTf.
� fPo;tUk; tplaq;fs; ntspg;gLk; tpjkhff; fye;Jiuahliy Nkw;nfhs;f.
47
F k`hj;kh fhe;jpapd; thu;G vkf;Fr; rpwe;j Kd;khjpupahFk;.
F rpf;fyhd r%fj;jpy; kdpjj; Njitfs; gy;NtWgl;litahFk;.
F jkJ Njitf;Nfw;wtw;iw khj;jpuk; ngw;W jpUg;jpailAk; gz;G Kf;fpakhdJ.
F jkf;F fl;lhakhfj; Njitaw;w tplaq;fs; njhlu;ghf Fog;gKwy;
jPikahJ.
F Neu;ik ePz;lfhy ew;gyd;fisg; ngw;Wj; juf;$baJ.
(15 epkplk;)
fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPl;L epajpfSk;fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPl;L epajpfSk;fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPl;L epajpfSk;fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPl;L epajpfSk;fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPl;L epajpfSk;
� “ey;tho;T” vd;gij tiutpyf;fzg;gLj;Jthu;.
� ,uz;L tplaq;fspd; JizAld; ey;tho;tpd; Njitia cWjpg;gLj;Jthu;.
� ey;tho;it Cf;Ftpg;gjw;fhf khjpup thf;fpankhd;iw tbtikg;ghu;.
� ey;tho;T mtutuplkpUe;Nj Muk;gpf;f Ntz;Lk; vd mwpe;J mjw;fhd kdcWjpiag;
ngWthu;.
� VidNahUld; ey;tho;T gw;wp ciuahLthu;.
,izg;G,izg;G,izg;G,izg;G,izg;G 9.2.1.1.19.2.1.1.19.2.1.1.19.2.1.1.19.2.1.1.1
Neu;ikahd tpwFntl;bAk; fhzhkw;Nghd NfhlupAk;
tpwFntl;bnahUtd; fhl;by; tpwF ntl;bf;nfhz;bUe;jhd;. mtdJ Nfhlup jtWjyhfmUfpypUe;j Mw;wpy; tpOe;J fhzhkw; NghdJ. vt;tsT NjbAk; fpilf;fhkw;Nghdjhy; mtd; kpfTk; Jaukile;jhd;. mo Muk;gpj;jhd;. mr;rkak; xU Njtijmtd; Kd; Njhd;wp xU jq;fj;jhyhd Nfhlupia vLj;J> mJ mtdJ Nfhlupah
vdf; Nfl;lJ. “my;y” vd mtd; $w Njitij xU nts;spf; Nfhlupia ePl;baJ.
mJTk; jdJ Nfhlup my;y vd mtd; $w Njit mtdJ cz;ikahd Nfhlupiaf;fhl;baJ. jdJ Nfhlup mJ vd mtd; Vw;Wf;nfhs;s> kfpo;r;rpaile;j Njtij kw;w,uz;L NfhlupfisAk; mtDf;Fg; guprhf mspj;jJ.
mtdJ ,f;fijiaf; Nfs;tpg;gl;l kw;nwhUtDk; mt;tplj;jpw;F te;J jdJ NfhlupiaMw;wpy; vwpe;Jtpl;L mo Muk;gpj;jhd;. Njtij mtd; Kd; Njhd;wp jq;ff; NfhlupiaePl;l mtd; mJ jdJ Nfhlup vdf; $wpdhd;. Njtij mtd; ngha; $Wtjhff; $wpme;j xU NfhlupiaAk; mspf;fhJ kiwe;jJ.
48
,izg;G,izg;G,izg;G,izg;G,izg;G 9.2.1.29.2.1.29.2.1.29.2.1.29.2.1.2
nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk;nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk;nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk;nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk;nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk;
� k`hj;kh fhe;jp njhlu;gpy; tpguq;fslq;fpa fl;Liunahd;iw tiuf.
� k`hj;kh fhe;jpaplk; fhzg;gl;l ew;gz;Gfisg; gl;baw;gLj;Jf.
� k`hj;kh fhe;jpaplk; fhzg;gl;lijg; Nghd;W cq;fsplk; fhzg;gLk; ew;gz;Gfis
vOJf.
� ePq;fs; mwpe;J nfhz;l> tpUj;jp nra;J nfhs;s Ntz;ba ew;gz;Gfisf; Fwpg;gpl;Lf;
fhl;rpg;gLj;Jf.
49
9.2.29.2.29.2.29.2.29.2.2 nraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghL
Nju;r ;r pNju ;r ;r pNju ;r ;r pNju ;r ;r pNju ;r ;r p : -: -: -: -: - Nghl;bj;jd;ik tha;e;j cyfpy; ey;tho;it tpUj;jp nra;J
nfhs;thu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk; : -: -: -: -: - Nghl;bj;jd;ik tha;e;j cyfpy; ey;tho;tpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij
tprhuiz nra;thu;.
nraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghL : -: -: -: -: - mkydpd; Fzeyd;
Neuk;Neuk;Neuk;Neuk;Neuk; : -: -: -: -: - 40 epkplq;fs;
ju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPL :- :- :- :- :- � ,izg;G 9.2.2.1
fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghL
gb 9.2.2.1gb 9.2.2.1gb 9.2.2.1gb 9.2.2.1gb 9.2.2.1
� khztu; mwpe;j cNyhf tiffs; rpytw;iwf; Nfl;lwpe;J fUk;gyifapy; vOJq;fs;.
� ey;tho;Tf;Fj; Njitahd Fztpay;Gfs; rpytw;iwf; Nfl;lwpe;J fUk;gyifapy;
vOJq;fs;.
� cNyhfq;fspy; kpfTk; cau;e;j cNyhf tif vJ vdf; Nfl;L fUk;gyifapy;
vOJq;fs;.
� Nkw;gb tplaq;fisj; Jizahff; nfhz;L gpd;tUkhW fye;Jiuahlypy; <LgLq;fs;.
F ngsjpf uPjpapy; epyTfpd;wtw;wpw;F ngWkhdj;ij epu;zapf;f KbAkhapDk;
Mspd; gz;Gfs; njhlu;ghf mt;thwpy;iy.
F ngWkjp kpFe;j nghUl;fspYk; ghu;f;f kdpjg; gz;Gfs; ahTk; kpfTk; ngWkjp
kpf;fit.
F ePz;l fhy mbg;gilapy; Nehf;Fk;NghJ Neu;ik ey;y gyd;fis tpistpf;Fk;.
(05 epkplq;fs;)
gb 9.2.2.2gb 9.2.2.2gb 9.2.2.2gb 9.2.2.2gb 9.2.2.2
� khztu;fisr; rpW FOf;fshfg; gpupf;fTk;.
� ,izg;G 9.2.2.1 ,y; fhzg;gLk; ntspaPl;bypUe;J Ie;J tPjk; khztu;fSf;Fg;
gfpu;e;jspj;J nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuj;jpy; $wg;gl;Ls;sthW nraw;ghl;by; <LgLj;jTk;.
� nraw;ghLfis Kd;itg;gjw;Fr; re;ju;g;gk; mspf;fTk;.
(15 epkplq;fs;)
50
gb 9.2.2.3gb 9.2.2.3gb 9.2.2.3gb 9.2.2.3gb 9.2.2.3
� FO Kd;itg;Gf;fisf; fUj;jpw;nfhz;L gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; ntspg;gLj;jg;gLkhW
fye;Jiuahlypy; <LglTk;.
� ey;tho;f;iff;fhd gz;Gfs; vd;git ey;y kdpjg; gz;Gfs; MFk;.
cjhuzk; :-
F nghWik.
F VidNahupy; ey;ytw;iwf; fhzy;.
F Neuj;ij cr;r mstpy; gad;gLj;jy;.
F ftdkhfr; nrtpkLj;jy;.
F ed;wp $wy;.
F fUizAld; nraw;gly;.
F jtWfis Vw;Wf;nfhs;sy;.
F kfpo;Tld; ,Uj;jy;.
F cjtp nra;jy;.
F jiyapLjy;.
F ey;nyz;zj;Jld; nraw;gly;.
F vy;yh ew;gz;GfSk; Kf;fpaj;JtKilait.
F mu;g;gzpg;G.
F RWRWg;G.
F VidNahupd; kdijg; Gz;gLj;jhjpUj;jy;.
F NerKld; nraw;gly;.
F fpilj;jtw;iwf; nfhz;L jpUg;jpAwy;.
F ijupakhf ,Uj;jy;.
F rpf;fdk;.
F Nrkpg;G.
F vspikahd tho;f;if.
F ,aw;ifia Nerpj;jy;.
F ,g;gz;Gfis tho;f;ifapy; filg;gpbg;gjd; %yk; tho;f;if rpwf;Fk;.
F ,jd; %yk; rkepiyahd tho;f;ifapd; mbg;gil fl;bnaOg;gg;gLk;.
(20 epkplq;fs;)
fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPl;L epajpfSk;fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPl;L epajpfSk;fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPl;L epajpfSk;fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPl;L epajpfSk;fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPl;L epajpfSk;
� ew;gz;Gfisg; ngaupLthu;.
� ey;tho;Tg; gz;Gfis gapYjypd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij tpsf;Fthu;.
� ey;tho;Tg; gz;Gfs; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLk; Mtzq;fisr; Nrfupg;ghu;.
� jk;khy; Kbe;jsT ey;tho;Tg; gz;Gfspy; Nju;r;rp ngw Kaw;rpg;ghu;.
� neUq;fpatu;fis ey;tho;f;ifg; gz;Gfspd; ghy; <u;g;ghu;.
51
,izg;G,izg;G,izg;G,izg;G,izg;G 9.2.1.2.19.2.1.2.19.2.1.2.19.2.1.2.19.2.1.2.1
� gpd;tUk; $w;Wf;fis ed;F thrpAq;fs;.
� mtw;wpd; JizAld; xUtu; gapw;rpngw Ntz;ba ey;tho;Tg; gz;Gfs; Ie;J vOJq;fs;.
� mtw;Ws; ,uz;bd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ijr; RUf;fkhf tpsf;Fq;fs;.
1. ahtUf;Fk; Njitahd tsp vd;Wk; jw;ngUik nfhs;tjpy;iy.
2. vk;Kld; NghupLgtu;fs; vkf;Fg; nghWikiaAk; rf;jpiaAk; jUfpd;wdu;.
3. vy;yhtw;wpYk; Fiwfis khj;jpuk; fhz;gtuhf ,Uf;f Ntz;lhk;.
4. Neuj;ijg; gad;gLj;Jtjpy; rpwg;ghw;wy; ngWq;fs;.
5. ciuahly;fspd;NghJ mikjpahapUf;f Ntz;ba re;ju;g;gj;ij tpsq;fpf;
nfhs;Sq;fs;.
6. ed;wp $wg; gapYq;fs;.
7. fUizAk; md;Gk; kpf;ftuhf ,Uq;fs;.
8. cq;fsJ jtiwg; gakpd;wp Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sq;fs;.
9. jw;ngUik $Lk;NghJ egu;fs; tPo;r;rpailtu;.
10. Jf;fj;ij tpul;l rpupj;j Kfj;Jld; ,Uq;fs;.
11. VidNahUf;Fj; Njitg;gLgtuhf khWq;fs;.
12. tpku;rpg;gtu;fSf;F tpilaspf;f Neuj;ijr; nrytplhjPu;fs;.
13. vy;yhj; Jauq;fSf;Fk; ngWkjpkpf;f ghlnkhd;Ws;sJ.
14. ngWgtupYk; ghu;f;f nfhLg;gtu; kfpo;r;rpailthu;.
15. Fw;wk; $WgtUf;F Fw;wq;fisf; Nfl;fTk; NeupLk;.
16. Nrhk;Ngwpia kw;nwhU Nrhk;NgwpNa mz;kpg;ghu;.
17. msTf;fjpfkhf trjpfis ehlNtz;lhk;.
18. Nrkpf;fg; gofpatu;fs; tq;FNuhj;jhtjpy;iy.
19. Nrhk;Ngwpahf ,Ug;gtUf;F kdJf;Nfw;wthW Nrhk;Ngwpahf fhyk; flj;j KbAk;.
20. ,aw;ifiag; Nghd;w kha tpj;ijf;fhud; ahUkpy;iy. mjd; moif ,urpAq;fs;.
NfSq;fs;. RitAq;fs;.
,jidnahj;j NtW $w;Wf;fisAk; cq;fshy; Nrfupj;Jf;nfhs;s KbAk;. xU FOtpw;F
mtw;wpypUe;J Ie;ij toq;Fjy; NghJkhdJ.
52
9.2.39.2.39.2.39.2.39.2.3 nraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghL
Nju;r ;r pNju ;r ;r pNju ;r ;r pNju ;r ;r pNju ;r ;r p : -: -: -: -: - Nghl;bj;jd;ik tha;e;j cyfpy; ey;tho;it tpUj;jp nra;J
nfhs;thu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk; : -: -: -: -: -
nraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghL : -: -: -: -: - “ew;gz;Gfis Ngzp ehl;ilf; fl;bnaOg;GNthk;.”
Neuk;Neuk;Neuk;Neuk;Neuk; : -: -: -: -: - 40 epkplq;fs;
ju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPL :- :- :- :- :- � ,izg;G 9.2.3.1 ,y; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s fz;fhzpg;Gg; gbtk;
Mrpupau; mwpTiug;Gg;gbtk;
� ,izg;G 9.2.3.2 ,y; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sthwhd gj;jpupif
mwpf;if
fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghL
gb 9.2.3.1gb 9.2.3.1gb 9.2.3.1gb 9.2.3.1gb 9.2.3.1
� tFg;gpYs;s khztu; 5 Ngiuf; fz;fhzpg;Gf; FOtpw;fhfj; njupT nra;J nfhs;sTk;.
� fz;fhzpg;Gf; FOtpw;F ,izg;G 9.2.3.1 ,Ys;s fz;fhzpg;G gj;jpuk;/ gbtj;ij
toq;fp cupathW Fwpg;ngLf;f tpsf;fkspf;fTk;.
� tFg;gpYs;s Vida khztu;fis> 5 FOf;fshf;f xOq;fikj;Jf; nfhs;s topg;
gLj;jTk;
� gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; ntspg;gLkhW fye;JiuahLq;fs;.
F md;whl tho;tpy; ey;tho;tpw;fhf Fztpay;Gfs; vk;ikawpahkNyNa Gwf;fzpf;
fg;gLtij fhzyhk;.
F rpe;jpj;Jr; nraw;glhikNa ,jw;fhd fhuzkhFk;.
F ,t;thW ey;tho;f;iff;fhd gz;Gfisf; filg;gpbf;fhikahy; gy;NtW
gpujp$yq;fs; Vw;gLk;.
c-k;: FLk;gk;> ghlrhiy> Rw;whly;> r%fk;
(10 epkplq;fs;)
gb 9.2.3.2gb 9.2.3.2gb 9.2.3.2gb 9.2.3.2gb 9.2.3.2
F Kjypy; xOq;fikj;j 5 FOf;fspw ;Fk; fz;fhzpg ;G FOtpYs;s
xt;nthUtiuAk; cs;slf;fTk;.
F ,izg;G 9.2.3.2 ,y; Fwpg;gplg;gl;l gj;jpupif mwpf;ifia FOTf;F 1
tPjk; gfpu;e;jspf;fTk;.
F mjpy; fhzg;gLk; ml;ltizia G+u;j;jp nra;a Njitahd MNyhridia
toq;fTk;
F khztu; Kd;itg;Gf;F re;ju;g;gkspf;fTk;
(15 epkplk;)
53
gb 9.2.3.3gb 9.2.3.3gb 9.2.3.3gb 9.2.3.3gb 9.2.3.3
F gy;NtW FOf;fspd; fUj;Jf;fisAk; Nfl;lwpe;J fye;Jiuahliy
Nkw;nfhs;sTk;.
F ,izg;G 9.2.3.2 Ig; gad;gLj;jp gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; ntspg;gLk; tifapy;
fye;Jiuahlypy; <LglTk;.
� rpWtajpypUe;Nj ey;tho;f;iff;fhd gz;Gfis gayhikAk;> filg;gpbf;fhikAk;
gpw;fhyj;jpy; Vw;gLk; ghupa gpur;rpidf;F fhuzkhFk;.
� ey;tho;tpd; gz;Gfis tsu;j;Jf; nfhs;sshnkd ngWkjpahd kdpj tho;f;if>
fhy;eilfs;> nghJr; nrhj;Jf;fs;> ,aw;ifr; #oy; cl;gl gy;NtW jug;Gf;fSk;
ghjpf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
c-k;:
F kdpj tho;it KbTWj;jr; nra;jy;
F Mspilj; njhlu;Gfs; Kwptiltjhy; kdpjd; jdpikg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;whd;.
F ,aw;if tsq;fs; mopTWjy;
F nrytPdk; mjpfupg;gjhy; Nrkpg;Gf; Fiwtiljy;
F FLk;g tUkhdk; kl;Lkd;wp Njrpa tUkhdKk; tpuakhjy;
� ey;tho;tpw;fhd gz;Gfisf; filg;gpbf;fhikahy; jdpkdpj mgptpUj;jpad;wp Njrpa
mgptpUj;jpAk; gpd;dilAk;.
(15 epkplq;fs;)
fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPl;L epajpfSk;fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPl;L epajpfSk;fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPl;L epajpfSk;fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPl;L epajpfSk;fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPl;L epajpfSk;
� ey;tho;tpw;fhd Fztpay;Gfisf; filg;gpbf;fhikahy; Vw;gLk; Nkhjy;fisg; gl;baw;
gLj;Jthu;.
� ey;tho;tpw;fhd Fztpay;Gfis ntspg;gLj;jhikahy; jdpahs; tpUj;jpapy; tpUk;gj;
jfhj tplaq;fs; ,lk;ngWk; vdf; fUj;Jj; njuptpg;ghu;.
� gpui[fspilNa ey;tho;tpw;fhd Fztpay;Gfis cWjpg;gLj;jhJ tpbd; Njrpa
mgptpUj;jp gpd;dilAk; vd;gij RUf;f Fwpg;gpd; %yk; njuptpg;ghu;.
� ey;tho;tpw;fhd Fztpay;Gfisf; filg;gpbf;f jplrq;fw;gk; G+Zthu;.
� ey;tho;tpw;fhd Fztpay;Gfisf; filg;gpbf;fhikahy; Vw;gLk; tpisTfis
Kd;itj;J VidNahUf;F rupahd topia Kd;itg;ghu;.
54
,izg;G,izg;G,izg;G,izg;G,izg;G 9.2.3.19.2.3.19.2.3.19.2.3.19.2.3.1� cq;fs; ez;gu;fsJ elj;ijfis ed;F mtjhdpf;fTk;.
� gpd;tUk; elj;ijfs; fhzg;gLkhapd; cupa epuypy; (√) vd mioahsk; ,ly;.
,q;F Nkyjpfkhd fUj;Jf;fisAk; FOtpd; Clhf Kd;itf;fg;gLk;.
,izg;G,izg;G,izg;G,izg;G,izg;G 9.2.3.29.2.3.29.2.3.29.2.3.29.2.3.2
� fPo;tUk; gj;jpupif mwpf;ifia FOtpw;F gfpu;e;jspj;J fye;Jiuahlypy; <LgLf.
� cq;fsJ FOtpd; fUj;Jf;fisAk; cs;slf;fpathW toq;fpa ml;ltiziag; G+u;j;jp
nra;f.
(gpd;tUk; jiyg;Gf;fSf;Nfw;wthW gj;jpupifr; nra;jpfis Nrfupj;Jf; nfhs;SkhW
Mrpupau; mwpTWj;jg;gLfpd;wdu;.)
jiyg;Gf;fs;
1. FLk;gr; nrhj;ijg; gfpu;tjpy; Vw;gl;l jfuhW kuzk; tiuapy; ,l;Lr; nry;yy;.
2. kJ NghijAld; thfdk; nrYj;Jk; rhujpfspd; mDkjpg;gj;jpuk; uj;Jr;nra;ag;gly;
Ntz;Lk;.
3. rpf;fdkpd;ikahy; ghlrhiyapd; ngsjpf tsq;fs; tpuakhfpd;wd.
4. rpy ghu;itahsu;fspdhy; (Rw;Wyhg;gazpfs;) Njrpa Kf;fpaj;Jtk; tha;e;j ,aw;ifr;
#oy; ghjpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
5. jkJ Njitiag;G+u;j;jp nra;J nfhs;sr; nry;Yk; nghJkf;fs;> mjpfhupfspdhy;
mtkupahijf;Fl;gLj;jg;gly;.
ey;tho;f;ifg; gz;Gfisf; filg;gpbf;fhikey;tho;f;ifg; gz;Gfisf; filg;gpbf;fhikey;tho;f;ifg; gz;Gfisf; filg;gpbf;fhikey;tho;f;ifg; gz;Gfisf; filg;gpbf;fhikey;tho;f;ifg; gz;Gfisf; filg;gpbf;fhik
njhlu;njhlu;njhlu;njhlu;njhlu;
,y.,y.,y.,y.,y.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
elj;ijfs;elj;ijfs;elj;ijfs;elj;ijfs;elj;ijfs;
$r;rypLjy;
nghUl;fspd; ghJfhg;Gf;Fwpj;Jf; ftdkpd;ik
jdJ eyd; Fwpj;J khj;jpuk; rpe;jpj;jy;
xg;gilf;fg;gLk; Ntiyfis Gwe;js;Stjpy;
ftdkhapUj;jy;
VidNahu; kPJ Fw;wQ;rhl;Ljy;
nghWikapd;wp nraw;gLjy;
jdJ Vida Ntiyfspy; <Lgly;
Mk;Mk;Mk;Mk;Mk; ,y;iy,y;iy,y;iy,y;iy,y;iy
jdpahisg; ghjpf;Fk; tpjk; r%fj;ijg; ghjpf;Fk; tpjk;
55
9.2.49.2.49.2.49.2.49.2.4 nraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghL
Nju;r ;r pNju ;r ;r pNju ;r ;r pNju ;r ;r pNju ;r ;r p : -: -: -: -: - Nghl;bj;jd;ik tha;e;j cyfpy; ey;tho;it tpUj;jp nra;J
nfhs;thu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk; : -: -: -: -: -
nraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghL : -: -: -: -: - “ey;tho;tpw;Fg; ghijaikg;Nghk;.”
Neuk;Neuk;Neuk;Neuk;Neuk; : -: -: -: -: - 40 epkplq;fs;
ju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPL :- :- :- :- :- � ,izg;G 9.2.4.1 ,y; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s Mrpupau;
mwpTiug;Gg;gbtk;
� ,izg;G 9.2.4.2 ,y; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;s nraw;ghl;Lg;gl;bay;
� ,izg;G 9.2.4.3 ,y; fhz;gpf;fg;gLk; glk;
fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghL
gb 9.2.4.1gb 9.2.4.1gb 9.2.4.1gb 9.2.4.1gb 9.2.4.1
� ,izg;G 9.2.4.1 ,y; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s Mrpupau; mwpTWj;jw;gbtj;jpw;F mika
khztu;fisr; nraw;ghl;by; <LgLj;jTk;.
� nraw;ghl;bd; epidtpy; khztu;f;F Vw;gl;l czu;it tprhupf;fTk;.
� gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; ntspg;gLkhW fye;Jiuahliy Nkw;nfhs;Sq;fs;.
F jd;dpy; ey;tho;f;iff;fhd gz;Gfis jd;dhNyNa cUthf;f KbAk;.
F jk;Ks; ey;tho;f;iff;Fj; Njitahd Fztpay;Gfis tsu;j;Jf; nfhs;tjw;fhd
rf;jp fhzg;gLfpwJ.
F ey;tho;f;iff;Fupa gz;GfSld; tho;tnjd;gJ vkJ tho;f;ifg; gazj;ij
,yFgLj;Jk;.
(08 epkplq;fs;)
gb 9.2.4.2gb 9.2.4.2gb 9.2.4.2gb 9.2.4.2gb 9.2.4.2
� khztu;fisr; rpW FOf;fshf;fTk;.
� ,izg;G 9.2.4.2 ,y; toq;fg;gl;l re;ju;g;gq;fis gpujpgypf;Fk; tz;zk; ,uz;L
epkplq;fSf;Fl;gl;l tfpghfNkw;W ebf;Fk; epfo;it cUthf;f topg;gLj;jTk;.
� ,izg;G 9.2.4.3 ,y; fhz;gpf;fg;gLk; khjpup cUit khztu;fSf;F toq;fp mt;tt;
tfpghfNkw;W ebj;jiy fz;fhzpg;Gf;Fl;gLj;jp mk;khjpupia G+uzg;gLj;Jtjw;Fupa
MNyhridfis toq;fTk;.
(12 epkplq;fs;)
56
gb 9.2.4.3gb 9.2.4.3gb 9.2.4.3gb 9.2.4.3gb 9.2.4.3
� mt;tt;tfpghfNkw;W ebj;jypD}lhf jkf;Nfw;gl;l czu;Tifs khjpupAU %yk;
ntspg;gLj;jpa khztu;fis Cf;fg;gLj;jTk;.
� xt;nthU tfpghfNkw;W ebj;jiyAk; 2 epkplq;fSf;F Kd;itf;f topg;gLj;jTk;.
� tfpghfNkw;W ebj;jy; epiwTw;wJk; vLj;Jf; nfhz;l Fwpg;Gf;fisj; jdpj;jdpahf
Kd;itf;f topg;gLj;jTk;.
� fPo;tUk; fUj;Jf;fs; ntsg;gLk; tz;zk; njhFg;Giuapy; <LglTk;.
� egu;fspd; cly;> cs> r%f kw;Wk; Mj;kpf mgptpUj;jpf;F ey;tho;f;ifg; gz;Gfs;
mtrpak;.
� cly; tsu;r;rpf;fhdit.
F fhiyapNyNa vOe;jpUj;jy;.
F jkJ jdpg;gl;l Rfhjhuj;ij rPuhfg; Ngzy;.
F Fiwe;j nrytpy; gaDs;s czTg; ghdq;fis khj;jpuk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sy;.
F Njitahd clw;gapw;rpiag; ngWk; Nehf;Fld; tPl;L Ntiyfspy; <Lgly;.
F epj;jpiu> Xa;T Mfpatw;iw Kiwahd jpl;lnkhd;wpd;gb ngwy;.
F clypd; Gwf; ftu;r;rp gw;wp ftdk; nrYj;Jjy;.
� cs mgptpUj;jpf;fhf
F VidNahupd; fUj;JfSf;Fr; nrtpkLj;jy;.
F jkJ fUj;Jf;fis mikjpahfTk; njspthfTk; rku;g;gpj;jy;.
F gf;fr;rhu;gpd;wp VidNahUf;F tplaq;fis tpsf;Fjy;.
F J}u Nehf;Fld; nrayhw;wy;.
F vg;NghJk; Gj;jfq;fs;> E}y;fs; my;yJ nghUj;jkhd NtW Clfq;fspd;
JizAld; gue;j mwpitg; ngwy;.
F gpur;rpidia tpupthf Nehf;Fjy;.
� r%f mgptpUj;jpf;fhdit
F NjitahdNghJ kd;dpg;G NfhuYk; ed;wp $wYk;.
F KbAkhd vy;yhr; re;ju;g;gq;fspYk; VidNahUf;F cjTjy;.
F Neakhd egupilNa njhlu;Gfisg; Ngzy;.
F nghJr; nrhj;Jf;fisf; ftdkhff; ifahsy;.
F ,aw;if tsq;fisg; ghJfhj;jy;.
F Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l rl;l jpl;lq;fisAk; rk;gpujhaq;fisAk; kjpj;jy;.
� Mj;kPf mgptpUj;jpf;fhdit
F kfpo;r;rpahf ,Uj;jy;.
F fpilj;jijf; nfhz;L jpUg;jpAwy;.
F fUizAld; nraw;gly;.
F gzpTld; ele;Jnfhs;sy;.
F rpwe;j tpsf;fj;Jld; nrayhw;wy;.
F vspikahd tho;T thoy;.
57
� jk;kplk; FiwthfTs;s ey;tho;Tg; gz;igg; gapYk; Muk;g re;ju;g;gk; ehis
Muk;gkhFk; vdf; fUjhJ mJ ,d;Nw> ,g;NghNj Muk;gkhFk; vd epidj;jy;.
� tho;ehspy; Kfq;nfhLf;f NeupLk; gpur;rpid my;yJ fhjy; Nghd;wtw;iwf;
fl;Lg;gLj;j KbAkhdjhapDk; mtw;Wf;F Kfq;nfhLf;Fk;NghJ ey;tho;Tf;fhd
Fzg;gz;Gfis Nknyor; nra;tjd; %yk; me;j epiyikfspd; frg;ghd jd;ikia
my;yJ Ju;g;ghf;fpaj;ijf; Fiwj;Jf;nfhs;syhk;.
� kfpo;r;rpahfTk; fUj;JlDk; jdpahf tho;tjw;Fk; $l;lhf tho;tjw;Fk; rftho;Tg;
gz;Gfs; mtrpak;.
(20 epkplq;fs;)
fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPl;L epajpfSk;fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPl;L epajpfSk;fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPl;L epajpfSk;fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPl;L epajpfSk;fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPl;L epajpfSk;
� jk;Ks; ey;tho;Tg; gz;Gfis tsu;j;Jf;nfhs;tJ jhNk vdf; fUj;Jiug;gu;.
� Fzeyd;fis tsu;j;Jf; nfhs;Sk; Mw;wy; jk;Ks; cs;snjdf; $Wthu;.
� ey;tho;Tg; gz;Gfspy; Nju;r;rp ngWtjd; %yk; jkJ cly;> cs> Mj;kpf mgptpUj;jpapy;
nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; tpjj;ij vz;zf;fU glnkhd;wpd; %yk; Kd;itg;ghu;.
� Neu;ikahf ey;tho;f;ifg; gzpiag; NgzpathW jdpg;gl;l Kiwapy; trjpiaAk;
jpUg;jpiaAk; ngWthu;.
� ey;tho;Tg; gz;Gfs; njhlu;gpy; VidNahUf;F Kd;khjpupahf ele;Jnfhs;thu;.
g pd ;njhlu ;Ntiygpd ;njhlu ;Ntiygpd ;njhlu ;Ntiygpd ;njhlu ;Ntiygpd ;njhlu ;Ntiy
� ey;tho;Tg; gz;Gfspy; Nju;r;rpngwy; vdJ tho;f;ifapy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; tpjk;
vDk; jiyg;gpy; cly;> cs> r%f kw;Wk; Mj;kpf mgptpUj;jpj; Jiwfs; mlq;Fk;
vz;zf;fUg; glnkhd;iw jahupf;Ff.
58
,izg;G,izg;G,izg;G,izg;G,izg;G 9.2.4.19.2.4.19.2.4.19.2.4.19.2.4.1
Mrpupau; mwpTWj;jw;gbtk;Mrpupau; mwpTWj;jw;gbtk;Mrpupau; mwpTWj;jw;gbtk;Mrpupau; mwpTWj;jw;gbtk;Mrpupau; mwpTWj;jw;gbtk;
� ,r;nraw;ghl;bw;F ehd;F epkpl Neuj;ijg; gad;gLj;Jq;fs;.
� cq;fs; Fuiy kpUJthdjhf khw;wpagb kpf mikjpahf gbg;gbahf khztiur;
nraw;ghl;by; <LgLj;Jq;fs;.
F trjpahd Mrdj;jpy; mku;e;Jnfhs;Sq;fs;.
F ,uz;L iffisAk; fhy;fisAk; jkf;F trjpahdthW itj;Jf;nfhs;Sq;fs;.
F fz;;fis %bf;nfhs;Sq;fs;.
F ed;F Rthrj;ij cs;thq;fp mikjpailAq;fs;.
F fle;j rpy ehl;fspy; fw;w ey;tho;f;ifg; gz;Gfis Qhgfg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
F mNj rkak; ey;tho;f;ifg; gz;Gfis Nkk;gLj;jpf; nfhs;tjpy; jilahf mikAk;
ahjhapDk; ,zf;fkw;w gz;Gfs; cq;fsplk; fhzg;gLkhapd;> mJgw;wp kdjhy;
vz;zpg; ghUq;fs;.
F vQ;rpapUf;Fk; mt;thwhd NtW rpwpjsNtDk; ghjfkhd gz;Gfs; ,Uf;Fkhapd;
mtw;iw ,dq;fhZq;fs;.
F ,g;NghJ nts;isj;jhs; xd;iwAk; Ngdhnthd;iwAk; kdjhy; fw;gid
nra;Jnfhs;Sq;fs;.
F fw;gidapy; Ngdhit vLj;J nts;isj;jhspd; kPJ cq;fsplk; cs;snjdf;
fUJk; ghjfkhd gz;ig ngupa vOj;jjpy; vOJq;fs;.
F ahUk; mjidf; fhzkhl;lhu;fs; Mifahy; vJtpj gaKkpd;wp vy;yhg; gz;GfisAk;
xd;WtplhJ vOJq;fs;.
F ,g;NghJ vOjpatw;iw kPz;Lk; thrpj;J Qhgfg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
F ,g;NghJ mNj Ngdhtpdhy; vOjpa ahtw;iwAk; fPwptpLq;fs;.
F ed;F fPwptpLq;fs;.
F mLj;J fljhrpia kdjhy; vLj;J frf;Fq;fs;.
F rpwpanjhU ge;jhFk; tiu mjidf; frf;Fq;fs;.
F Nkw;gb fljhrpg; ge;ij Kbe;j tiu Ntfkhf Mfhaj;jpy; tPrp vwpAq;fs;.
F mJ J}u thdpy; gwe;J nry;Yk; tpjj;ij kdjhy; fhZq;fs;.
F mJ rpwpa xU Gs;spahf khwp kiwe;JNgha; jk;kplkpUe;J Kw;WKOjhf
mfd;wnjdf; fUJq;fs;.
F jw;NghJ cq;fsplk; ,Ug;git kpfg; ngWkjp tha;e;j ey;tho;f;ifg; gz;Gfs;
khj;jpuNk vdf; fUJq;fs;.
F Mo;e;J RthrpAq;fs;.
F cq;fisg; gw;wp ePq;fs; jpUg;jpailAq;fs;.
F cq;fisg; gw;wp kw;wtu;fs; ngUikahff; fijf;Fk; tpjj;ij kdjhy; fhZq;fs;.
F nkJthff; fz;fisj; jpwe;J mikjpailAq;fs;.
� cq;fs; Xa;TNeuj;jpy ; ,r;nraw;ghl ;il jdpahfr; nra;aKbAk; vd;gij
Qhgfg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
� ,q;F jk;Ks; Njhd;wpa vz;zq;fisf; $wj; jahuhFkhW mwpTWj;Jq;fs;.
59
,izg;G,izg;G,izg;G,izg;G,izg;G 9.2.4.29.2.4.29.2.4.29.2.4.29.2.4.2
� ePq;fs; ,Jtiu fw;w ey;tho;Tg; gz;Gfis ntspf;fhl;lf;$bathW gpd;tUk; xU
re;ju;g;gk; njhlu;ghfg; ghj;jpuNkw;W ebf;Fk; re;ju;g;gnkhd;iw Kd;itf;fj; jahuhFq;fs;.
� jug;gl;l vz;zf;fUg; glthf;fj;jpd; khjpupAU gw;wpAk; ftdk; nrYj;Jq;fs;.
� Nkw;gb xt;nthU rku;g;gpj;jy; %yKk; cq;fs; tho;tpd; ve;jj;Jiwia Nkk;gLj;j
cjTk; ey;tho;T Fzg;gz;G ntspf;fhl;lg;gLfpwJ vd mwpAq;fs;.
� ePq;fs; ,dq;fz;l ey;tho;Tg; gz;G vz;zf;fUg; glthf;fj;jpy; Fwpg;gplg;gLk; ghfq;fs;
njhlu;gpy; kpfr; RUf;fkhf xt;nthUtUk; jdpj;jdpahff; Fwpj;Jf;nfhs;Sq;fs;.
� Kbtpy; vz;zf;fUg; glthf;fj;jpd; JizAld; FOtpd; fUj;ijr; rku;g;gpf;fj;
jahuhFq;fs;.
ghj;jpuNkw;W ebg;gjw;fhd jiyg;Gf;fs;
� fhiyapy; epj;jpiutpl;L vOe;jJ Kjy; czT cl;nfhs;sy;> clw;gapw;rp nra;jy;>
Xa;T> epj;jpiu kw;Wk; Rj;jk; Mfpatw;Wld; jkJ cly; eyj;ijg; NgZtjw;fhd
Ntiyj;jpl;lk; gw;wp rNfhju rNfhjupfSld; elj;Jk; ciuahly;.
� tPl;bd; kpd;rhug; gad;ghL> Fg;ig$oq;fis mfw;wy;> FLk;gj;jpd; xw;Wikiag;
Ngzy; gw;wp tPl;Lf;F te;j cwtpdUld; fUj;Jg; gupkhwy;.
� gy;NtW tbtyq;fhuk;> etPd njhopDl;g cgfuzq;fs;> nghOJNghf;F> ntFrd
Clfj;ij ifahsy; Mfpad gw;wp ez;gu;fspd; kj;jpapy; eilngWk; ciuahly;.
� may; tPnlhd;wpy; trpf;Fk; ghlrhiy nry;Yk; tajpYs;s gps;isnahd;Wf;F cjTk;
Nehf;Fld; rNfhju rNfhjupfs; kj;jpapy; eilngWk; fye;Jiuahly;.
� tutpw;Nfw;g Gjpa Mz;by; FLk;gj;jtUf;Fk; tPl;Lf;Fk; Njitahd nghUl;fis
thq;Ftjw;fhf gps;isfSf;Fk; ngw;NwhUf;Fk; ,ilNa eilngWk; fye;Jiuahly;.
60
,izg;G,izg;G,izg;G,izg;G,izg;G 9.2.4.39.2.4.39.2.4.39.2.4.39.2.4.3
cly; tsu;r;rp
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
cs tsu;r;rp
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
r%f tsu;r;rp
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Mj;kpf tsu;r;rp
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
egupd;egupd;egupd;egupd;egupd;
tho;f ;iftho;f ;iftho;f ;iftho;f ;iftho;f ;if
61
9.39.39.39.39.3 tho;tpy; re;ju;g;gq;fSf;Fk; rthy;fSf;Fk; Kfq;nfhLj;Jtho;tpy; re;ju;g;gq;fSf;Fk; rthy;fSf;Fk; Kfq;nfhLj;Jtho;tpy; re;ju;g;gq;fSf;Fk; rthy;fSf;Fk; Kfq;nfhLj;Jtho;tpy; re;ju;g;gq;fSf;Fk; rthy;fSf;Fk; Kfq;nfhLj;Jtho;tpy; re;ju;g;gq;fSf;Fk; rthy;fSf;Fk; Kfq;nfhLj;J
tpisjpwd;kpf;f jPu;khdq;fis vLg;ghu;tpisjpwd;kpf;f jPu;khdq;fis vLg;ghu;tpisjpwd;kpf;f jPu;khdq;fis vLg;ghu;tpisjpwd;kpf;f jPu;khdq;fis vLg;ghu;tpisjpwd;kpf;f jPu;khdq;fis vLg;ghu;(ghlNtisfs; 08)(ghlNtisfs; 08)(ghlNtisfs; 08)(ghlNtisfs; 08)(ghlNtisfs; 08)
mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;
tho;tpd; gy;NtW re;ju;g;gq;fspy; gy;NtW jPu;khdq;fis vLf;f Ntz;bAs;sJ. tho;f;ifia
xd;Wlndhd;W gpizf;fg;gl;l jPu;khdq;fspd; tupir vd miof;fyhk;. rpy re;ju;g;gq;fspy;
kpff; FWfpa fhyj;jpDs; ngUksT jPu;khdq;fis ehq;fs; vLf;f NeupLfpd;wJ. jPu;khdk;
vLj;jy; ,yFthd nrayhff; fhzg;gl;lNghjpYk; mJ rpf;fyhd mwpTrhu; nraw;ghlhFk;.
ehk; jPu;khdk; vLg;gjw;F vq;fSilaJk; gpwupdJk; czu;Tfis ed;F mwpe;jpUf;f
Ntz;Lk; MfNt gaDila jPu;khdq;fis vLg;gjw;F mDgtq;fs;> gue;j Nehf;F>
rpwe;j mwpT vd;gd mtrpakhFk;. ehk; vLf;Fk; jPu;khdk; xd;wpd; tpisTfs; vq;fSf;F
kl;Lkd;wp vq;fs; FLk;gk;> ghlrhiy> r%fk; Mfpatw;wpYk; jhf;fk; nrYj;Jk;. rupahd
jPu;khdq;fis vLg;gjw;fhd topfhl;ly;fs; %yk; tho;f;ifiar; rpwg;ghff; nfhz;L
elj;Jtjw;fhd jpwidg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sy; vd;gtw;iw ,g;ghlj;ijf; fw;gjd; %yk;
ngw;Wf;nfhs;s KbAk;.
Nju;r ;r pNju ;r ;r pNju ;r ;r pNju ;r ;r pNju ;r ;r p : -: -: -: -: - tho;tpy; re;ju;g;gq;fSf;Fk; rthy;fSf;Fk; Kfq;nfhLj;J>
tpisjpwd;kpf;f jPu;khdq;fis vLg;ghu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; :-Nju;r;rp kl;lk; :-Nju;r;rp kl;lk; :-Nju;r;rp kl;lk; :-Nju;r;rp kl;lk; :- 9.3.1 tho;tpd; gy;NtW re;ju;g;gq;fisAk; rthy;fisAk;
EZfpaha;thu;.
9.3.2 gy;NtW rthy;fspd; NghJ jiyikj;Jtg; gz;Gfis tpUj;jp
nra;J nfhs;thu;.
ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;
9 . 3 . 19 . 3 . 19 . 3 . 19 . 3 . 19 . 3 . 1 tho;f;ifapd; gy;NtW rthy;fisAk; re;ju;g;gq;fisAk; tprhuiz nra;thu;.tho;f;ifapd; gy;NtW rthy;fisAk; re;ju;g;gq;fisAk; tprhuiz nra;thu;.tho;f;ifapd; gy;NtW rthy;fisAk; re;ju;g;gq;fisAk; tprhuiz nra;thu;.tho;f;ifapd; gy;NtW rthy;fisAk; re;ju;g;gq;fisAk; tprhuiz nra;thu;.tho;f;ifapd; gy;NtW rthy;fisAk; re;ju;g;gq;fisAk; tprhuiz nra;thu;.
� rthy;fis ,dq;fhZjy; (Nehf;fq;fis rhjfkhf epiwNtw;wpf;nfhs;Sk;NghJ Vw;gLk;
jilfs; my;yJ tiuaiwfs;)
� rthy;fs; Vw;gLk; re;ju;g;gq;fs; - jkf;F> jkJ FLk;gj;Jf;F> ghlrhiyf;F> r%fj;jpw;F>
NtW re;ju;g;gq;fspy;.
� rthy;fs; tUk; re;ju;g;gq;fspy; vOfpd;w Mf;fG+u;tkhd tplaq;fs;.
� rthy;fis gaDs;s tho;f;if mDgtq;fshf;fpf; nfhs;Sjy;.
9 . 3 . 29 . 3 . 29 . 3 . 29 . 3 . 29 . 3 . 2 gy;NtW rthy;fspd;NghJ jiyikj;Jt gz;Gfisgy;NtW rthy;fspd;NghJ jiyikj;Jt gz;Gfisgy;NtW rthy;fspd;NghJ jiyikj;Jt gz;Gfisgy;NtW rthy;fspd;NghJ jiyikj;Jt gz;Gfisgy;NtW rthy;fspd;NghJ jiyikj;Jt gz;Gfis tpUj;jp nra;J tpUj;jp nra;J tpUj;jp nra;J tpUj;jp nra;J tpUj;jp nra;J nfhs;thunfhs;thunfhs;thunfhs;thunfhs;thu;; ;; ;
� rthy;fis vjpu;nfhs;Sk;NghJ Vw;gLk; epiyfs; - jdpg;gl;l uPjpahf> $l;lhf
� rthy;fspd;NghJ re;ju;g;gq;fSf;Nfw;g jiyikj;Jtj;ij Vw;wy;.
� jiyikj;Jtg; gz;ig Nkk;gLj;jpathW rthy;fis vjpu;Nehf;Fjy;.
9 . 3 . 39 . 3 . 39 . 3 . 39 . 3 . 39 . 3 . 3 tho;f;ifapd; gy;NtW gpur;rpidfs;> rthy;fis ntw;wpfukhf vjpu;nfhs;thu;tho;f;ifapd; gy;NtW gpur;rpidfs;> rthy;fis ntw;wpfukhf vjpu;nfhs;thu;tho;f;ifapd; gy;NtW gpur;rpidfs;> rthy;fis ntw;wpfukhf vjpu;nfhs;thu;tho;f;ifapd; gy;NtW gpur;rpidfs;> rthy;fis ntw;wpfukhf vjpu;nfhs;thu;tho;f;ifapd; gy;NtW gpur;rpidfs;> rthy;fis ntw;wpfukhf vjpu;nfhs;thu;
� gpur;rpidfs;> rthy;fs; vd;gtw;iw ntw;wpnfhs;tjw;fhd khw;Wtopfs;.
� Mf;fG+u;tkhd Kiwfisg; guPl;rpj;Jg; ghu;j;J rpwe;j khw;W topiaj; njupTnra;jy;.
� gpur;rpidfs;> re;ju;g;gq;fs;> rthy;fs; vd;gtw;iw ntw;wpfukhf vjpu;Nehf;Fjy;.
62
9.3.19.3.19.3.19.3.19.3.1 nraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghL
Nju;r ;r pNju ;r ;r pNju ;r ;r pNju ;r ;r pNju ;r ;r p : -: -: -: -: - tho;tpy; re;ju;g;gq;fSf;Fk; rthy;fSf;Fk; Kfq;nfhLj;J>
tpisjpwd;kpf;f jPu;khdq;fis vLg;ghu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk; : -: -: -: -: - tho;tpd; gy;NtW re;ju;g;gq;fisAk; rthy;fisAk;
EZfpaha;thu;.
nraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghL : -: -: -: -: - “mwptpdhy; rthy;fis ntd;wpLNthk;;.”
Neuk;Neuk;Neuk;Neuk;Neuk; : -: -: -: -: - 40 epkplq;fs;
ju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPL :- :- :- :- :- � ,izg;G 9.3.1.1 ,y; cs;s ghly;
� ,izg;G 9.3.1.2 ,y; cs;s tplaf; fw;if
� fljhrp> Ngid
fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghL
gb 9.3.1.1gb 9.3.1.1gb 9.3.1.1gb 9.3.1.1gb 9.3.1.1
� ,izg;G 9.3.1.1 ,y; cs;s ghliy tFg;gpy; (khztiuf; nfhz;L/ xypehlh
cjtpAld;) ghLq;fs;.
� mjpYs;s fUj;Jf;fis khztu;fsplk; NfSq;fs;.
� gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; ntspg;gLk; tpjj;jpy; fye;Jiuahliy elj;Jq;fs;.
gb 9.3.1.2gb 9.3.1.2gb 9.3.1.2gb 9.3.1.2gb 9.3.1.2
� ,izg;G 9.3.1.2 ,y; Fwpg;gplg;gLk; epfo;Tr; re;ju;g;gk; nfhz;l gj;jpuj;ij tFg;G
khztupilNa gfpuTk;.
� khztiur; nraw;ghl;by; <LgLj;jTk;.
(20 epkplq;fs;)
F tho;f;ifg; gazj;jpy; gy;NtW re;ju;g;gq;fspy; gytpj rthy;fSf;F
Kfq;nfhLf;f NeupLfpwJ.
F mt;thwhd tho;f;ifr; rthy;fis ehk; vjpu;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
F rthy;fs; Vw;gLk; re;ju;g;gq;fis tpl;L vk;khy; tpyf KbahJ.
F rthy;fSf;F ntw;wpfukhf Kfq;nfhLj;Jr; rupahd jPu;khdq;fis vLf;f
Ntz;Lk;.
F rupahd jPu;khdq;fs; ntw;wpfukhd tho;f;iff;F VJthfpd;wd.
(07 epkplq;fs;)
63
F thOk;NghJ vg;NghJk; rthy;fis vjpu;Nehf;f Ntz;ba epiy fhzg;gLjy;.
F rthy;fs; tUk;NghJ Mf;fG+u;tkhdJk; rupahdJkhd jPu;khdq;fis vLj;jy;.
F tho;f;ifapy; Vw;gLk; rthy;fisg; gaDs;s tho;f;if mDgtq;fshff;
nfhs;Sjy;.
F mjD}lhf tho;f;ifapy; ntw;wpfisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s KbAk;.
(13 epkplq;fs;)
fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPl;L epajpfSk;fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPl;L epajpfSk;fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPl;L epajpfSk;fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPl;L epajpfSk;fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPl;L epajpfSk;
� tho;f;ifapy; Vw;gLk; rthy;fisg; ngaupLthu;.
� tho;f;ifapy; rthy;fis vjpu;Nehf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gij Vw;Wf;nfhs;thu;.
� rthy;fSf;F Mf;fG+u;tkhf Kfq;nfhLg;ghu;.
� Mf;fG+u;tkhd jPu;khdq;fis Nkw;nfhz;L tho;f;ifiar; rhjfkhdjhf;fpf; nfhs;thu;.
� rupahd jPu;khdq;fspD}lhf r%f mgptpUj;jpf;Fg; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;thu;.
gb 9.3.1.3gb 9.3.1.3gb 9.3.1.3gb 9.3.1.3gb 9.3.1.3
� khztu; jkJ fUj;Jf;fis tFg;giwapy; Kd;itf;f re;ju;g;gk; toq;Fq;fs;.
� khztu; gq;Fgw;wYld; gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; ntspg;gLk; tpjj;jpy; fye;Jiuahly;
elj;Jf.
64
,izg;G,izg;G,izg;G,izg;G,izg;G 9.3.1.1.29.3.1.1.29.3.1.1.29.3.1.1.29.3.1.1.2
,r;re;ju;g;gj;Jf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd ghlnyhd;iw mikj;J ,irf;fTk;.
,izg;G,izg;G,izg;G,izg;G,izg;G 9.3.1.1.29.3.1.1.29.3.1.1.29.3.1.1.29.3.1.1.2
1. fPNo jug;gl;Ls;s epfo;tpid ePq;fs; vjpu;nfhs;Sk; Kiwapid tpgupf;Ff.
kfhtyp ejp ngUf;nfLf;Fk; kiof;fhyj;jpNy xUehs; ,utpy; epj;jpiuapy;
,Ue;jNghJ vtNuh xUtu; ngUq;Fuypy; rj;jkpLk; xyp Nfl;L tpopj;njOe;jPu;fs;.
vOe;J ghu;j;jNghJ cq;fs; tPl;bDs; ,uz;L mb msT cauj;jpy; ePu; epw;gijf;
fhz;fpwPu;fs;. tPl;Lf;F ntspNaAk; may; tPLfspYk; me;epiyikNa fhzg;gl;lJ.
ePu;kl;lk; tpiuthf cau;e;J nry;tjhfj; njupe;jJ. ,t;Ntisapy; ePq;fs; nraw;gLk;
tpjj;ij tpgupf;Ff.
2. jpyfd; juk; 9 ,y; fy;tp fw;Fk; khztd;. xUehs; jpyfd; ngw;NwhUlDk;
jk;gpAlDk; fz;bf;Fg; gazk; nra;jhd;. topapy; mtu;fs; gazk; nra;j Ntd;
tpgj;Jf;Fs;shdJ. tpgj;jpy; jpyfdpd; jfg;gdhYk; jk;gpAk; fLikahd fhaj;Jf;F
cs;shdhu;fs;. eLq;fpg; Nghd jhahUk; kaf;fKw;Wtpl;lhu;. rpW fhaq;fSld;
jg;gpaJ jpyfd; kl;LNk. ePq;fs; jpyfdhf ,Ue;jhy; ,r;re;ju;g;gj;ij vjpu;nfhs;Sk;
tpjj;ij tpgupf;Ff.
65
9.3.29.3.29.3.29.3.29.3.2 nraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghL
Nju;r ;r pNju ;r ;r pNju ;r ;r pNju ;r ;r pNju ;r ;r p : -: -: -: -: - tho;tpy; re;ju;g;gq;fSf;Fk; rthy;fSf;Fk; Kfq;nfhLj;J>
tpisjpwd;kpf;f jPu;khdq;fis vLg;ghu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk; : -: -: -: -: - gy;NtW rthy;fspd; NghJ jiyikj;Jtg; gz;Gfis tpUj;jp
nra;J nfhs;thu;.
nraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghL : -: -: -: -: - “jiyikj;Jtj;ij Nehf;fp”
Neuk;Neuk;Neuk;Neuk;Neuk; : -: -: -: -: - 80 epkplq;fs;
ju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPL :- :- :- :- :- � ,izg;G 9.3.2.1 ,y; Fwpg;gplg;gLk; rk;gtk;
� ,izg;G 9.3.2.2 ,w;fhd Ma;Tg;gj;jpuk;
� ,izg;G 9.3.2.3 - Ma;Tg;gj;jpuk;
� 5 epw fz;zhbf; Fkpo;fs;> Crp> E}y;> gpwp];ly; kl;il>
fj;jupf;Nfhy;> fljhrp> girj;jg;gp.
fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghL
gb 9.3.2.1gb 9.3.2.1gb 9.3.2.1gb 9.3.2.1gb 9.3.2.1
� ,izg;G 9.3.2.1 ,y; Fwpg;gplg;gLk; nra;jpia tFg;gpy; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
� mjpypUe;J vOfpd;w fUj;Jfs; gw;wp khztu;fsplk; tprhupAq;fs;.
� gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; ntspg;gLk; tpjj;jpy; fye;Jiuahliy elj;Jq;fs;.
F tho;f;ifapy; Vw;gLk; rthy;fis jdpg;gl;l KiwapYk; $l;lhfTk;
vjpu;Nehf;fNtz;b NeupLjy;.
F mt;thwhd re;ju ;g ;gq ;fspy ; rthy;fspd; epiyikia ed;F
,dq;fz;Lnfhs;Sjy;.
F jd;dk;gpf;ifAld; rthy;fSf;F Kfq;nfhLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
(10 epkplq;fs;)
gb 9.3.2.2gb 9.3.2.2gb 9.3.2.2gb 9.3.2.2gb 9.3.2.2
� khztiu 5-7 Ngu; nfhz;l rpW FOf;fshf;Fq;fs;.
� xt;nthU FOTf;Fk; 3 epwf;Fkpo; tPjk; (rpW igf;fl;Lfs; 3)> E}y;> Crp> gpwp];ly;
kl;il 01> fj;jupf;Nfhy; tPjk; gfpu;e;jspf;fTk;.
� ,izg;G 9.3.2.2 Fwpg;gpl;l Ma;Tg;gj;jpuj;ij tFg;G khztu; FOf;fspilNa gfpuTk;.
� khztiu cupa nraw;ghl;by; <LgLj;jTk;.
� ,izg;G 9.3.2.3 I toq;fTk;.
� nraw;ghl;by; <LgLj;jTk;.
(25 epkplq;fs;)
66
gb 9.3.2.3gb 9.3.2.3gb 9.3.2.3gb 9.3.2.3gb 9.3.2.3
� FOf;fspd; Mf;fq;fis tFg;gpy; Kd;itf;fr; nra;Aq;fs;.
� khztu; jkJ fUj;Jf;fis tFg;gpy; Kd;itf;fr; re;ju;g;gk; toq;Fq;fs;.
� khztu; gq;Fgw;WjYld; gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; ntspg;gLk; tpjj;jpy; fye;Jiuahliy
elj;Jq;fs;.
� ,izg;G 9.3.2.3 I rku;g;gpj;j khztupd; Kd;itg;ig kjpg;gplTk;.
� gpd;tUk; tplaq;fis ntspf;nfhzUk; tifapy; fye;Jiuahliy elj;Jq;fs;.
F jdpahfTk; $l;lhfTk; tho;tpd; rthy;fis vjpu;Nehf;f NeupLjy;.
F rthy;fs; Vw;gLk; re;ju;g;gq;fspy; vtNuDk; nghWg;ig Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sjy;.
F nghWg;G kpf;f jiytdhf rthy;fSf;F Kfk; nfhLj;jy;.
F rthy;fis ntw;wpnfhz;L tho;f;ifiar; rhjfkhf elj;Jjy;.
(45 epkplq;fs;)
fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPl;L epajpfSk;fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPl;L epajpfSk;fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPl;L epajpfSk;fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPl;L epajpfSk;fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPl;L epajpfSk;
� tho;f;ifapy; rthy;fis vjpu;Nehf;Fk; re;ju;g;gq;fisf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.
� rthy;fs; Vw;gLk; re;ju;g;gq;fs; gy;tifg;gl;lit vd Vw;Wf;nfhs;thu;.
� rthy;fs; Vw;gLk; Ntisfspy; jiytdhfr; nraw;gLthu;.
� jiyikj;Jtg; gz;Gfis jkf;Fs;Ns tsu;j;Jf;nfhs;thu;.
� rthy;fis ntw;wpnfhz;L ntw;wpkpf;f jiytdhf r%f Kd;Ndw;wj;Jf;Fg; gq;fspg;Gr;
nra;thu;.
67
,izg;G,izg;G,izg;G,izg;G,izg;G 9.3.2.19.3.2.19.3.2.19.3.2.19.3.2.1
fPNo jug;gl;Ls;s epfo;tpid ed;F thrpAq;fs;.
#upah 15 taJ epuk;gpa rpWkp. mtsJ je;ij mts; Foe;ijahf cs;sNghNj
,we;Jtpl;ljhy; ghl;b> mk;kh MfpNahupd; ghJfhg;gpy; #upah> mtspd; jk;gp> jq;if
MfpNahUk; tho;e;J te;jdu;. je;ij ,y;yhj FLk;gj;jpd; ngUQ;rf;jpahf #upahtpd;
jha; ,Ue;jhu;. mtu; ifj;njhopw;rhiyfspy; ,Ue;J fopthf mfw;wg;gLk; Jz;Lj;
JzpfspypUe;J fhy;Jilg;ghd;> nry;yg;gpuhzpfs; vd;gd jahupj;J tpw;gid
nra;Jte;jhu;. ghlrhiy Kbtile;J tPl;Lf;F tUk; #upahTk; rpyrkaq;fspy; jha;f;F
cjtp nra;tJz;L. rLjpahf Vw;gl;l thfd tpgj;jpy; #upahtpd; mk;khTk; kuzkhdhu;.
jhahupd; jpBu; kuzj;jpdhy; FLk;gj;Jf;F cz;lhd rthy;fis Vw;Wf;nfhs;s Ntz;ba
nghWg;Gk; jiyikj;JtKk; #upahTf;F Vw;gl;lJ. mts; mr;rkpd;wp JzpTld; ,e;j
rthy;fis vjpu;Nehf;fj; jahuhdhs;. ePq;fs; #upahntdpy;... -
F ePq;fs; vjpu;Nehf;Fk; rthy;fs; ahit?
F rthy;fis re;jpj;j cq;fSf;Fs;s nghWg;G ahJ?
F ePq;fs; rthy;fis ntw;wpnfhs;Sk; tpjj;jpid tpgupf;Ff.
,izg;G,izg;G,izg;G,izg;G,izg;G 9.3.2.29.3.2.29.3.2.29.3.2.29.3.2.2
Ma;Tg;gj;jpuk; 1Ma;Tg;gj;jpuk; 1Ma;Tg;gj;jpuk; 1Ma;Tg;gj;jpuk; 1Ma;Tg;gj;jpuk; 1
F cq;fsJ FOtpw;ff; fpilj;j Fkpo;> Crp> E}y; Mfpatw;iwf; nfhz;L Mf;fnkhd;iwj;
jahupf;f. (Vida cgfuzq;fisAk; gad;gLj;jp)
F Njly; gb 1 ,w;F 10 epkplq;fisAk;> Njly; gb 2 ,w;F 10 epkplq;fisAk; nrytpl;L
NjlypyPLgLf.
,izg;G,izg;G,izg;G,izg;G,izg;G 9.3.2.39.3.2.39.3.2.39.3.2.39.3.2.3
Ma;Tg;gj;jpuk; 2Ma;Tg;gj;jpuk; 2Ma;Tg;gj;jpuk; 2Ma;Tg;gj;jpuk; 2Ma;Tg;gj;jpuk; 2
FOthfg; gpd;tUk; tpilfSf;F tpilaspf;f.
1. cq;fsJ FO Kfq;nfhLj;j rthy;fs;/ jilfs; vit?
2. ePq;fs; jdpj;jdpahf Kfq;nfhLj;j gpur;rpidfs;/ jilfs;/ rthy;fs; vit?
3. mtw;iw ntw;wpnfhs;s ePq;fs; Nkw;nfhz;l eltbf;iffs; vit?
4. cq;fsJ FOTf;Fj; jiyikj:Jtk; toq;fg;gl;bUg;gpd; mj;jiytu; ahu;?
5. jiytu; epakpf;fg;gl;l tpjk; ahJ?
6. jiytuhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l nraw;ghLfisg; gl;baypLf.
7. ,r;nraw;ghl;bd; %yk; fpiljj mDgtq;fs; ahit?
68
9.3.39.3.39.3.39.3.39.3.3 nraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghL
Nju;r ;r pNju ;r ;r pNju ;r ;r pNju ;r ;r pNju ;r ;r p : -: -: -: -: - tho;tpy; re;ju;g;gq;fSf;Fk; rthy;fSf;Fk; Kfq;nfhLj;J>
tpisjpwd;kpf;f jPu;khdq;fis vLg;ghu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk; : -: -: -: -: - tho;tpd; gy;NtW gpur;rpidfs;> rthy;fis ntw;wpfukhf
vjpu; nfhs;thu;.
nraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghL : -: -: -: -: - “rthy;fSf;F ntw;wpfukhf Kfq;nfhLg;Nghk;.”
Neuk;Neuk;Neuk;Neuk;Neuk; : -: -: -: -: - 40 epkplq;fs;
ju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPL :- :- :- :- :- � ,izg;G 9.3.3.1
� vOJk; fljhrp
� eyghd [hjff;fij my;yJ ge;Jfhga ,sturdpd;
,sikf;fhyk; gw;wpa fij (jUtpj;Jf; nfhs;f)
fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghL
gb 9.3.3.1gb 9.3.3.1gb 9.3.3.1gb 9.3.3.1gb 9.3.3.1
� eyghd [hjff; fij my;yJ ge;Jfhgadpd; ,sikf;fhyj;Jf;Fupa epfo;r;rpapid
khztu;fSf;F Kd;itf;Ff.
� mf;fij %yk; ,sturd; ,sikf;fhyj;jpy; vjpu;Nehf;fpa rthy;fspd;NghJ
Mf;fG+u;tkhfr; nraw;gl;l tpjj;ij khztu;fSld; fye;JiuahLf.
� gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; ntspg;gLk; tpjj;jpy; fye;Jiuahliy elj;Jf.
F vtUk; gy;NtW #o;epiyfSf;Fk; rthy;fSf;Fk; Kfq;nfhLf;f
NeupLfpd;wJ.
F rthy;fis Jzpr;rYld; vjpu;nfhz;L rhjfkhd tpisTfisf; fz;l
gyUk; vq;fspilNa ,Uf;fpd;wdu;.
F mtu;fs; rthy;fs;> gpur;rpidfis vjpu;nfhz;L rhjfkhd gyd;fisg;
ngWtjw;F Mf;fG+u;tjhfr; nraw;gl;Ls;sdu;.
F ehKk; vg;NghJk; rthy;fis> mtw;iw ntw;wp fhz;gjw;F nraw;gl
Ntz;Lk;.
(10 epkplq;fs;)
gb 9.3.3.2gb 9.3.3.2gb 9.3.3.2gb 9.3.3.2gb 9.3.3.2
� nghUj;jkhd tpjj;jpy; khztu;fisf; FOf;fshfg; gpupf;Ff.
� ,izg;G 9.3.1.1 I khztu;f;F toq;fp mjpYs;s epfo;it thrpj;J tpiliaf;
fhZtjw;F MNyhridfs; toq;Ff.
� topfhl;LtJld; Njitahd trjpfis toq;Ff.
(15 epkplq;fs;)
69
gb 9.3.3.3gb 9.3.3.3gb 9.3.3.3gb 9.3.3.3gb 9.3.3.3
� khztu; tpilfis toq;fpa FOr; nraw;ghl;bd; jfty;fis Kd;itf;f re;ju;g;gk;
toq;Ff.
� midj;Jf; FOf;fspdJk; fUj;Jf;fis ftdj;jpw;nfhz;L gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs;
ntspg;gLk; tpjj;jpy; fye;Jiuahlypy; <LgLj;Jf.
F tho;f;ifahdJ rthy;fs;> jilfs;> gpur;rpidfs; vd;gtw;iwf;
nfhz;lJ.
F ve;jnthU Neuj;jpYk; ,j;jifa epiyikfis vjpu;Nehf;f Ntz;b
NeupLk;. (gpur;rpidfs;> jilfs;> rthy;fs;) ,J tho;f;ifapd;
ajhu;j;jkhFk;.
F tho;f;ifapy; ,t;thwhd Mgj;jhd gpur;rpidfs; Vw;gLk; Ntisfspy;
Jzpr;rYld; mwpTG+u;tkhf Muha;e;J rkNahrpj Gj;jpAld; nraw;gLjy;
Ntz;Lk;.
F jPu;khdk; vLf;Fk; Kd;du; gpur;rpidfis ed;F mtjhdpj;J gpd;du;
jkf;Fk; FLk;gj;Jf;Fk; r%fj;Jf;Fk; ed;ikfisj; jUk; tpjj;jpy;
jPu;T fhZjy;.
F ey;y mwpTG+u;tkhd jPu;khdq;fs; kfpo;r;rpia Vw;gLj;Jk;. ,y;iynadpy;
gpd;dhy; tUe;j NeupLk;.
F ve;Neuj;jpYk; vt;tplj;jpYk; ey;y rpe;jidAld; mwpTld; ele;J
mikjpAld; rthy;fis vjpu;Nehf;fpd; ed;ikfs; fpl;Lk;.
F jPu;khdq;fis vLf;Fk;NghJ khw;Wtopfspy; mjpf ed;ikfisf; nfhz;l
jPu;khdq;fis vLf;Fk; tpjj;jpy; nraw;gl Ntz;Lk;.
(15 epkplq;fs;)
fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPl;L epajpfSk;fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPl;L epajpfSk;fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPl;L epajpfSk;fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPl;L epajpfSk;fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPl;L epajpfSk;
� gpur;rpidfs;> jilfs;> rthy;fs; vd;gd Vw;gLk;NghJ nraw;gl Ntz;ba tpjk; gw;wp
tpsf;Fthu;.
� rthy;fs;> gpur;rpidfs;> jilfs; vd;gd Vw;gLk; Ntisfspy; JzpTld; mwpTG+u;tkhd
jPu;khdq;fis vLf;f Ntz;Lnkd;gij Vw;Wf;nfhs;thu;.
� FOr; nraw;ghLfspd;NghJ xj;Jiog;Gld; nraw;gLthu;.
� Muha;e;J mwpTG+u;tkhd cghaq;fis Nkw;nfhs;thu;.
� mwpTG+u;tkhd jPu;khdq;fis Nkw;nfhs;s VidNahUf;Fk; cjTthu;.
70
,izg;G,izg;G,izg;G,izg;G,izg;G 9.3.1.19.3.1.19.3.1.19.3.1.19.3.1.1
F ePq;fs; ghlrhiy Kbe;J ez;gUld; NghFk;NghJ ez;gd; kaf;fKWfpwhd;. mf;fk;
gf;fj;jpy; tPLfs; fhzg;gltpy;iy. NehAw;w ghl;biag; ghu;f;fg; Nghtjw;F cq;fspd;
tUifia jhahu; vjpu;ghu;j;jpUg;gjhy; tpiuthf tPL nry;y Ntz;b ,Ue;jJ.
� ,q;F ePq;fs; vjpu;Nehf;Fk; gpur;rpidfs; my;yJ rthy;fs; ahit?
� ,t;tplj;jpy; ePq;fs; vLf;ff;$ba jPu;khdk; ahJ?
� mj;jifa xt;Nthu; (jPu;khdk;) nraw;ghl;bdJk; ed;ikfs;> jPikfs; vd;gtw;iwf;
Fwpg;gpLf.
� ,jw;Nfw;g ePq;fs; Nkw;nfhs;Sk; rpwe;j jPu;khdk; vJ? mjw;fhd fhuzq;fisf;
Fwpg;gpLf.
F eth]; juk; 9 ,y; fy;tp fw;gtd;. jk;gpAk; jq;ifAk; kpfr; rpwpatu;fs;. ,Wjpj;
jtizg; guPl;irf;F xU thuk; kl;LNk ,Ue;jJ. eth]pd; je;ij rLjpahf NehAw;W
kUj;Jtkidapy; ,e;Neuj;jpy; mDkjpf;fg;gl;bUe;jjhy; jhahu; gfy; Ntisapy;
je;ijAld; jq;fpapUf;f Ntz;bapUe;jJ. ,utpy; je;ijAld; jq;fpapUf;f Ntz;ba
epiy eth]{f;F Vw;gl;lJ.
� Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l rk;gtj;jpw;Nfw;g eth]; vjpu;Nehf;f Ntz;bapUe;j gpur;rpidfs; my;yJ
jilfs; my;yJ rthy;fs; ahit?
� ,e;j re;ju;g;gj;jpNy eth]; vLf;ff;$ba jPu;khdq;fs; ahit?
� ,r;nraw;ghLfspd; (jPu;khdk;;) ed;ikfs;> jPikfs; vd;gtw;iwf; Fwpg;gpLf.
� ,jw;Nfw;g mtd; vLf;ff;$ba rpwe;j nraw;ghl;bidf; Fwpg;gpl;L mjid
cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd fhuzq;fis Kd;itf;Ff.
F ePq;fs; ghlrhiy Kbe;J tPL nry;Yk;NghJ Kd;ndhUNghJk; fz;buhj xUtu;
te;J... “vg;gb Rfk; jk;gp jq;fha;! mk;kh mg;gh tPl;byh? ehd; cq;fs; tPl;Lf;Fj;jhd;
Ngha;f;nfhz;bUf;fpNwd;. cq;fSf;F vd;id epidtpUf;fhJ. cq;fs; mg;ghtpd;
ngau;... ,Njh! ehd; ,dpg;G thq;fpNdd;. ,Njh> ,dpg;ig vLq;fs;.” ,t;thW $wp
cq;fsplk; neUq;Ffpwhu;.
� ,j;jifa re;ju;g;gj;jpy; ePq;fs; vjpu;nfhs;s NeupLk; gpur;rpidfs; ahit?
� ,j;jifa re;ju;g;gj;jpy; ePq;fs; vLf;ff;$ba jPu;khdq;fs; ahit?
� ePq;fs; vLf;Fk; xt;Nthu; jPu;khdj;jpdJk; ed;ikfisAk; jPikfisAk; Fwpg;gpLf.
� ,t;Ntisapy; vLf;ff;$ba rpwe;j jPu;khdk; ahJ? mjid cWjpg;gLj;Jk;
fhuzq;fisf; Fwpg;gpLf.
71
9.4 mdu;j;j Kfhikj;Jtk;(ghlNtisfs; 03)(ghlNtisfs; 03)(ghlNtisfs; 03)(ghlNtisfs; 03)(ghlNtisfs; 03)
mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;
cyfpy; thOk; midtUNk gy;NtW tpgj;JfSf;Fk; mdu;j;jq;fSf;Fk; Kfk;nfhLf;f
NeupLfpwJ. ,tw;iw ,aw;ifahf Vw;gLtd> kdpj nry;thf;fpdhy; Vw;gLtd vd
tifg;gLj;jyhk;. tPLfs;> ghlrhiyr; #oy;> Ntiyj;jyq;fs; Mfpa ve;jnthU ,lj;jpYk;
tpgj;JfSk; mdu;j;jq;fSk; Vw;gl KbAk;.
gy;NtW czT tiffs;> kUe;Jfisg; gad;gLj;Jk; NtisfspYk; Mgj;Jfs; Vw;glyhk;.
,JNghy jdpegu;fSf;fpilapYs;s Ju;g;gof;fq;fspdhYk; ftdkpd;ikahYk; tpgj;Jfs;
Vw;gLk; re;ju;g;gq;fisAk; fhzyhk;.
mdu;j;jq;fs;> tpgj;Jf;fs; Vw;gLk;NghJ mwpTG+u;tkhfr; nraw;gLtjd; %yk; Mgj;Jf;fisj;
jtpu;j;Jf;nfhs;s vLf;f Ntz;ba nraw;ghLfs; gw;wpAk; tpgj;Jfs;> Mgj;Jfs; Vw;glf;$ba
,lq;fs;> Mgj;JfSld; Neubj; njhlu;ghd ,lq;fs; vd;gd gw;wpAk; mwpjy; vd;gdNt
,e;j myfpidf; fw;gjpd; %yk; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLtdthFk;.
Nju;r ;r pNju ;r ;r pNju ;r ;r pNju ;r ;r pNju ;r ;r p : -: -: -: -: - ,lu;Kfhikj;Jtj;ij Nkw;nfhs;thu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; :-Nju;r;rp kl;lk; :-Nju;r;rp kl;lk; :-Nju;r;rp kl;lk; :-Nju;r;rp kl;lk; :- 9.4.1 tpgj;Jf;fs;> mdu;j;jq;fs; njhlu;ghf tpopg;Gzu;Tld;
nraw;gLthu;.
9.4.2 tpgj;Jf;fs;> mdu;j;jq;fs;pd; NghJ Gj;jprhypj;jdkhfr;
nraw;gLthu;.
ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;
ehk; md;whlk; vjpu;Nehf;Fk; Kf;fpa Mgj;Jfs; %d;W tpjq;fspy; Vw;glyhk;.
1. ,aw;ifahdit
2. kdpj eltbf;iffs;
3. Vidait
F ,aw;ifahf epfOk; mdu;j;jq;fs;
� nts;sk;
� kpd;dy;
� kz;rupT
� #whtsp
� Rdhkp
� GtpeLf;fk;
� nuhdhNlh
� fhl;Lj;jP
� vupkiy
72
FFFFF kdpjr; nraw;ghLkdpjr; nraw;ghLkdpjr; nraw;ghLkdpjr; nraw;ghLkdpjr; nraw;ghL
� ghJfhg;gw;w nraw;ghLfs;
cjhuzk; :- tPjp rkpf;iQ kw;Wk; rl;lq;fisg; gpd;gw;whik.
ghJfhg;gw;w ,lq;fspy; fl;blq;fs; fl;Ljy;.
(kiyr;rupTfs;> flw;fiu Xuk;> Mw;wq;fiufs;.)
� ftdkpd;ik
cjhuzk; :- ftdkpd;wp kpd;rf;jpiag; gad;gLj;jy;.
MAjq;fisf; ftdkpd;wpg; gad;gLj;jy;.
Mgj;jhd ,lq;fspy; ePuhLjy;.
epyf;fz;zp ntbg;nghUl;fs; Gijf;fg;gl;l ,lq;fspy;
Ntiynra;jy;.
F Kiwaw;w tpjj;jpyhd ifahsy;
cjhuzk; :- Kiwaw;w tpjj;jpy; fhLfis mopj;jy;.
(kz;rupT> nts;sk;> Mw;wpy; kz; mfo;jy;>
kiyia mz;ba gFjpfspy; fhLfis mopj;jy;.)
� Nrw;Wepyq;fis epug;Gjy;. (nts;sg; ngUf;Nfw;glf; fhuzkhjy;.)
� Mgj;J epiyikfisf; fUj;jpw; nfhs;shJ thfdq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jjy;.
(kpjpgyiffspy; gazpj;jy;> Nghf;Ftuj;Jf;F cfe;jjy;yhj thfdg; gad;ghL)
� jug;gLj;jg;glhj nghUs;fisg; gad;gLj;jy;.
� czu;r;rptrg;gl;l elj;ij
cjhuzk; :- jw;nfhiyj; jhf;Fjy;> jPq;F tpistpj;jy;>
nfhiy> Fw;wr; nray;fs;.
FFFFF czT> kUe;J tiffs; njhlu;ghd tpgj;Jf;fs;czT> kUe;J tiffs; njhlu;ghd tpgj;Jf;fs;czT> kUe;J tiffs; njhlu;ghd tpgj;Jf;fs;czT> kUe;J tiffs; njhlu;ghd tpgj;Jf;fs;czT> kUe;J tiffs; njhlu;ghd tpgj;Jf;fs;
� eQ;R fye;j czT> gOjile;j czT> fhyhtjpahd czTfis cl;nfhs;sy;.
� itj;jpa MNyhridapy;yhky; kUe;J ngwy;> gpioahd kUe;J ghtid.
� rupahf Nehia ,dq;fhzhJ kUe;J> mk;ikg;ghy; fl;Ljiy myl;rpakhf
toq;Fjy;.
FFFFF jPq;fhd gof;fq;fspdhy; Vw;gLk; tpgj;Jf;fs;jPq;fhd gof;fq;fspdhy; Vw;gLk; tpgj;Jf;fs;jPq;fhd gof;fq;fspdhy; Vw;gLk; tpgj;Jf;fs;jPq;fhd gof;fq;fspdhy; Vw;gLk; tpgj;Jf;fs;jPq;fhd gof;fq;fspdhy; Vw;gLk; tpgj;Jf;fs;
� gy;NtW jPa gof;fq;fspdhYk; mtw;Wf;F mbikahFtjpdhYk; Vw;gLk;
tpgj;Jf;fis ,jpy; cs;slf;fyhk;. ,t;thW mbikahtjpdhYk; gof;fq;fspdhYk;
Vw;gLk; tpgj;Jf;fs; mjpfupg;gjhy; capupog;Gf;fs; $l Vw;glyhk;. ,t;thwhd
gof;fq;fspdhy; e Pz;l fhy tpgj;Jf;fisf; $l re;jpf ;f Neuplyhk;.
Nghijg;nghUl;fs;> kJghdk;> rpfnul;> ghypay; J\;gpuNahfk;> cs kw;Wk; cly;
uPjpahf NtW tpjkhf mbikahjy;.
73
FFFFF VidaitVidaitVidaitVidaitVidait
� tpyq;Ffshy; Vw;gLtd.
� vupjy;> tpOjy; Mfpad.
� kaf;fkiljy;.
,aw;if mdu;j;jq;fisj; jtpu;g;gjw;F (ngsjpf uPjpapy; Vw;gLtd) fl;llq;fisf;
fl;Lk;NghJ mtw;iw vjpu;Nehf;ff;$ba tpjj;jpy; Kd; Maj;jj;Jld; mikg;gjpD}lhf
mj;jifa Mgj;Jf;fis ,optsthf;fyhk;. GtpeLf;fj;jpdhy; Vw;gLk; mdu;j;jq;fis
,optsthf;Ftjw;F tPl;L cgNahfg; nghUs;fis cupathW ,lg;gLj;Jjy;. (mYkhup>
kpd;tprpwp Nghd;wd.)
tpgj;Jfs; Vw;gLk;NghJ gpd;gw;wg;gl Ntz;ba tplaq;fs;tpgj;Jfs; Vw;gLk;NghJ gpd;gw;wg;gl Ntz;ba tplaq;fs;tpgj;Jfs; Vw;gLk;NghJ gpd;gw;wg;gl Ntz;ba tplaq;fs;tpgj;Jfs; Vw;gLk;NghJ gpd;gw;wg;gl Ntz;ba tplaq;fs;tpgj;Jfs; Vw;gLk;NghJ gpd;gw;wg;gl Ntz;ba tplaq;fs;
� tpgj;Jfspd; ,ay;igr; rupahf ,dq;fhZjy;.
� VidNahiu ntspNaw;WjYk; rupahd njhlu;ghlYk;.
� mikjp NgZjy;.
� tpgj;jpy; rpf;fpNahiuf; fhg;ghw;Wjypy; <LgLjy;.
� rupahd rpfpr;ir toq;Ftjpy; <LgLjy;.
� tpgj;Jf;Fs;shdtupd; nrhj;Jfisg; ghJfhj;jy;.
� re;ju;g;gj;jpw;Nfw;w tpjj;jpy; jk;ikAk; ghJfhj;Jf; nfhs;Sjy;.
74
A Kd;dhaj;j epiy Kd;dhaj;j epiy Kd;dhaj;j epiy Kd;dhaj;j epiy Kd;dhaj;j epiy
Kd;dhaj;jk; %yk; tpgj;Jfis ,optsthf;Fjy;
B mdu;j;j epiy mdu;j;j epiy mdu;j;j epiy mdu;j;j epiy mdu;j;j epiy
tpgj;J epiyapy; kf;fis ntspNaw;Wjy;
ghJfhg;ghd ,lq;fSf;F mtu;fis ,l;Lr; nry;Yjy;
kUj;Jt rpfpr;ir toq;Fjy;
C mdu;j;jj;jpd; gpd;duhd epiy mdu;j;jj;jpd; gpd;duhd epiy mdu;j;jj;jpd; gpd;duhd epiy mdu;j;jj;jpd; gpd;duhd epiy mdu;j;jj;jpd; gpd;duhd epiy
kPz;Lk; mdu;j;jj;jpw;Fl;glhj tifapy; cldbahd mwpTG+u;tkhd jPu;tpidf; fhZjy;.
mdu;j;j Kfhikj;Jt tl;lk;mdu;j;j Kfhikj;Jt tl;lk;mdu;j;j Kfhikj;Jt tl;lk;mdu;j;j Kfhikj;Jt tl;lk;mdu;j;j Kfhikj;Jt tl;lk;
mdu;j;jk; B
Amdu;j;jj;jpd;
Kd;du;
mdu;j;j
epfo;T
tpgj;jpd; gpd;du; C
Jyq;fy;
kPs; epWty;(Restoration)
mgptpUj;jp
jtpu;j;jy;
,optsthf;Fjy;
Kd;dhaj;jk;
75
mdu;j;j Kfhikj;Jtk;rhu; epWtdq;fs;
� mdu;j;j Kfhikj;Jt epiyak; DMC
gz;lhuehaf;f Qhgfhu;e;j kz;lgk;> nfhOk;G – 07.
njh.Ng 0112670071/2670051/2670077 w.w.w.dmc.gov.lk
� Njrpa fl;bl Ma;T epWtfk; NBRO
99/1 [htj;ij tPjp> nfhOk;G – 05.
njh.Ng 0112588946/2503431
[email protected]/[email protected]
� tspkz;lytpay; jpizf;fsk;
383> ngsj;jhNyhf khtj;ij> nfhOk;G – 07.
njh.Ng 0112665088 w.w.w.meteo.slt.lk
� Njrpa mdu;j;j Kfhikj;Jt epiyak; NDMC
146> fhyp tPjp> nfhOk;G – 07.
njh.Ng 0112395105 w.w.w.ndmc.gov.lk
Vidait
� gpuNjr jPaizg;G epiyaq;fs;
� kUj;Jt kidfs;
� fhty; epiyaq;fs; (Police)
� r%f Nrit epWtfq;fs; Nghd;wd
mdu;j;j epiyikfspy; cupathW je;jpNuhghaj;JlDk; rpe;jidj; njspTlDk;mdu;j;j epiyikfspy; cupathW je;jpNuhghaj;JlDk; rpe;jidj; njspTlDk;mdu;j;j epiyikfspy; cupathW je;jpNuhghaj;JlDk; rpe;jidj; njspTlDk;mdu;j;j epiyikfspy; cupathW je;jpNuhghaj;JlDk; rpe;jidj; njspTlDk;mdu;j;j epiyikfspy; cupathW je;jpNuhghaj;JlDk; rpe;jidj; njspTlDk;
nraw;gLjynraw;gLjynraw;gLjynraw;gLjynraw;gLjy;; ;; ;
mdu;j;jk; ,lk;ngwKd;du;> mdu;j;jk; ,lk;ngWk; re;ju;g;gj;jpy;> mdu;j;jj;jpd; gpd;du;
vd;w %d;W re;ju;g;gq;fspYk; xUtu; mwpTG+u;tkhfr; nraw;gLjy; kpfTk; Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.
Vnddpy; jdJ tho;f ;ifiaAk; VidNahupd ; tho;f ;ifiaAk; fhg ;ghw ;Wk ;
NjitapdhyhFk;.
� VidNahupd; tho;f;ifia mdu;j;jj;jpypUe;J kPl;nlLf;ifapy; kpFe;j tpsf;fj;Jld;
jdJ tho;f;ifia ,oe;Jtplhj tpjj;jpy; nraw;gLjy;.
� jd;idg; ghJfhj;jYld; gpwiuAk; fhg;ghw;wf;$ba Mj;k rf;jpAk; clw;gyKk; jd;dplk;
cs;sjh vd;gij mwpe;Jnfhz;ljd; gpd;du; mtw;wpy; <LgLjy;.
cjhuzk; :- ePupy; tpOe;j xUtiuf; fhg;ghw;Wtjw;F ePe;jj; njupahjtu; ePupy; tpOe;J
fhg;ghw;w Kide;jhy; ,UtUk; Mgj;Jf;Fs;shf NeupLk;.
� mOjy;> rj;jkpLjy; my;yJ mikjpahf ,Uj;jy; Nghd;w fhuzpfshy; mdu;j;jk;
epfOjy; my;yJ epfOk; mdu;j;jk; NkhrkilAk; epiy Vw;gLjy;.
� mdu;j;jj;jpd;NghJ kUj;Jtkidf;Ff; nfhz;Lnry;tjw;F Kd;duhd KjYjtpfs;
toq;Fjy; gw;wp mwpe;jpUj;jy;.
� mdu;j;j Ntisapy; mwptpf;fg;gl Ntz;ba epWtdq;fs;> jdpahu; gw;wp mwpe;jpUj;jy;.
76
F ve;j NtisapYk; ehk; tpgj;Jfs;> mdu;j;jq;fSf;F cl;glyhk;.
F ve;j ,lj;jpYk; tpgj;Jfs;> mdu;j;jq;fs; vd;gd Vw;glyhk;.
F gaq;futhj nraw;ghLfs; ,lk;ngw;w ,lq;fspy; epyf;fz;zp ntb
Mgj;Jf;fSf;F cs;shf Neuplyhk;.
F Mgj;Jfs; ,aw;ifahfTk; kdpj eltbf;iffshYk; Vw;gLk;.
F ,lu;fs;> Mgj;Jf;fs; vd;gtw;wpy; ehk; ftdkhf ,Ug;gjhy; ngUkstpy;
mtw;iwj; jtpu;j;Jf; nfhs;syhk;.
(10 epkplq;fs;)
gb 9.4.1.2gb 9.4.1.2gb 9.4.1.2gb 9.4.1.2gb 9.4.1.2
� khztu;fisg; nghUj;jkhdthW FOf;fshf;Fq;fs;.
� vy;yh FOf;fSf;Fk; ,izg;G 9.4.1.2 nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk;> bik fljhrp> gpsl;bdk;
Ngid xt;nthd;W tPjk; toq;Fq;fs;.
� khztu; nraw;ghl;by; <LgLk;NghJ mtu;fSf;F topfhl;br; nraw;ghl;ilg; G+uzkhf;f
cjtp toq;Fq;fs;.
(15 epkplq;fs;)
9.4.19.4.19.4.19.4.19.4.1 nraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghL
Nju;r ;r pNju ;r ;r pNju ;r ;r pNju ;r ;r pNju ;r ;r p : -: -: -: -: - ,lu;Kfhikj;Jtj;ij Nkw;nfhs;thu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk; : -: -: -: -: - tpgj;Jf;fs;> mdu;j;jq;fs; njhlu;ghf tpopg;Gzu;Tld;
nraw;gLthu;.
nraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghL : -: -: -: -: - Rw;Wg;Gw mdu;j;jq;fis ,dq;fhz;Nghk;
Neuk;Neuk;Neuk;Neuk;Neuk; : -: -: -: -: - 40 epkplq;fs;
ju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPL :- :- :- :- :- � ,izg;G 9.4.1.1 tPl;by;> ghlrhiyapy;> #oypy;>
Ntiyj;jsq;fspy; Vw;gLk; mdu;j;jq;fisf; fhl;Lk;
rpj;jpuq;fs;> mwpf;iffs;> glq;fs;
� ,izg;G 9.4.1.2 FOf;fSf;fpilapyhd nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk;
� bik fljhrp
� ghlE}y;> Ngid
fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghL
gb 9.4.1.1gb 9.4.1.1gb 9.4.1.1gb 9.4.1.1gb 9.4.1.1
� ,izg;G 9.4.1.1 ,Ys;s rpj;jpuq;fis> glq;fis khztu;fSf;Ff; fhl;b mit
gw;wpa fUj;Jfis tprhupj;jwpf.
� mtw;wpy; fhl;lg;gLk; mdu;j;jq;fs; vj;jifa ,lq;fspy; epfof;$Lnkd khztu;fSld;
fye;Jiuahly; elj;Jf.
� gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; ntspg;gLk; tpjj;jpy; fye;JiuahLf.
77
gb 9.4.1.3gb 9.4.1.3gb 9.4.1.3gb 9.4.1.3gb 9.4.1.3
� FOf;fspd; Ma;Tr; nraw;ghLfis tFg;giwapy; Kd;itf;f khztu;fSf;F re;ju;g;gk;
toq;Fq;fs;.
� xt;nthU FOTk; Kd;itj;j jfty;fs; gw;wp fUj;Jfs; njuptpf;f Vida FOf;fSf;F
,lkspf;Ff.
� gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; ntspg;gLk; tpjj;jpy; njhFg;Giuapy; <LglTk;.
F ve;jnthU Neuj;jpUk; ve;jnthU ,lj;jpYk; ,lu;fs; Vw;glyhk;.
F tPL> ghlrhiy> Rw;Wg;Gwk;> tpisahl;L ikjhdq;fs;> Ntiyj;jyq;fs;>gazq;fspd;NghJ ,lu;fs; Vw;glyhk;.
F ,aw;ifapdhYk; kdpj eltbf;fshYk; ,lu;fs; tpgj;Jf;s; Vw;glyhk;.F ehk; vjpu;Nehf;f NeupLk; ,lu;fs;> tpgj;Jfs; vd;gd gw;wpa tpopg;Gzu;Tld;
md;whl eltbf;iffs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
F ,lu;fs;> tpgj;Jf;fs; gw;wp tpopg;Gzu;Tld; ,Ug;gjd; %yk; mtw;iw,optsthf;f KbAk;.
(15 epkplq;fs;)
fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPl;L epajpfSk;fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPl;L epajpfSk;fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPl;L epajpfSk;fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPl;L epajpfSk;fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPl;L epajpfSk;
� ,lu;fs;> Mgj;Jfs; vd;gd epfof;$ba ,lq;fisg; ngaupLthu;.
� ,aw;ifahfTk; kdpjr; nraw;ghLfspdhYk; Vw;gLk; ,lu;fis tifg;gLj;jpf; fhl;Lthu;.
� ,lu;fs;> Mgj;Jfs; vd;gd gw;wp tpopg;Gzu;T ,Ug;gpd; ,tw;iwj; jtpu;j;Jf; nfhs;syhk;
vd;gij Vw;Wf;nfhs;thu;.
� jdJ Rw;Wr; #oiyg; gw;wpa tpopg;Gzu;Tld; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lnkd;gij ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.
� $l;lhfr; nraw;gLtjD}lhf FO czu;it tsu;j;Jf; nfhs;thu;.
78
,izg;G 9.4.1.1
nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk;nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk;nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk;nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk;nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk;FO 01FO 01FO 01FO 01FO 01
tPl;by; tpgj;Jf;fs; Vw;glf;$ba re;ju;g;gq;fs; gw;wpa FWehlfk; xd;iw Kd;itj;jNy
cq;fs; FOTf;fhd xg;gilahFk;.
nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk;nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk;nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk;nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk;nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk;FO 02FO 02FO 02FO 02FO 02
ghlrhiyapy; tpgj;Jf;fs; Vw;gLtjw;fhd fhuzpfs; gw;wpa epfo;nthd;iwg;
nghUj;jkhd ehlfk; %yk; Kd;itg;gNj cq;fs; FOTf;fhd xg;gilahFk;.
nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk;nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk;nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk;nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk;nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk;FO 03FO 03FO 03FO 03FO 03
,aw;ifahf Vw;gLk; tpgj;Jfs;> ,lu;fs; vd;gdtw;iw rpj;jpuk; %yk; Kd;itg;gNj
cq;fs; FOTf;fhd xg;gilahFk;.
nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk;nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk;nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk;nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk;nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk;FO 04FO 04FO 04FO 04FO 04
kdpj eltbf;iffs; fhuzkhf Vw;gLk; tpgj;Jf;fs;> ,lu;fs; gw;wp gFg;gha;T xd;iw
Kd;itg;gNj cq;fs; FOTf;fhd xg;gilahFk;.
nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk;nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk;nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk;nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk;nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk;FO 05FO 05FO 05FO 05FO 05
ehk; vjpu;Nehf;Fk; tpgj;Jf;fs;> ,lu;fs; vd;gtw;iw ,optstpdjhf;Ftjw;Fg; gpd;gw;wg;gl
Ntz;ba nraw;ghLfs; gw;wpa fl;Liu xd;iw tiue;J Kd;itg;gNj cq;fs;
FOTf;fhd xg;gilahFk;.
79
9.4.29.4.29.4.29.4.29.4.2 nraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghL
Nju;r ;r pNju ;r ;r pNju ;r ;r pNju ;r ;r pNju ;r ;r p :- :- :- :- :- ,lu;Kfhikj;Jtj;ij Nkw;nfhs;thu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk; : -: -: -: -: - tpgj;Jf;fs;> mdu;j;jq;fs;pd;NghJ Gj;jprhypj;jdkhfr;
nraw;gLthu;.
nraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghL : -: -: -: -: - “mdu;j;j Mgj;jpid Kfhik nra;Nthk;.”
Neuk;Neuk;Neuk;Neuk;Neuk; : -: -: -: -: - 80 epkplq;fs;
ju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPL :- :- :- :- :- � ,izg;G 9.4.2.1
� ,izg;G 9.4.2.2 nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk;
� bik jhs;
� gy tu;z ngy;l; Ngidfs;
� thu;dp]; fljhrp - 4 (4 tu;zq;fspy;)
fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghL
gb 9.4.2.1gb 9.4.2.1gb 9.4.2.1gb 9.4.2.1gb 9.4.2.1
� ,izg;G 9.4.2.1 ,Ys;s cUf;fspy; “m” glq;fis khztu;fSf;F ed;F
mtjhdpg;gjw;F toq;Ff. mjpYs;s rpwg;gpay;Gfisf; $Wtjw;F re;ju;g;gk; toq;Ff.
fUk;gyifapy; Fwpg;Gf;fis vOJf.
� “M” glj;jpid khztu; ed;F mtjhdpf;f ,lkspf;Ff. mjpy; fhzg;gLk; rpwg;Gfs;
gw;wp Muha;e;J fUk;gyifapy; Fwpg;Gf;fs; vOJf.
� “,” glj;jpid khztu; ed;F mtjhdpf;fr; nra;f. mjpYs;s rpwg;Gfis
fUk;gyifapy; Fwpg;Gf;fshf vOJf.
� gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; ntspg;gLk; tpjj;jpy; fye;Jiuahliy elj;Jf.
F vkJ Rw;Wr;#oypy; mgj;Jf;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
F mj;jifa Mgj;Jf;fisj; njspthf ,dq;fhZjy;.
F mjw;Nfw;g mdu;j;jq;fSf;F cs;shFk; gpuNjrq;fis ,dq;fhz ,aYkhjy;.
F mj;jifa gpuNjrq;fs; mdu;j;jq;fSf;F cs;shjy;.
F mdu;j;jq;fis epu;tfpg;gjd; %yk; mtw;iwj; jtpu;j;Jf;nfhs;s KbAkhjy;.
(10 epkplq;fs;)gb 9.4.2.2gb 9.4.2.2gb 9.4.2.2gb 9.4.2.2gb 9.4.2.2
� tFg;G khztu;fisg; nghUj;jkhdthW FOf;fshfg; gpupAq;fs;.
� jug;gl;Ls;s 4 nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuq;fis xt;nthd;W tPjk; FOf;fSf;Fg; gfpu;e;jspAq;fs;.
� nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuj;jpw;F Vw;g nraw;ghl;by; <LgLj;Jq;fs;.
� FO Kd;itg;gpw;F re;ju;g;gk; toq;Fq;fs;.
� xt;nthU FOTk; Kd;itj;jtw;iw NkYk; tpUj;jpahf;Ftjw;F Vida FOf;fSf;F
,lkspAq;fs;.
(50 epkplq;fs;)
80
gb 9.4.2.3gb 9.4.2.3gb 9.4.2.3gb 9.4.2.3gb 9.4.2.3
� gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; ntspg;gLk; tpjj;jpy; njhFg;Giuapy; <LgLf.
F mdu;j;jq;fs;> cs;shFk; gpuNjrq;fs; kw;Wk; mdu;j;jq;fs; vd;gd mdu;j;j
Kfhikj;Jtj;jpd;NghJ $ba ftdk; nrYj;jg;gl Ntz;ba vz;zf;fUthFk;.
F mdu;j;jj;jpd;NghJ mwpTG+u;tkhf eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;Sjy;.
F mjw;nfd gy;NtW nraw;ghLfis Nkw;nfhs;Sjy;.
F mdu;j;j Kfhikj;Jt tl;lj;Jf;Nfw;g nraw;gLjy; %yk; mdu;j;jq;fis
jtpu;j;Jf;nfhs;s KbAk; Kfhikj;JtKk; nra;ayhk;.
F vy;yh gpui[fSk; Mgj;Jf;fs;> mdu;j;jq;fs; vd;gd gw;wpf; ftdkhf
,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
(20 epkplq;fs;)
fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPl;L epajpfSk;fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPl;L epajpfSk;fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPl;L epajpfSk;fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPl;L epajpfSk;fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPl;L epajpfSk;
� mdu;j;j Kfhikj;Jt vz;zf;fUit tpsf;Fthu;.
� Rw;Wg;Gwr; #oypy; mdu;j;jq;fs; Vw;gLk; vd;gij Vw;Wf;nfhs;thu;.
� tpgj;Jfisj; jtpu;g;gjw;F mwpTG+u;tkhd eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;Sk; tpjj;jpid
Kd;itg;ghu;.
� vy;yhg; gpui[fSk; tpgj;Jfs;> mdu;j;jq;fs; vd;gtw;iwj; jtpu;g;gjw;F eltbf;iffs;
Nkw;nfhs;s Ntz;Lnkd;Dk; fUj;ij ntspapLthu;.
� mdu;j;j Kfhikj;Jtj;Jf;fhf re;ju;g;gj;Jf;Nfw;w tpjj;jpy; tplaq;fis Kd;itf;fj;
jahuhf ,Ug;ghu;.
81
,izg;G,izg;G,izg;G,izg;G,izg;G 9.4.2.19.4.2.19.4.2.19.4.2.19.4.2.1
mdu;j;jj;Jf;F cs;shFk; gpuNjrq;fs;mdu;j;jj;Jf;F cs;shFk; gpuNjrq;fs;mdu;j;jj;Jf;F cs;shFk; gpuNjrq;fs;mdu;j;jj;Jf;F cs;shFk; gpuNjrq;fs;mdu;j;jj;Jf;F cs;shFk; gpuNjrq;fs;
ghl mwpKfj;Jf;fhd cUf;fs;ghl mwpKfj;Jf;fhd cUf;fs;ghl mwpKfj;Jf;fhd cUf;fs;ghl mwpKfj;Jf;fhd cUf;fs;ghl mwpKfj;Jf;fhd cUf;fs;
NkYs;s cUf;fis tFg;giwapy; fhl;rpg;gLj;jf;$ba tpjj;jpy; ngupjhf;fpf;NkYs;s cUf;fis tFg;giwapy; fhl;rpg;gLj;jf;$ba tpjj;jpy; ngupjhf;fpf;NkYs;s cUf;fis tFg;giwapy; fhl;rpg;gLj;jf;$ba tpjj;jpy; ngupjhf;fpf;NkYs;s cUf;fis tFg;giwapy; fhl;rpg;gLj;jf;$ba tpjj;jpy; ngupjhf;fpf;NkYs;s cUf;fis tFg;giwapy; fhl;rpg;gLj;jf;$ba tpjj;jpy; ngupjhf;fpf;
nfhs;f.nfhs;f.nfhs;f.nfhs;f.nfhs;f.
cgj;jputk;cgj;jputk;cgj;jputk;cgj;jputk;cgj;jputk;
mdu;j;jk; mdu;j;jk; mdu;j;jk; mdu;j;jk; mdu;j;jk; Disaster
Potential Hazard
cgj;jptuk; Vw;glf;$ba jd;ikcgj;jptuk; Vw;glf;$ba jd;ikcgj;jptuk; Vw;glf;$ba jd;ikcgj;jptuk; Vw;glf;$ba jd;ikcgj;jptuk; Vw;glf;$ba jd;ik
Exposure Elements
ntspg;gilahf cs;sitntspg;gilahf cs;sitntspg;gilahf cs;sitntspg;gilahf cs;sitntspg;gilahf cs;sit
Vulnerable Area
mdu;j;jj;Jf;F cs;shFk; gFjpmdu;j;jj;Jf;F cs;shFk; gFjpmdu;j;jj;Jf;F cs;shFk; gFjpmdu;j;jj;Jf;F cs;shFk; gFjpmdu;j;jj;Jf;F cs;shFk; gFjp
82
nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk;nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk;nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk;nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk;nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk;
FO 01FO 01FO 01FO 01FO 01
mdu;j;j Kfhikj;Jt vz;zf;fUit tpsf;Fk; nraw;ghL cq;fs; FOTf;fhd
xg;gilahFk;. mjw;Nfw;wthwhd Mf;fnkhd;iw Kd;itf;Ff.
FO 02FO 02FO 02FO 02FO 02
mdu;j;jq;fisj; jtpu;g;gjw;F vLf;ff;$ba eltbf;iffis Kd;itj;jy; cq;fs;
FOTf;fhd xg;gilahFk;.
,r;nraw;ghl;il tpsf;fkhf vOjp Kd;itf;Ff.
FO 03FO 03FO 03FO 03FO 03
,aw;if mdu;j;jq;fis ,optsthf;f nraw;gl Ntz;ba tpjk; gw;wp tpsf;Fk; nraw;ghL
cq;fs; FOTf;fhd xg;gilahFk;.
ePq;fs; tpUk;gpa tpjj;jpy; Mf;fj;jpid Kd;itf;Ff.
FO 04FO 04FO 04FO 04FO 04
mdu;j;j Kfhikj;Jt tl;lk; gw;wp tpsf;fk; mspj;jy; cq;fs; FOTf;fhd xg;gilahFk;.
nghUj;jkhd Kiwapaiyg; gad;gLj;jp mdu;j;j Kfhikj;Jt tl;lj;ij tpsf;Ff.
83
9.5 Kuz;ghl;Lj; jPu;T9.5 Kuz;ghl;Lj; jPu;T9.5 Kuz;ghl;Lj; jPu;T9.5 Kuz;ghl;Lj; jPu;T9.5 Kuz;ghl;Lj; jPu;T
(ghlNtisfs; 06)(ghlNtisfs; 06)(ghlNtisfs; 06)(ghlNtisfs; 06)(ghlNtisfs; 06)
mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;
egu;fspilNa fhzg;gLk; NtWghLfspdhy; ngUk;ghyhd re;ju;g;gq;fspy; egu;fs; rpe;jpf;Fk;>
nraw;gLk; tpjq;fSk; NtWgLk;. ,t;NtWghLfSs;s> gytifahd tpj;jpahrq;fs;
ntspg;gly;> fUj;njhUkpj;jy; ,y;yhik Nghd;w tplaq;fspdhy; Kuz;ghLfs; Vw;gLfpd;wd.
goq;fhy kdpju;;fSk; jkJ tho;tpy; ntt;NtW fl;lq;fspy; ,t;thwhd gpur;rpidfSf;F
Kfq;nfhLj;Js;sdu;. ,d;Wk; md;W NghyNt Kuz;ghLfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
vjpu;fhyj;jpYk; mt;thNw ,Uf;Fk; vd ek;gyhk;. Kuz;ghLfisj; jPu;j;jy; mwpTrhu;
nraw;ghlhFk;. NkYk; Kuz;ghl;il Mf;fG+u;tkhfj; jPu;j;Jf;nfhs;sy;> r%fk; Kd;Ndhf;fp
efu;tjw;Fk; fhuzkhFk;. kdpju;fs; FOthf> rKjhakhf khWk;NghJ fl;lhakhf
Kuz;ghLfisj; jPu;f;Fk; jpwidg; ngwNtz;Lk;.
Kuz;ghLfisj; jPu;j;Jf;nfhs;Sk;NghJ mjd; kPJ nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; fhuzpfis
,dq;fz;L gFj;jha;e;J> jPu;Tfhz Ntz;Lk;. mjw;F nefpo;r;rpAk; eLepiyAk; %d;whk;
jug;ghupd; NjitAk; epyTfpd;wJ. Nkw;gb ,zf;fg;ghl;lhsu; vg;NghJk; ,U gFjpapdUf;Fk;
ntw;wpiag; ngw;Wj; ju Ntz;Lk;. Kuz;ghl;Lj; jPu;tpd;NghJ ,lk;ngwf;$ba epiyikfs;
ehd;fhFk;.
A jug;ghu; B jug;ghu;
ntw;wp Njhy;tp
Njhy;tp ntw;wp
Njhy;tp Njhy;tp
ntw;wp ntw;wp
vg;NghJk; ,Ujuj;jhUf;Fk; ntw;wp fpl;lf;$ba jPu;T Kd;itf;fg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
Kuz;ghl;ilj; jPu;f;Fk; jpwd;fs; gw;wp khztu; kj;jpapy; Gupe;Jzu;it Vw;gLj;JtJ
,q;F vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jd;gb Gupe;Jzu;Tld;$ba nrtpkLj;jy;> Kuz;ghl;ilg;
gFg;gha;T nra;jy;> khw;Wj; jPu;Tfis ,dq;fhzy; Nghd;w cWjpg;ghlhd Jyq;fy;fisf;
fhl;Ltjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; Nghd;wtw;iw khztUf;F vLj;Jf;fhl;l Ntz;bAs;sJ.
goq;fhyj;jpypUe;J gpd;gw;wg;gLk; Kuz;ghLis ,zf;fkhf;Fk; Kiwfspd; %yk; jPu;Tfisg;
ngwTk; ,q;F mf;fiw fhl;lg;gl Ntz;Lk;. ,q;F ,zf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;Jgtuhf nraw;gl
Ntz;ba KiwiaAk; ,zf;fg;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; ,U jug;ghUk; Vw;ff;$ba jPu;itg;
ngWk; tpjj;ijAk; gw;wpa tpsf;fj;ijg; ngwf;$bathW nraw;ghLfs; jpl;lkplg;gl;Ls;sd.
,jd;gb Kuz;ghLfisj; jPu;f;Fk;NghJ %d;whk; jug;ghupd; cjtpiag; ngw;Wf;nfhz;L
,U jug;ghUk; jj;jkJ rf;jpapd; %yk; ntw;wp – ntw;wp jPu;it milaf;$ba tpjj;ijg;
gw;wp khztUf;F tpsf;fkspf;f vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
84
Nju;r ;rpNju;r ;rpNju;r ;rpNju;r ;rpNju;r ;rp ::::: Kuz;ghLfisr; rkhjhdkhd tifapy; jPu;j;Jf; nfhs;thu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk; :Nju;r;rp kl;lk; :Nju;r;rp kl;lk; :Nju;r;rp kl;lk; :Nju;r;rp kl;lk; : 9.5.1 Kuz;ghLfspd; jd;ikia tpsf;Fthu;.
9.5.2 jilfis ntw;wp nfhz;L Kuz;ghLfisj; jPu;f;f Kidthu;.
ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;
Kuz;ghLfisj; jPu ;j;jy;Kuz;ghLfisj; jPu ;j;jy;Kuz;ghLfisj; jPu ;j;jy;Kuz;ghLfisj; jPu ;j;jy;Kuz;ghLfisj; jPu ;j;jy;
fUj;Jf;fspd; gy;tifik fhuzkhf my;yJ r%f Vw;wj;jho;Tfspdhy; ,U egu;fs;
my;yJ ,U jug;ghu; kj;jpapy; Vw;gLk; fUj;J NtWghl;L epiy fhuzkhf Kuz;ghLfs;
Njhd;Wfpd;wd.
Kuz;ghl;bd; jd;ikia ,dq;fhzy;Kuz;ghl;bd; jd;ikia ,dq;fhzy;Kuz;ghl;bd; jd;ikia ,dq;fhzy;Kuz;ghl;bd; jd;ikia ,dq;fhzy;Kuz;ghl;bd; jd;ikia ,dq;fhzy;
fUj;Jf;fs;> kdg;ghq;Ffs; Mfpad fhuzkhf Vw;gLk; Kuz;ghLfspd; jd;ikiaAk;
r%f Vw;wj;jho;Tfspdhy; Vw;glf;$ba Kuz;ghLfspd; jd;ikiaAk; ,dq;fhzy;.
Kuz;ghL vd;gij tptupj;jy;Kuz;ghL vd;gij tptupj;jy;Kuz;ghL vd;gij tptupj;jy;Kuz;ghL vd;gij tptupj;jy;Kuz;ghL vd;gij tptupj;jy;
fhuzq;fs; - jdp egupd; fUj;Jf;fspilNa NtWghLfs; my;yJ r%f Vw;wj;jho;Tfspd;
ngWNgwhf gue;jstpy; Kuz;ghLfs; Vw;gl VJthFk; fhuzq;fshfg;
gFg;gha;T nra;a KbAk;.
gz;;Gfs; - cs Kuz;ghLfs; fhuzkhf Vw;gLk; neUf;fpil NghyNt jpBu; Nfhgk;>
vupr;ry;> fLQ; nrhw;gpuNahfk;> VidNahu; kPJ clw;gyj;ijg; gpuNahfpj;jy;
Nghd;wd.
Kuz;ghLfisj; jPu;g;gjw;fhd jilfs;Kuz;ghLfisj; jPu;g;gjw;fhd jilfs;Kuz;ghLfisj; jPu;g;gjw;fhd jilfs;Kuz;ghLfisj; jPu;g;gjw;fhd jilfs;Kuz;ghLfisj; jPu;g;gjw;fhd jilfs;
fLk; Nghf;F fLk; Nghf;F fLk; Nghf;F fLk; Nghf;F fLk; Nghf;F - xU jug;ghupd; fLikahd Nghf;fpd; fhuzkhf kw;iwa jug;ghiu
myl;rpak; nra;jy;.
xNu jPu;tpy; jq;fpapUj;jy;Nu jPu;tpy; jq;fpapUj;jy;Nu jPu;tpy; jq;fpapUj;jy;Nu jPu;tpy; jq;fpapUj;jy;Nu jPu;tpy; jq;fpapUj;jy; - xNu jPu;tpd; kPJ jq;fpapUe;J kw;iwa jug;ghupd; Njitfis
myl;rpak; nra;jy;.
kw;iwa jug;ghiu Njhy;tpailar; nra;J jhk; ntw;wp ngw KaYjy;.
kw;iwa jug;ghupd; fUj;Jf;fisAk; NjitfisAk; ftdj;jpyLf;fhJ jkJ jug;gpdiu
khj;jpuk; ntw;wpailar; nra;a topg;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; Nkhjy; epiy cUthf toptFj;jy;.
Kuz;ghL jPu;g;gjd; nghJthd ,ay;;Gfis ,dq;fhzy;Kuz;ghL jPu;g;gjd; nghJthd ,ay;;Gfis ,dq;fhzy;Kuz;ghL jPu;g;gjd; nghJthd ,ay;;Gfis ,dq;fhzy;Kuz;ghL jPu;g;gjd; nghJthd ,ay;;Gfis ,dq;fhzy;Kuz;ghL jPu;g;gjd; nghJthd ,ay;;Gfis ,dq;fhzy;
njhlu;ghly; - gaDs;s njhlu;ghlypd; %yk; ,uz;L gFjpapdUk; jkJ fUj;Jf;fisAk;
nfhs;iffisAk; njspthf Kd;itj;jy;.
85
khw;Wj; jPu;Tfisg; ngw Kidjy; - xNu jPu;tpy; jq;fpapUg;gpd; $Lkhdtiu khw;Wj;
jPu;itf; fhz KaYjy;.
xj;jhir – Kuz;ghL njhlu;ghd ,U jug;ghupdJk; fUj;Jf;fspYk; NjitfspYk;
cs;s epahaj;jpidAk; nghUj;jg;ghl;ilAk; ,dq;fz;L khw;W jPu;Tfisg; ngWtjw;fhf
xUtUf;nfhUtu; xj;jhir toq;fy;.
,uz;L jug;ghUk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sf;$ba jPu;it miljy;. ntw;wp – ntw;wp jPu;it Nehf;fp
,Ujuj;jhUk; nrd;wila KbAkhf ,Uj;jy;> Kuz;ghL jPu;j;jypd; ntw;wpahf
mikAkhifahy; ,Ujug;ghUk; jpUg;jpAwy;.
Kuz;ghL jPu;f;Fk; jpwd;fs;Kuz;ghL jPu;f;Fk; jpwd;fs;Kuz;ghL jPu;f;Fk; jpwd;fs;Kuz;ghL jPu;f;Fk; jpwd;fs;Kuz;ghL jPu;f;Fk; jpwd;fs;
Gupe;Jzu;Tld;$ba nrtpkLj;jy;> Kuz;ghl;il gFg;gha;T nra;jy;> khw;W jPu;Tfis
,dq;fhzy;> cWjpg;ghlhd Jyq;fypd; %yk; ,Ujuj;jhUk; ntw;wp – ntw;wp jPu;it
mz;kpf;fr; nra;aKbAkhf ,Uj;jy;.
,zf;fg;ghl;il mwpKfQ;nra;jy;.,zf;fg;ghl;il mwpKfQ;nra;jy;.,zf;fg;ghl;il mwpKfQ;nra;jy;.,zf;fg;ghl;il mwpKfQ;nra;jy;.,zf;fg;ghl;il mwpKfQ;nra;jy;.
Kuz;ghL jPu;tpw;fhf %d;whk; jug;ghupd; cjtpiag; ngwy;.
,q;F fl;lisaply;> tw;GWj;jy;> jz;lid mspj;jy; Mfpad ,lk;ngwkhl;lhJ.
Kuz;ghl;Lld; njhlu;Gila ,uz;L jug;ghiuAk; jkJ Kuz;ghl;ilj; jPu;j;Jf;nfhs;s
rupahd jPu;itj; jk;kplkpUe;Nj ngw;Wf;nfhs;s tha;g;G toq;fy;. ,zf;fg;ghl;lhsu;
,Ujug;ghUk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; gf;fr;rhu;gw;wtuhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
Kuz;ghl;il EZfp Muha;jYk; ,q;F eilngWk;. ,zf;fg;ghl;lhsu; ,uz;L jug;ghiuAk;
mZfp jdpj;jdpahf ciuahLy; Ntz;Lk;.
khw;Wj; jPu;it Kd;itf;f ,U jug;ghiuAk; J}z;Ljy;> ,Ujug;ghUk; Vw;wf;nfhs;Sk;
jPu;it Kd;itf;fr; re;ju;g;gk; toq;fy; vd;gd ,lk;ngWk;.
rkhjhdkhd Kiwapy; gpur;rpidfisj; jPu;g;gjw;fhf ,jd; %yk; topfhl;lg;gLfpd;wJ.
86
9.5.19.5.19.5.19.5.19.5.1 nraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghL
Nju;r ;r pNju ;r ;r pNju ;r ;r pNju ;r ;r pNju ;r ;r p : -: -: -: -: - Kuz;ghLfisr; rkhjhdkhd tifapy; jPu;j;Jf; nfhs;thu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk; : -: -: -: -: - Kuz;ghLfspd; jd;ikia tpsf;Fthu;.
nraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghL : -: -: -: -: - ntw;wp - ntw;wp jPu;T
Neuk;Neuk;Neuk;Neuk;Neuk; : -: -: -: -: - 40 epkplq;fs;
ju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPL :- :- :- :- :- � ,izg;G 9.5.1.1 Nkhjiyf; fhl;Lk; khjpupAU
� ,izg;G 9.5.1.2 FOr; nraw;ghL
� bik jhs; - gpup];ly; Nghl;
� epwg; Ngdh
fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghL
gb 9.5.1.1gb 9.5.1.1gb 9.5.1.1gb 9.5.1.1gb 9.5.1.1
� Kuz;ghL vd;w nrhy;iy fUk;gyifapy; vOjp mJ njhlu;ghd rpe;jidf; fpsu;Tld;
$ba fye;Jiuahliy elhj;jTk;.
� khztupd; fUj;Jf;fspd; JizAld; gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; Nknyof;$bathW
fye;JiuahLq;fs;.
Kuz;ghL vd;gJ
- egupDs;
- ,U egu;fspilNa
my;yJ
- $ba vz;zpf;ifahNdhu; kj;jpapy;
my;yJ
- ,uz;L FOf;fspilNa
- gy FOf;fspilNa
Fwpj;j re;ju;g;gk; / Fwpj;j epfo;T njhlu;ghf fUj;njhw;Wikapd;ikahy; Vw;gLk;
elj;ij khw;wkhFk;.
F ,t;thwhd Kuz;ghl;Lr; re;ju;g;gq;fs;/ Ngjq;fs; Njitfis epiwNtw;w
Kw;gLk;NghJk; / jkf;F Vw;glf;$ba gak; / re;Njfk; / Iak; / mePjp Mfpatw;iw
,y;yhkw; nra;a Kw;gLk;NghJk; Vw;gLfpd;wd.
F MfNt vy;yh Kuz;ghl;Lr; re;ju;g;gq;fspd;NghJk; Njitfs; / gak; vd;gtw;iwf;
fhzyhk;.
87
F Kuz;ghl;by; <LgLgtu;fs; “jug;ghu;” vd miof;fg;gLtu;.
F Kuz;ghl;ilj; jPu;g;gjhapd; jug;ghupd; NjitiaAk; mr;rq;fisAk; ed;F tpsq;fpf;
nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
F Kuz;ghl;by; gq;FngWk; jug;ghupd; NjitiaAk; gaj;ijAk; ePq;fs; khztUf;F
topfhl;Lk; tifapy; ,izg;G 9.5.1.1 ,y; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;s khjpupiag; gad;gLj;jp
fUk;gyifapy; fl;bnaOg;Gq;fs;.
(10 epkplq;fs;)
gb 9.5.1.2gb 9.5.1.2gb 9.5.1.2gb 9.5.1.2gb 9.5.1.2
� tFg;gpYs;s khztupd; vz;zpf;iff;fika rpW FOf;fshf;fTk;.
� 9.5.1.2 ,izg;gpy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sthW nraw;ghLfspy; khztiu <LgLj;jTk;.
� FOf;fSf;Fj; jug;gl;l Kuz;ghl;Lr; re;ju;g;gj;ij FOf; fye;Jiuahly; %yk;
tpsq;fpf;nfhs;s FOf;fSf;F mwpTiu toq;fTk;.
� gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; Nknyof;$bathW FOtpy; fye;JiuahLq;fs;.
i. Kuz;ghL Vw;gl;bUg;gJ vjdhy;?
ii. mk;Kuz;ghl;ilg; nghUj;jkhd ngaupdhy; mwpKfQ; nra;f.
iii. Kuz;ghl;by; gq;Nfw;Fk; jug;gpdu; ahtu;?
iv. jug;gpdupd; Njitfs; ahit?
v. jug;gpdupd; gak; ahJ?
vi. nghUj;jkhd khjpupAUtpd; %yk; jug;gpdupd; NjitfisAk; tFg;gpy;
rku;g;gpAq;fs;.
(20 epkplq;fs;)
gb 9.5.1.3gb 9.5.1.3gb 9.5.1.3gb 9.5.1.3gb 9.5.1.3
� xt;nthU FOtpdJk; tpilfisr; rku;g;gpf;fr; nra;aTk;.
� xt;nthU FOTk; jk; tpili\fisr; rku;g;gpj;j gpd; mJgw;wp Vida FOf;fspd;
fUj;Jf;fSld; gpd;D}l;lYf;F tha;g;gspf;fTk;.
� vy;yhf; FOf;fSk; tpilfisr; rku;g;gpj;J rk;ge;jg;gl;l gpd;D}l;liyg; ngw;w gpd;du;
gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; Nknyof;$bathW KOr; nraw;ghLk; Fwpj;j kPsha;it elhj;jTk;.
F Nkhjiy glj;jpd; %yk; fhl;Ltij / Kuz;ghl;Lg;glk; vd miof;fg;gLk;.
F ,t;thWKuz;ghl;ilg; gFg;gha;e;J jug;gpdupd; Njitfis / mr;rq;fis
,dq;fhZjy; Kuz;ghl;by; gq;Nfw;gtupdhy; nra;aKbAk;.
F vt;thwhapDk; Kuz;ghl;il mjpy; gq;Fgw;Wk; juj;jpdu; my;yhj NtW egu;fs;
gFg;gha;jy; gad;kpf;fJk; fUj;Js;sJkhFk;.
F Kuz;ghl;ilg; gFg;gha;jw;fhf gy;NtW tpjkhd khjpupAUf;fs; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.
F vy;yhj; juj;jpduJk; Njitfis KbAkhdtiu epiwNtw;wTk; gag;gPjpfis
KbAkhdtiu Fiwf;fTk; ,t;thwhd gFg;gha;Tfs; %yk; KbAk;.
F ,r;nraw;ghL ntw;wp – ntw;wpj; jPu;it Nehf;fpr; nry;yg; gad;gLk;.
(10 epkplq;fs;)
88
fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk;fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk;fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk;fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk;fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk;
� Kuz;ghL vd;why; vd;d vd;W fUj;Jiug;ghu;.
� Kuz;ghl;Lg; gFg;gha;T ntw;wp - ntw;wpj; jPu;tpd; ghy; <Lglf; fhuzkhFk; vd
Vw;Wf;nfhs;thu;.
� Kuz;ghl;Lr; re;ju;g;gq;fis gpioapd;wp gFg;gha;thu;.
� FOr; nraw;ghl;by; Cf;fj;Jld; <LgLthu;.
� FOr; nraw;ghl;il Mf;fG+u;tkhfr; rku;g;gpg;ghu;.
gpd;njhlu; Ntiyfs;gpd;njhlu; Ntiyfs;gpd;njhlu; Ntiyfs;gpd;njhlu; Ntiyfs;gpd;njhlu; Ntiyfs;
ePq;fs; Kfq;nfhLj;j Kuz;ghl;Lr; re;ju;g;gnkhd;iw Qhgfg;gLj;Jq;fs;. ,e;j Kuz;ghL
Vw;gl cq;fs; vj;Njitfs;> mr;rq;fs; fhuzkhapd vdg; gFg;gha;f. (Kuz;ghl;L
glthf;fj;jpy; <LgLf.)
89
,izg;G,izg;G,izg;G,izg;G,izg;G 9.5.1.19.5.1.19.5.1.19.5.1.19.5.1.1
Kjyhk; jug;gpdu;
Njitfs;
,uz;lhk; jug;gpdu;
Njitfs;
mr;rq;fs; mr;rq;fs;
Kuz;ghl;bd;Kuz;ghl;bd;Kuz;ghl;bd;Kuz;ghl;bd;Kuz;ghl;bd;
jd ;ikjd;ikjd;ikjd;ikjd;ik
90
,izg;G,izg;G,izg;G,izg;G,izg;G 9.5.1.29.5.1.29.5.1.29.5.1.29.5.1.2
FO 01FO 01FO 01FO 01FO 01
Fkhu;; jdJ ez;gd; Nfhghypd; tpQ;Qhd ghlj;jpw;Fj; jug;gl;l xg;gilapd; tpiliag;
ghu;j;J vOJtjw;fhf Nfl;lhd;. Nfhghy; mjidj; juKbahJ vdf; $wpdhd;. FkhUf;Fk;
NfhghYf;Fk; ,ilNa thf;Fthjk; #lhf eilngw;wJ.
FO 02FO 02FO 02FO 02FO 02
jtiz Kbtpy; eilngw;w guPl;irf;fhf gbj;Jf; nfhz;bUe;j ez;gu;fis Nehf;fp te;j
tpf;lUk; espdpAk; glnkhd;iwg; ghu;f;f tUkhW miof;fpd;wdu;. ez;gu;fs; mjid
epuhfupf;fpd;wdu;. espdpAk; tpf;lUk; kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; glk; ghu;f;f tUkhW Nfl;L
tw;GWj;Jfpd;wdu;.
FO 03FO 03FO 03FO 03FO 03
rPfpupa ghu;f;fr; nry;yj; jpl;lkpl;l xUehs; fy;tpr; Rw;Wyhtpd;NghJ gq;Nfw;f Kbahnjd
fkyh tFg;ghrpupauplk; $Wfpd;whs;. Rw;Wyhtpy; fl;lhakhfg; gq;Fgw;w Ntz;Lnkd
tFg;ghrpupau; $Wfpd;whu;. fl;lhakhf gq;Fgw;w Ntz;Lnkd Mrpupia $wpaNghJk;
jd;dhy; gq;Nfw;f Kbahnjd kWg;G $wpdhs;.
FO 04FO 04FO 04FO 04FO 04
fzpj gpur;rpdnkhd;iwj; jPu;g;gjpy; <Lgl;Ls;s %j;j rNfhjup thndhypapd; rj;jj;ijf;
Fiwf;FkhW jk;gpaplk; $Wfpwhs;. jk;gp rhiyapypUe;jgb thndhypapy; xypgug;ghFk;
rq;fPj epfo;r;rpiaf; Nfl;L nfhz;bUf;fpd;whd;. epfo;r;rpapd; rj;jj;ijf; Fiwj;J jd;dhy;
Nfl;fKbahnjd jk;gp $Wfpd;whd;.
9 . 5 . 19 . 5 . 19 . 5 . 19 . 5 . 19 . 5 . 1 ,izg;G ,izg;G ,izg;G ,izg;G ,izg;G – 1 1 1 1 1
xU khztu; Nkir> fjpiuf;fhf ,U khztu;fs; rz;il gpbf;Fk; fhl;rp.
(Kd; tupirapy;)
gpd;dzpapy; Mrpupau; Nkir fUk;gyif> Vida khztupd; fjpiu Nkir
cs;sJ.
91
9.5.29.5.29.5.29.5.29.5.2 nraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghL
Nju;r ;r pNju ;r ;r pNju ;r ;r pNju ;r ;r pNju ;r ;r p : -: -: -: -: - Kuz;ghLfisr; rkhjhd Neakhd tifapy; jPu;j;Jf;
nfhs;thu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk; : -: -: -: -: - jilfis ntw;wp nfhz;L Kuz;ghLfisj; jPu;f;f Kidthu;.
nraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghL : -: -: -: -: - xw;Wikaha; tho;Nthk; - Kuz;ghl;ilg; Gj;jpAld; jPu;g;Nghk;
Neuk;Neuk;Neuk;Neuk;Neuk; : -: -: -: -: - 40 epkplq;fs;
ju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPL :- :- :- :- :- � ,izg;G 9.5.1.2 ghj;jpuNkw;W ebf;Fk; ehlfj;jpw;F Vw;w
topfhl;ly;fs;.
� ,izg;G 9.5.2.2 - FO xg;gil
fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghL
gb 9.5.2.1gb 9.5.2.1gb 9.5.2.1gb 9.5.2.1gb 9.5.2.1
� ,izg;G 9.5.2.1 ,y; jug;gl;Ls;s ghj;jpuNkw;W ebg;gij tFg;gpy; ebj;Jf; fhl;Lq;fs;.
� Kjyhk;> ,uz;lhk; jug;ghu; vd;wthW xt;nthU ghj;jpuj;jpd; %yKk; $wg;gLfpd;w
re;ju;g;gq;fisAk; elj;ijapd; jd;ikiaAk; gw;wp tpdtpathW khztu;fspd; fUj;ijf;
NfSq;fs;.
� khztu;fspd; Jyq;fiy tpku;rd uPjpapy; mZfp RUf;fkhdnjhU ciuahliy
elj;Jq;fs;.
F KjyhtJ ghj;jpuk; %u;f;fj;jdkhd elj;ijiaAk;> jho;ikahd elj;ijiaAk;
fhl;Lfpd;wJ.
F ,uz;lhtJ ghj;jpuk; %yk; xUtUf;nfhUtu; kjpg;gspj;J ciuahLk; jd;ik
ntspf;fhl;lg;gLfpd;wJ.
F mt;thwhd elj;j rupahd elj;ij my;yJ cWjpg;ghlhd elj;ij vdg;gLk;.
F %u;f;fj;jdkhd elj;ijAk; jho;ikahd elj;ijAk; Kuz;ghLfSf;Ff;
fhuzkhFk;. rupahd elj;ij my;yJ epiyahd elj;ij %yk; Kuz;ghLfs;
jtpu;f;fg;gl;L> Vw;gl;l Kuz;ghl;il rkhjhdkhfj; jPu;j;Jf;nfhs;s VJthFk;.
F rkhjhdj;ij tpUk;Ggtuhtjw;Fk; RKfkhfr; nraw;gLk; r%fnkhd;iw
cUthf;fTk; rkhjhdkhf Kuz;ghLfisj; jPu;j;Jf;nfhs;sTk; Kuz;ghLfs;
Vw;gLtijj; jtpu;j;Jf;nfhs;sTk; cWjpg;ghlhd elj;ijia my;yJ rupahd
elj;ijiag; gofpf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
(10 epkplq;fs;)
gb 9.5.2.2gb 9.5.2.2gb 9.5.2.2gb 9.5.2.2gb 9.5.2.2
� khztu;fspd; vz;zpf;iff;Nfw;g mtu;fisf; FOf;fshf cUthf;Fq;fs;.
� ,izg;G 9.5.2.2 ,y; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sthW FOf;fis <LgLj;Jq;fs;.
� xUtUf;F $Wtij vt;thW nrtpkLf;f Ntz;Lk;> xUtUld; vt;thW NgrNtz;Lk;
vd;gtw;Wf;F topfhl;Lk; mwpTiuj; njhFjpnahd;iwj; jahupg;gjpy; khztiu
<LgLj;Jq;fs;.
(20 epkplq;fs;)
92
gb 9.5.2.3gb 9.5.2.3gb 9.5.2.3gb 9.5.2.3gb 9.5.2.3
� FOr; rku;g;gpj;jYf;F tha;g;G toq;Fq;fs;.
� xU FO rku;g;gpf;Fk; tplak; gw;wp fUj;J $w Vida FOf;fSf;Fk; tha;g;gspf;fTk;.
(Neuj;ij jf;fthW gad;gLj;Jf.)
� FOtpd; tpilgw;wp Vida FOf;fspd; fUj;ijf; Nfl;lthW gpd;D}l;ly; toq;f
tha;g;ig Vw;gLj;Jq;fs;.
� gpd;tUk; tplaq;fis ikag;gLj;jp kPsha;itr; nra;aTk;.
� %u;f;fkhd elj;ijiaf; nfhz;buhjpUj;jYk; jho;thf ,y;yhjpUj;jYk; rupahd/
cWjpg;ghlhd elj;ijiag; goFtJk; mtrpakhFk;.
� ed;elj;ijia> rupahd elj;ij / cWjpg;ghlhd elj;ij vd;gu;.
� cWjpahd Ngr;R> mtjhdj;Jld;$ba nrtpkLj;jy; / rupahd Ngr;R> rupahd
nrtpkLj;jy; vd Nkw;gb ed;elj;ij miof;fg;gLk;.
� rupahd njhlu;ghly; vdTk; ,e;epiy ngau;ngWk;.
� Kuz;ghLfisj; jtpu;f;fTk;> Vw;gl;l Kuz;ghLfisr; rkhjhdkhfj; jPu;f;fTk;
cWjpg;ghlhd my;yJ cupathwhd elj;ij fhuzkhFk;.
� mt;thwhd jPu;T ntw;wp - ntw;wpj; jPu;thf miof;fg;gLk;.
� rupahd Ngr;Rf;F rupahd Nfl;lYf;F gofpapUg;gpd; mjpy; <LgLtjhapd; Kuz;ghl;ilf;
Fiwj;J mtw;iwj; jPu;f;f KbAk;. Vw;gl;l Nkhjiy R%fkhfj; jPu;f;f KbAk;.
� ,Jgw;wp mwpe;j khztu;fs; rkhjhdj;ij tpUk;Ggtu;fshtjw;F cWjpg;ghlhd elj;ijg;
gz;Gfisg; ngwNtz;Lk;.
(10 epkplq;fs;)
fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPl;L epajpfSk;fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPl;L epajpfSk;fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPl;L epajpfSk;fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPl;L epajpfSk;fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPl;L epajpfSk;
� jho;ikahd> %u;f;fj;jdkhd> cWjpg;ghlhd elj;ijf; Nfhyq;fspd; gz;Gfis
tptupg;ghu;.
� cWjpg;ghlhd elj;ijg; gz;G rkhjhdk; tpUk;Gk; egupd; Fzg;gz;ngd Vw;Wf;nfhs;thu;.
� gy;tif elj;ijg; gz;Gfisj; jdpj;jdpahf vOjpf;fhl;Lthu;. (ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.)
� FOtpDs; cWjpg;ghlhd elj;ijiaf; nfhz;bUg;ghu;.
� cWjpg;ghlhd elj;ijg; gz;GfSld; / VidNahUld; ,zf;fkhfr; nraw;gLthu;.
gpd;njhlu; Ntiyfs;gpd;njhlu; Ntiyfs;gpd;njhlu; Ntiyfs;gpd;njhlu; Ntiyfs;gpd;njhlu; Ntiyfs;
“ehk; cWjpg;ghl;Lld; xOFNthk;” vDk; jiyg;gpy; gj;jpupiff;Ff; fl;Liunahd;iw
tiuf. (500 nrhw;fSf;F Nkw;glhjthW)
93
,izg;G,izg;G,izg;G,izg;G,izg;G 9.5.2.19.5.2.19.5.2.19.5.2.19.5.2.1
� khztu; xUtupDs; %u;f;fj;jdkhf elj;ijf; NfhyKk; ,d;DnkhU khztUs;
jho;ikahd elj;ijf; Nfhyj;ijAk; nfhz;ljhff; fUj;Jf;fs; ntspg;gLkhW khztu;
,Utiuf; nfhz;L ebj;Jf; fhl;lnyhd;wpy; <LgLj;jTk;.
� ,jidj; njhlu;e;J khztu; ,Utiuf; nfhz;L mtu;fspilNa xUtUf;nfhUtu;
nrtpkLf;Fk; kjpg;Gld; ciuahly; elj;ijAk; nfhz;ljhd ebj;Jf;fhl;liyAk;
nra;tpf;fTk;.
,izg;G 9.5.2.2,izg;G 9.5.2.2,izg;G 9.5.2.2,izg;G 9.5.2.2,izg;G 9.5.2.2
nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk; - 01nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk; - 01nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk; - 01nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk; - 01nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk; - 01
� vupr;ry; / fUj;J NtWghL / Nkhjy; Vw;glhjthW ele;Jnfhs;tjw;Nfw;w mwpTWj;jy;
njhFjpnahd;iwj; jahupf;fTk;.
� xUtUf;Fr; nrtpkLg;gJ vt;thW? xUtUld; ciuahLtJ vt;thW? vDk; ,U
gpupTfisAk; cupa tpjkhf mwpTWj;jy; njhFjpAs; Nru;j;Jf;nfhs;sTk;.
94
9.5.39.5.39.5.39.5.39.5.3 nraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghL
Nju;r ;r pNju ;r ;r pNju ;r ;r pNju ;r ;r pNju ;r ;r p : -: -: -: -: - Kuz;ghLfisr; rkhjhdkhd tifapy; jPu;j;Jf; nfhs;thu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk; : -: -: -: -: - jilfis ntw;wpnfhz;L Kuz;ghLfisj; jPu;f;f Kidthu;.
nraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghL : -: -: -: -: - “ve;j xU Kuz;ghl;Lf;Fk; jPu;T xd;Wz;L”
Neuk;Neuk;Neuk;Neuk;Neuk; : -: -: -: -: - 40 epkplq;fs;
ju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPL :- :- :- :- :- � ,izg;G 9.5.3.1 - epfo;Tf; fw;if cs;slq;fpa glk;
fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghL
gb 9.5.3.1gb 9.5.3.1gb 9.5.3.1gb 9.5.3.1gb 9.5.3.1
� khztuplk; ciuahbathW mtu;fs; rpWguhaj;jpy; Nfl;Ls;s thndhypg; ghlyhd
rpd;dg; ngz;zhd NghjpNy vd;w ghliyg; ghl tha;g;gspf;fTk;.
i. khztUld; ciuahlypy; <Lgl;lthW mg;ghlypy; tUk; ghj;jpuq;fisg; gw;wpf; Nfl;fTk;.
ii. ghlypy; tUk; Nkhjy; gw;wp khztUld; tpdtTk;.
iii. mtu;fs; Nkhjiyj; jPu;j;j tpjj;ij tpdtTk;.
iv. ,jpy; tUk; xU ghj;jpuk; ele;Jnfhz;l tpjj;ij khztuplk; tpdtTk;. gpd;tUk;
fUj;Jf;fs; NknyOk; tpjkhff; fye;JiuahlTk;.
� ,zf;fg;gLj;Jk;NghJ Kuz;ghLfisj; jPu;g;gjw;fhd %d;whk; jug;gpd; cjtpiag;
ngwy; eilngWk;.
� ,zf;fg;gLj;Jk;NghJ FOthf my;yJ jdpahf ,zf;fg;gLj;Jk; nraw;ghl;by; <Lgl
KbAk;.
� ,zf;fg;ghl;lhsu; ,Ujuj;jhUk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sf;$batuhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
� ,zf;fg;ghl;bd;NghJ jPu;it gpur;rpidf;F cs;shdtu;fsplkpUe;J ngwNtz;Lk;.
� fl;lhag;gLj;jy; my;yJ jPu;tspj;jy; eilngwkhl;lhJ.
� ,Ujuj;jhUk; ntw;wp - ntw;wp Kbit mila Ntz;Lk;.
(05 epkplq;fs;)
gb 9.5.3.2gb 9.5.3.2gb 9.5.3.2gb 9.5.3.2gb 9.5.3.2
� tFg;ig 03 FOf;fshfg; gpupf;fTk;.
� ,izg;G 9.5.3.4 ,y; cs;slq;Fk; rk;gtf; fw;if gbtj;ij FOf;fspilNa gfpu;e;J
nfhLf;fTk;.
� rk;gtj;ijf; fw;W jPu;itf; fhz;gjw;F tha;g;G mspf;fTk;.
(15 epkplq;fs;)
gb 9.5.3.3gb 9.5.3.3gb 9.5.3.3gb 9.5.3.3gb 9.5.3.3
� khztupd; rk;gtf; fw;if %yk; ngw;w tpilfis tFg;gpy; rku;g;gpf;f tha;g;gspf;fTk;.
� Vida FOf;fspd; fUj;Jf;fisAk; tpdtTk;.
� rupahd jPu;it> Nahridia kjpf;fTk;.
� gpd;tUk; fUj;Jf;fs; NknyOk; tpjkhf kPsha;T nra;aTk;.
95
fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPl;L epajpfSk;fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPl;L epajpfSk;fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPl;L epajpfSk;fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPl;L epajpfSk;fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPl;L epajpfSk;
� Kuz;ghl;Lj; jPu;T vd;gd tiutpyf;fzQ; nra;thu;.
� Kuz;ghl;Lj; jPu;tpd;NghJ ,zf;fg;ghl;bd; %yk; rupahd jPu;itg; ngUk;ghYk;
milayhk; vd Vw;W fUj;Jf; $Wthu;.
� ,zf;fg;ghl;lhsuhf MNyhridfisAk; fUj;Jf;fisAk; Kd;itg;ghu;/ vOjpf;
fhl;Lthu;.
� jkJ MSikapd; %yk; Kuz;ghl;Lj; jPu;tpw;fhf ,Uf;fNtz;ba rpwe;j gz;Gfis
ntspf;fhl;Lthu;.
� Kuz;ghl;Lj; jPu;T jpwd;fis fhl;rpg;gLj;Jthu;. (khw;W jPu;Tfis mz;kpj;jy;>
cWjpg;ghL> Gupe;Jzu;Tld; nrtpkLj;jy;> Kuz;ghLfis tptupj;jy;.)
,izg;G 9.5.3.1,izg;G 9.5.3.1,izg;G 9.5.3.1,izg;G 9.5.3.1,izg;G 9.5.3.1
gpd;tUk; rk;gtk; mlq;Fk; gbtj;ij khztu;fs; kj;jpapy; tpepNahfpf;fTk;.
nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk; - 01nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk; - 01nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk; - 01nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk; - 01nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk; - 01
thfPrDk; kjpthzDk; rNfhjuu;fs;. jkJ tPLfSf;fpilNaAs;s gyhkuj;jpd; cupik
njhlu;ghf vOe;j thf;Fthjk; ,Wjpapy; rr;ruthf khwpaJ. ,jdhy; ,UtUk; ,g;NghJ
xUtUld; xUtu; Ngrpf;nfhs;tjpy;iy.
,q;F ,zf;fg;ghl;lhsuhf ,jw;fhd jPu;it Kd;itf;Fk; tpjj;ij fye;Jiuahb
vOJq;fs;.
nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk; 2.nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk; 2.nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk; 2.nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk; 2.nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk; 2.
NkdfhTk; jkae;jpAk; xNu tFg;gpy; fw;Fk; neUq;fpa ez;gpfs;. ,tu;fs; ,k;Kiw
(rh/j) guPl;irf;Fk; Njhw;Wfpd;wdu;.
jdJ fzpj nray;E}y; fhzhky; NghAs;sJ vd;Wk; jkae;jpaplk; ,Ug;gJ jdJ
E}y; vd;Wk; Nkdfh $Wfpd;whs;. Nkdfhtpd; Gj;jfj;ij fhztpy;iy vd;W jkae;jp
$Wfpwhs;. ,tu;fspilNa Vw;gl;l thf;Fthjk; ,Wjpapy; rr;rutpy; KbTw;wJ. ,q;F
,zf;fg;ghl;lhsuhf ckJ FOtpdUf;F jPu;g;G toq;f cjtf;$ba tpjj;ijf;
fye;JiuahLf.
� ,zf;fg;ghl;lhsu; Kuz;gl;ltu;fs; jkJ Kuz;ghl;ilj; jPu;g;gjw;F jj;jkJ
Mw;wy;fisg; gw;wp ,dq;fhzr; nra;ag;glNtz;Lk;.
� ,zf;fg;ghl;bd; %yk; fl;lhag;gLj;jy; my;yJ Kbitj; jpzpj;jy; eilngwhJ
rupahd jPu;it Nehf;fp gazpf;f Kay Ntz;Lk;.
� ,zf;fg;ghl;lhsu; jdpj;jdpahf jug;gpdUld; fye;Jiuahl Ntz;Lk;.
� khw;W jPu;Tfisj; Njbg;ngw;W ,uz;L jug;gpUk; ntw;wp - ntw;wp jPu;it mila
tha;g;G Vw;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.
(20 epkplq;fs;)
96
myF 9.6myF 9.6myF 9.6myF 9.6myF 9.6
NtiyAyfpw;Fj; jahuhtu;NtiyAyfpw;Fj; jahuhtu;NtiyAyfpw;Fj; jahuhtu;NtiyAyfpw;Fj; jahuhtu;NtiyAyfpw;Fj; jahuhtu;(ghlNtisfs; 04)(ghlNtisfs; 04)(ghlNtisfs; 04)(ghlNtisfs; 04)(ghlNtisfs; 04)
mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;ehl;bd; capu;ehbahd ,sQ; re;jjpapdu; ehl;L mgptpUj;jpapd; J}z;fshtu;. ,ilepiy
tFg;Gf;fspy; fw;Fk; khztu;fs; FWfpa fhyj;Js; ghlrhiyia tpl;Lk; tpyfp
r%fj;jpy; gpuNtrpg;gu;;. Ntiy cyfpDs; gpuNtrpf;Fk; ,tu;fs; Ntiy cyF gw;wp
mwpe;jpUg;gJk; mjid Kd;$l;bNa rpe;jpj;Jg; ghu;j;jpUj;jYk; mtrpak;. ,jw;F
tFg;giwapy; gaDs;s rpy gapw;rpfspy; <LgLjy; mtrpak;. ,q;F gy;NtW gz;Gfis
tsu;j;Jf;nfhs;sy; mtrpakhFk;. njhopnyhd;iwg; Guptjw;Fj; Njitahd
kdg;ghq;Ffis tsu;j;Jf;nfhs;sTk; Ntz;Lk; vd vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpwJ. khztu;>
jkJ Mw;wy;fs;> jpwd;fs; kw;Wk; tpUg;G> ntWg;GfSf;Nfw;w njhopnyhd;iwj;
Nju;e;njLj;J mjw;Fg; nghUj;jkhd njhopiy ,yf;fhf;fpf; nfhs;sTk; gpd;dzpj;
juTfis Ma;T nra;aTk;> Njitahd topfhl;liyAk; mjd;%yk; tsu;j;njLg;gJk;
,q;F vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,tw;wpd; %yk; jha;ehl;bw;Fg; gaDs;s gq;fspg;igr;
nra;a mtu;fshy; KbAk;.
khztu;fSf;F mtu;fsJ jpwikfs;> tpUg;G> ntWg;Gf;fs;> gpwtp Mw;wy;fs;
Nghd;wtw;iw ,dq;fhzr; nra;tJk; jkJ Mw;wy;fs;> tpUg;G> ntWg;Gf;fs;
Nghd;wtw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; jkf;F kpfTk; nghUj;jkhd njhopy; ahnjd Nju;e;njLf;f
Cf;Ftpj;jYk; mtrpakhdJ.
Nju;r;rp 9.6Nju;r;rp 9.6Nju;r;rp 9.6Nju;r;rp 9.6Nju;r;rp 9.6 Ntiy cyfpw;Fj; jahuhtu;
Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;
9.6.1 gy;NtW njhopw; Jiwfis ,dq;fz;L jkJ Mw;wy;fSf;F Vw;g tpUg;gkhd
njhopnyhd;iwj; Nju;e;njLg;gjw;F Kidthu;.
9.6.2 njhopy; mgptpUj;jpf;Fj; Njitahd kdg;ghq;if tsu;j;Jf; nfhs;thu;.
ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;
• Ntiy cyFNtiy cyFNtiy cyFNtiy cyFNtiy cyF
r%fk; njhlu;e;J Kd;Ndhf;fpr; nry;yj; Njitahd gy;NtW gzpfs;> njhopy;fs;
kw;Wk; Ntiyfs; Nghd;wtw;why; epuk;gp cs;sJ. fy;tp fw;W ghlrhiyapypUe;J
ntspNaWk; vy;yh khztUk; Ntiy cyfpDs; gpuNtrpf;fpd;wdu;. jkJ tho;f;ifia
nfhz;Lnry;yj; Njitahd njhopnyhd;wpNyh> Ntiynahd;wpNyh xt;nthUtUk;
<Lgl Ntz;Lk;.
tho;f;iff;fhfj; njhopnyhd;iwj; Nju;e;njLf;Fk;NghJ ahtUk; jkJ mwpT rhu;e;j>
tpUg;G> ntWg;G> cs;shu;e;j Mw;wy; Nghd;wtw;iw ,dq;fz;L njhopnyhd;iw
Nju;e;njLg;gjd; %yk; gaDs;s eguhFk; mNj rkak; gaDWjpAs;s Nritia
r%fj;jpw;F Mw;wTk; mtu;fshy; KbAk;.
jhk; Nju;e;njLf;Fk; njhopYf;Fj; Njitahd jifikfisAk; gapw;rpfisAk;
ngWtjd; %yk; jpUg;jpahd njhopy; thz;ikahsuhtjw;Fk; tha;g;G fpilf;Fk;.
MfNt njhopw;gapw;rp epWtdq;fs; gw;wpf; ftdk; nrYj;JtJk; mtrpakhFk;.
xUtuJ Ntiy my;yJ njhopy;> murJiw> jdpahu;Jiw my;yJ Ranjhopyhf
mikaf; $Lk;. mjid tpidj;jpwDlDk; gaDWjpAlDk; mu;g;gzpg;GlDk; nra;jy;
mtrpakhFk;. NkYk; gz;lq;fspd; cw;gj;jpapd;NghJk; Nritfis toq;Fk;NghJk;
juj;ijg; Ngzf;$bathW nraw;gLjYk; jkJ Nritia kpfr; rpwg;ghf r%fj;jpw;F
toq;f KidtJk; njhopy; thz;ikahsupd; flikahFk;.
97
nraw;ghL 9.6.1nraw;ghL 9.6.1nraw;ghL 9.6.1nraw;ghL 9.6.1nraw;ghL 9.6.1
Nju;r ;r pNju ;r ;r pNju ;r ;r pNju ;r ;r pNju ;r ;r p : -: -: -: -: - Ntiy cyfpw;Fj; jahuhtu;
Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk; : -: -: -: -: - gy;NtW njhopw;Jiwfis ,dq;fz;L jkJ Mw;wy;fSf;F
Vw;g tpUg;gkhd njhopnyhd;iwj; Nju;e;njLg;gjw;F
Kidthu;.
nraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghL : -: -: -: -: - “tpUg;gkhd njhopiyj; njupT nra;Nthk;”
Neuk;Neuk;Neuk;Neuk;Neuk; : -: -: -: -: - 40 epkplq;fs;
ju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPL :- :- :- :- :- � ,izg;G 9.6.1.1
� ,izg;G 9.6.1.2
fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghL
gb 9.6.1.1gb 9.6.1.1gb 9.6.1.1gb 9.6.1.1gb 9.6.1.1
� ,izg;G 9.6.1.1 I tFg;gpy; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jq;fs;.
� mjpYs;s glj;ij ed;F mtjhdpf;FkhW mwpTWj;Jq;fs;.
� khztUld; fye ;jhNyhr pAq ;fs ; . g pd ;tUk ; t plaq ;fis ikag ;gLj ;j p
fye;JiuahLq;fs;.
F Ntiy cyF gue;jJ. mq;F njhopy;fs; gy cz;L. fy;tp fw;w gpd;du;
Ntiy cyfpDs; gpuNtrpf;f Ntz;Lk;.
F jkJ Mw;wy;fs;> tpUg;Gf;fs;> r%fj; jpwd;fs; Mfpatw;iw ,dq;fz;L
mtw;Wf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd njhopnyhd;iw ,yf;fhff; nfhz;L nraw;gly;
mtrpak;.
F Nju;e;njLf;Fk; Ntiyf;Fj; Njitahd jifikfisAk; gapw;rpiaAk;
ngw;Wf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
(10 epkplq;fs;)
gb 9.6.1.2gb 9.6.1.2gb 9.6.1.2gb 9.6.1.2gb 9.6.1.2
� khztu;fisg; nghUj;jkhdthW FOf;fshfg; gpupf;fTk;.
� ,izg;G 9.6.1.2 I FOf;fspilNa gfpu;e;J nfhLf;fTk;.
� mjid ed;F thrpj;J mwpTWj;jYf;fika nraw;gl topg;gLj;jTk;.
(20 epkplq;fs;)
gb 9.6.1.3gb 9.6.1.3gb 9.6.1.3gb 9.6.1.3gb 9.6.1.3
� khztu; FOf;fshy; jahupf;fg;gl;l mwpf;ifia tFg;gpy; rku;g;gpf;f tha;g;gspf;fTk;.
� Vida FOf;fspd; fUj;Jf;fisAk; tpdtTk;.
98
� gpd;tUk; tplaq;fis ikag;gLj;jp njhFg;Giuia Nkw;nfhs;f.
F xt;nthUtupdJk; tpUg;Gf;fs; NtWgl;lit.
F jkJ tpUg;Gf;Nfw;w njhopnyhd;iwj; Nju;e;njLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
F Njitahd jifikfisAk; gapw;rpiaAk; ngWtjd; %yk; ,yFtpy; Ntiy
cyfpDs; gpuNtrpf;f KbAk;.
F mjdhy; njhopypd;wpf; fopf;Fk; fhyk; Fiwtile;J jpUg;jpAldhd njhopypy;
<Lgl KbAk;.
F ehl;bd; mgptpUj;jpf;Fk; jdJ jdpg;gl;l tho;f;iff;Fk; rpwg;ghd mbj;jsj;ijapl
KbAk;.
(10 epkplq;fs;)
fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPl;L epajpfSk;fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPl;L epajpfSk;fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPl;L epajpfSk;fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPl;L epajpfSk;fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPl;L epajpfSk;
� Ntiy cyfpDs; gpuNtrpf;Fk; Kd;du; gpd;gw;w Ntz;ba eilKiwfis tpsf;Fthu;.
� jkJ Mw;wy;fSf;Nfw;w njhopypy; <LgLtjd; %yk; jkf;Fk; ehl;Lf;Fk; gaDs;s
Nritapy; <Lgl KbAnkd;gij Vw;Wf;nfhs;thu;.
� jkJ tpUg;gpdbg;gilapy; njhopw;Jiwfisg; gl;baw;gLj;Jthu;.
� Ntiy cyfpd; njhopy;> Ntiyfs; gw;wp tpku;rpg;ghu;.
� Njitahd jifikfisAk; gapw;rpiaAk; ngw;W njhopy; cyfpy; gpuNtrpf;fj;
jahuhFthu;.
,izg;G 9.6.1.1,izg;G 9.6.1.1,izg;G 9.6.1.1,izg;G 9.6.1.1,izg;G 9.6.1.1
� gpd;tUkhW gy;NtW njhopy;fspy; <LgLk; njhopyhspfisf;fhl;Lk; Ntiyj;jsk;>
njhopw;rhiyapy; Ntiy nra;gtu;fs;> re;ij> Milj;njhopw;rhiyapd; Copau;fs;>
xU fil> tptrhap> fzpdpj; njhopDl;gtpayhsu;fs;> tpyq;Fg;gz;iz> Mrpupau;>
fhupahya Copau;> tpkhdp> kPd;gpbj;njhopyhsp MfpNahiuf; fhl;Lk; rpj;jpunkhd;iw
my;yJ glj;ij tFg;gpw; fhl;rpg;gLj;jTk;.
99
,izg;G 9.6.1.2,izg;G 9.6.1.2,izg;G 9.6.1.2,izg;G 9.6.1.2,izg;G 9.6.1.2 nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk;nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk;nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk;nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk;nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk;
njhopy; mgptpUj;jp kw;Wk; ifj;njhopy; mikr;rpd;njhopy; mgptpUj;jp kw;Wk; ifj;njhopy; mikr;rpd;njhopy; mgptpUj;jp kw;Wk; ifj;njhopy; mikr;rpd;njhopy; mgptpUj;jp kw;Wk; ifj;njhopy; mikr;rpd;njhopy; mgptpUj;jp kw;Wk; ifj;njhopy; mikr;rpd;
njhopy; tpUj;jp nraw;wpl;lj;jpypUe;J ngwg;gl;lJnjhopy; tpUj;jp nraw;wpl;lj;jpypUe;J ngwg;gl;lJnjhopy; tpUj;jp nraw;wpl;lj;jpypUe;J ngwg;gl;lJnjhopy; tpUj;jp nraw;wpl;lj;jpypUe;J ngwg;gl;lJnjhopy; tpUj;jp nraw;wpl;lj;jpypUe;J ngwg;gl;lJ
njhopy; ehbfs; tpUk;Gk; njhopy;fspd; ; ml;ltiznjhopy; ehbfs; tpUk;Gk; njhopy;fspd; ; ml;ltiznjhopy; ehbfs; tpUk;Gk; njhopy;fspd; ; ml;ltiznjhopy; ehbfs; tpUk;Gk; njhopy;fspd; ; ml;ltiznjhopy; ehbfs; tpUk;Gk; njhopy;fspd; ; ml;ltiz
tpUg;G tpUg;G tpUg;G tpUg;G tpUg;G njhopw;Jiwfs; njhopw;Jiwfs; njhopw;Jiwfs; njhopw;Jiwfs; njhopw;Jiwfs;
ntspf ;fsk;ntspf ;fsk;ntspf ;fsk;ntspf ;fsk;ntspf ;fsk; ,jd; nghUs; miye;J jpupe;J ntspf;fsj;jpy; Ntiynra;a
tpUk;GtjhFk;. tpyq;Ffs; guhkupg;G my;yJ gapu;r;nra;if
,j;njhFjpf;F cupj;jhFk;. tptrhak;> fhL tsu;j;jy;>
G+e;Njhl;lr; nra;if> epy msit> tpisahl;Lj;Jiw
njhopy;fs; ,j;Jiw rhu;e;j rpy njhopy;fshFk;.
g puNahfpf ;ff ;$badgpuNahfpf ;ff ;$badgpuNahfpf ;ff ;$badgpuNahfpf ;ff ;$badgpuNahfpf ;ff ;$bad ,ae;jpuq;fisj; jpUj;Jgtu;/ nraw;gLj;Jgtu;> fUtp/
cgfuzq;fisg; gad;gLj;jp Ntiy nra;gtu;fs;> tpkhdpfs;>
njhopw;rhiy Copau;fs;> ifj;njhopyhsu;fs; kw;Wk;
nghwpapayhsu;fs; ,t;tifiar; Nru;e;jtuhtu;.
tpQ;Qhd uPjpahdittpQ;Qhd uPjpahdittpQ;Qhd uPjpahdittpQ;Qhd uPjpahdittpQ;Qhd uPjpahdit Gjpa fUj;Jf;fis Njly;> mtjhdpg;G> Ma;T> nra;J ghu;j;jy;
Nghd;w tpQ;Qhd uPjpapyhd nraw;ghLfshFk;. kUj;Jtu;fs;>
Rfhjhuj;Jiwapdu;> kUe;J fyg;gtu;fs;> tpyq;fpayhsu;fs;>
gy; kUj;Jtu;fs;> ,urhadtpayhsu;fs;> ngsjpftpayhsu;fs;
,j;jifNahuhtu;.
Mf;f uPjpahditMf;f uPjpahditMf;f uPjpahditMf;f uPjpahditMf;f uPjpahdit jkJ Mf;fj;ij ntspg;gLj;jy; ,jd; fUj;jhFk;. Xtpak;>
,ir> ,yf;fpak; njhlu;ghd njhopy;fs; ,jpylq;Fk;.
Xtpaj;Jiwf;Fs;s tpUg;G> ck;kplk; fhzg;gLk; rpy
nghUl;fisj; jahupf;Fk; Mty;. mofhdtw;iw urpj;jy;>
cq;fs; maypYs;stw;iw moFgLj;jy;> myq;fupj;jy;
Mfpatw;wpD}lhf fhl;rpg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ. Xtpau;> Gifg;glf;
fiyQu;fs MfpNahu; ,j;jifNahuhtu;. ,ir Mf;fq;fs;>
eldk ; > Mly; > ghly ; Mfpad ,irj ; Jiwiar ;
Nru;e;jdthFk;. vOj;Jj;Jiw> Gj;jfq;fs; vOJjy;> epUgu;>
tpsk;guj; Jiwapdu; MfpNahUk; ,jpylq;Ftu;.
tu ;j ;jfj;Jiwtu;j ;jfj;Jiwtu;j ;jfj;Jiwtu;j ;jfj;Jiwtu;j ;jfj;Jiw kdpju;fisr; re;jpj;J mtu;fSld; ciuahLtjpy; cs;s
tpUg;G> rl;lj;Jiw> murpay;> tu;j;jf Jiwfs; ,t;tifapy;
mlq;Fk;. cy;yhrj;Jiw tu;j;jfu;fs;> fil cupikahsu;fs;>
tu;j;jfj;Jiw cau; mjpfhupfs;> Kfhikahsu;fs; ,jw;F
cjhuzq;fshFk;.
100
fhupahyak;fhupahyak;fhupahyak;fhupahyak;fhupahyak; fhupahyankhd;wpy; vOj;J Ntiyfs;> xOq;fikg;G
Ntiyfisr; rupahfr; nra;Ak; tpUg;G> jpl;lkplyhsu;;>
e pu ;thfpfs; > nrayhsu ;fs; > fhu pahya Copau ;fs; >
tuNtw ;ghsu ;fs ; > tq;f p vOJtpidQu ;fs ; > fzpdp
nraw;gLj;Jgtu;fs; MfpNahu; ,jpylq;Ftu;. fhupahya
NtiyfSf;F fzf;F gjpjy;> epjpf;fl;Lg;ghL> juT
xOq;FgLj;Jjy; Nghd;w Ntiyfspy; <LgLk; fzpdp
njhopDl;gtpayhsu;fs;> rl;lty;Ydu;fs;> nghUspayhsu;fs;
Nghd;w njhopy;fs; vd;wthWk; ,it gue;J nry;Yk;.
kf;fs; njhlu;Gkf;fs; njhlu;Gkf;fs; njhlu;Gkf;fs; njhlu;Gkf;fs; njhlu;G kdpju;fspd; eyd;Gup NtiyfSf;Fs;s tpUg;G> ,j;njhopiy
Nju;e;njLf;ff; fhuzkhFk;. Mrpupau;fs;> jhjpfs;> nghyPrhu;>
eyd;Gup mjpfhupfs;> kf;fSld; neUq;fpa njhlu;igf;
nfhz;ltu;fshtu;. tpw;gidahsu;fs;> fhrhsu;fs;> czTr;
rhiy Nrtfu;fs;> vOJtpidQu; Nghd;w njhopy; nra;gtu;fs;
,t;tifNahuhtu;.
,izg;G 9.6.1.3,izg;G 9.6.1.3,izg;G 9.6.1.3,izg;G 9.6.1.3,izg;G 9.6.1.3
ckf;Fj; jug;gl;Ls;s nrayl;ilia thrpj;J gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fSf;F tpilaspf;fTk;.
1. ,q;F jug;gl;Ls;s tpUg;Gf;Fupa Jiwiag; ngaupLf.
2. xt;nthU tpUg;Gf;Fupa Jiwiar; Nru;e;j %d;W Ntiyfisg; ngaupLf.
3. ePq;fs; kpfTk; tpUk;Gk; JiwapypUe;J xU njhopiyj; Nju;e;njLq;fs;.
4. mj;njhopiyj; Nju;e;njLg;gjw;fhd NtW fhuzq;fisr; RUf;fkhf vOJq;fs;.
101
nraw;ghL 9.6.2.1nraw;ghL 9.6.2.1nraw;ghL 9.6.2.1nraw;ghL 9.6.2.1nraw;ghL 9.6.2.1
Nju;r ;r pNju ;r ;r pNju ;r ;r pNju ;r ;r pNju ;r ;r p : -: -: -: -: - Ntiy cyfpw;Fj; jahuhtu;
Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk; : -: -: -: -: - njhopy; mgptpUj;jpf;Fj; Njitahd kdg;ghq;if tsu;j;Jf;
nfhs;thu;.
nraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghL : -: -: -: -: - “ey;y njhopy;thz;ikahsuhtjw;F xU mwpTiu”
Neuk;Neuk;Neuk;Neuk;Neuk; : -: -: -: -: - 40 epkplq;fs;
ju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPL :- :- :- :- :- � ,izg;G 9.6.2.1
� vOJjhs;fs;
fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghL
gb 9.6.2.1gb 9.6.2.1gb 9.6.2.1gb 9.6.2.1gb 9.6.2.1
� ,izg;G 9.6.2.1 ,y; Fwpg;gplg;gl;l ghj;jpuj;ij tFg;giwapy; ebj;Jf;fhl;LkhW
khztu;fSf;F mwpTiu toq;Ff.
� mg;ghj;jpuq;fspy; nrhy;yg;gl;ljd;gb gpd;tUk; tplaq;fisf; fUj;jpw;nfhz;L
fye;Jiuahliy Nkw;nfhs;sTk;.
F rpwe;j njhopy;thz;ikahsuplj;jpNy cs;s gz;Gfs; gy.
cjhuzk; :-
� tpidj;jpwd;> tpisjpwd;> njhopy;gw;W> mu;g;gzpg;G> flikfis
epiwNtw;wy;.
� tpidj;jpwDld; jd; njhopypy; <Lgly; mtrpak;. mj;Jld; mjdhy;
Vw;gLk; tpisjpwd; kpf mjpfkhFk;.
� jd; njhopypd; flikia rupahf epiwNtw;Wtjhy; jdpahsplj;jpy;
njhopy;gw;W Vw;gLk;. mj;Jld; tpisjpwid Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;Fk;
mf;fiwnaLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
(10 epkplq;fs;)
gb 9.6.2.2gb 9.6.2.2gb 9.6.2.2gb 9.6.2.2gb 9.6.2.2
� khztu;fisg; nghUj;jkhd Kiwapy; FOf;fshf;Fq;fs;.
� FOtpy; khztu;fspd; tpUg;gj;jpw;Nfw;w tpjj;jpy; nghUj;jkhd njhopnyhd;iwj;
njupTnra;Jnfhs;tjw;F mwpTiu toq;Fq;fs;.
1. mj;njhopiy njupTnra;jikf;fhd fhuzq;fs;.
2. tpidj;jpwd;> tpisjpwDld;$bajhf jd; njhopypy; <LgLk; tpjk;.
3. njhopypd; flikf;$Wfis epiwNtw;Wk; Kiw Nghd;wtw;iwj; njspTgLj;jp
tFg;gpd; Kd;dpiyapy; ciunahd;iw Mw;wj; jahuhFk;gb mwpTWj;jy; toq;fTk;.
(15 epkplq;fs;)
102
gb 9.6.2.3gb 9.6.2.3gb 9.6.2.3gb 9.6.2.3gb 9.6.2.3
� FOf;fs; jahu;nra;j ciuia tFg;gpy; epfo;j;jr; re;ju;g;gk; toq;fTk;.
� FOf;fspd; fUj;Jf;fisf; Nfl;lwpAq;fs;.
� ey;y fUj;Jf;fSf;F kjpg;gspj;J gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; ntspg;gLk; tifapy;
njhFg;Giuia Nkw;nfhs;Sq;fs;.
F ve;jj; njhopyhspAk; jdf;F xg;gilf;fg;gl;l gzpfis Kiwahf epiwNtw;w
Ntz;Lk;.
F ve;jnthU njhopyhspahYk; jukhd nghUl;fs; kw;Wk; Nritfis toq;f
KbAk;.
F xU epWtdj;jpd; my;yJ ehl;bd; Kd;Ndw;wj;Jf;F mu;g;gzpg;Gld; nraw;gly;
mtrpak;.
F mjD}lhf jdf;F jpUg;jpahd Nritia toq;Ftjw;F KbAk;.
F mjdhy; njhopypy; tpUj;jp Vw;gl toptFf;fyhk;.
(15 epkplq;fs;)
fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPl;L epajpfSk;fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPl;L epajpfSk;fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPl;L epajpfSk;fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPl;L epajpfSk;fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPl;L epajpfSk;
� njhopy; tpUj;jpf;F mtrpakhd gz;Gfis RUf;fkhf tpsf;Fthu;.
� nghUl;fs;> Nritfs; juKs;s tifapy; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl Ntz;bajd; mtrpaj;ij
Vw;Wf;nfhs;thu;.
� tpidj;jpwd;> tpisjpwd; cs;sjhf nraw;gLk; Kiw> njhopy; kPjhd flikg;ghl;il
epiwNtw;Wk; Kiw Nghd;wtw;iw cs;slf;fpa ml;ltiz xd;iw Kd;itg;gjw;Fj;
jahuhthu;.
� njhopy; cyfpD}lhf r%fj;jpw;Fr; rpwe;j Nritia nra;tjw;F Kd;tUthu;.
� njhopy; cyfpNy VidNahUf;F Kd;khjpupahfr; nraw;glj; J}z;lg;gLthu;.
103
,izg;G 9.6.2.1,izg;G 9.6.2.1,izg;G 9.6.2.1,izg;G 9.6.2.1,izg;G 9.6.2.1
ehd; xU itj;jpau;. ehd; njhopypy; kpfTk; tpUg;gj;Jld;
<LgLfpNwd;. vd;dplk; tUk; NehahspfSld; ehd;
ey;yKiwapy; md;ghff; fijg;Ngd;. mtu;fs; vd;kPJ kpfTk;
md;G fhl;Lthu;fs;. mtu;fs; kfpo;r;rpAld; vdf;F ed;wp
nrYj;jptpl;Lj;jhd; ntspNa nry;thu;fs;. Nehahspfs;
tpiuthff; Fzkiltijf; fz;L ehd; re;NjhrkiltJld;
vdJ Nritapy; jpUg;jp milfpNwd;.
ehd; Xu; Mrpupau;. vdf;F xg;gilf;fg;gl;Ls;s fw;gpj;jy;
eltbf;ifia cupa fhyj;jpy; epiwNtw;WNtd;. vdJ
khztu;fs; midtUk; vd;dpy; md;G fhl;Lthu;fs;. mjdhy;
vdf;F fw;gpj;jy; vd;gJ kfpo;r;rpfukhdnjhd;whFk;. vd;dplk;
fy;tp fw;Fk; khztu;fs; midtUk; rpwe;j ngWNgw;iwg;
ngw;Wf;nfhs;fpd;wdu;. ehd; mjw;fhf ghupa mu;g;gzpg;igr;
nra;J tUfpd;Nwd;. mjdhy; vdJ ghlj;jpy; cau;
ngWNgw;iw ngwf;$bajhf cs;sJ. ehd; kpfTk; re;Njhrkhf
,Uf;fpd;Nwd;.
ehd; kuNtiyj; njhopy; nra;fpNwd;. fhiy 8 kzpf;F
Ntiyia Muk;gpj;J khiy 5 kzptiu njhlu;r;rpahf
Ntiy nra;fpNwd;. mjdhy; vd;Dila Ntiyia cupa
fhyNtisapy; epiwTnra;a KbAk;. mJ khj;jpukd;wp jukhd
nghUl;fisAk; Efu;NthUf;Fg; ngw;Wf;nfhLf;fpNwd;. mtu;fs;
vdJ nghUl;fSf;F kjpg;gspf;fpwhu;fs;. mt;Ntisapy;
vdf;F kpfTk; ngUikahf ,Uf;Fk;. ehd; njhopYf;Fupa
gapw;rpiaj; njhopw;gapw;rp epiyaj;jpypUe;J ngw;Wf;
nfhz ;N ; ld ; . vdJ tUkhdk ; Fw pj ;J ehd ;
re;Njhrkilfpd;Nwd;.
Ranjhopy; xd;iwr; nra;tjd; %yk; tUthiag; ngw;Wf;
nfhs;fpNwd;. mjdhy; vdJ njhopiy Muk;gpf;Fk; NeuNkh>
Kbf;Fk; NeuNkh ,y;iy. vdf;F Kbe;jsT Neuj;ijg;
gad;gLj;jp vdJ njhopiyr; nra;fpNwd;. ehd; nfhQ;rk;
%yjdk; Nrfupj;Jj; jhd; vdJ njhopiy Muk;gpj;Njd;.
rpy ehl;fspd; gpd; ehd; nrytopj;j gzj;ijg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s
Kbe;jJ. vdJ mu;g;gzpg;G> mf;fiw fhuzkhf (ey;y
nghUl;fs;) jukhd nghUl;fis re;ijf;F mDg;Gtjhy;
vdJ nghUl;fs; tpiuthf tpw;gidahfpd;wd. vdJ
tpahghuk; ntw;wpfukhf ,Ug;gJld; vd;dplk; nghUl;fis
tpiynfhLj;J thq;Fk; Efu;NthUk; re;Njhrkilfpd;wdu;.
mtu;fs; vdJ nghUl;fs; kw;Wk; NtW nghUl;fSld;;
cw;gj;jpahsu;fspd; nghUl;fis xg;gpl;L kjpg;gspj;Jg;
NgRthu;.
itj;jpau;:
Mrpupau;:
njhopyhsp:
Ranjhopy; nra;gtu;:
103
ghfk; 2ghfk; 2ghfk; 2ghfk; 2ghfk; 2
FbAupikf;fy;tpFbAupikf;fy;tpFbAupikf;fy;tpFbAupikf;fy;tpFbAupikf;fy;tp
104
9.1 ehk; thOk; r%fk;9.1 ehk; thOk; r%fk;9.1 ehk; thOk; r%fk;9.1 ehk; thOk; r%fk;9.1 ehk; thOk; r%fk;
(ghlNtisfs; 08)(ghlNtisfs; 08)(ghlNtisfs; 08)(ghlNtisfs; 08)(ghlNtisfs; 08)
mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;
FLk;g myFfs; xU $l;Lj; njhifahdhy; r%fnkhd;W cUthfpd;wJ. R%fnkhd;wpy;
cWg;gpdu;fshf thOk;NghJ me;j cWg;gpdu;fspd; vjpu;ghu;g;Gfis epiwNtw;wpf;nfhs;s
r%fj;jpd; VNjh xU tifahd epu;thfk; ,Ug;gJ mtrpakhfpwJ. mjd;%yk; r%fj;jpy;
KwpT Vw;glhJ jtpu;f;fg;gl;L r%fj;jpd; fhg;G fl;bnaOg;gg;gLfpd;wJ. jdpahs; eyDf;Fk;
mgptpUj;jpf;Fk; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Ak; tpjj;jpy; r%fj;jpd; epu;thfj;Jf;Fg; gy;NtW rl;l
gpukhzq;fs;> rlq;F> rk;gpujhaq;fs;> rkaq;fs; Nghd;w gpuptpdhy; ngUksT gzpfs;
Mw;wg;gLfpd;wd. r%ff; fhg;gpid Vw;gLj;Jtjw;fhf ghlrhiy> rka> epWtdq;fSk;
gq;fspg;Gr; nra;fpd;wd. fhty;Jiw> Kg;gilapdu; Nghd;w mikg;gfs; r%ff; fhg;gpid
Vw;gLj;Jtjw;fhf ngupasT gzpapid Mw;Wfpd;wd. jdp egu; xUtUf;F r%fj;jpdhy;
fpilf;fg;ngWk; fhg;G> ghJfhg;G vd;gd r%fg;ghJfhg;G vd kpf ,yFthf mwpKfg;
gLj;jyhk;. r%ff; fhg;Gld; ,ize;j egu;fspdJk; epWtdq;fspdJk; gzpfis ,dq;
fz;lthW mJ njhlu;ghd fw;ifapy; khztiu <LgLj;JtJ ,e;j myfpd; %yk;
vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
Nju;r;rpNju;r;rpNju;r;rpNju;r;rpNju;r;rp$l;lhd nraw;ghL fspd; Clhf r%fg; ghJfhg;ig cWjpg; gLj;jpf; nfhs;tjw;F
nray;uPjpapy; gq;f spg;Gr; nra;thu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs;Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs;Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs;Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs;Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs;� r%f ghJfhg;Gf;fhd jdpahspd; nghWg;Gf; fisAk; flikfis Ak;
epiwNtw;Wthu;.� r%f ghJfhg;gpd;kPJ gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Ak; gy;NtW epWtdq;fis mwpe;J
ngUkpjq; nfhz;l gpuir vd;w tifapy; xj;Jiog;Gld; fUkkhw;Wthu;.� $l;LwT ,af;fj;Jld; ,ize;J rf tho;T thOk; gpuirahfr; nraw;gLthu;.
105
ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;
9.1.1 r%ff; fhg;G9.1.1 r%ff; fhg;G9.1.1 r%ff; fhg;G9.1.1 r%ff; fhg;G9.1.1 r%ff; fhg;G
� VNjDk; xUtUf;F cly; uPjpahd mr;rk; VJkpd;wp tho;f;ifia elhj;jpr; nry;y
r%fj;jpypUe;J fpilf;Fk; fhg;Gk; ghJfhg;Gk; r%ff; fhg;ghFk;.
� r%fj;jpw;Fk; jdpahSf;Fkpilapyhd njhlu;G r%fk; vd;gjhy; fUjg;gLtJ VNjDk;
xU epyg;gFjpapy; thOfpd;w xU ,dj;jtu; my;yJ gy;NtW kf;fs; njhifapdu;
jkJ Njitfis epiwNtw;wpf;nfhs;tjw;fhff; fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;Ls;s mikg;Gfs;
Nghd;w tiyaikg;Gfspd; $l;lhFk;.
� r%fkhdJ jdpegu; $l;lnkhd;wpd; nkhj;jkhFk;.
� jdpegUf;Fk; r%fj;Jf;Fk; ,ilapy; Neubj; njhlu;Gfs; ,Uj;jy;.
� ey;ynjhU r%f tho;itf; nfhz;L nry;y jdpegu;fSf;fpilapy; ,ilj;njhlu;Gfs;
mtrpakhFk;.
r%ff; fhg;gpy; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Ak; epWtdq;fshtd:
- FLk;gk; - rka epWtdq;fs;
- ghlrhiy - r%f mikg;Gfs;
r%ff; fhg;gpw;fhfg;r%ff; fhg;gpw;fhfg;r%ff; fhg;gpw;fhfg;r%ff; fhg;gpw;fhfg;r%ff; fhg;gpw;fhfg;
gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Ak;gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Ak;gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Ak;gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Ak;gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Ak;
epWtdq;fs;epWtdq;fs;epWtdq;fs;epWtdq;fs;epWtdq;fs;
r%ff; fhg;gpw;fhf toq;fg;gLk;r%ff; fhg;gpw;fhf toq;fg;gLk;r%ff; fhg;gpw;fhf toq;fg;gLk;r%ff; fhg;gpw;fhf toq;fg;gLk;r%ff; fhg;gpw;fhf toq;fg;gLk;
gq;fspg;Ggq;fspg;Ggq;fspg;Ggq;fspg;Ggq;fspg;G
FLk;gk;
ghlrhiy
rka epWtdq;fs;
r%f mikg;Gf;fs;
� mbg;gilj; jpwd;fis toq;fy;.
� csuPjpahd Njitfis toq;fy;.
� r%fkakhf;fy;.
� ghJfhg;igAk; fhg;igAk; toq;fy;.
� ew;gof;f tof;fq;fs;> rk;gpujhaq;fs; vd;gtw;iw
vjpu;fhyr; re;jjpapdUf;Fg; nghWg;Gf; nfhLj;jy;.
� mwpT> jpwd;> kdg;ghq;F vd;gtw;why; KOikaile;j
ew;gpuirfis cUthf;fy;.
� vj pu ;fhyr ; rthy ;fSf ;F Kfq ;nfhLf ;ff ;$ba
ew;gpuirfis cUthf;fy;.
� ey;y> r%fka> ew;FzKs;s gpuirfis cUthf;fy;.
� r%fkakhf;fy;.
� cupikfs;> flikfs; njhlu;gpy; mDgtq;fisg; ngw;Wf;
nfhLj;jy;.
� Md;kpf tpUj;jpia Vw;gLj;jy;.
� fl;Lg;ghl;ilAk; ey;nyhOf;fj;ijAk; Vw;gLj;jy;.
� rpwe;j kdg;ghq;if Vw;gLj;jy;.
� cWg;gpdupilNa $l;L kdg;ghq;if Vw;gLj;jy;.
� rl;lj;Jf;Ff; fPo;g;gbe;J nraw;gLtjw;Fg; goFjy;.
� Rakupahijia Vw;gLj;jy;.
� cupikfisAk; flikfisAk; epiwNtw;wg; goFjy;.
� Kuz;ghLfisf; Fiwj;jy;.
106
9.1.29.1.29.1.29.1.29.1.2 r%ff; fhg;ig Vw;gLj;Jtjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s nghwpfs;>r%ff; fhg;ig Vw;gLj;Jtjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s nghwpfs;>r%ff; fhg;ig Vw;gLj;Jtjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s nghwpfs;>r%ff; fhg;ig Vw;gLj;Jtjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s nghwpfs;>r%ff; fhg;ig Vw;gLj;Jtjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;s nghwpfs;>
rl;lg; gpukhzq;fSld; njhlu;ghd jdpg;gl;l nghWg;Gfs;:rl;lg; gpukhzq;fSld; njhlu;ghd jdpg;gl;l nghWg;Gfs;:rl;lg; gpukhzq;fSld; njhlu;ghd jdpg;gl;l nghWg;Gfs;:rl;lg; gpukhzq;fSld; njhlu;ghd jdpg;gl;l nghWg;Gfs;:rl;lg; gpukhzq;fSld; njhlu;ghd jdpg;gl;l nghWg;Gfs;:
� murpayikg;Gr; rl;lk;
� ePjpkd;wk;
� fhty;Jiw
� ghJfhg;Gg; gilfs;
� ,zf;f rigfs;
� FiwNfs; mjpfhup
� murpdhy; gpwg;gpf;fg;gLk; rl;lg; gpukhzq;fs;
r%ff; fhg;ig Vw;gLj;Jtjw;fhfr%ff; fhg;ig Vw;gLj;Jtjw;fhfr%ff; fhg;ig Vw;gLj;Jtjw;fhfr%ff; fhg;ig Vw;gLj;Jtjw;fhfr%ff; fhg;ig Vw;gLj;Jtjw;fhf
gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Ak; nghwpKiwfSk;gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Ak; nghwpKiwfSk;gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Ak; nghwpKiwfSk;gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Ak; nghwpKiwfSk;gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Ak; nghwpKiwfSk;
epWtdq;fSk;epWtdq;fSk;epWtdq;fSk;epWtdq;fSk;epWtdq;fSk;
r%ff; fhg;Gf;fhfg;r%ff; fhg;Gf;fhfg;r%ff; fhg;Gf;fhfg;r%ff; fhg;Gf;fhfg;r%ff; fhg;Gf;fhfg;
gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Ak; tpjk;gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Ak; tpjk;gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Ak; tpjk;gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Ak; tpjk;gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Ak; tpjk;
murpayikg;Gr; rl;lk;
ePjpkd;wq;fs;
,zf;f rigfs;
fhty; Jiw
ghJfhg;Gg; gilapdu;
FiwNfs; mjpfhup
murpdhy; gpwg;gpf;fg;gLk; rl;lg;
gpukhzq;fs;.
� mbg;gil cupikfs; rl ;lj ;j pdhy;
cWjpg;gLj;jy;.
� mbg;gil cupikfs; kPwg;gl;lhy; vLf;ff;
$ba toptiffs; fhl;lg;gly;
� ePjpia epiyehl;Ljy;
� rl;lj;ij tpahf;fpahdg;gLj;jYk; tpsf;f
kspj;jYk;.
� r pW g pzf ;Ffis ,zf ;fj ;Jf ;F
cs;shf;fy;
� nghJkf;fs; ghJfhg;igAk; rkhjhdj;ij
Ak; Nkw;nfhs;sy;.
� Fw;wthspfisr ; rl ;lj ;j pw ;F Kd;
nfhz;Ltuy;.
� Njr pa ghJfhg ;ig cWjp nra ;J
mjidf; nfhz;L nry;yy;.
� mur vjpu;g;Gr; nray;fis mlf;Fjy;
(gaq;futhj ,af;fk;> rptpy; Nghuhl;lk;)
� mur Nritahsupd; cupikfisg;
ghJfhj;jy;.
� gpuirfspd; cupikfisg; ghJfhg;gjw;
fhf rptpy; rl;lq;fisAk; Fw;wtpay;
rl;lj; njhFg;igAk; nraw;gLj;jy;.
107
(r%ff; fhg;ig Vw;gLj;Jtjw;fhf fhty;Jiw Kg;gilapdu; kw;Wk; rptpy;
ghJfhg;Gg;gil gw;wpa jfty;fisr; Nrfupg;gjw;F khztiu <LgLj;jTk;)
9 . 1 . 39 . 1 . 39 . 1 . 39 . 1 . 39 . 1 . 3 $l;LwT ,af;fj;ij mwpKfQ; nra;jy;$l;LwT ,af;fj;ij mwpKfQ; nra;jy;$l;LwT ,af;fj;ij mwpKfQ; nra;jy;$l;LwT ,af;fj;ij mwpKfQ; nra;jy;$l;LwT ,af;fj;ij mwpKfQ; nra;jy;
• jdpegu; FOnthd;wpdhy; rftho;T mbg;gilapy; r%f ey;tho;it Vw;gLj;J
tjw;fhf rkj;Jtj;ij mbg;gilahff;nfhz;L Ra tpUg;Gld;
fl;bnaOg;gg;Lk; mikg;G> $l;LwT vd;W miof;fg;glyhk;.
• $l;Lwtpd; Nehf;fq;fs;
§ cWg;gpdupd; Njitfis epiwNtw;wy;.
§ kf;fSf;F kpfr; rpwg;ghf thOk; topia Vw;gLj;jy;.
§ mgptpUj;jpaile;JtUk; ehl;Lkf;fspd; tho;f;if epiyia
Nkk;gLj;j cjTjy;.
• ,yq;ifapy; eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLk; $l;LwTr; rq;f tiffs;
§ gy;Nehf;Ff; $l;LwTr; rq;fk;
§ fld; toq;Fk; $l;LwTr; rq;fk;
§ tptrha cw;gj;jpahsupd; $l;LwTr; rq;fk;
§ ghlrhiyf; $l;LwTr; rq;fk;
• ghlrhiyf; $l;LwTr; rq;fj;jpdhy; khztu; ngwf;$ba Nritfs;
§ ghlrhiyf; fhfpjhjpg; nghUl;fis kypthd tpiyapy;
ngw;Wf;nfhs;sy;.
§ czTg; nghUl;fis kypthfg; ngwf;$bajhapUj;jy;.
§ tpisahl;L cgfuzq;fis kypthd tpiyapy; ngwf;$bajh
apUj;jy;.
§ khztupd; Vida Njitfis epiwNtw;wy;.
§ jiyikj;Jtg; gapw;rp
§ $l;LwT tho;f;ifg; ghzpf;Fg; goFjy;
• gy;Nehf;Ff; $l;LwTr; rq;fq;fspdhy; toq;fg;gLk; Nritfs;
§ fpuhkpa kl;lj;jpy; kf;fSf;Fr; Nritahw;Wtjw;fhf “$l;LwT> gpuNjr
rq;fq;fis” elhj;Jjy;.
§ fld; toq;Fk; rq;fq;fis elhj;Jjy;.
§ itj;jparhiyfis epWtp Rfhjhu Nritfis elhj;Jjy;.
§ kuzhjhu Nritfis toq;Ftjw;fhfg; gq;fspj;jy;.
§ Nghf;Ftuj;Jr; Nritfis toq;Ftjw;fhfg; gq;fspj;jy;
108
9.1.19.1.19.1.19.1.19.1.1 nraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghL
Nju;r ;r pNju ;r ;r pNju ;r ;r pNju ;r ;r pNju ;r ;r p : -: -: -: -: - $l;lhd nraw;ghLfspd; Clhf r%fg; ghJfhg;ig cWjpg;
gLj;jpf; nfhs;tjw;F nray;uPjpapy; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;thu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk; : -: -: -: -: - r%f ghJfhg;Gf;fhd jdpahspd; nghWg;Gf; fisAk; flikfis
Ak; epiwNtw;Wthu;.
nraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghL : -: -: -: -: - “r%ff; fhg;igf; fl;bnaOg;GNthk;”
Neuk;Neuk;Neuk;Neuk;Neuk; : -: -: -: -: - 40 epkplq;fs;
ju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPL : -: -: -: -: - � 9.1.1.1. ,izg;Gf;fhd ghlq;fs;
� 9.1.1.2 f;F cupa nraw;ghl;Lg; gj;jpuk;
� A4 fljhrp
� khf;fu; Ngid (Marker Pen)
fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghL
gb 9.1.1.1gb 9.1.1.1gb 9.1.1.1gb 9.1.1.1gb 9.1.1.1
� 9.1.1.1 ,izg;Gf;fhd glj;ij Kd;itf;fTk;.
� glj;ij mtjhdpg;gjw;F tha;g;gspf;fTk;.
� glj;jpy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;stw;iwg; gw;wp gFg;gha;T nra;a rpy khztUf;F tha;g;gspf;fTk;.
� gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; NknyOk; tpjkhff; fye;Jiuahlypy; <LglTk;.
F gps;isfspd; ghJfhg;Gf; Fwpj;J taJte;Njhu; mf;fiwahf ,Uj;jy;.
F ghJfhg;ghdJ midtUf;Fk; Kf;fpa NjitahFk;.
F jdpegu; xUtUf;Fr; r%fj;jpypUe;J fpilf;Fk; fhg;Gk;> ghJfhg;Gk; r%ff;
fhg;ghFk;.
gb 9.1.1.2gb 9.1.1.2gb 9.1.1.2gb 9.1.1.2gb 9.1.1.2
� khztiu nghUj;jkhd tifapy; FOf;fshf;fTk;.
� ,izg;G 9.1.1.2 ,w;fhd nraw;ghl;Lg; gj;jpuj;ij toq;fTk;.
� FOf;fSf;Ff; fljhrp> khf;fu; Ngidfis toq;fTk;.
� FOf;fspilNa elkhbathW khztUf;Fj; Njitahd topfhl;liy toq;fTk;.
(20 epkplq;fs;)
gb 9.1.1.3gb 9.1.1.3gb 9.1.1.3gb 9.1.1.3gb 9.1.1.3
� FOf;fSf;Fr; nraw;ghl;il Kd;itf;f tha;g;gspf;fTk;.
� gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; NknyOk; tpjkhff; fye;Jiuahliy elhj;jTk;.
(05 epkplq;fs;)
109
F rfyUf;Fk; r%ff; fhg;G Njit.
F r%ff; fhg;gpy; FLk;gk;> ghlrhiy> r%f epWtdq;fSk; r%f mikg;GfSk;
gq;fspg;Gr; nra;fpd;wd.
F mbg;gilj; Njitfis toq;fpathW ew;gpuir r%fj;Jf;Fg; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;jy;
r%ff; fhg;Gf;F vd nra;ag;gLk; xU gzpahFk;.
F ghlrhiy r%ff; fhg;Gf;Fg; gq;fspg ;Gr ; nra;tJ rpwe;j mwptpdhYk;
xOf;fj;jpdhYk; KOikahf khztiu r%fj;jpw;Fg; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;tjd;
%ykhFk;.
F ey;nyhOf;fj;jpdhYk; ew;gz;GfshYk; KOikaile;j khztiu r%fj;Jf;Fg;
gq;fspg;Gr; nra;tjd; %yk; r%f fhg;gpDf;F rkaj; jhgdq;fs; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;fpd;wd.
F ePjpia epiy ehl;ly; kw;Wk; rl;lj;ij kPWNthUf;F jz;lid toq;Ftjd; %yk;
ePjpkd;wq;fSk; kdpj cupikfisf; fhg;gjw;Fg; gq;fspg;gjhy; r%ff; fhg;Gf;Fg;
gq;fspg;Gr; nra;fpd;wd.
(15 epkplq;fs;)
fzpg;gPl;L kjpg;gPl;L epajpfs;fzpg;gPl;L kjpg;gPl;L epajpfs;fzpg;gPl;L kjpg;gPl;L epajpfs;fzpg;gPl;L kjpg;gPl;L epajpfs;fzpg;gPl;L kjpg;gPl;L epajpfs;
� r%ff; fhg;Gf;fhfg; gy;NtW epWtdq;fs; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;fpd;wnjdf; $Wthu;.
� r%ff; fhg;igf; fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;fhf ,e;j epWtdq;fspdhy; Mw;wg;gLk; gzpfis
kjpg;ghu;.
� gpuir vd;wtifapy; r%ff; fhg;ig Vw;gLj;Jtjw;F jkJ flikfis epiwNtw;Wthu;.
� Mf;fg;G+u;tkhfr; nraw;gLthu;.
� FOr; nraw;ghLfis Mf;fg+u;tkhf Kd;itg;ghu;.
,izg;G 9.1.1.1,izg;G 9.1.1.1,izg;G 9.1.1.1,izg;G 9.1.1.1,izg;G 9.1.1.1
� jdpahs; ghJfhg;G njhlu;gpy; gpd;tUk; re;ju;g;gq;fs;> nraw;ghLfis nghUj;jkhd
tifapy; njhFj;J rpe;jidf; fpswiy Nkw;nfhs;sTk;.
� tPl;bDs; rpW gps;isfSl;F Vw;glf;$ba mdu;j;jk; njhlu;gpy; cgfuznkhd;iwj;
jahupj;Jf; nfhs;sTk;.
� tPl;bw;F ntspNa maw;#oypy; rpW gps;isfSf;F kl;Lkd;wp taJte;NjhUf;Fk;
Vw;glf;$ba mdu;j;jk; njhlu;gpyhd tplak;.
110
,izg;G 9.1.1.2,izg;G 9.1.1.2,izg;G 9.1.1.2,izg;G 9.1.1.2,izg;G 9.1.1.2
nraw;ghl;Lg; gj;jpuk;nraw;ghl;Lg; gj;jpuk;nraw;ghl;Lg; gj;jpuk;nraw;ghl;Lg; gj;jpuk;nraw;ghl;Lg; gj;jpuk;
FO 1FO 1FO 1FO 1FO 1
r%fg; ghJfhg;gpd; kPJ ghjpg;Gr; nrYj;Jk; FLk;gj;jpd; gq;fspg;G
njhlu;ghd fUj;Jf;fisj; njhFj;jy;.
FO 2FO 2FO 2FO 2FO 2
r%fg; ghJfhg;gpd; kPJ ghjpg;Gr; nrYj;Jk; ghlrhiyapd; gq;fspg;G
njhlu;ghd fUj;Jf;fisj; njhFj;jy;.
FO 3FO 3FO 3FO 3FO 3
r%fg; ghJfhg;gpd; kPJ ghjpg;Gr; nrYj;Jk; rka epWtdq;fspd; gq;fspg;G
njhlu;ghd fUj;Jf;fisj; njhFj;jy;.
FO 4FO 4FO 4FO 4FO 4
r%fg; ghJfhg;gpd; kPJ ghjpg;Gr; nrYj;Jk; ePjpkd;wj;jpd; gq;fspg;G
njhlu;ghd fUj;Jf;fisj; njhFj;jy;.
FO 5FO 5FO 5FO 5FO 5
r%fg; ghJfhg;gpd; kPJ ghjpg;Gr; nrYj;Jk; nghyp]; kw;Wk; Kg;gilapd;
gq;fspg;G njhlu;ghd fUj;Jf;fisj; njhFj;jy;.
111
9.1.29.1.29.1.29.1.29.1.2 nraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghL
Nju;r ;r pNju ;r ;r pNju ;r ;r pNju ;r ;r pNju ;r ;r p : -: -: -: -: - $l;lhd nraw;ghLfspd; Clhf r%fg; ghJfhg;ig cWjpg;
gLj;jpf; nfhs;tjw;F nray;uPjpapy; gq;f spg;Gr; nra;thu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk; : -: -: -: -: - r%f ghJfhg;gpd;kPJ gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Ak; gy;NtW epWtdq;fis
mwpe;J ngUkpjq; nfhz;l gpuir vd;w tifapy; xj;Jiog;Gld;
fUkkhw;Wthu;.
nraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghL : -: -: -: -: - “r%ff;fhg;G njhlu;gpy; jdpahs; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Ak; tpjj;ijj;
NjbawpNthk;”
Neuk;Neuk;Neuk;Neuk;Neuk; : -: -: -: -: - 40 epkplq;fs;
ju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPL : -: -: -: -: - � ,izg;G 9.1.2.1 fy;yhAjq;fisf; fhl;Lk; cUf;fs;.
� ,izg;G 9.1.2.2 cupa nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk;
fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghL
gb 9.1.2.1gb 9.1.2.1gb 9.1.2.1gb 9.1.2.1gb 9.1.2.1
� ,izg;G 9.1.2.1. ,w;Fupa nraw;ghl;Lg; gj;jpuj;ij tFg;gpy; rku;g;gpf;fTk;.
� gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fis khztUf;F Kd;itj;jthNw mjidf;nfhz;L ciuahliy
elj;jTk;.
1. r%ff;fhg;ig Vw;gLj;Jtjw;fhfg; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Ak; epWtdq;fs; ahit?
2. me;epWtdq;fshy; Mw;wg;gLk; gzpfs; ahit?
3. ,jd;%yk; r%ff; fhg;Gf;fhf Mw;wg;gLk; gzpfs; ahit?
F r%ff; fhg;ig Vw;gLj;Jtjw;fhfg; gy;NtW epWtdq;fs; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;fpd;wd.
F me;epWtdq;fspd; %yk; r%ff; fhg;gpDs; ngUk; gzpfs; Mw;wg;gLfpd;wd.
F r%ff;fhg;G iftpl;Lg;Nghtjhy; r%fj;jpd; epiyg;ghl;Lf;F mr;RWj;jyhfpd;wJ.
F gu];gu njhlu;Gfis tpUj;jp nra;jthW ghJfhg;ghd tho;f;ifKiwia
mikj;Jf;nfhs;tjpy; r%ff; fhg;G ngUk; ce;J rf;jpahf mikfpd;wJ.
(10 epkplq;fs;)
,izg;G 9.1.2.2,izg;G 9.1.2.2,izg;G 9.1.2.2,izg;G 9.1.2.2,izg;G 9.1.2.2
� Vw;wthwhf khztiuf; FOf;fshf;fTk;.
� xt;nthU FOtpdUf;Fk; ,izg;G 9.1.2.2. ,w;Fupa nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuj;ij toq;fTk;.
� jk; FOtpdUf;Ff; fpilj;j nraw;ghl;Lg; gj;jpuj;Jf;Fupa jiyg;Gf;F mika rpW
ghj;jpuNkw;W ebj;jnyhd;iw Maj;jk; nra;aTk;. (3 epkplk; msT)
� Njitahd mwpTWj;jy;fisAk; topfhl;liyAk; toq;fpathW ghj;jpuNkw;W ebj;jiy
Kd;itf;fr; re;ju;g;gkspf;fTk;.
(20 epkplq;fs;)
112
gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; NknyOk; tpjkhff; fye;Jiuahlypy; <LglTk;.gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; NknyOk; tpjkhff; fye;Jiuahlypy; <LglTk;.gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; NknyOk; tpjkhff; fye;Jiuahlypy; <LglTk;.gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; NknyOk; tpjkhff; fye;Jiuahlypy; <LglTk;.gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; NknyOk; tpjkhff; fye;Jiuahlypy; <LglTk;.
F r%ff; fl;Lg;ghl;il Vw;gLj;Jtjw;fhf FLk;gj;jpd;%yk; Cl;lk;> ghJfhg;G> md;G>
fUiz> gupT> Neak;> fy;tp vd;gd fpilf;fpd;wd.
F FLk;gj;jpd; Clhf r%ff; fhg;Gf;Fupa mbg;gil fpilf;fpd;wJ.
F rka epWtdk;> fhtw;Wiw> ghJfhg;Gg;gil> ghlrhiy> ePjpkd;wk; Nghd;w
epWtdq;fs; r%ff; fhg;ig Vw;gLj;J tjw;fhf ngUk; gzpia Mw;Wfpd;wd.
F r%ff; fhg;G ,y;yhjNghJ r%fj;jpd; epiyNgWf;F CW tpisfpd;wJ.
F r%ff; fhg;Gf;fhf jdpegupdhYk; Mw;wg;gl Ntz;ba flikfSk;> nghWg;GfSk;
,ilawhJ epiwNtw;wg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
(10 epkplq;fs;)
fzpg;gPl;L kjpg;gPl;L epajpfs;fzpg;gPl;L kjpg;gPl;L epajpfs;fzpg;gPl;L kjpg;gPl;L epajpfs;fzpg;gPl;L kjpg;gPl;L epajpfs;fzpg;gPl;L kjpg;gPl;L epajpfs;
� r%ff; fhg;Gf;fhfg; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Ak; epWtdq;fisg; ngaupLthu;.
� me;epWtdq;fspdhy; Mw;wg;gLk; Nritfis kjpj;jthW ciuahw;Wthu;.
� ghlrhiyr; r%fj;jpd; cWg;gpdu; vd;w tifapy; r%ff;fhg;Gf;Fg; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;thu;.
� FOthfr; nraw;ghl;by; epiyj;jpUg;ghu;.
� r%ff; fhg;ig Vw;gLj;j gq;fspg;Gr; nra;thu;.
,izg;G 9.1.2.1,izg;G 9.1.2.1,izg;G 9.1.2.1,izg;G 9.1.2.1,izg;G 9.1.2.1
r%ff; fhg;gpy; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;tdr%ff; fhg;gpy; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;tdr%ff; fhg;gpy; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;tdr%ff; fhg;gpy; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;tdr%ff; fhg;gpy; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;td
F FLk;gk;
F ghlrhiy
F rka epWtdq;fs;
F fhty;JiwAk; ghJfhg;Gg;gilAk;
F ePjpkd;wk;
113
FO 1FO 1FO 1FO 1FO 1
r%ff; fhg;Gf;Ff; FLk;gq;fs; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Ak; tpjj;ijg; gw;wpa tplaq;fs;
njhlu;ghd ghj;jpuNkw;W ebj;jiy Kd;itj;jy; cq;fs; FOTf;fhd xg;gilahFk;.
FO 2FO 2FO 2FO 2FO 2
r%ff; fhg;gpy; ghlrhiyfs; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Ak; tpjj;ijg; gw;wpa tplaq;fs;
njhlu;ghfg; ghj;jpuNkw;W ebj;jiy Kd;itj;jy; cq;fs; FOTf;fhd xg;gilahFk;.
FO 3FO 3FO 3FO 3FO 3
r%ff; fhg;Gf;Fr; rkaj; jyq;fs; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Ak; tpjj;ijg; gw;wpa tplaq;fs;
njhlu;ghfg; ghj;jpuNkw;W ebj;jiy Kd;itj;jy; cq;fs; FOTf;fhd xg;gilahFk;.
FO 4FO 4FO 4FO 4FO 4
r%ff; fhg;Gf;F ePjpkd;wq;fs; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Ak; tpjj;ijg; gw;wpa tplaq;fs;
njhlu;ghfg; ghj;jpuNkw;W ebj;jiy Kd;itj;jy; cq;fs; FOTf;fhd xg;gilahFk;.
FO 5FO 5FO 5FO 5FO 5
r%ff; fhg;Gf;Ff; fhty;JiwAk; Kg;gilAk; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Ak; tpjj;ijg; gw;wpa
tplaq;fs; njhlu;ghfg; ghj;jpuNkw;W ebj;jiy Kd;itj;jy; cq;fs; FOTf;fhd
xg;gilahFk;.
,izg;G 9.1.2.2,izg;G 9.1.2.2,izg;G 9.1.2.2,izg;G 9.1.2.2,izg;G 9.1.2.2
nraw;ghl;Lg; gj;jpuk;nraw;ghl;Lg; gj;jpuk;nraw;ghl;Lg; gj;jpuk;nraw;ghl;Lg; gj;jpuk;nraw;ghl;Lg; gj;jpuk;
114
9.1.3 nraw;ghL9.1.3 nraw;ghL9.1.3 nraw;ghL9.1.3 nraw;ghL9.1.3 nraw;ghL
Nju;r ;r pNju ;r ;r pNju ;r ;r pNju ;r ;r pNju ;r ;r p : -: -: -: -: - $l;lhd nraw;ghLfspd; Clhf r%fg; ghJfhg;ig cWjpg;
gLj;jpf; nfhs;tjw;F nray;uPjpapy; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;thu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk; : -: -: -: -: - $l;LwT ,af;fj;Jld; ,ize;J rf tho;T thOk; gpui[ahfr;
nraw;gLthu;.
nraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghL : -: -: -: -: - “r%ff;fhg;ig Vw;gLj;Jtjw;fhf mikf;fg;gl;Ls;s nghwpKiwfs;”
Neuk;Neuk;Neuk;Neuk;Neuk; : -: -: -: -: - 40 epkplq;fs;
ju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPL : -: -: -: -: - � ,izg;G 9.1.3.1 ,w;Fupa glk;
� ,izg;G 9.1.3.2 ,w;Fupa nraw;ghl;Lg; gj;jpuk;
� A 4 fljhrp
� khf;fu; Ngidfs;
fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghL
gb 9.1.3.1gb 9.1.3.1gb 9.1.3.1gb 9.1.3.1gb 9.1.3.1
� ,izg;G 9.1.3.1. ,w;Fupa glj;ij tFg;gpy; rku;g;gpf;fTk;.
� glj;ij mtjhdpg;gjw;Fr; re;ju;g;gk; toq;fTk;.
� glj;jpdhy; fhl;lg;gLtd gw;wpa gFg;gha;itr; nra;a khztu; rpyUf;Fr; re;ju;g;gk;
toq;fTk;. gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; NknyOk; tpjkhff; fye;JiuahlTk;.
F Njrpag; ghJfhg;ig cWjpnra;tjw;fhfr; nraw;gLjy; Kg;gilapdupd; gzpahFk;.
F Kg;gilapduhy; ehl;bd; ghJfhg;ig cWjpnra;tjw;fhf gy;NtW toptiffs;
vLf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
F ehl;by; rl;lj;ijAk; rkhjhdj;ijAk; ghJfhj;J elj;jpr; nry;Yjy; fhty;Jiwapd;
gzpahFk;.
F fhty; JiwapdUk; Kg;gilapdUk; tPjpj;jilfs; Nghd;wtw;iwg; gad;gLj;jp
thfdq;fisAk; nghJkf;fisAk; gupNrhjpg;gJ nghJkf;fspd; ghJfhg;Gf;
fhfthFk;.
F mt;thwhd re;ju;g;gq;fspy; gpuirfs; vd;wtpjj;jpy; ehk;; ghJfhg;Gg; gilapdUf;F
xj;Jiog;G toq;f Ntz;Lk;.
(10 epkpl;fs;)gb 9.1.3.2gb 9.1.3.2gb 9.1.3.2gb 9.1.3.2gb 9.1.3.2
� Vw;wthwhf khztiuf; FOf;fshf;fTk;.
� ,izg;G 9.1.3.2. ,w;Fupa nraw;ghl;Lg; gj;jpuj;ij toq;fTk;.
� FOf;fSf;fhf V 4 fljhrp;> khf;fu; Ngid vd;gtw;iw toq;fTk;.
� khztiuf; FOr;nraw;ghLfspy; <LgLj;jTk;.
� FOf;fspilNa elkhbathW khztUf;Fj; Njitahd topfhl;liy toq;fTk;.
(15 epkpl;fs;)
115
gb 9.1.3.3gb 9.1.3.3gb 9.1.3.3gb 9.1.3.3gb 9.1.3.3
� FOf;fSf;Fr; nraw;ghLfis Kd;itf;fr; re;ju;g;gk; toq;fTk;.
� gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; NkNyhq;Fk; tpjkhff; fye;Jiuahlypy; <LglTk;.
F ,uhZtk;> flw;gil> tpkhdg;gil vDk; Kg;gilapduhy; ehl;bd; ghJfhg;Gf;Fg;
gy;NtW eltbf;iffs; vLf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
F mt;thwhd Nritfis Mw;Wtjw;fhf Kg;gilapduhy; ngUksT mu;g;gzpg;Gfs;
nra;ag;gLfpd;wd.
F mt;thwhd mu;g;gzpg;Gf;fhfg; nghJkf;fs; mtu;fSf;F MjuT ey;Ffpd;wdu;.
F nghJkf ;fSf;Fr ; rl ;lj ;ijAk ; rkhjhdj ;ijAk ; ghJfhf ;Fk ;NghJ
fhty;Jiwapduhy; ngUk;gzp Mw;wg;gLfpd;wJ.
F Kg;gilapdUk; cs;slq;fpa ghJfhg;Gg; gpupTfspd; nray;topfSf;Fg;
nghJkf;fs; xj;Jiog;G toq;f Ntz;Lk;.
(15 epkplq;fs;)
fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPl;L epajpfSk;fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPl;L epajpfSk;fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPl;L epajpfSk;fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPl;L epajpfSk;fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPl;L epajpfSk;
� r%ff; fhg;gpid cWjp nra;tjw;fhf Kg;gilapdu;> fhty;Jiw> rptpy; ghJfhg;Gg;
gilazp Nghd;w epWtdq;fs; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;fpd;wd vd;W $Wthu;.
� r%ff; fhg;igf; fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;fhf ,e;epWtdq;fs; gzpfs; cupathwhf ,lk;ngw
Ntz;Lnkd;gij Vw;Wf; nfhs;thu;.
� gpuirnad;wtifapy; me;epWtdq;fs; nghJkf;fspd; fhg;ig Vw;gLj;Jtjw;Fg; gq;fspg;Gr;
nra;tij Vw;Wf;nfhs;thu;.
� mt;thwhd epWtdq;fshy; r%ff; fhg;Gf;fhf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; toptiffSf;F
xj;Jiog;Gf; fhl;Lthu;.
� FOr; nraw;ghLfis Mf;fg+u;tkhfj; jahupj;J Kd;itg;ghu;.
,izg;G 9.1.3.1,izg;G 9.1.3.1,izg;G 9.1.3.1,izg;G 9.1.3.1,izg;G 9.1.3.1
fhty;Jiw> Kg;gilapduhy; tPjpj;jilfspd;NghJ thfdnkhd;iw> gazpfisg;
gupNrhjpf;Fk; glk; xd;iwj; jahupj;Jf; nfhs;SkhW Mrpupau;fs; mwpTWj;jg;gLfpd;wdu;.
116
,izg;G 9.1.3.2,izg;G 9.1.3.2,izg;G 9.1.3.2,izg;G 9.1.3.2,izg;G 9.1.3.2
nraw;ghl;Lg; gj;jpuk;nraw;ghl;Lg; gj;jpuk;nraw;ghl;Lg; gj;jpuk;nraw;ghl;Lg; gj;jpuk;nraw;ghl;Lg; gj;jpuk;
FO 1FO 1FO 1FO 1FO 1
r%ff;fhg;Gf;F ,uhZtg;gilapdu; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Ak; tpjj;ijg; gw;wpa tplaq;fisr;
Nrfupg;gJ cq;fs; FOTf;fhd xg;gilahFk;.
FO 2FO 2FO 2FO 2FO 2
r%ff;fhg;Gf;F tpkhdg;gilapdu; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Ak; tpjj;ijg; gw;wpa tplaq;fisr;
Nrfupg;gJ cq;fs; FOTf;fhd xg;gilahFk;.
FO 3FO 3FO 3FO 3FO 3
r%ff;fhg;Gf;F flw;gilapdu; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Ak; tpjj;ijg; gw;wpa tplaq;fisr;
Nrfupg;gJ cq;fs; FOTf;fhd xg;gilahFk;.
FO 4FO 4FO 4FO 4FO 4
r%ff;fhg;Gf;Ff; fhty;Jiwapdu;; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Ak; tpjj;ijg; gw;wpa tplaq;fisr;
Nrfupg;gJ cq;fs; FOTf;fhd xg;gilahFk;.
FO 5FO 5FO 5FO 5FO 5
r%ff;fhg;Gf;F rptpy; ghJfhg;Gg;gilapdu; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Ak; tpjj;ijg; gw;wpa
tplaq;fisr; Nrfupg;gJ cq;fs; FOTf;fhd xg;gilahFk;.
117
9.1.49.1.49.1.49.1.49.1.4 nraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghL
Nju;r ;r pNju ;r ;r pNju ;r ;r pNju ;r ;r pNju ;r ;r p : -: -: -: -: - $l;lhd nraw;ghLfspd; Clhf r%fg; ghJfhg;ig cWjpg;
gLj;jpf; nfhs;tjw;F nray;uPjpapy; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;thu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk; : -: -: -: -: - $l;LwT ,af;fj;Jld; ,ize;J rf tho;T thOk; gpuirahfr;
nraw;gLthu;.
nraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghL : -: -: -: -: - “$l;LwT ,af;fj;jpdhy; Mw;wg;gLk; Nritfis ,dq;fhz;Nghk;”
Neuk;Neuk;Neuk;Neuk;Neuk; : -: -: -: -: - 40 epkplq;fs;
ju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPL : -: -: -: -: - � ,izg;G 9.1.4.1. ,w;Fupa $l;LwT ,yr;rpid (jUtpj;Jf;nfhs;f)
� ,izg;G 9.1.4.2. ,w;Fupa nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk;
� V 4 fljhrp
� khf;fu; Ngidfs;
� gpwp];ly; ml;il
fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghL
gb 9.1.4.1gb 9.1.4.1gb 9.1.4.1gb 9.1.4.1gb 9.1.4.1
� ,izg;G 9.1.4.1 ,y; Fwpg;gplg;gl;l $l;LwT ,yr;rpidia Kd;itf;fTk;.
� Nkw;gb glj;jpdhy; ntspg;gLj;jg;gLk; tplaq;fs; gw;wp khztUld; fye;JiuahlTk;.
� ,J vjid ntspg;gLj;Jk; ,yr;rpid vd;gij khztuplk; tprhupf;fTk;.
� gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; ntspg;gLk; tpjkhff; fye;Jiuahliy elj;jTk;.
F jdpegu;fSf;F jkJ Njitfis Mw;wpf;nfhs;Sk; NghJ gy;NtW Kuz;ghLfs;
cs;sd.
F mjidj; jPu;g;gjw;F Mjp fhyj;jpypUe;J kdpjd; FOthfr; nraw;gl;lhd;.
F epfo;fhyj;jpy; kdpjdpd; Njitfis epiwNtw;Wk; NghJk; Kuz;ghLfSf;F
Kfq;nfhLf;fpd;whd;.
F ,t;thwhd gytpj Kuz;ghLfisj; jPu;j;Jf; nfhs;tjw;fhd Mw;wy; $l;LwT
,af;fj;jpd; %yk; fpilf;fpwJ.
(10 epkplq;fs;)
gb 9.1.4.2gb 9.1.4.2gb 9.1.4.2gb 9.1.4.2gb 9.1.4.2
� ,izg;G 9.1.4.1. ,y; Fwpg;gplg;gLk; nraw;ghl;Lg; gj;jpuj;ij mt;te;j FOf;fSf;F
toq;fTk;.
� FOr; nraw;ghl;Lf;fhfg; NghJkhd Neuj;ij toq;fTk;.
� Njitahd mwptWj;jy;fisAk; topfhl;ly;fisAk; ngw;Wf;nfhLf;fTk;.
(15 epkplq;fs;)
118
gb 9.1.4.3gb 9.1.4.3gb 9.1.4.3gb 9.1.4.3gb 9.1.4.3
� FOf;fspdhy; Nrfupf;fg;gLk; jfty;fis tFg;gpy; rku;g;gpf;fr; re;ju;g;gk; mspf;fTk;.
� rku;g;gpf;fg;gl;l jfty;fs; gw;wpa fUj;Jf;fis vLj;Jf;fhl;Ltjw;F FOtpd; Vida
khztUf;F tha;g;gspf;fTk;.
� mt;te;j FOtpdhy; Kd;itf;fg;gl;l jfty;fs; gw;wpa fUj;Jf;fisj; njuptpg;gjw;F
Vida FOf;fSf;F re;ju;g;gkspf;fTk;.
� gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; NknyOk; tpjkhff; fye;Jiuahliy elj;jTk;.
F ghlrhiyf; $l;LwT ,af;fq;fis epWTtjhy; ghlrhiy khztUf;Fj;
Njitahd fhfpjhjpfis kypthd tpiyf;Fg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;syhk;.
F $l;LwT ,af;fj;jpdu; vd;w tifapy; tho;f;if mDgtq;fisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s
ghlrhiyf; $l;LwT ,af;fk; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;fpd;wJ.
F mjid tpUj;jp nra;tjdhy; ghlrhiyf; $l;Lwtpd; %yk; NkYk; eyd;Gupr;
Nritfs; Muk;gpf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
F jkJ gFjpapy; “gy;Nehf;Ff; $l;LwTr; rq;fq;fs;’ r%f eyDf;Fupa gy;NtW
Nritfis Nkw;nfhs;fpd;wd.
F cq;fs; gpuNjrj;jpy; eilngWk; $l;LwT ,af;fj;ij elj;jpr; nry;Yjy;
mjd; xU NritahFk;.
F fld; toq;Fk; rq;fq;fspdhy; cld; gzj;NjitfSf;fhf kpff; Fiwe;j
tl;bf;F flidg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;syhk;.
F $l;LwT fpuhk tq;fpffs; %yk; Nrkpg;ig elj;jpr; nry;yy;> fld; ngw ;Wf ;
nfhs;sy;> kpd;rhug; gl;bay;> ePu;g;gl;bay; Nghd;wtw;iwr; nrYj;jtjw;F trjpfs;
Vw;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd.
F md;whl tho;f;ifapd; Njitfis Mw;Wtjw;F $l;Lwtpd; %yk; ghupa
gzpfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd.
(15 epkplq;fs;)
fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPl;L epajpfSk;fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPl;L epajpfSk;fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPl;L epajpfSk;fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPl;L epajpfSk;fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPl;L epajpfSk;
� $l;LwT ,af;fj;jpdhy; Mw;wg;gLk; Nritfis tpgupg;ghu;.
� $l;LwT ,af;fk;> r%f mgptpUj;jpf;Fg; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Ak; xU epWtdk; vd;gij
kjpj;jthW fUj;Jf;fis ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.
� jdJ Njitfis Mw;Wtjw;fhf $l;LwT ,af;fj;jpdhy; Mw;wg;gLk; Nritfis
ml;ltizg;gLj;Jthu;.
� xw;Wikahf FOr; nraw;ghLfspy; <LgLthu;.
� $l;LwT ,af;fj;jpd; ngWkhdj;ijg; gw;wp VidNahUf;Fk; mwpar;nra;thu;.
119
,izg;G 9.1.4.1,izg;G 9.1.4.1,izg;G 9.1.4.1,izg;G 9.1.4.1,izg;G 9.1.4.1
$l;LwT ,af;f ,yr;rpid$l;LwT ,af;f ,yr;rpid$l;LwT ,af;f ,yr;rpid$l;LwT ,af;f ,yr;rpid$l;LwT ,af;f ,yr;rpid
cq;fSf;F maypYs;s $l;LwT ,af;f epWtdj;jpw;Fr; nrd;W mjd; ,yr;rpidia
tiue;J nfhz;L tuTk;.
,izg;G 9.1.4.2,izg;G 9.1.4.2,izg;G 9.1.4.2,izg;G 9.1.4.2,izg;G 9.1.4.2
nraw;ghl;Lg; gj;jpuk;nraw;ghl;Lg; gj;jpuk;nraw;ghl;Lg; gj;jpuk;nraw;ghl;Lg; gj;jpuk;nraw;ghl;Lg; gj;jpuk;
FO 1FO 1FO 1FO 1FO 1
cq;fs; gpuNjrj;jpy;; gy;Nehf;F $l;LwT rq;fj;jpdhy; Mw;wg;gLk; Nritfs; gw;wpa
rpW tpsf;fnkhd;iw Kd;itf;fTk;.
FO 2FO 2FO 2FO 2FO 2
cq;fs; gpuNjrj;jpy; $l;LwT ,af;fj;jpdhy; Mw;wg;gLk; Nritfs; gw;wpr; RUf;fkhf
tpsf;fTk;.
FO 3FO 3FO 3FO 3FO 3
cq;fs; gpuNjrj;jpy; $l;LwT fpuhkpa tq;fpapdhy; Mw;wg;gLk; Nritfisr;
RUf;fkhf tpsf;fTk;.
FO 4FO 4FO 4FO 4FO 4
cq;fs; gpuNjrj;jpd; tptrha cw;gj;jpfSf;fhf epWtg;gl;Ls;s $l;LwT rq;fj;jpdhy;
Mw;wg;gLk; Nritfs; gwwpa tpguq;fis Kd;itf;fTk;.
FO 5FO 5FO 5FO 5FO 5
cq;fs; ghlrhiyapy;/ maypy; cs;s ghlrhiyf; $l;LwT ,af;fj;jpdhy;
Mw;wg;gLk; Nritfs; gw;wpa tpguq;fis Kd;itf;fTk;.
120
9.1.59.1.59.1.59.1.59.1.5 nraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghL
Nju;r ;r pNju ;r ;r pNju ;r ;r pNju ;r ;r pNju ;r ;r p : -: -: -: -: - $l;lhd nraw;ghLfspd; Clhf r%fg; ghJfhg;ig cWjpg;
gLj;jpf; nfhs;tjw;F nray;uPjpapy; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;thu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk; : -: -: -: -: - $l;LwT ,af;fj;Jld; ,ize;J rf tho;T thOk; gpui[ahfr;
nraw;gLthu;.nraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghL : -: -: -: -: - “$l;LwT ,af;fj;jpdhy; Mw;wg;gLk; Nritia ,dq;fhz;Nghk;”
Neuk;Neuk;Neuk;Neuk;Neuk; : -: -: -: -: - 40 epkplq;fs;
ju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPL : -: -: -: -: - � ,izg;G 9.1.5.1 ,w;Fupa $l;LwT ,af;fg;ghly;
� ,izg;G 9.1.5.2. ,w;Fupa nraw;ghl;Lg; gj;jpuk;
� V 4 fljhrp;> khf;fu; Ngidfs;
� gpwp];ly; ml;il
fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghL
gb 9.1.5.1gb 9.1.5.1gb 9.1.5.1gb 9.1.5.1gb 9.1.5.1
� ,izg;G 9.1.5.1 ,w;Fupa $l;LwT ,af;fg; ghliy tFg;gpYs;s midtUk; xd;WNru;e;J
,irf;fTk;.
� gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; NknyOk; tpjkhf fye;Jiuahly; xd;iw elj;jTk;.
F $l;LwT ,af;fkhdJ “xUtu; gyUf;Fk; - gyu; xUtUf;Fk; “ vDk;
kFlthrfj;ij mbg;gilahff;nfhz;L nraw;gLfpd;wJ.
F jdpegu;fs; jkJ Njitfis epiwNtw;wpf; nfhs;tjw;fhf xw;Wikahf
njhopw;gLk; ngWkhdj;ij tpsq;fpf; nfhz;Ls;sdu;.
F Xw;Wikahfj; njhopw;gLtjd; %yk; $l;LwT vdg;gLk; vz;zf;fU
cUthf;fjpw;F Njitahd mbg;gil fl;bnaOg;gg;gLfpd;wJ.
F rkj;Jt vz;zf;fUitf; fhg;gjd; %yk; $l;Lwit Kd;ndLj;Jr; nry;yyhk;.
(10 epkplq;fs;)
gb 9.1.5.2gb 9.1.5.2gb 9.1.5.2gb 9.1.5.2gb 9.1.5.2
� tFg;gpYs;s khztiu Vw;wthW FOf;fshf;fTk;.
� ,izg;G 9.1.5.2 ,w;Fupa nraw;ghl;Lg; gj;jpuj;ij FOf;fspilNa gfpuTk;.
� FOtpYs;s khztu;f;Fj; Njitahd mwpTiufis toq;fpathW nraw;ghl;Lf;Fj;
Njitahd tplaq;fisj; jpul;l topfhl;lTk;.
� FOtpDs; RatpUg;gj;Jld; jiytu; xUtu; Kd;tUtjw;F re;ju;g;gk; toq;fp> mtiuf;
nfhz;L 03 epkplq;fs; je;J FOtpdhy; ntspg;gLj;jg;gl;l jfty;fis Ngr;Rg;Nghl;bapd;
Njhuizapy; Kd;itf;fr; re;ju;g;gk; mspf;fTk;.
� gpd;tUk; tplaq;fis NknyOk; tpjkhff; fye;Jiuahliy elj;jTk;.
(15 epkplq;fs;)
121
F $l;LwT ,af;fkhdJ jkJ md;whlj; Njitfis epiwNtw;wpf;nfhs;Sk; Kf;fpa
ClfkhFk;.
F $l;LwT ,af;fkhdJ kdpjtho;tpd; ,d;wpaikahj mq;fkhf khwpAs;sJ.
F md;whlj; Njitfis epiwNtw;Wk;NghJ ,yhgkPl;Lk; Nehf;fj;ij tpLj;J
$l;LwT ,af;fk; nraw;gLtjhy; ,J nghJkf;fs; Nea mikg;ghf cs;sJ.
F $l;LwTld; kpfTk; xd;wpize;J vkJ tho;it ntw;wpfukhf Mf;fpf; nfhs;s
Ntz;Lk;.
(15 epkplq;fs;)
fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPl;L epajpfSk;fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPl;L epajpfSk;fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPl;L epajpfSk;fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPl;L epajpfSk;fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPl;L epajpfSk;
� $l;LwT ,af;fj;jpd; Njhw;wj;ijAk; Nehf;fq;fisAk; tpsf;Fthu;.
� jdpegu; Njitfis epiwNtw;wpf;nfhs;Sk; nghUl;L $l;LwT ,af;fj;jpdhy; ngUk;
gq;fspg;G toq;fg;gLtijf; $Wthu;.
� $l;LwT ,af;fj;jpd; ngWkhdj;ij tpsf;fpathW mjdhy; Mw;wg;gLk; Nritfis
kjpg;ghu;.
� FO czu;Tld; cupathW Neuj;ij Kfhikj;Jtk; nra;a Kaw;rpg;ghu;.
� jdJ tho;it $l;LwT ,af;fj;Jld; ,izj;Jf;nfhs;s KaYthu;.
,izg;G 9.1.5.1,izg;G 9.1.5.1,izg;G 9.1.5.1,izg;G 9.1.5.1,izg;G 9.1.5.1
$l;LwT ,af;fg;ghly;$l;LwT ,af;fg;ghly;$l;LwT ,af;fg;ghly;$l;LwT ,af;fg;ghly;$l;LwT ,af;fg;ghly;
(ghliyj;jUtpj;Jf; nfhs;SkhW Mrpupau;fs; mwpTWj;jg;gLfpd;wdu;.)(ghliyj;jUtpj;Jf; nfhs;SkhW Mrpupau;fs; mwpTWj;jg;gLfpd;wdu;.)(ghliyj;jUtpj;Jf; nfhs;SkhW Mrpupau;fs; mwpTWj;jg;gLfpd;wdu;.)(ghliyj;jUtpj;Jf; nfhs;SkhW Mrpupau;fs; mwpTWj;jg;gLfpd;wdu;.)(ghliyj;jUtpj;Jf; nfhs;SkhW Mrpupau;fs; mwpTWj;jg;gLfpd;wdu;.)
122
,izg;G 9.1.5.2,izg;G 9.1.5.2,izg;G 9.1.5.2,izg;G 9.1.5.2,izg;G 9.1.5.2
nraw;ghl;Lg; gj;jpuk;nraw;ghl;Lg; gj;jpuk;nraw;ghl;Lg; gj;jpuk;nraw;ghl;Lg; gj;jpuk;nraw;ghl;Lg; gj;jpuk;
FO 1FO 1FO 1FO 1FO 1
$l;LwT ,af;fj;jpd; Njhw;wKk; mjd; Fwpf;Nfhs;fSk; gw;wpa ciunahd;iw
Kd;itg;gNj cq;fs; FOTf;fhd xg;gilahFk;.
FO 2FO 2FO 2FO 2FO 2
$l;LwT ,af;fj;jpd; Njhw;wKk; mjd; Fwpf;Nfhs;fSk; gw;wpa ciunahd;iw
Mw;wy; cq;fs; FOTf;fhd xg;gilahFk;.
FO 3FO 3FO 3FO 3FO 3
‘$l;LwTr; rq;ftiffSk; mtw;iw mikj;Jf;nfhs;Sk; tpjKk; “ vd;gJ
gw;wpa ciunahd;iw Mw;wy; cq;fs; FOTf;fhd xg;gilahFk;.
FO 4FO 4FO 4FO 4FO 4
‘ghlrhiyf; $l;LwT ,af;fj;jpypUe;J ngwg;gLk; Nritfs;’ vd;gJ gw;wpa
ciunahd;iw Mw;wy; cq;fs; FOTf;fhd xg;gilahFk;.
FO 5FO 5FO 5FO 5FO 5
$l;LwT rq;fj;jpdhy; Mw;wg;gLk; Nritfs; gw;wpa ciunahd;iw Mw;wy;
cq;fs; FOTf;fhd xg;gilahFk;.
123
9.2 rkfhy r%fkhw;wk;9.2 rkfhy r%fkhw;wk;9.2 rkfhy r%fkhw;wk;9.2 rkfhy r%fkhw;wk;9.2 rkfhy r%fkhw;wk; ghlNtis - 08ghlNtis - 08ghlNtis - 08ghlNtis - 08ghlNtis - 08
mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;
,d;iwa etPd njhopDl;gg; nghUshjhuj;jpy; cw;gj;jp> tpepNahfk;> tu;j;jfk; Mfpa
Jiwfspy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f nry;thf;ifr; nrYj;jpAs;sJ. njhopDl;g nry;thf;fpdhy;
nghUshjhuj;jpy; Vw;gl;l ,k;khw;wk; njhopy;JiwapYk; gy;NtW tpjj;jpy; jhf;fk;
nrYj;jpAs;sJ.
njhopDl;gj;jpy; Vw;gl;l Jupj Kd;Ndw;wk; r%f khw;wj;jpYk; ngUk; nry;thf;Fr;
nrYj;jpAs;sJ. ,j;Jupj njhopDl;g Kd;Ndw;wk; r%fj;jpy; ed;ikfisg;NghyNt
jPikfisAk; Vw;gLj;Jk; epiyia Vw;gLj;jpAs;sJ. ,e;etPd njhopDl;gkhdJ r%fj;jpy;
ed;ikfs; Vw;gLtjw;Fj; jilahd tplaq;fspy; <u;f;fg;gLk; r%fj;ij cUthf;Ftjpy;
ntw;wp nfhz;Ls;sJ.
njhopDl;g Kd;Ndw;wk; ngUk; r%f khw;wj;Jf;Fk; fhuzkhf cs;sJ. Mf;fj; jpwDs;s
gpui[fs; vd;wtifapy; njhopDl;gj;ij r%f nghUshjhu Kd;Ndw;wj;jf;Fg;
gad;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; njhopDl;gk; %yk; r%f Kd;Ndw;wj;Jf;Fj; jilahd ghjfkhd
nry;thf;Ffis ,optsthf;Ftjw;Fk; Njitahd mwpT> kdg;ghq;F> jpwd; tpUj;jpf;F
cupa re;ju;g;gq;fis toq;FjNy ,e;j myiff; fw;gjd; %yk; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
Nju;r;rp :Nju;r;rp :Nju;r;rp :Nju;r;rp :Nju;r;rp :
r%f ed;ik kPJ> gq;fspf;Fk; njhopDl;g> r%f nghUshjhu khw;wq;fSf;F
,irthfr; nraw;gLthu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk;:Nju;r;rp kl;lk;:Nju;r;rp kl;lk;:Nju;r;rp kl;lk;:Nju;r;rp kl;lk;:
� rkfhy khw;wq;fSf; $lhf jdpahs;> r%f mgptpUj;jpapy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk;
khw;wq;fis EZfpaha;thu;.
� nghUshjhuj;jpy; Vw;gLk; khw;wq;fSf;F ,irthfr; nraw;gLthu;.
� Gjpa njhopw;re;ijf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd tifapy; jkJ jpwikfisAk;
Mw;wy;fisAk; mwpe;J mtw;iw tpUj;jp nra;J nfhs;thu;.
124
ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;
9.2.19.2.19.2.19.2.19.2.1 njhopDl;g khw;wq;fSk; mtw;wpdhy; ntspg;gLk; Jyq;fy;fspd; Kf;fpaj;JtKk;njhopDl;g khw;wq;fSk; mtw;wpdhy; ntspg;gLk; Jyq;fy;fspd; Kf;fpaj;JtKk;njhopDl;g khw;wq;fSk; mtw;wpdhy; ntspg;gLk; Jyq;fy;fspd; Kf;fpaj;JtKk;njhopDl;g khw;wq;fSk; mtw;wpdhy; ntspg;gLk; Jyq;fy;fspd; Kf;fpaj;JtKk;njhopDl;g khw;wq;fSk; mtw;wpdhy; ntspg;gLk; Jyq;fy;fspd; Kf;fpaj;JtKk;
njhopDl;gk; mwpKfk;njhopDl;gk; mwpKfk;njhopDl;gk; mwpKfk;njhopDl;gk; mwpKfk;njhopDl;gk; mwpKfk;
� kdpjd; jdJ eltbf;iffis ,yFthf;Ftjw;fhfg; gpd;gw;Wk; Kiwapay;;.
� ,k;Kiwapay;fs; rkfhyj;jpy; khw;wq;fSf;F cl;gl;Ls;sJld; NkYk; khw;wq;fSf;F
cl;glf;$bait.
cjhuzk;:
Ntl;ilahLk; fhyj;jpy; fy;yhAjq;fisg; gad;gLj;jpa kdpjd;
gpw;fhyj;jpy; Kd;Ndw;wkile;j etPd fUtpfisg; gad;gLj;jy;.
kPd;gpbj;njhopypy; J}z;by; Nghl;L kPd;gpbj;jtu;fs; mz;ikf; fhyq;fspy;
etPd cgfuzq;fisg; gad;gLj;jy;.
njhopDl;g khw;wq;fs;njhopDl;g khw;wq;fs;njhopDl;g khw;wq;fs;njhopDl;g khw;wq;fs;njhopDl;g khw;wq;fs;
� etPd tpQ;Qhd Kd;Ndw;wk;> kdpjdpd; Gjpa fz;Lgpbg;Gfs; vd;gtw;wpd; mbg;gilapy;
njhopDl;gk; tsk; ngw;Ws;sJ. cjhuzk;: tpz;ntsp Ma;Tfs;> fzdpg;gad;ghL>
,izaj;js trjpfs;.
� rdj;njhif mjpfupg;Gld; mjpfupj;j Njitfis epiwNtw;Wtjw;F tiuaWf;fg;gl;l
tsq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jk;NghJ njhopDl;gk; Gjpa Nghf;fpidg; ngWjy;. ,J tptrhak;>
ifj;njhopy;> Nrit Mfpa midj;Jj; JiwfspYk; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpAs;sJ.
cjhuzk;:
tptrhak; - kdpj ciog;G> tpyq;Ffs; vd;gtw;iwg;
gad;gLj;Jtjw;Fg; gjpyhf ,ae;jpuq;fisg; gad;gLj;jy;.
ifj;njhopy; - kdpj ciog;igg; gad;gLj;Jtjw;Fg; gjpyhf ,ae;jpug;
nghwpfs; %yk; cw;gj;jp eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;Sjy;.
Nrit - nra;jpg; gupkhw;wj;Jf;F kpd;dQ;ry; gad;gLj;jy;.
125
Njbawpjy;> Ma;T vd;gtw;wpd; tiutpyf;fzq;fs;Njbawpjy;> Ma;T vd;gtw;wpd; tiutpyf;fzq;fs;Njbawpjy;> Ma;T vd;gtw;wpd; tiutpyf;fzq;fs;Njbawpjy;> Ma;T vd;gtw;wpd; tiutpyf;fzq;fs;Njbawpjy;> Ma;T vd;gtw;wpd; tiutpyf;fzq;fs;
Njbawpjy;Njbawpjy;Njbawpjy;Njbawpjy;Njbawpjy; - epfo;epiyr; nrad;Kiw my;yJ Nfhl;ghLfisj; Njbawpjy;.
Ma;TMa;TMa;TMa;TMa;T - tpQ;Qhd Kiwapaiyg; gpd;gw;wp tpUj;jp nra;ag;gLk; gupNrhjid.
cjhuzk;:
,yq;ifapy; ghlrhiy khztu; xUtu; Jzp cyu itg;gjw;fhd Gjpa nghwp xd;wpid
cw;gj;jp nra;jy;. ePupdhy; fOtg;gl;l Jzpia #upa ntspr;rk; cs;s Neuj;jpy;
cyuitg;gjw;Fk; kionga;Ak; Neuj;jpy; %LifAs;s ,lj;jpw;Fj; jhdhfNt gazpf;ff;
$baJkhd jahupg;G Ma;T nra;jypd; tpisthFk;. nghwpiaj; jw;fhyj;Jf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd
tpjj;jpy; etPdkag;gLj;jpg; gad;gLj;jy; Njbawpjypd; tpisthFk;. Njbawpjy; %yk;
fz;lwpag;gl;l jfty;fs; rkfhyj;Jf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd tpjj;jpy; gad;gLj;Jjy;.
cjhuzk;: Nehiaf; Fzg;gLj;Jtjw;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; itj;jpa Kiwfis rkfhyj;Jf;Fg;
nghUe;Jk; tpjj;jpy; xOq;FgLj;jy;.
njhopDl;g khw;wj;Jld; Vw;gLk; r%f khw;wq;fs;:njhopDl;g khw;wj;Jld; Vw;gLk; r%f khw;wq;fs;:njhopDl;g khw;wj;Jld; Vw;gLk; r%f khw;wq;fs;:njhopDl;g khw;wj;Jld; Vw;gLk; r%f khw;wq;fs;:njhopDl;g khw;wj;Jld; Vw;gLk; r%f khw;wq;fs;:
gy;NtW Jiwfspy; Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fs;> r%fj;jpy; gy;NtW khw;wq;fs; Vw;gLtjpy; nry;thf;F
nrYj;jpaJ.
F tho;f;ifKiw khw;wk;
F Efu;Tf;Nfhyk; kPjhd tho;f;ifepiy khw;wk;
F Gjpa njhopy; Jiwfspd; Njhw;wk;
F Nghf;Ftuj;J Kiwfs;
F njhlu;ghly;
F Mil mzpfs;
F vz;zq;fs;
F czTg; ghdq;fs; jahupf;Fk; Kiw
F kUj;Jt rpfpr;ir Kiw
F r%fj; njhlu;Gfis Vw;gLj;jy;
cjhuzk;cjhuzk;cjhuzk;cjhuzk;cjhuzk;
F czT jahupg;gjpy; gy;NtW njhopDl;gf; fUtpfisg; gad;gLj;jy;.
F gioa ghuk;gupa Kiwfs; mw;Wg;Nghjy;.
F Nkiyj;Nja kUj;Jt Kiw tUifapdhy; mk;Kiwapy; ngUksT rhu;e;jpUj;jy;.
F nghOJNghf;Ffspy; Gjpa njhopDl;gj;ijg; gad;gLj;jy;.
F thndhyp> njhiyf;fhl;rp> ,izaj;jsk;.
F r%fj; njhlu;Gfs; JupjkhjYk; tpuptiljYk;.
F Nghf;Ftuj;Jf;fhfg; gy;NtWKiwfs;> ifalf;fj; njhiyNgrpg; ghtid
126
Mf;fj;jpwDila gpui[ vd;w uPjpapy; njhopDl;g khw;wq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jtjd;Mf;fj;jpwDila gpui[ vd;w uPjpapy; njhopDl;g khw;wq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jtjd;Mf;fj;jpwDila gpui[ vd;w uPjpapy; njhopDl;g khw;wq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jtjd;Mf;fj;jpwDila gpui[ vd;w uPjpapy; njhopDl;g khw;wq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jtjd;Mf;fj;jpwDila gpui[ vd;w uPjpapy; njhopDl;g khw;wq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jtjd;
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ;.Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ;.Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ;.Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ;.Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ;.
� md;whl eltbf;iffis ,yFthf;f njhopEl;gj ;ijg; nghUj;jkhdthW
gad;gLj;jf;$bajhf ,Uj;jy;.
cjhuzk; : tPLfs;
Nghf;Ftuj;J
njhlu;ghly; mwpitg; ngWjy;
� Gjpa cw;gj;jpfis Mf;Ftjw;Fj; njhopDl;gj;ijg; gad;gLj;jy;.
� r%f ed;ikf;Fj; Njitahd cw;gj;jpfis Mf;Ftjw;Fj; njhopDl;gj;ijg; gad;gLj;Jjy;.
� cw;gj;jpapd; tpisjpwidAk; tpidj;jpwidAk; NkYk; cau;j;Jtjw;Fj; njhopDl;gj;ijg;
gad;gLj;jjy;.
� r%fj; njhlu;Gfis ,yFthfTk; tpiuthfTk; Vw;gLj;Jtjw;Fj; njhopDl;gj;ijg;
gad;gLj;Jjy;.
� njhopDl;gq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jk;NghJ EZfp Muha;e;J> mtw;iwj; jkf;Fk; gpwUf;Fk;
ed;ikfis mspf;Fk; tpjj;jpy; xOq;FgLj;Jjy;.
njhopDl;gk; kf;fs; tho;f;iff;Fr; rhjfkhd kw;Wk; ghjfkhd tpjj;jpy; nry;thf;Fr;njhopDl;gk; kf;fs; tho;f;iff;Fr; rhjfkhd kw;Wk; ghjfkhd tpjj;jpy; nry;thf;Fr;njhopDl;gk; kf;fs; tho;f;iff;Fr; rhjfkhd kw;Wk; ghjfkhd tpjj;jpy; nry;thf;Fr;njhopDl;gk; kf;fs; tho;f;iff;Fr; rhjfkhd kw;Wk; ghjfkhd tpjj;jpy; nry;thf;Fr;njhopDl;gk; kf;fs; tho;f;iff;Fr; rhjfkhd kw;Wk; ghjfkhd tpjj;jpy; nry;thf;Fr;
nrYj;Jk; tpjk;.nrYj;Jk; tpjk;.nrYj;Jk; tpjk;.nrYj;Jk; tpjk;.nrYj;Jk; tpjk;.
jpde;NjhWk; ,lk;ngWk; njhopDl;g Kd;Ndw;wj;jpdhy; gy;NtW JiwfSk; Kd;Ndwpr;
nry;Yk;NghJ kf;fs; tho;f;ifAk; gy;NtW tpjq;fspYk; nry;thf;Ff;F cl;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wJ.
,jdhy; r%fj;Jf;F rhjfkhdit NghyNt ghjfkhd tpisTfSk; Vw;gl;Ls;sd. njhopDl;g
khw;wj;ij cupa tpjj;jpy; ,dq;fz;L jkJ tho;f;ifiar; rpwg;Gld; elhj;Jtjw;F
eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;Sjy; ey;y gpui[ xUtupd; flikahFk;.
njhopDl;g khw;wq;fs; rhjfkhd tpjj;jpy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; re;ju;g;gq;fs;.njhopDl;g khw;wq;fs; rhjfkhd tpjj;jpy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; re;ju;g;gq;fs;.njhopDl;g khw;wq;fs; rhjfkhd tpjj;jpy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; re;ju;g;gq;fs;.njhopDl;g khw;wq;fs; rhjfkhd tpjj;jpy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; re;ju;g;gq;fs;.njhopDl;g khw;wq;fs; rhjfkhd tpjj;jpy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; re;ju;g;gq;fs;.
� md;whlg; gzpfis ,yFthf epiwNtw;wpf;nfhs;sf;$bajhf ,Uj;jy;.
� jdpegu;fSf;fpilapYk; ru;tNjr uPjpapYk; njhlu;Gfs; tpUj;jpailjy;.
� Neuj;ij kPjg;gLj;jf;$bajhf ,Uj;jy;.
� gy;NtW njhopy; tha;g;Gfs; Vw;gLjy;.
� ehshe;jk; tsUk; Gj;jwpitg; ngWk; jpwe;j topfs; Vw;gLjy;.
� cw;gj;jpAk; tpepNahfKk; ,yFthjy;.
� KOcyfKk; cyff; fpuhkkhf khWjy;.
ghjfkhd nry;thf;ifr; nrYj;jpa re;ju;g;gq;fs;ghjfkhd nry;thf;ifr; nrYj;jpa re;ju;g;gq;fs;ghjfkhd nry;thf;ifr; nrYj;jpa re;ju;g;gq;fs;ghjfkhd nry;thf;ifr; nrYj;jpa re;ju;g;gq;fs;ghjfkhd nry;thf;ifr; nrYj;jpa re;ju;g;gq;fs;
� tho;f;iff; Nfhyq;fs; khw;wkiljypdhy; cldyj;Jf;F mr;rWj;jy; Vw;gLjy;.
� gaq;futhjk;> Nghu;f;fUtpfs; cw;gj;jp> Fw;wq;fs; jpl;lkplg;gly;> Coy;> J\;gpuNahfk;>
vd;gd ehSf;F ehs; mjpfupj;jy;.
� njhopDl;gf; fUtpfNshL nghOJNghf;Ftjw;Fj; J}z;lg;gLtjhy; jdpahs;fSf;F
,ilapyhd njhlu;G> FLk;gj;Jf;fpilapyhd gpizg;G eyptiljy;.
� #oy; khriljy; mjpfupj;jy;> epiyj;jpUf;Fk; mgptpUj;jpf;Fj; jil Vw;gly;.
� Xa;T> nghONghf;F vd;gtw;Wf;fhfj; njhopDl;gj;ijg; gad;gLj;Jtjhy; r%fg;gpur;rpidfs;
Vw;gLjy;.
127
9.2.29.2.29.2.29.2.29.2.2 nghUshjhu khw;wq;fs;nghUshjhu khw;wq;fs;nghUshjhu khw;wq;fs;nghUshjhu khw;wq;fs;nghUshjhu khw;wq;fs;
kdpj Njitfis epiwNtw;Wtjw;Fg; nghUs;fSk; NritfSk; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLfpd;wd.
gy;NtW tsq;fisf; nfhz;L njhopDl;gj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp> cw;gj;jpahf;fg;gLtd
tpidj;jpwDld; Efu;thsuplk; tpepNahfpf;fg;gLjy; Ntz;Lk;. tpepNahfpf;fg;gl;l gpd; re;ijfspd;
%yk; tpw;gid nra;ag;gLtJ tpahghuk; vdg;gLk;. ,jw;Nfw;g nghUshjhuj;jpy; cw;gj;jp
tpepNahfk;> tpahghuk; Mfpa midj;Jg; gpupTfspYk; khw;wq;fs; Vw;gl;Ls;sJld; NkYk;
khw;wj;Jf;Fs;shfpAk; tUfpd;wd.
cw;gj;jpcw;gj;jpcw;gj;jpcw;gj;jpcw;gj;jp
tptrhak;> ifj;njhopy; Nrit midj;Jg; gpupTfspYk; cw;gj;jp ,lk; ngWfpd;wJ.
tptrhaj;Jiwapy; Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fs;tptrhaj;Jiwapy; Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fs;tptrhaj;Jiwapy; Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fs;tptrhaj;Jiwapy; Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fs;tptrhaj;Jiwapy; Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fs;
� tpUj;jp nra;ag;gl;l Gjpa tpijtiffis mwpKfk; nra;jy;.
� kugZ njhopDl;gk; gad;gLj;Jjy;.
� Gjpa gapu;r;nra;ifKiwiag; gad;gLj;jy;.
� ,urhadg; grisfisg; gad;gLj;jy;.
� Efu;Tf;fhd jahupf;fg;gl;l czTtiffspd; cw;gj;jp.
� cld; czT.
� cw;gj;jpfisg; gy;tifg;gLj;jy;.
cjhuzk;:
Njapiy cw;gj;jpapy; cld; Njapiy> Rita+l;ba Njapiy>
gRe;Njapiy (Green Tea)
kPd;gpbj; njhopypy; trjpfs; epiwe;j ghupa glFfs; gad;gLj;Jjy;> kPd;gpbf;Fk;
Kiwfs;> fUtpfs;> ePz;l fhyk; NgZk; Kiwfs; vd;gdtw;wpyhd khw;wq;fs;.
� gioa fhye;njhl;L tPl;by; tsu;f;Fk; gpuhzpfspy; khw;wkpy;yhjpUg;gpDk; njhopDl;gg;
gad;ghl;bdhy; tpyq;FfspypUe;J ngWk; gad;ghLfs; khw;wkiljy;.
cjhuzk;:
,iwr;rpf;fhf Gnwhapyu; Nfhop tsu;j;jy;> mjpf ghiyg; ngWtjw;fhf tpUj;jp
nra;ag;gl;l gRf;fs;.
ifj;njhopy; Jiwapy; Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fs;ifj;njhopy; Jiwapy; Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fs;ifj;njhopy; Jiwapy; Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fs;ifj;njhopy; Jiwapy; Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fs;ifj;njhopy; Jiwapy; Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fs;
� kdpju;fspd; iffshy; nra;ag;gl;ltw;Wf;F ,ae;jpuq;fs;> NuhNgh njhopDl;gk; vd;gd
gad;gLj;jg;gly;. cjhuzk;: Jzp cw;gj;jp> thfd cw;gj;jp.
� Ntiyg;gfpu;Tk; rpwg;Gj; Nju;r;rpAk; (epGzj;Jtk;)
cjhuzk;: gpuNjr rpwg;Gj; Nju;r;rp (epGzj;Jtk;)> ru;tNjr rpwg;Gj; Nju;r;rp
� nghUj;Jk; ifj;njhopy;fs; Njhd;Wjy;.
� ifj;njhopy; cw;gj;jpapy; Gjpa Jizg;ghfq;fs; cw;gj;jp nra;jy;.
cjhuzk;: msT> tbtk;> ,yFjd;ik vd;gtw;Wf;Nfw;g khw;wq;fSld; ,ae;jpuq;fs;>
thfdq;fs;> ,yj;jpudpay; fUtpfs; vd;gd.
� gy;NtW Njbawpjy;> Ma;T vd;gdtw;Wf;fhf Njitahd ,ae;jpuq;fs;> Jizg;ghfq;fs;
cw;gj;jp nra;jy;.
cjhuzk ;: nra;kjp> tpz;ntsp fyq;fs;> ePu;Ko;fpf; fg;gy;fs; Mfpad.
128
� tptrhak;> Nrit Mfpatw;wpd; Kd;Ndw;wj;jpy; nry;thf;F nrYj;Jk; ,ae;jpuq;fs;>
fUtpfs; vd;gdtw;wpd; cw;gj;jp.
cjhuzk;: mWtil nra;Ak; ,ae;jpuk;
fzpzp kUj;Jt cgfuzq;fs;
Nritj;Jiwapy; Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fs;Nritj;Jiwapy; Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fs;Nritj;Jiwapy; Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fs;Nritj;Jiwapy; Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fs;Nritj;Jiwapy; Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fs;
� fy;tpj;Jiwapy; ,izaj;jsk; %yk; fy;tp trjpfisg; ngWjy;.
(E - Learning) (M – Learning)
� Rfhjhuj;Jiwapy; Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fs;.
cjhuzk; : kUj;Jt epGzu;fs; Nrit ngWtjw;F ,izaj;js trjpfs;(E – Medicine_)
� tq;fp eltbf;iffSf;F ml;ilfs; gad;gLj;Jjy;.
cjhuzk; : gzk; Njitahd ve;jnthU re;ju;g;gj;jpYk; ‘nuhyu;’ nghwp %yk;
ml;ilfisg; gad;gLj;jp gzj;ijg; ngWjy;.
� tpepNahfk; njhlu;gpy; Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fs;.
� nghUl;fis thq;Fjy;> fz;zhy; Neuhfg; ghu;g;gjpd;wp ,izaj;jsk; Clhf epfo;jy;.
� nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;fSf;fhf ml;ilfisg; gad;gLj;Jjy;.
cjhuzk; : fld; ml;il (Credit Card)
� nghUs;fSf;F mDg;ghiz mDg;Gjy;> ,izaj;jsk;> njhiyefy; (Fax) (Talex)
Kiwfisg; gad;gLj;jy;.
� tpidj;jpwDila ghJfhg;ghd Kiwiag; gad;gLj;jy;.
cjhuzk; : nfhs;fyd; gad;gLj;jy;> Fsp&l;b trjpfSldhd Nghf;Ftuj;J ngUksT
nghUs;fisf; nfhz;L nry;yf;$ba thfdq;fisg; gad;gLj;jy;.
� Fly;> thd;> ,uapy; Nghf;Ftuj;J Kiwfspy; Vw;gl;l Kd;Ndw;wk; (Sea Plane)
cjhuzk; : tpkhdf;fg;gYk; g];]{k; midj;J trjpfSk; nfhz;l fg;gy;>
kpd;uapy;fs;> nfhs;fyd; JiwKfq;fs;> fk;gpfs; Clhd gfpu;T.
cjhuzk; : njhiyNgrp> kpd;rhuk;.
� Cs;sff; Foha;fs; %yk; tpepNahfk;.
cjhuzk; : ePu;> vz;nza;> thA.
� tpepNahfj;Jf;fhf fl;Gy> nrtpg;Gy Clfq;fspd; gpurhu eltbf;iffspd; nry;thf;F.
� gy;Njrpa fk;gdpfspd;> gpujpepjpj;Jt epWtdq;fspd; jiyaPL.
tpahghuk; njhlu;ghd khw;wq;fs;tpahghuk; njhlu;ghd khw;wq;fs;tpahghuk; njhlu;ghd khw;wq;fs;tpahghuk; njhlu;ghd khw;wq;fs;tpahghuk; njhlu;ghd khw;wq;fs;
� kPAau; re;ijfs; %yk; nghUs; tpw;gid. (Super Market)
� tu;j;jf epWtdq;fs; re;ijfSf;F nghUs; ,Ug;gpid xg;gilj;jy;.
� nghUs;fspd; mDg;ghizf;Fg; Gjpa Kiwfisg; gad;gLj;jp Efu;thsuplk; xg;gilj;jy;.
cjhuzk; : ,izaj;jsk;> njhiyNgrp> kpd;dQ;ry;.
� nfhLg;gdTfSf;F ml;ilfisg; gad;gLj;jy;.
cjhuzk; : fld; ml;il (Creadit Card) gw;W ml;ilfs; (Debit Card)
� Nghl;b gpurhu Kiwfisg; gad;gLj;jy; mjw;fhf NtW epWtfq;fs; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;ld.
� nfhs;tdT nra;tjw;F ,yFthd mstpy; kdq;ftUk; tpjj;jpyhd elj;ij.
129
9.2.39.2.39.2.39.2.39.2.3 njhopw;re;ijfSk; mjNdhL ,ize;j Gjpa Nghf;FfSk;njhopw;re;ijfSk; mjNdhL ,ize;j Gjpa Nghf;FfSk;njhopw;re;ijfSk; mjNdhL ,ize;j Gjpa Nghf;FfSk;njhopw;re;ijfSk; mjNdhL ,ize;j Gjpa Nghf;FfSk;njhopw;re;ijfSk; mjNdhL ,ize;j Gjpa Nghf;FfSk;
nghUs;fs;> Nritfs; vd;gtw;wpd; cw;gj;jpia tpupthf;Fjy;. ,jNdhL tpepNahfk;> tpahghuk;
Mfpa Jiwfis tpUj;jp nra;jy;> ghuk;gupa Jiwfspy; njhopDl;gk; fhuzkhf Ntiy
tha;g;Gfs; Vw;gLjy; Jupjkile;jd. ,JNghy jpwe;j nghUshjhuk; fhuzkhf cs;ehl;bYk;
ntspehl;bYk; jdpahu; JiwapYk; Ntiy tha;g;Gfs; cUthfpAs;sd. tptrhak;> ifj;njhopy;
Nrit Mfpa rfy JiwfspYk; ,g;Nghf;fpidf; fhzf;$bajhf cs;sJ.
tptrhaj;JiwapYk; mjNdhL ,ize;j njhopy;fspYk; Gjpa Nghf;F tho;f;if kl;lj;jpy;
epytpa tptrhaf; Nfhyj;jpypUe;J tpyfp ifj;njhopy; Jiwf;F %yg;nghUl;fis toq;Ftjhf
cs;sJ.
cjhuzk; : - czit ePz;l fhyj;Jf;Fg; NgZjy;.
- ghy;rhu;e;j gy;NtW cw;gj;jpfs;
- ghy; igf;fw;W> Nahfl;> RitA+l;lg;gl;l ghy; Mfpad.
- tptrha Vw;Wkjpapd; gy;tifik
- Ranjhopy; re;ju;g;gq;fs;.
cjhuzk; : - tpyq;F Ntshz;ik eltbf;if> ehw;W Nkil
- czT ghdq;fs; jahupj;jy;.
- G+Q;nrb tsu;g;G.
- tptrha Ma;T njhlu;gpyhd Ntiy tha;g;Gfs;.
ifj;njhopy; JiwapYk; mjNdhL ,ize;j njhopy;fspYk; Gjpa Nghf;Ffs;.
ifj;njhopy;Jiwapy; fzdpg; gad;ghL tpuptile;jjhy; mJ njhlu;ghd Ntiy tha;g;Gfs;
tpuptiljy;.
cjhuzk; : fzdpj; juTfs; gjpjy;.
ntspehl;L re;ijfis Kjd;ikahff; nfhz;l jdpahu;Jiw Ntiytha;g;Gfs; Njhd;Wjy;.
Rje;jpu tu;j;jf tyak;> Vw;Wkjpf; fpuhkq;fs;> ifj;njhopy; Ngl;ilfs;> ifj;njhopy;
FbapUg;Gfs;> ifj;njhopy; G+q;fhf;fs; Mfpad.
cjhuzk; : - Mszp Kfhikahsu;
- tpyq;F Ntshz;ik mYtyu;
- njhopy; Nkw;ghu;itahsu;> [{fp ,ae;jpuk;> ,af;Feu;
Mfpa njhopy; tha;g;Gfs;.
Nritj;JiwapYk; mjNdhL ,ize;jtw;wpYkhd GjpaNghf;F.Nritj;JiwapYk; mjNdhL ,ize;jtw;wpYkhd GjpaNghf;F.Nritj;JiwapYk; mjNdhL ,ize;jtw;wpYkhd GjpaNghf;F.Nritj;JiwapYk; mjNdhL ,ize;jtw;wpYkhd GjpaNghf;F.Nritj;JiwapYk; mjNdhL ,ize;jtw;wpYkhd GjpaNghf;F.
cjhuzk; : - jdpahu; tq;fp Kiwfs; guk;gy;
- fhg;GWjp epWtdq;fs; tpuptiljy;.
- JiwKfk;> tpkhd epiyaq;fs; trjpfs; tpupthf;fk;.
- kUj;Jt Nritapy; Vw;gl;l tpupT.
njhlu;ghlYk; tpsk;guq;fSk; fy;tpj;Jiwapy; Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fSk; ru;tNjr ghlrhiyfs;
Njhd;WjYk;. cy;yhrg; gazj;Jiw tpupthf;fk; jdpahu; Nghf;Ftuj;J Nritfs; tpuptiljy;
Mfpa rfy JiwfspYk; Ntiy re;ijfs; gutYld; Ntiytha;g;Gfs; Njhd;Wk; Nghf;Ffs;.
130
9.2.19.2.19.2.19.2.19.2.1 nraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghL
Nju;r ;r pNju ;r ;r pNju ;r ;r pNju ;r ;r pNju ;r ;r p : -: -: -: -: - r%f ed;ik kPJ> gq;fspf;Fk; njhopDl;g> r%f nghUshjhu
khw;wq;fSf;F ,irthfr; nraw;gLthu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk; : -: -: -: -: - rkfhy khw;wq;fSf; $lhf jdpahs;> r%f mgptpUj;jpapy;
nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; khw;wq;fis tprhuiz EZfpaha;thu;.nraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghL : -: -: -: -: - md;iwa kw;Wk; ,d;iwa njhopDl;gj;ij ,dq;fhz;Nghk;.
Neuk;Neuk;Neuk;Neuk;Neuk; : -: -: -: -: - 80 epkplq;fs;
ju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPL : -: -: -: -: - � ,izg;G 9.2.1.1 fy;yhAjq;fisf; fhl;Lk; cUf;fs;.
� ,izg;G 9.2.1.2 cupa nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk;
� bik fljhrp
� khf;fu; Ngid (Marker Pen)
� ngd;rpy;
fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghL
gb 9.2.1.1gb 9.2.1.1gb 9.2.1.1gb 9.2.1.1gb 9.2.1.1
� ,izg;G 9.2.1.1 ,w;Fupa cUf;fis tFg;giwapy; Kd;itf;Ff.
� tFg;G khztu;fSf;F cUf;fis mtjhdpf;fg; Nghjpa Neu mstpid toq;Ff.
� cUf;fspy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;s MAj tiffs; mtw;wpdhy; ngWk; gad;fs;> kdpju;fspd;
fz;Lgpbg;Gfs;> guPl;rpj;Jg; ghu;j;jy; %yk; Gjpatw;iwf; fz;Lgpbj;jy; vd;gd gw;wp
khztu;fs; midtUk; gq;Fgw;Wk; tpjj;jpy; FWfpa fye;Jiuahly; xd;iw epfo;j;Jf.
F kpfg; gioa fhye;njhl;L kdpjd; jdJ Njitfis ,yFtpy;
epiwNtw;wpf;nfhs;tjw;Fj; njhopDl;gj;ijg; gad;gLj;Jjy;.
F ,yFtpy; jw;NghJ gy;NtW Njitfis epiwNtw;Wtjw;Fj;
njhopDl;gj;ijg; gad;gLj;Jjy;.
F ifj;njhopy;> tpQ;Qhdk; vd;gtw;wpd; tpisthf Gjpa njhopDl;gf;
fz;Lgpbg;Gfs; Njhd;Wjy;.
F gy;NtW Njbawpjy; Ma;T vd;gtw;wpd; tpithf Gjpa njhopDl;gf;
fz;Lgpbg;Gfs; Njhd;Wjy;.
F njhopDl;g khw;wq;fSld; tho;f;if Kiw Efu;Tf;Nfhyk; khw;wq;fs;>
Gjpa njhopy;fs; Njhd;Wjy;> efuhf;fk; Mfpa Jiwfspd; khw;wq;fspdhy;
r%f khw;wq;fs; Vw;gLjy;.
(10 epkplq;fs;)
gb 9.2.1.2gb 9.2.1.2gb 9.2.1.2gb 9.2.1.2gb 9.2.1.2
� tFg;gpidg; nghUj;jkhd tpjj;jpy; FOf;fshfg; gpupf;Ff.
� ,izg;G 9.2.1.2 ,w;Fupa nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuj;ij FOf;fSf;F toq;Ff.
� nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuj;jpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl;l gzpapy; khztu;fis <LgLj;Jf.
� Njitahd re;ju;g;gq;fspy; topfhl;lYk; MNyhridAk; toq;Ff.
� mwpf;if jahupg;gjw;Fg; NghJkhd fhy vy;iyia toq;Ff.
(40 epkplk;)
131
gb 9.2.1.3gb 9.2.1.3gb 9.2.1.3gb 9.2.1.3gb 9.2.1.3
� xt;nthU FOTk; jpul;ba jfty;fis tFg;gpy; Kd;itf;f re;ju;g;gk; toq;Ff.
� xt;Nthu; FOTk; Kd;itj;j jfty;fs; gw;wpf; fUj;Jf;fis $Wtjw;F Vida
FOf;fSf;Fk; tha;g;Gfs; toq;Ff.
� gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; ntspg;gLk; tpjj;jpy; fye;Jiuahlypy; <LgLj;Jf.
F Kw;fhyj;jpy; ehshe;j eltbf;iffis ,yFgLj;Jtjw;F njhopDl;gf;
fUtpfisg; gad;gLj;jpaik.
F jw;NghJ gy;NtW Njitfis epiwNtw;Wtjw;Fj; njhopDl;gf;
fUtpfisg; gad;gLj;Jjy;.
F Ma;T> Njbawpjy; vd;gtw;wpd; tpisthf etPd njhopDl;gf; fUtpfs;
cUthf;fg;gLjy;.
F njhopDl;gj;jpy; Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fs;> jdpahs; kw;WK; r%f tho;tpd;
gy;NtW gpupTfspYk; khw;wNkw;glf; fhuzkhjy;.
cjhuzk; : tho;f;if Kiw khWjy;
Efu;Tf; Nfhyk; khWjy;
efuhf;fk;
Gjpa njhopy; tha;g;Gfs; Njhd;Wjy;.
(30 epkplq;fs;)
fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPl;L epajpfSk;fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPl;L epajpfSk;fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPl;L epajpfSk;fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPl;L epajpfSk;fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPl;L epajpfSk;
� njhopDl;g khw;wk; gw;wp tptupg;ghu;.
� njhopDl;gj;ijg; nghUj;jkhd tpjj;jpy; gad;gLj;jp md;whl eltbf;iffis
,yFthf;fyhk; vd;w fUj;ij ntspapLthu;.
� md;whl eltf;iffs; njhlu;gpy; nghUj;jkhd tpjj;jpy; njhopDl;gf; fUtpfisg;
gad;gLj;Jthu;.
� FOtpDs;Ns xj;Jiog;Gld; nraw;gLthu;.
� FOtpNy jiyikj;Jtj;Jf;F kjpg;G mspg;ghu;.
gpd;njhlu; Ntiygpd;njhlu; Ntiygpd;njhlu; Ntiygpd;njhlu; Ntiygpd;njhlu; Ntiy
� tPl;Lf; fUkq;fis ,yFgLj;Jtjw;fhff; ifahsg;gLk; fUtpfspd; glq;fis Nrfupf;Ff.
� xt;Nthu; fUtpiaAk; gad;gLj;Jtjdhy; ngWk; gad;fs; gw;wpg; gl;bw;gLj;Jf.
� etPd Ma;Tfspd; tpisTfspdhy; Vw;gl;l Mf;fq;fs; rpytw;wpd; jfty;fisj; jpul;Lf.
132
,izg;G 9.2.1.2,izg;G 9.2.1.2,izg;G 9.2.1.2,izg;G 9.2.1.2,izg;G 9.2.1.2
FO 01FO 01FO 01FO 01FO 01
F tPl;L fUkq;fis epiwNtw;Wtjw;fhf Kw;fhyj;jpy; gad;gLj;jpa fUtpfisAk;
jw;NghJ gad;gLj;jg;gLk; fUtpfisAk; ntt;Ntwhf ml;ltizg;gLj;jpf; fhl;Lf.
F jw;NghJ gad;gLj;jg;gLk; fUtpfspdhy; ngwf;$ba ed;ikfs; my;yJ rhjfkhd
gyd;fis Kd;itf;Ff.
FO 02FO 02FO 02FO 02FO 02
F new;gapu;r; nra;iff;fhf Kw;fhyj;jpy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l Kiwfs;> fUtpfs; vd;gd
gw;wpAk; jw;fhyj;jpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; Kiwfs;> fUtpfs; vd;gd gw;wpAk;
Mf;fG+u;tkhf jfty;fis Kd;itf;Ff.
F etPd njhopDl;g Kiwfs;> fUtpfs; vd;gdtw;iw new;gapu;r;nra;ifapy;
gad;gLj;Jtjhy; Vw;gLk; ed;ikahd gyd;fis Kd;itf;Ff.
FO 03FO 03FO 03FO 03FO 03
F Kw;fhyj;jpy; Nghf;Ftuj;Jf;Fg; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l KiwfisAk; fUtpfisAk;
jw;fhyj;jpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; fUtpfisAk; cgfuzq;fisAk; Mf;fG+u;tkhf
Kd;itf;Ff.
F etPd Kiwfs;> fUtpfs; vd;gtw;iwg; gad;gLj;Jtjhy; Vw;gLk; ed;ikfs;>
rhjfkhd gyd;fis Kd;itf;Ff.
FO 04FO 04FO 04FO 04FO 04
F Kw;fhyj;jpy; njhlu;ghlypy; gad;gLj;jg;gl;l Kiwfs;> cgfuzq;fs; vd;gd
gw;wpAk; jw;fhyj;jpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; Kiwfs;> fUtpfs; vd;gd gw;wpAk;
Mf;fG+u;tkhf Kd;itf;Ff.
F etPd Kiwfs;> cgfuzq;fs; vd;gtw;iwg; gad;gLj;Jtjhy; Vw;glf;$ba
ed;ikfs;> rhjfkhd tpisTfs; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLf.
,izg;G 9.2.1.1,izg;G 9.2.1.1,izg;G 9.2.1.1,izg;G 9.2.1.1,izg;G 9.2.1.1
133
9.2.39.2.39.2.39.2.39.2.3 nraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghL
Nju;r ;r pNju ;r ;r pNju ;r ;r pNju ;r ;r pNju ;r ;r p : -: -: -: -: - r%f ed;ik kPJ> gq;fspf;Fk; njhopDl;g> r%f nghUshjhu
khw;wq;fSf;F ,irthfr; nraw;gLthu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk; : -: -: -: -: - nghUshjhuj;jpy; Vw;gLk; khw;wq;fSf;F ,irthfr;
nraw;gLthu;.
nraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghL : -: -: -: -: - njhopDl;gj;jpdhy; nghUshjhuj;jpy; Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fisj; Njb
mwpNthk;
Neuk;Neuk;Neuk;Neuk;Neuk; : -: -: -: -: - 80 epkplq;fs;
ju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPL : -: -: -: -: - � ,izg;G 9.2.2.1 njhopDl;gf; fUtpfs;> cw;gj;jpfs; mlq;fpa
glq;fs;
� ,izg;G 9.2.2.2 ,w;F cupa nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk;
� bik fljhrp
� khf;fu; Ngid (Marker Pen)
� ngd;rpy;
fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghL
gb 9.2.2.1gb 9.2.2.1gb 9.2.2.1gb 9.2.2.1gb 9.2.2.1
� ,izg;G 9.2.2.1 ,w;Fupa cUf;fis tFg;giwapy; Kd;itf;Ff.
� tFg;G khztu;fSf;F cUf;fis mtjhdpf;fg; Nghjpa Neu mstpid toq;Ff.
� mjpy; fhl;lg;gLtd ahit? me;j fUtpfs; my;yJ cw;gj;jpfs; ve;j Jiw gpupTfSf;F
cupad? mtw;wpdhy; ngWk; gad;fs; ahit? vd;Dk; tpdhf;fSf;F tpilfisg;
ngw;Wf;nfhs;f.
� gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; ntspg;gLk; tpjj;jpy; fye;JiuahLf.
F kdpju;fspd; tpUg;Gfs;> Njitfs; vd;gdtw;Wf;fhf tptrhak;> ifj;njhopy; Nrit
vd;Dk; Jiwfspy; cw;gj;jp eilngWfpd;wik.
F cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLk; nghUs;fs; tpepNahfk; nra;tjpYk; khw;wq;fs; epfo;e;jik.
F tpahghuj;jpy; Vw;gl;l njhopDl;g khw;wq;fs; kf;fs; tho;f;ifapYk; nry;thf;F
Vw;gLj;jpaik.
(10 epkplq;fs;)
gb 9.2.2.2gb 9.2.2.2gb 9.2.2.2gb 9.2.2.2gb 9.2.2.2
� khztu; vz;zpf;iff;F Vw;g rpW FOf;fshfg; gpupf;Ff.
� ,izg;G 9.2.2.2 ,w;F cupa nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuj;ij FOf;fSf;F toq;Ffs.
� FOf;fSf;Fj; Njitahd MNyhridfis toq;Ff.
� cupa nraw;ghl;ilg; G+uzg;gLj;Jtjw;Fg; NghJkhd fhy vy;iyia toq;Ff.
� FOf;fspy; fz;lwpe;jtw;iw tFg;gpy; Kd;itf;fj; jahu;g;gLj;Jf.
(30 epkplq;fs;)
134
gb 9.2.2.3gb 9.2.2.3gb 9.2.2.3gb 9.2.2.3gb 9.2.2.3
� FOf;fs; fz;lwpe;jtw;iw tFg;gpy; Kd;itg;gjw;Fr; re;ju;g;gk; toq;Ff.
� FOf;fSf;fpilNa fUj;Jg; gupkhw;wj;Jf;F ,lkspf;Ff.
� khztu;fspd; ,aYikfSf;F (Strength) kjpg;gspf;Ff. mgptpUj;jp Vw;gl NTz;ba
,lq;fis vLj;Jf; fhl;Lf.
� gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; ntspg;gLk; tpjj;jpy; fye;Jiuahly; xd;wpy; <LgLf.
F njhopDl;gj;ijg; gad;gLj;Jtjhy; tptrhaj;Jiwapy; ghupa khw;wq;fs;
Vw;gl;Ls;sik.
F FWfpa fhyj;jpy; mjpf mWtil ngwf;$ba tpij tiffs; mwpKfk;
nra;ag;gl;Ls;sik.
F Efu;Tf;fhf jahupf;fg;gl;l czTfs;> cld; czTfs; vd;gd mwpKfk;
nra;ag;gl;Ls;sik.
F kPd;gpbj; njhopypy; etPd glFfs;> kPd;gpbj;jypy; Gjpa Kiwfs;> ePz;lfhyk;
NgZjypy; Gjpa Kiwfs; gad;gLj;jy; Mfpad.
F $Ljy; tpidj;jpwd; kpf;f vspikg; gz;Gila gy;NtW ifj;njhopy; cw;gj;jpfs;
cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sik.
F ,izaj;jsk;> njhiyNgrp Mfpa etPd Kiwfspdhy; fy;tp> Rfhjhuk;> tq;fpr;
Nritfs; vd;gtw;wpd; eltbf;iffs; ,yFthf;fg;gl;Ls;sik.
F tpepNahfj;Jiwapy; Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fs; kf;fs; tho;f;ifapy; nry;thf;F
nrYj;jpAs;sik.
cjhuzk; :
- ,izaj;jsk; Clhff; nfhLf;fy; thq;fy;.
- nfhs;fyd;fspD}lhf ngUe;njhifapyhd nghUl;fisf;
nfhz;Lnry;tjw;F fg;gy;fisAk; jiug;Nghf;Ftuj;J thfdq;fisAk;
gad;gLj;jy;. Foha;fs; %ykhd tpepNahf eltbf;iffs;.
F kPAau; re;ijfs; eilKiwg;gLj;Jjy;.
F tPLfSf;Fg; nghUl;fis vLj;Jr; nry;Yjy; vd;gd %yk; Efu;Tj; Njitfs;
,yFthf epiwNtw;wg;gLfpd;wik.
F nghUl;fSf;fhd mDg;ghiz> gzk; mDg;Gjy; vd;gtw;wpy; Gjpa Kiwfisg;
gad;gLj;Jjy;.
(40 epkplq;fs;)
fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPl;L epajpfSk;fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPl;L epajpfSk;fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPl;L epajpfSk;fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPl;L epajpfSk;fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPl;L epajpfSk;
� nghUshjhuj;jpd; gy;NtW Jiwfspy; njhopDl;gk; nry;thf;F nrYj;jpAs;sJ vd;Dk;
fUj;ij vLj;Jf;fhl;Lthu;.
� Efu;Tj; Njitfs; ,yFthfTk; tpidj;jpwDlDk; epiwNtw;wg;gLtjw;F Gjpa KiwfSk;
fUtpfSk; fhuzkhAs;sij Vw;Wf;nfhz;L NgRthu;.
� njhopDl;g cw;gj;jpfspilNa Njitahdtw;iw kl;Lk; njupTnra;tjpy; <LgLthu;.
� FOtpy; xj;Jiog;Gld; nraw;gLthu;.
� Kd;itf;Fk; jpwid ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.
135
,izg;G 9.2.2.1,izg;G 9.2.2.1,izg;G 9.2.2.1,izg;G 9.2.2.1,izg;G 9.2.2.1
gpd;tUk; re;ju;g;gq;fSf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd xspg;glq;fis Kd;itf;Ff.
njhopDl ;gnjhopDl ;gnjhopDl ;gnjhopDl ;gnjhopDl ;g
cgfuzk;cgfuzk;cgfuzk;cgfuzk;cgfuzk;
fzpd pfzpd pfzpd pfzpd pfzpd p
nra ;kjpnra ;kjpnra ;kjpnra ;kjpnra ;kjp
nllhu ; fUtpnllhu ; fUtpnllhu ; fUtpnllhu ; fUtpnllhu ; fUtp
fjpupaf;f ,ae;jpuk;fjpupaf;f ,ae;jpuk;fjpupaf;f ,ae;jpuk;fjpupaf;f ,ae;jpuk;fjpupaf;f ,ae;jpuk;
NwhyhNwhyhNwhyhNwhyhNwhyh
,d;W Vw;gl;Ls;s,d;W Vw;gl;Ls;s,d;W Vw;gl;Ls;s,d;W Vw;gl;Ls;s,d;W Vw;gl;Ls;s
Kd;Ndw;wk;Kd;Ndw;wk;Kd;Ndw;wk;Kd;Ndw;wk;Kd;Ndw;wk;
,d;wia thndhyp,d;wia thndhyp,d;wia thndhyp,d;wia thndhyp,d;wia thndhyp
njhiyNgr pnjhiyNgr pnjhiyNgr pnjhiyNgr pnjhiyNgr p
Gifapujk ;Gifapujk ;Gifapujk ;Gifapujk ;Gifapujk ;
fy ;FNyl ;lu ;fy ;FNyl ;lu ;fy ;FNyl ;lu ;fy ;FNyl ;lu ;fy ;FNyl ;lu ;
nghUl;fis Vw;wp ,wf;Fk;nghUl;fis Vw;wp ,wf;Fk;nghUl;fis Vw;wp ,wf;Fk;nghUl;fis Vw;wp ,wf;Fk;nghUl;fis Vw;wp ,wf;Fk;
,ae ;j puk ;,ae ;j puk ;,ae ;j puk ;,ae ;j puk ;,ae ;j puk ;
136
,izg;G 9.2.2.2,izg;G 9.2.2.2,izg;G 9.2.2.2,izg;G 9.2.2.2,izg;G 9.2.2.2
FO 01FO 01FO 01FO 01FO 01
F tptrhaj;Jiw - gapu;r;nra;ifapy; njhopDl;gk; nry;thf;F nrYj;jpa tpjk;>
re;ju;g;gk; vd;gd gw;wpa jfty;fisf; Nfhitg;gLj;jp Mf;fG+u;tkhf Kd;itf;Ff.
FO 02FO 02FO 02FO 02FO 02
F tptrhaj;Jiwapd; fPNo tpyq;F Ntshz;ik kPd;gpb vd;gtw;wpy; njhopDl;gk;
gad;gLj;jg;gLk; re;ju;g;gq;fis Kd;itf;Ff.
FO 03FO 03FO 03FO 03FO 03
F ifj;njhopy; nghUs;fs; cw;gj;jpj;Jiwapy; njhopDl;gk; gad;gLj;jg;gLtjhy;
Vw;gl;Ls;s khw;wq;fs; gw;wpa mwpf;if xd;wpid Mf;fG+u;tkhf Kd;itf;Ff.
FO 04FO 04FO 04FO 04FO 04
F cw;gj;jpg; nghUs;fs;> Nritfs; vd;gtw;wpd; tpepNahfj;jpy; Jupj khw;wq;fs;
mz;ikf; fhyq;fspy; Jupj khw;wq;fs; mz;ikf; fhyq;fspy; Vw;gl;Ls;sd.
,Jgw;wpa jfty;fis Mf;fG+u;tkhf Kd;itf;Ff.
FO 05FO 05FO 05FO 05FO 05
F tpahghuj;Jiwapy; njhopDl;gk;> fUtpfs; vd;gtw;iwg; gad;gLj;Jtjhy; ghupa
khw;wq;fs; Vw;gl;Ls;sd. ,it gw;wpa jfty;fisf; Nfhitg;gLj;jp kdq;ftu;
tpjj;jpy; Kd;itf;Ff.
137
9.2.39.2.39.2.39.2.39.2.3 nraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghL
Nju;r ;r pNju ;r ;r pNju ;r ;r pNju ;r ;r pNju ;r ;r p : -: -: -: -: - r%f ed;ik kPJ> gq;fspf;Fk; njhopDl;g> r%f nghUshjhu
khw;wq;fSf;F ,irthfr; nraw;gLthu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk; : -: -: -: -: - Gjpa njhopw;re;ijf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd tifapy; jkJ
jpwikfisAk; Mw;wy;fisAk; mwpe;J mtw;iw tpUj;jp nra;J
nfhs;thu;.
nraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghL : -: -: -: -: - njhopy;Jiwapd; Gjpa Nghf;Ffis ,dq;fhz;Nghk;.
Neuk;Neuk;Neuk;Neuk;Neuk; : -: -: -: -: - 80 epkplq;fs;
ju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPL : -: -: -: -: - � ,izg;G 9.2.3.2 nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk;
� nra;jpg;gj;jpupiffspy; ntspahfpa gy;NtW njhopy;tha;g;GfSf;F
cupa tpsk;guq;fs; (ghlj;jpw;F Kd;dNu jahu;g;gLj;Jf.)
� bik fljhrp
� khf;fu; Ngid (Marker Pen)
� ngd;rpy;
fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghL
gb 9.2.3.1gb 9.2.3.1gb 9.2.3.1gb 9.2.3.1gb 9.2.3.1
� vjpu;fhyj;jpy; tFg;gpYs;s khztu;fs; vj;jifa njhopypy; <Lgl cj;Njrpj;Js;sdu;
vdf; Nfl;L mjidf; fUk;gyifapy; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jf.
� mwpTG+u;tkhff; fpilf;Fk; tpilfisf; fUk;gifapy; vOJf.
� gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; ntspg;gLk; tpjj;jpy; fye;Jiuahliy elj;Jf.
F cw;gj;jp tpepNahfk;> tpahghuk; Mfpa Jiwfspy; Vw;gl;l khw;wq;fs; kPjhd
jw;fhyj;ija Gjpa njhopy;Jiwfs; gy Njhd;wpAs;sik.
F ,tw;iw tptrhak;> ifj;njhopy;> Nrit Mfpa Jiwfspy; fhzf;$bajha;
cs;sik.
F tptrhak;> ifj;njhopy;> Nrit Mfpa Jiwfspy; Gjpa Nghf;Ffs; Vw;gl;Ls;sik.
F Nritj;Jiwapd; njhopy;fs;> tptrhak;> ifj;njhopy; Mfpa Jiwfspd;
njhopy;fspd; Kd;Ndw;wj;jpy; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;jpAs;sik.
(10 epkplq;fs;)
gb 9.2.3.2gb 9.2.3.2gb 9.2.3.2gb 9.2.3.2gb 9.2.3.2
� khztu;fisg; nghUj;jkhd tpjj;jpy; FOf;fshf;Ff.
� ,izg;G 9.2.3.1 ,w;Fupa nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuj;ijg; gfpu;e;jspf;Ff.
� bik fljhrp> khf;fu; Ngid Mfpatw;iw xt;nthU FOTf;Fk; toq;Ff.
� FOf;fshy; nfhz;Ltug;gl;l Ntiytha;g;Gfs; gw;wpa tpsk;guq;fis mtjhdpj;J
FOTf;Ff; fpilj;j Jiwfspd; fPNo Nfhitg;gLj;jr; re;ju;g;gk; toq;Ff.
(30 epkplq;fs;)
138
gb 9.2.3.3gb 9.2.3.3gb 9.2.3.3gb 9.2.3.3gb 9.2.3.3
� FOf;fspd; ntspg;gLj;jy;fs tFg;gpy; Kd;itf;f ,lkspf;Ff.
� Vida FOf;fSf;F tpUj;jpf;fhd fUj;Jf;fis Kd;itf;fr; re;ju;g;gk; toq;Ff.
� khztu;fspd; ,aYikf;F kjpg;gspj;J tpUj;jpf;fhd MNyhridfis Kd;itj;J
gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; ntspg;gLk; tpjj;jpy; fye;Jiuahlypy; <LgLf.
F njhopDl;g khw;wq;fSld; tptrhak;> tu;j;jfk;> Nrit Mfpa Jiwfspd;
njhopy;Jiwapy; Gjpa Ntiytha;g;Gfs; Vw;gl;lik.
F tptrhaj;Jiwapy; rpy Jiwfs; tho;f;ifj; Njit kl;lj;jpypUe;J ifj;njhopy;
JiwfSf;F %yg;nghUs;fis toq;Fk; epiytiu tpUj;jpaile;Js;sik.
F Vw;Wkjp gz;Kfg;gLj;jypd; fPo; Ranjhopy; tha;g;Gfs; Vw;gl;lik.
F ifj;njhopy; Jiwapy; Gjpa njhopy;fs; Njhd;wpaik.
F tptrhak;> ifj;njhopy; Mfpa JiwfSf;F nghUj;jkhfr; Nritj;Jiwapy; Gjpa
njhopy; tha;g;Gfs; ghupa mstpy; Njhd;wpAs;sik.
F Vida Jiwfis tpl Nritj;Jiwapy; njhopy; tha;g;Gfs; mjpfupj;jik.
(40 epkplq;fs;)
fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPl;L epajpfSk;fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPl;L epajpfSk;fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPl;L epajpfSk;fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPl;L epajpfSk;fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPl;L epajpfSk;
� gy;NtW Jiwfspd; fPo; cUthd Gjpa njhopy;fspd; ngau;fisf; Fwpg;gpLthu;.
� gy;NtW njhopy;fs; ehl;bd; r%f> nghUshjhu mgptpUj;jpf;Fg; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;fpd;wd
vd;gij Vw;Wf;nfhs;thu;.
� nghUshjhuj;jpy; cs;s gy;NtW Jiwfspd; fPo; njhopy;fis ml;ltizg;gLj;Jthu;.
� FOf; flikfis cupa Kiwapy; epiwNtw;Wthu;.
� midj;Jj; njhopy;fs; %yKk; r%fk;> nghUshjhuk; vd;gtw;Wf;Fg; ghupa Nritfisr;
nra;a KbAk; vd;w fUj;ij ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.
cq;fs; gpuNjrj;jpy; tptrhak;> ifj;njhopy;> Nrit Mfpa %d;W JiwfspYk;
Njhd;wpAs;s njhopy;fspd; gl;baiyj; jahupf;Ff.
mj;njhopy; tha;g;Gfs; ckJ gpuNjrj;jpd; nghUshjhu> r%f Kd;Ndw;wk;
Vw;gLtjw;Fupa gq;fspg;G nra;j Kiw gw;wp ghlrhiyr; rQ;rpiff;Ff; fl;Liu
jahupf;Ff.
ePq;fs; vjpu;fhyj;jpy; njupTnra;a cj;Njrpj;Js;s njhopypd; ngau; Fwpg;gpl;L>
- mjidj; njupTnra;jjw;fhd fhuzq;fs;
- mjd; %yk; r%f> nghUshjhu Kd;Ndw;wj;Jf;F Mw;wf;$ba Nritfs; gw;wpa
tptuq;fis Kd;itf;Ff.
139
nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk;nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk;nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk;nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk;nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk;
,izg;G 9.2.3.1,izg;G 9.2.3.1,izg;G 9.2.3.1,izg;G 9.2.3.1,izg;G 9.2.3.1
FO 01FO 01FO 01FO 01FO 01
F Qhapw;Wf;fpoikf;Fupa nra;jpj;jhs;fs; rpytw;iw toq;Ff.
F mjpYs;s Ntiy> ntw;wplk; gw;wpa tpsk;guq;fis thrpf;Ff.
F mtw;wpilNa tptrhaj;Jiwf;Fupa Ntiy tpsk;guq;fis ntl;bg; gpupj;njLf;Ff.
F cq;fSf;F toq;fg;gl;Ls;s bik fljhrpapy; ePq;fs; jPu;khdpj;j xOq;FKiwg;gb
Mf;fG+u;tkhd tpjj;jpy; xl;Lf.
F xt;Nthu; njhopypdhYk; r%fj;Jf;Ff; fpilf;Fk; Nritfis tplaq;fshff;
Fwpg;gpLf. (bik fljhrpapd; fPNo)
FO 02FO 02FO 02FO 02FO 02
F Qhapw;Wf;fpoikf;Fupa nra;jpj;jhs; rpytw;iw toq;Ff.
F mtw;wpYs;s Ntiy ntw;wplk; gw;wpa tpsk;guq;fis ed;F mtjhdpf;Ff.
F mtw;wpilNa ifj;njhopy;Jiwf;Fupa Ntiy tpsk;guq;fis ntl;b Ntwhfg;
gpupj;njLf;Ff.
F bik fljhrpapy; mtw;iw ePq;fs; jPu;khdpj;j xOq;F Kiwg;gb Mf;fG+u;tkhd
tpjj;jpy; xl;Lf.
F bik fljhrpapd; mbg;gFjpapy; xt;Nthu; njhopypdhYk; r%fj;Jf;Ff; fpilf;Fk;
Nritfisf; Fwpg;gpLf.
FO 03FO 03FO 03FO 03FO 03
F Qhapw;Wf;fpoikf;Fupa nra;jpj;jhs;fs; rpytw;iw toq;Ff.
F mtw;wpYs;s Ntiy ntw;wplk; gw;wpa tpsk;guq;fis ed;F mtjhdpf;Ff.
F Nritj;Jiwf;Fupa Ntiy tpsk;guq;fis ntl;b Ntwhfg; gpupj;njLf;Ff.
F bik fljhrpapy; ePq;fs; tpUk;gpa xOq;FKiwapy; Mf;fG+u;tkhd tpjj;jpy; xl;Lf.
F bik fljhrpapd; mbapy; mj;njhopy;fspdhy; r%fk; ngWk; Nritfisf; Fwpg;gpLf.
140
nraw;ghl;Lf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd njhopy;Jiwfs;nraw;ghl;Lf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd njhopy;Jiwfs;nraw;ghl;Lf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd njhopy;Jiwfs;nraw;ghl;Lf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd njhopy;Jiwfs;nraw;ghl;Lf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd njhopy;Jiwfs;
FO 01 - tptrhaj;Jiwrhu; njhopy;Jiwfs;
FO 02 - ifj;njhopy;Jiwrhu; njhopy;fs;
FO 03 - Nritj;Jiwrhu; ifj;njhopy;fs;
nghJ mwpTWj;jy;nghJ mwpTWj;jy;nghJ mwpTWj;jy;nghJ mwpTWj;jy;nghJ mwpTWj;jy;
� Qhapw;Wf;fpoikf;Fupa nra;jpj;jhs;fs; rpytw;iw toq;Ff.
� mtw;wpy; Ntiy ntw;wplq;fs; gw;wpa tpsk;guq;fis ed;F mtjhdpf;Ff.
� cq;fs; FOTf;Ff; fpilj;j njhopy;Jiw rhu;ghd Ntiy tpsk;guq;fis ntl;b
Ntwhfg; gpupj;njLf;Ff.
� toq;fg;gl;l bik fljhrpapy; ePq;fs; tpUk;gpa xOq;F Kiwg;gb Mf;fG+u;tkhf
mtw;iw xl;Lf.
� bik fljhrpapd; fPo;g;gFjpapy; mt; Ntiytha;g;Gfs; %yk; r%fk; ngWk;
ed;ikfs; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLf.
,izg;G 9.2.3.2,izg;G 9.2.3.2,izg;G 9.2.3.2,izg;G 9.2.3.2,izg;G 9.2.3.2
nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk;nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk;nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk;nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk;nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk;
141
9.39.39.39.39.3 Ml;rpapy; kf;fspd; gq;Fgw;WifMl;rpapy; kf;fspd; gq;Fgw;WifMl;rpapy; kf;fspd; gq;Fgw;WifMl;rpapy; kf;fspd; gq;Fgw;WifMl;rpapy; kf;fspd; gq;Fgw;Wif
(ghlNtisfs; 08)(ghlNtisfs; 08)(ghlNtisfs; 08)(ghlNtisfs; 08)(ghlNtisfs; 08)
mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;
cyfpd; gz;ila ehfupfq;fspy; fpNuf;fj;jpy; Vjd;]; efupy; Neub [dehaf epu;thf
Kiw epytpaikf;fhd rhd;Wfs; ngwg;gl;Ls;sd. ,d;iwa cyfpd; ngUk;ghyhd ehLfs;
Ms;tjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;Jk; Ml;rp Kiwnahd;whf gpujpepjpj;Jt [dehaf Ml;rp
Kiwikia mwpKfg;gLj;jyhk;.
kf;fis Ml;rp nra;tjw;fhf kf;fspd; gq;fspg;Gld; nraw;gLfpd;w Ml;rpKiwikahf
[dehaf Ml;rpKiwik Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWtjdhy; mjd; ntw;wpf;fhf kf;fspd;
capNuhl;lkhd gq;fspg;G mtrpakhfpd;wJ.
,t;tyfpd; %yk; [dehaf uPjpapyhd Ml;rp Kiwikia ntw;wpfukhf nraw;gLj;jj;
Njitahd Nju;r;rpfis khztu; kj;jpapy; tpUj;jp nra;jy; ,t;tyfpd; vjpu;ghu;g;ghFk;.
Nju;r ;r pNju ;r ;r pNju ;r ;r pNju ;r ;r pNju ;r ;r p : -: -: -: -: -
rdehaf Ml;rp Kiwapid ntw;wpfukhf Kd;ndLg;gjw;F nray;uPjpapy;
gq;fspg;ghu;.
Nju;r;rp klNju;r;rp klNju;r;rp klNju;r;rp klNju;r;rp kl;lk;:-;lk;:-;lk;:-;lk;:-;lk;:-
� rdehaf Ml;rpKiw nahd;wpd; mbg;gilg; gz;Gfis gFg;gha;T nra;thu;.
� kf;fs; r%fj;jpy; If;fpaj;ij Vw;gLj;Jtjw;F murpay; fl;rpfs;; Mw;wf;
$ba flikfisAk; nghWg;Gf;fisAk; kjpg;gpLthu;.
� rdehaf r%nkhd;wpy; xU ew;gpui[ vd;w tifapy; jkJ nghWg;
Gf;fisAk; flikfisAk; epiwNtw;Wthu;.
142
ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;
� [dehaf Ml;rp Kiwikapd; mbg;gil ,ay;Gfs;.
� [dehafj;ij mwpKfQ; nra;jy;.
� [dehafk; vd;gJ kf;fspd; Ml;rp KiwikahFk;. ,J kf;fspdhy; kf;fSf;fhf
elhj;jg;gLfpd;w kf;fspd; Ml;rp Kiwikahf miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
[dehaf Ml;rp Kiwikapd; mbg;gil ,ay;GfSk; [dehaf Ml;rp Kiwikfs;
fhzg;gLk; ehLfSf;fhd cjhuzq;fSk; :
� murpayikg;Gf;Nfw;g Ml;rp nra;jy;.
� kf;fspdhy; thf;Fupik %yk; cUthd muRfs; epyTjy;.
� ru;t [d thf;Fupik.
� rl;lj;jpd; Ml;rp
� Rje;jpukhdJk; ePjpahdJkhd Nju;jy;.
� ngUk;ghyhNdhupd; tpUg;gpw;Nfw;g jPu;ntLj;jy;.
� Nghl;bf; fl;rp Kiw.
� ePjpj;Jiw RahjPdkhfr; nraw;gly;.
� gpujpepjpj;Jt Kiw epyTjy;.
� ehl;il Nju;jy; njhFjpfshfg; gpupj;njLj;jy;.
� MSq; fl;rpAk; vjpu;f;fl;rpAk; ,Uj;jy;.
� mjpfhuq;fs; gfpug;gly;
� Rje;jpuk;> rkj;Jtk; kw;Wk; cupikfisg; ghJfhj;jy;.
� Rje;jpu Clfq;fspd; nraw;ghL.
[dehaf Ml;rpKiw epyTk; ehLfSf;F cjhuzq;fs; :
� ngupa gpupj;jhdpah
� mnkupf;f If;fpa ehLfs;
� fdlh
� rpq;fg;G+u;
� kNyrpah
� ,e;jpah
� ,yq;if
[dehaf epu;thf Kiwnahd;wpd; ntw;wpf;Fj; Njitahd mk;rq;fs; :
� murpay; tpopg;Gzu;Tldhd kf;fs; ,Uj;jy;.
� mu;g;gzpg;GlDk; nghWg;GlDk; nraw;gLk; jiytu;fs; ,Uj;jy;.
� Rje;jpu Clf Kiwnahd;W epyTjy;.
� nghUshjhu epiyik jpUg;jpfukhd Kiwapy; epyTjy;.
� rl;lj;jpd; Mjpgj;jpak; nraw;gLjy;.
� murhq;fj;jpd; gzpfs; gpupj;Jf; nfhLf;fg;gl;bUj;jy;.
� nraw;wpwDs;s vjpu;f;fl;rpnahd;W ,Uj;jy;.
143
9.3.29.3.29.3.29.3.29.3.2 murpay; fl;rpfs;murpay; fl;rpfs;murpay; fl;rpfs;murpay; fl;rpfs;murpay; fl;rpfs;
murpay; fl;rpfis mwpKfQ; nra;jy; :murpay; fl;rpfis mwpKfQ; nra;jy; :murpay; fl;rpfis mwpKfQ; nra;jy; :murpay; fl;rpfis mwpKfQ; nra;jy; :murpay; fl;rpfis mwpKfQ; nra;jy; :
� murpay; mjpfhuj;ijg; ngWk; Nehf;fj;Jld; nghJthd nfhs;ifnahd;wpd; mbg;gilapy;
nraw;gl;L kf;fs; eyid Nehf;fkhff; nfhz;L xd;whfr; Nru;e;j egu;fspd; $l;lj;jpdiu
murpay; fl;rp vd;gu;. (vl;kd;l; Ngf;)
� ehl;bd; Njitfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L nghJkf;fspd; fUj;Jf;fisAk; murpay;
fl;rpfspd; nfhs;iffisAk; xd;whfr; Nru;j;J murpay; fl;rpfs; cUthf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.
� murpay; fl;rpapd; Nehf;fq;fs; gpuNjrk;> ,dk;> rkak; Nghd;w FWfpa fhuzpfis
mbg;gilahff; nfhs;shJ Njrpa Njitfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L [dehafj;ij
nraw;gLj;jyhFk;.
rKjhaj;jpd; xw;Wikia Vw;gLj;Jtjw;fhf murpay; fl;rpfs; %yk; Mw;wg;gl Ntz;barKjhaj;jpd; xw;Wikia Vw;gLj;Jtjw;fhf murpay; fl;rpfs; %yk; Mw;wg;gl Ntz;barKjhaj;jpd; xw;Wikia Vw;gLj;Jtjw;fhf murpay; fl;rpfs; %yk; Mw;wg;gl Ntz;barKjhaj;jpd; xw;Wikia Vw;gLj;Jtjw;fhf murpay; fl;rpfs; %yk; Mw;wg;gl Ntz;barKjhaj;jpd; xw;Wikia Vw;gLj;Jtjw;fhf murpay; fl;rpfs; %yk; Mw;wg;gl Ntz;ba
gzpfs; :gzpfs; :gzpfs; :gzpfs; :gzpfs; :
� gue;Jgl;Ls;s kf;fs; fUj;ij xd;whfr; Nru;j;jy;.
� kf;fs; Njitia ,dq;fz;L mjw;Nfw;g fl;rpf; nfhs;iffis jPu;khdpj;jYk;
nraw;gLj;jYk;.
� kf;fis mwpTWj;Jjy;.
� vjpu;fhyj; jiytu;fis cUthf;fy;.
� rKjhaj;jpy; xw;Wikiag; Ngzy;.
� jkJ fl;rpf; nfhs;iff;F vjpuhd fUj;Jf;fisf; nfhz;Ls;s murpay; mq;fj;jtu;fspd;
[dehaf murpay; fUj;Jf;fis kjpj;jy;.
thf;FupikAk; Nju;jYk;thf;FupikAk; Nju;jYk;thf;FupikAk; Nju;jYk;thf;FupikAk; Nju;jYk;thf;FupikAk; Nju;jYk;
� kf;fs; mq;fj;jtu;fisj; Nju;e;njLj;jYk; kf;fs; fUj;Jf;fis mwptjw;fhf elhj;jg;gLk;
Nju;jnyhd;wpd;NghJ jkJ fUj;ij ntspg;gLj;j cs;s tha;g;G thf;FupikahFk;.
� Ml;rp kd;wq;fSf;F kf;fs; mq;fj;jtu;fisj; Nju;e;njLg;gjw;fhf elhj;jg;gLk; kf;fs;
fUj;Jf; fzpg;G Nju;jyhFk;.
kf;fs; Ml;rpapy; gq;Fnfhs;Sk; re;ju;g;gq;fs;kf;fs; Ml;rpapy; gq;Fnfhs;Sk; re;ju;g;gq;fs;kf;fs; Ml;rpapy; gq;Fnfhs;Sk; re;ju;g;gq;fs;kf;fs; Ml;rpapy; gq;Fnfhs;Sk; re;ju;g;gq;fs;kf;fs; Ml;rpapy; gq;Fnfhs;Sk; re;ju;g;gq;fs;
� ghuhSkd;wj; Nju;jy;
� [dhjpgjp Nju;jy;
� cs;Suhl;rp Nju;jy; (gpuNjr> efu> khefu rigfs;)
� khfhz rigj; Nju;jy;
� kf;fs; fUj;Jf; fzpg;G
ru;t[d thf;FupikAk; mjd; Kf;fpaj;JtKk;ru;t[d thf;FupikAk; mjd; Kf;fpaj;JtKk;ru;t[d thf;FupikAk; mjd; Kf;fpaj;JtKk;ru;t[d thf;FupikAk; mjd; Kf;fpaj;JtKk;ru;t[d thf;FupikAk; mjd; Kf;fpaj;JtKk;
ve;j NtWghLfSkpd;wp Njitahd jifikfisg; ngw;Ws;s vy;yh gpui[fSk;
jkJ murpay; fUj;Jf;fis ntspapLtjw;Fs;s cupik. (thf;fpd; %yk;)
144
,yq;if kf;fSf;F thf;Fupik fpilj;jy;,yq;if kf;fSf;F thf;Fupik fpilj;jy;,yq;if kf;fSf;F thf;Fupik fpilj;jy;,yq;if kf;fSf;F thf;Fupik fpilj;jy;,yq;if kf;fSf;F thf;Fupik fpilj;jy;
� 1910 Mk; Mz;L; murpayikg;G rPu;j;jpUj;jq;fspd; %yk; 21 taJf;F Nkw;gl;l fy;tp
fw;w nry;te;j Mz;fSf;F khj;jpuk; kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;l thf;Fupik toq;fg;gl;lJ.
� 1931 Mk; Mz;L; nlhd%u; murpay; mikg;G rPu;j;jpUj;jj;jpd; %yk; 21 taijj;
fle;j Mz; ngz; ,UghyhUf;Fk; (ru;t[d) thf;Fupik toq;fg;gly;.
� 1958 Mk; Mz;by;> 18 taijf; fle;j vy;yhg; gpui[fSf;Fk; thf;Fupik cupikahjy;.
thf;Fupik ngwj; Njitahd jifikfs;thf;Fupik ngwj; Njitahd jifikfs;thf;Fupik ngwj; Njitahd jifikfs;thf;Fupik ngwj; Njitahd jifikfs;thf;Fupik ngwj; Njitahd jifikfs;
� ,yq;if gpui[ahftpUj;jy;.
� taJ 18 Ij; jhz;bapUj;jy;.
� gjpTnra;ag;gl;l thf;fhsuhf ,Uj;jy;.
� thf;Fupik cupikaw;wjhfhjpUj;jy;. (thf;Fupik mw;Wg; Nghtjw;fhd fhuzq;fis
tpsf;Ff.)
ru;t[d thf;Fupikapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;ru;t[d thf;Fupikapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;ru;t[d thf;Fupikapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;ru;t[d thf;Fupikapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;ru;t[d thf;Fupikapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
� jkJ Ml;rpahsiuj; Nju;e;njLf;Fk; tha;g;G nghJkf;fSf;Fk; fpilf;Fk;.
� jifikaw;w Ml;rpahsu;fis ePf;Ftjw;F tha;g;G fpilf;Fk;.
� murpay; xj;Jiog;G guTjy;.
� murpay; mwpT tsu;r;rpailjy;.
� egu;fs; Kidg;Gld; murpaypy; gq;Nfw;wy;.
� kf;fs; gpujpepjpfs; jhk; epakpf;fg;gl;l Nju;jy; njhFjpapNyNa Nritahw;wj; J}z;Lk;
topahf mikjy;.
� ehl;bd; kf;fspd; eyidAk; mgptpUj;jpiaAk; Nkk;gLj;Jk; cj;jpahf mikjy;.
Nju;jYk;> Nju;jy; njhlu;ghd kf;fs; cupikfSk; flikfSk;Nju;jYk;> Nju;jy; njhlu;ghd kf;fs; cupikfSk; flikfSk;Nju;jYk;> Nju;jy; njhlu;ghd kf;fs; cupikfSk; flikfSk;Nju;jYk;> Nju;jy; njhlu;ghd kf;fs; cupikfSk; flikfSk;Nju;jYk;> Nju;jy; njhlu;ghd kf;fs; cupikfSk; flikfSk;
Ml;rpf;Fg; nghUj;jkhd gpujpepjpfis epakpf;Fk; nraw;ghL Nju;jyhFk;;. Nju;jy;
%yk; gpujpepjpfisj; Nju;e;njLf;Fk; gpujpepjpj;Jt Kiwfs; rpy eilKiwapy; cs;sd.
� vspa ngUk;ghd;ik gpujpepjpj;Jt Kiw
� tpfpjhrhu gpujpepjpj;Jt Kiw
vspa ngUk;ghd;ik Kiwvspa ngUk;ghd;ik Kiwvspa ngUk;ghd;ik Kiwvspa ngUk;ghd;ik Kiwvspa ngUk;ghd;ik Kiw
� Nju;jypd;NghJ ve;jnthU Nju;jy; njhFjpf;fhfTk; Nghl;bapLk; mNgl;rfu;fSs;
mjpf thf;Ffisg; ngWk; mNgl;rfiu ntw;wp ngw;w mNgl;rfuhfj; Nju;e;njLf;fg;gLthu;.
tpfpjhrhug; gpujpepjpj ;JtKiwtpfpjhrhug; gpujpepjpj ;JtKiwtpfpjhrhug; gpujpepjpj ;JtKiwtpfpjhrhug; gpujpepjpj ;JtKiwtpfpjhrhug; gpujpepjpj ;JtKiw
Nju;jypd;NghJ Nju;jy; njhFjpnahd;Wf;fhfg; Nghl;bapLk; murpay; fl;rpfs; my;yJ
FOf;fspdhy; ngwg;gLk; thf;Ffspd; vz;zpf;ifapd; tpfpjhrhuj;jpw;Nfw;g Mrdq;fisg;
ngWk; KiwahFk;.
145
Nju;jy; njhlu;ghd kf;fspd; cupikfs;Nju;jy; njhlu;ghd kf;fspd; cupikfs;Nju;jy; njhlu;ghd kf;fspd; cupikfs;Nju;jy; njhlu;ghd kf;fspd; cupikfs;Nju;jy; njhlu;ghd kf;fspd; cupikfs;
� thf;fspj;jy;
(Ml;rpahsu;fisj; Nju;e;njLf;Fk; cupik)
� murpay; fl;rpnahd;wpy; mq;fj;Jtk; ngwy;.
� murpay; fl;rpfis mikj;jy;.
� thf;fhsu; ngau;g;gl;baypy; ngau; gjpjy;.
� mNgl;rfuhfg; Nghl;baply;.
� Nju;jy; gpur;rhu cupik.
� xOq;fikj;jy;.
� epahakhd fhuzq;fspd; mbg;gilapy; tpku;rpj;jy;.
Nju;jy; njhlu;ghd kf;fspd; flikfs;Nju;jy; njhlu;ghd kf;fspd; flikfs;Nju;jy; njhlu;ghd kf;fspd; flikfs;Nju;jy; njhlu;ghd kf;fspd; flikfs;Nju;jy; njhlu;ghd kf;fspd; flikfs;
� Nju;jypy; thf;fspj;jy;.
� Nju;jy; rl;ljpl;lq;fSf;F mikthf ele;Jnfhs;sy;.
� td;nray;fspy; <Lglhky; ,Uj;jYk; <LglhjpUf;f cjTjYk;.
� mwpTs;s nghUj;jkhd Ml;rpahsu;fisj; Nju;e;njLj;jy;.
� ntw;wp Njhy;tpia jd;dlf;fj;Jld; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sy;.
� Nju;jy; rl;lj;ij nraw;gLj;j cjTjy;.
146
9.3.19.3.19.3.19.3.19.3.1 nraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghL
Nju;r ;r pNju ;r ;r pNju ;r ;r pNju ;r ;r pNju ;r ;r p : -: -: -: -: - rdehaf Ml;rp Kiwapid ntw;wpfukhf Kd;ndLg;gjw;F
nray;uPjpapy; gq;fspg;ghu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk; : -: -: -: -: - rdehaf Ml;rpKiwnahd;wpd; mbg;gilg; gz;Gfis gFg;gha;T
nra;thu;.
nraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghL : -: -: -: -: - [dehaf Ml;rp Kiwnahd;wpd; ,ay;Gfis ,dq;fhz;Nghk;
Neuk;Neuk;Neuk;Neuk;Neuk; : -: -: -: -: - 80 epkplq;fs;
ju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPL : -: -: -: -: - � ,izg;G 9.3.1.1 ,d; glk;
� ,izg;G 9.3.1.2 ,d; Ntiyg;gbtk;
� A4 jhs;
� bik fljhrp
fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghL
gb 9.3.1.1gb 9.3.1.1gb 9.3.1.1gb 9.3.1.1gb 9.3.1.1
� ,izg;G 9.3.1.1 njhlu;ghd glq;fis tFg;gpy; rku;g;gpj;jy;.
� glj;ij Muha;tjpy; khztiu <LgLj;Jq;fs;. mjpy; Fwpg;gplg;gLk; rpwg;ghd [dehaf
gz;Gfisj; Njbawpa khztUf;F tha;g;gspAq;fs;.
� gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; Nknyof;$bathW fye;JiuahLq;fs;.
F kf;fis ehl;bd; Ml;rpapy; gq;Nfw;fr; nra;tjw;fhf thf;Fupik mtrpakhFk;.
F ru;t[d thf;Fupik Kf;fpa xU [dehaf gz;ghFk;.
F ru;t[d thf;Fupikia toq;Fk;NghJ gy;NtW jifikfis ftdj;jpy;
nfhs;sg;gLk;.
F [dehaf murpay; Kiwapy; murpay; fl;rpfs; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWk;.
F ,yq;ifapy; murpay; fl;rpfs; gy cs;sd.
F [dehaf Ml;rp Kiwapy; Nju;jy;fs; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWk;.
F rl;lj;jpd; Kd; ahtUk; rkkhf fUjg;gLtu;.
F ePjpj;Jiw RahjPdk; [dehaf kf;fs; r%fj;jpd; ntw;wpf;Ff; fhuzkhFk;.
(10 epkplq;fs;)
gb 9.3.1.2gb 9.3.1.2gb 9.3.1.2gb 9.3.1.2gb 9.3.1.2
� khztu;fisg; nghUj;jkhd tpjj;jpy; FOf;fshf;Ff.
� ,izg;G 9.4.3.2 ,y; jug;gl;Ls;s Ntiyg;gbtk; xd;W tPjk; FOf;fSf;F gfpu;e;jspAq;fs;.
� Ntiyg;gbtq;fSf;Nfw;g khztiu Ntiyapy; <LgLj;Jq;fs;.
� khztu;fs; kj;jpapy; nrd;W Njitahd re;ju;g;gq;fspy; mtu;fSf;F topfhl;Lq;fs;.
(20 epkplq;fs;)
147
gb 9.3.1.3gb 9.3.1.3gb 9.3.1.3gb 9.3.1.3gb 9.3.1.3
� Njitahd tplaq;fis mwpf;if nra;jjd; gpd;du;> mtw;iwr; rku;g;gpf;f khztUf;F
tha;g;gspAq;fs;.
� Vida FOf;fSld; fye;Jiuahl khztUf;F re;ju;g;gk; toq;Fq;fs;.
� gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; Nknyof;$bathW fye;Jiuahliy elhj;Jq;fs;.
� Kf;fpa tplaq;fis Fwpj;Jf;nfhs;s re;ju;g;gk; toq;Fq;fs;.
F [dehaf Ml;rpKiwapd; ntw;wpf;F murpay; fl;rpfs; gq;fspf;fpd;wd.
F [dehaf Ml;rp Kiwapd; ntw;wpf;F RahjPd Nju;jy;fs; fhuzkhFk;.
F ehl;by; [dehafk; ntw;wpfkhf eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl Rje;jpukhd ePjpKiw
epyt Ntz;Lk;.
F rl;lj;jpd; Kd; ahtUf;Fk; epahak; toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
(40 epkplq;fs;)
fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPl;L epajpfSk;fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPl;L epajpfSk;fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPl;L epajpfSk;fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPl;L epajpfSk;fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPl;L epajpfSk;
� [dehaf Ml;rpKiwapd; mbg;gil ,ay;Gfisg; ngaupLtu;.
� [dehaf Ml;rpKiw ntw;wpfukhd Ml;rpKiw vd Vw;Wf;nfhz;L fUj;jwptpg;gu;.
� [dehaf tho;f;iff;Fj; jahuhtu;.
� mwpf;ifia Mf;fG+u;tkhf rku;g;gpg;ghu;.
� [dehaf gz;Gfisj; jkJ tho;f;ifg; gz;GfspD}lhf fhl;rpg;gLj;Jtu;.
,izg;G 9.3.1.1
gpd;tUk; glj;ijj; jahu;g;gLj;Jq;fs;.
[dehafg; gz;ig ntspg;gLj;Jk; glk;
fUj;Jntspg;ghL/ thf;Fupik/ murpay; fl;rp
148
,izg;G 9.3.1.3,izg;G 9.3.1.3,izg;G 9.3.1.3,izg;G 9.3.1.3,izg;G 9.3.1.3
Ntiyg;gbtk;Ntiyg;gbtk;Ntiyg;gbtk;Ntiyg;gbtk;Ntiyg;gbtk;
FO 01FO 01FO 01FO 01FO 01
cq;fSf;Fj; jug;gl;Ls;s ge;jpia thrpj;J tpdhf;fSf;F tpilaspf;fTk;.
Rje;jpukhdJk; epahakhdJkhd Nju;jy;Rje;jpukhdJk; epahakhdJkhd Nju;jy;Rje;jpukhdJk; epahakhdJkhd Nju;jy;Rje;jpukhdJk; epahakhdJkhd Nju;jy;Rje;jpukhdJk; epahakhdJkhd Nju;jy;
jw;fhy [dehafk; eilKiwapYs;s ehLfspd; Ml;rp eilngWtjw;F kf;fs;
gpujpepjpfisj; Nju;e;njLf;fg; gad;gLj;Jk; Kiw Nju;jy; vd miof;fg;gLk;.
Ml;rpahsu;fshf kf;fs; gpujpepjpfisj; Nju;e;njLf;Fk; Kiwfs; gy cs. vspa
ngUk;ghd;ik gpujpepjpj;Jt KiwAk; tpfpjhrhu gpujpepjpj;Jt KiwAk; mtw;Ws;
gpujhdkhditahFk;.
• kf;fis Ml;rpapy; gq;Fgw;wr; nra;a elhj;Jk; gy;tifj; Nju;jy;fs;
Ø ghuhSkd;wj; Nju;jy;
Ø [dhjpgjpj; Nju;jy;
Ø kf;fs; fUj;Jf; fzpg;G
Ø khfhz rigj; Nju;jy;
Ø cs;Suhl;rpj; Nju;jy;
(khefu rig> efu rig> gpuNjr rig)
Nju;jy; njhlu;ghf kf;fspd; flikfSk; nghWg;GfSk; gpd;tUkhW Nju;jy;fspy;
gpioapd;wp thf;fspj;jy;> ntw;wp Njhy;tpia mlf;fj;Jld; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sy;>
mwpTG+u;tkhf nghUj;jkhd Ml;rpahsu;fisj; Nju;e;njLj;jy;> td;nray;fisj;
jtpu;j;Jf;nfhs;sy;> td;nray;fspy; <LgLtjw;F cjthjpUj;jy; MfpadthFk;.
1. [dehaf Ml;rpKiwapd;NghJ kf;fs; gpujpfisj; Nju;e;njLg;gJ vt;thW?
2. Ml;rpf;fhf kf;fs; gpujpepjpfisj; Nju;e;njLf;Fk;NghJ gpd;gw;Wk; gpujpepjpj;Jt
Kiwfisg; ngaupLf.
3. ,yq;if kf;fs; thf;Ffisg; gad;gLj;Jk; gy;NtW Nju;jy; Kiwfisg; ngaupLf.
4. epahakhd Nju;jy; Kiwf;Fj; jilahf mikAk; re;ju;g;gq;fisg; ngaupLf.
FO 02FO 02FO 02FO 02FO 02
jug;gl;Ls;s ge;jpia thrpj;J gpd;tUk; tpdhf;fSf;F tpil jUf.
ru;t[d thf;Fupikru;t[d thf;Fupikru;t[d thf;Fupikru;t[d thf;Fupikru;t[d thf;Fupik
1931 Mk; Mz;Ltiu nrhj;Jf;fs;> fy;tp kl;lk; Mfpatw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; Fwpg;gpl;l
vz;zpf;ifahd xU rpyUf;Nf thf;Fupik ,Ue;jJ. 1931 Mk; Mz;L nlhd%u;
rPu;j;jpUj;jq;fspd; mbg;gilapy; 21 taijj; jhz;ba Mz;> ngz; ,UghyhUf;Fk;
thf;Fupik toq;fg;gl;lJ.
149
Ve;j NtWghLfSk; ,d;wp Njitahd jifikfisg; ngw;w vy;yhg; gpui[fSf;Fk;
thf;Fupik cz;L.
,yq;if kf;fSf;F thf;Fupik ngWtjw;F ,Uf;f Ntz;ba jifikfs;
Ø,yq;if gpui[ahftpUj;jy;.
Ø 18 taij mile;jpUj;jy;.
Øthf;fhsu; ngau;g;gl;baypy; ngau; Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUj;jy;.
Øthf;Fupik ,oe;jtuhfhjpUj;jy;.
ru;t[d thf;Fupikapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;
Ø kf;fSf;F tpUg;gkhd Ml;rpiaj; Nju;e;njLf;fTk; tpUg;gkw;w Ml;rpia ePf;fTk;
Kbjy;.
Ø murpaypy; gq;Fgw;Wtij gutyhf;Fjy;.
Ø murpay; mwpit tsu;j;jy;.
ew;gpui[ahf thf;ifg; gad;gLj;Jk;NghJ gpd;gw;wNtz;ba tplaq;fs; rpythFk;.
Ø tQ;rfkhf thf;ifg; gad;gLj;jhjpUj;jy;.
Ø NtNwhUtupd; thf;ifg; gad;gLj;j Kaw;rp nra;ahjpUj;jy;.
Ø kf;fisg; gaKWj;jy;> mr;RWj;jy; Nghd;w tplaq;fisj; jtpu;j;jy;.
Ø Nju;jy; Fw;wq;fisj; jtpu;j;jYk; rupahf thf;fspj;jYk;
1. ru;t [d thf;Fupik vd;why; vd;d?
2. ,yq;if kf;fSf;F vt;thz;by; ru;t [d thf;Fupik toq;fg;gl;lJ?
3. ru;t [d thf;Fupik Vd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWfpwJ?
4. xU ew;gpui[ thf;fspf;Fk;NghJ nra;af;$lhjitfs; ahit?
FO 03FO 03FO 03FO 03FO 03
cq;fSf;Fj; jug;gl;Ls;s ge;jpia thrpj;J Nfl;fg;gl;Ls;s tpdhf;fSf;F tpilaspAq;fs;.
[dehaf ehnlhd;wpy; murpay; fl;rpfspypUj;jy; Kf;fpakhdjhFk;. kf;fs; gpujpepjpfshf
epakpf;fg;gLk; Ntl;ghsu;fs; Nju;jypy; Nghl;bapLtJ murpay; fl;rpfs; %ykhFk;. murpay;
fl;rpnad;gJ ehl;by; murhq;fj;ij epWTtjw;fhf jpl;ltl;lkhd nfhs;iffSld; nraw;gLk;
FOthFk;. [dehaf ehnlhd;wpy; ,t;thwhd ,uz;L my;yJ mjw;F Nkw;gl;l
vz;zpf;ifahd fl;rpfs; fhzg;gLk;.
ngUk;ghd;ik gyj;Jld; murhq;fj;ij mikf;Fk;NghJ kf;fspd; ntWg;Gf;F Mshd
murhq;fj;ij gjtp ePf;Fk; NghJk; kf;fSf;F murpay; uPjpahf xd;W NrUk; cupik
Rje;jpuk;> Mw;wy; ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. ,t;Tupikia typAWj;jp [dehaf Njrj;jpd; ve;jnthU
xj;j fUj;ijf; nfhz;lJk; FOtpdUf;F xOq;fikAk; Rje;jpuk; toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jd;gb
Nghl;b mbg;gilapyhd murpay; fl;rp Kiwiaf; nfhz;bUj;jy; [dehaf ehl;bd; mbg;gil
,ay;ghFk;. kf;fspd; gq;fspg;igg; ngWtjw;fhf murpay; fl;rp %yk; Mw;wg;gLk;
gzpfs; gy cs. mjhtJ r%fj;jpy; gue;J fhzg;gLfpd;w kf;fs; fUj;ij xd;whff;Fjy;>
Nju;jy;fspy; Nghl;baply;> [dehafj;ijg; gyKs;sjhf;f gq;fspj;jy; MfpadthFk;.
150
NkYk; gy;NtW ,dq;fisAk; rkaq;fisAk; kf;fs; gFjpapdiuAk; nfhz;l r%fj;jhy;
vy;yh kf;fs; FOtpdUf;Fk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sf;$ba tpjkhf Njrpa xw;Wikia cUthf;Fjy;
fl;rp KiwapD}lhfthFk;.
1. murpay; fl;rpnad;why; vd;d?
2. [dehafk; ntw;wpaila fl;rpfspdhy; Mw;wg;gLk; gzpfs; ahit?
3. ,yq;if murpay; fl;rpfs; rpytw;iwg; ngaupLf.
FO 04FO 04FO 04FO 04FO 04
gpd;tUk; ge;jpia thrpj;J mjd; fPo; cs;s tpdhf;fSf;F tpil jUf.
rl;lj;jpd; Kd;dpiyapy; rkj;JtKk; ePjpj;Jiwapd; Rje;jpuKk;rl;lj;jpd; Kd;dpiyapy; rkj;JtKk; ePjpj;Jiwapd; Rje;jpuKk;rl;lj;jpd; Kd;dpiyapy; rkj;JtKk; ePjpj;Jiwapd; Rje;jpuKk;rl;lj;jpd; Kd;dpiyapy; rkj;JtKk; ePjpj;Jiwapd; Rje;jpuKk;rl;lj;jpd; Kd;dpiyapy; rkj;JtKk; ePjpj;Jiwapd; Rje;jpuKk;
[dehaf ehl;by; fhzf;$ba kw;nwhU mbg;gilg; gz;G rl;lj;jpd; Kd;dpiyapy;
rkj;JtKk; ePjpj;Jiw RahjPdKkhFk;. rl;lk; kpfr; rpNul;lkhdJk; cau;e;jJkhFk;.
rl;lj;jpd; Kd;dpiyapy; vy;yh kdpju;fSk; rkkhdtu;fNs. nghJthf rl;lk; ahtUf;Fk;
epahakhdjhf ,Ug;gjhy; ahtupdJk; tho;Tk; Rje;jpuKk; cupikfSk; xNu tpjkhf
ghJfhf;f Kaw;rp vLf;fg;gLk;.
,jw;fhf Rje;jpukhdJk; RahjPdkhdJkhd rl;lj;Jiw mtrpakhFk;. mjd;%yk;
rkhjhdj;ijg; ghJfhj;jYk; rl;lj;ijr; nraw;gLj;jYk; epahakhd Kiwapy; eilngWk;.
ePjpj;Jiw Rje;jpukhd epWtdkhFk;. gf;fr; rhu;gpd;wp ePjpia epiyepWj;j ,jd;%yk;
vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
jw;fhy rpf;fyhd r%fj;jpDs; mwpe;Njh mwpahkNyh cupikfs; kWf;fg;gLk; re;ju;g;gq;fs;
gythFk;. capupog;Gfs;> nrhj;jpog;Gfs;> Ntiyapog;Gfs; Kiwaw;w nry;thf;Fr;
nrYj;jy;fs;> nfhs;isabj;jy;> topg;gwp> Vkhw;Wjy;> Nkhrb> Coy;fs; vd;wthW ,it
kpfg; gythFk;. ,it njhlu;ghf ePjpkd;wj;jpd; %yk; epahahjpf;fj;ij epiwNtw;w
Ntz;Lk; vd vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
ePjpkd;w cj;jutpd;wp vtuJ tPl;ilr; Nrhjpf;Fk; mjpfhuk; ,y;iy. vOj;J %y
Fw;wr;rhl;bd;wp ve;j xUtiuAk; ifJnra;J jLj;Jitf;f KbahJ. Fw;wthspfSf;Nfh
re;Njf egu;fSf;Nfh F&ukhd rpj;jputijfisr; nra;a KbahJ. Fw;wthspahf
ep&gpf;fg;gLk; tiu ahtUk; re;Njf egu;fNs.
1. ge;jpapy; $wg;gl;Ls;sthW kdpj cupikfs; kWf;fg;gLk; re;ju;g;gq;fisg; ngaupLf.
2. mt;thwhd re;ju;g;gq;fspy; gpd;gw;wf;$ba eilKiwfisg; ngaupLf.
151
9.3.29.3.29.3.29.3.29.3.2 nraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghL
Nju;r ;r pNju ;r ;r pNju ;r ;r pNju ;r ;r pNju ;r ;r p : -: -: -: -: - rdehaf Ml;rp Kiwapid ntw;wpfukhf Kd;ndLg;gjw;F
nray;uPjpapy; gq;fspg;ghu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk; : -: -: -: -: - kf;fs; r%fj;jpy; If;fpaj;ij Vw;gLj;Jtjw;F murpay; fl;rpfs;;
Mw;wf; $ba flikfisAk; nghWg;Gf;fisAk; kjpg;gpLthu;.
nraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghL : -: -: -: -: - murpay; fl;rpapd; gzpfis ,dq;fhz;Nghk;
Neuk;Neuk;Neuk;Neuk;Neuk; : -: -: -: -: - 40 epkplq;fs;
ju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPL : -: -: -: -: - � ,izg;G 9.3.2.1 ,d; mtjhdpg;Gg; gbtk;
� ,izg;G 9.3.2.2 ,d; nrayl;il
� gpup];ly; ml;il
� epwg; Ngdhf;fs;
fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghL
gb 9.3.2.1gb 9.3.2.1gb 9.3.2.1gb 9.3.2.1gb 9.3.2.1
� ,izg;G 9.3.2.1 ,y; jug;gl;Ls;s ,yl;ridfis tFg;gpy; rku;g;gpAq;fs;. mtw;Wf;Fupa
murpay; fl;rpfis ,dq;fhZq;fs;.
� gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; Nknyof;$bathW fye;JiuahLq;fs;.
F nghJthd nfhs;ifia Nehf;fhff; nfhz;L Ml;rpiaf; ifg;gw;Wtjw;fhf
xd;WNru;e;Js;s FO murpay; fl;rpahFk;.
F [dhjpgjp> ghuhSkd;w mq;fj;jtu;fs;> khfhzrig> cs;Suhl;rp rig
Mfpatw;wpd; mq;fj;jtu;fs; MfpNahu; Nju;jy; %yk; Nju;e;njLf;ffg;
gLfpd;wdu;.
F Nju;jy;fspd;NghJ Ntl;ghsu;fs; murpay; fl;rp mbg;gilapYk; RahjPd
FOf;fshfTk; Nghl;bapLtu;.
F murpay; fl;rpfs; %yk; ehl;il MSk; gzpfspd; NghJ ghupa gzpnahd;W
epiwNtw;wg;gLfpd;wJ.
(05 epkplq;fs;)gb 9.3.2.2gb 9.3.2.2gb 9.3.2.2gb 9.3.2.2gb 9.3.2.2
� ,izg;G 9.3.1.1 njhlu;ghd glq;fis tFg;gpy; rku;g;gpj;jy;.
� glj;ij Muha;tjpy; khztiu <LgLj;Jq;fs;. mjpy; Fwpg;gplg;gLk; rpwg;ghd [dehaf
gz;Gfisj; Njbawpa khztUf;F tha;g;gspAq;fs;.
� gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; Nknyof;$bathW fye;JiuahLq;fs;.
gb 9.3.2.3gb 9.3.2.3gb 9.3.2.3gb 9.3.2.3gb 9.3.2.3
� khztu;fisg; nghUj;jkhd tpjj;jpy; FOf;fshf;Ff.
� ,izg;G 9.4.3.2 ,y; jug;gl;Ls;s Ntiyg;gbtk; xd;W tPjk; FOf;fSf;F gfpu;e;jspAq;fs;.
� Ntiyg;gbtq;fSf;Ff;Nfw;g khztiu Ntiyapy; <LgLj;Jq;fs;.
� khztu;fs; kj;jpapy; nrd;W Njitahd re;ju;g;gq;fspy; mtu;fSf;F topfhl;Lq;fs;.
(20 epkplq;fs;)
152
gb 9.3.2.3gb 9.3.2.3gb 9.3.2.3gb 9.3.2.3gb 9.3.2.3
� Njitahd tplaq;fis mwpf;if nra;jjd; gpd;du;> mtw;iwr; rku;g;gpf;f khztUf;F
tha;g;gspAq;fs;.
� Vida FOf;fSld; fye;Jiuahl khztUf;F re;ju;g;gk; toq;Fq;fs;.
� gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; Nknyof;$bathW fye;Jiuahliy elhj;Jq;fs;.
� Kf;fpa tplaq;fis Fwpj;Jf;nfhs;s re;ju;g;gk; toq;Fq;fs;.
F kf;fs; fUj;ij xd;W Nru;g;gjw;fhf> murpay; fl;rpfspdhy; ghupa gzpfs;
Mw;wg;gLfpd;wd vd.
F murpay; fl;rpfs; %yk; jiytu;fs; cUthf;Ftjpy; ghupa gq;fspg;G
toq;fg;gLfpd;wJ vd.
F kf;fs; r%fj;jpd; If;fpaj;ijg; Ngz murpay; fl;rpfspdhy; gq;fspg;G ey;fKbAk;
vd.
F murapy; fl;rpfspdhy; ehl;bd; mgptpUj;jpf;fhf ghupa gq;fspg;ig ey;f KbAk;
vd.
(15 epkplq;fs;)
fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPl;L epajpfSk;fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPl;L epajpfSk;fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPl;L epajpfSk;fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPl;L epajpfSk;fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPl;L epajpfSk;
� murpay; fl;rpapd; gzpfis tptupg;ghu;.
� kf;fs; r%fj;jpd; Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;fhf murpay; fl;rpapdhy; ghupa gzpia epiwNtw;w
KbAk; vd Vw;Wf;nfhz;L fUj;J $Wthu;.
� FO czu;Tld; vjpu;ghu;f;Fk; Nehf;fq;fis epiwNtw;Wtjpy; gq;fspg;ghu;.
� FO mwpf;iffis Mf;fG+u;tkhfr; rku;g;gpg;ghu;.
153
,izg;G 9.3.2.1,izg;G 9.3.2.1,izg;G 9.3.2.1,izg;G 9.3.2.1,izg;G 9.3.2.1
FO 01FO 01FO 01FO 01FO 01
kf;fs; fUj;ij xd;WNru;f;f murpay; fl;rpapdhy; Mw;wf;$ba gzpfs; ahit?
FO 02FO 02FO 02FO 02FO 02
jiytu;fs; cUthf murpay; fl;rpfspdhy; Mw;wf;$ba gzpfs;.
FO 03FO 03FO 03FO 03FO 03
kf;fs; rKjhaj;jpd; If;fpaj;ij Vw;gLj;j murpay; fl;rpapdhy; Mw;wf;$ba
gzpfs;.
FO 04FO 04FO 04FO 04FO 04
ehl;bd; mgptpUj;jpf;fhf murpay; fl;rpapdhy; Mw;wf;$ba gzpfs;.
154
9.3.39.3.39.3.39.3.39.3.3 nraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghL
Nju;r ;r pNju ;r ;r pNju ;r ;r pNju ;r ;r pNju ;r ;r p : -: -: -: -: - rdehaf Ml;rp Kiwapid ntw;wpfukhf Kd;ndLg;gjw;F
nray;uPjpapy; gq;fspg;ghu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk; : -: -: -: -: - rdehaf r%fnkhd;wpy; xU ew;gpui[ vd;w tifapy; jkJ
nghWg;Gf;fisAk; flikfisAk; epiwNtw;Wthu;.
nraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghL : -: -: -: -: - jiytiuj; njupNthk;
Neuk;Neuk;Neuk;Neuk;Neuk; : -: -: -: -: - 40 epkplq;fs;
ju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPL : -: -: -: -: - � ,izg;G 9.3.3.1 ,d; mtjhdpg;Gg; gbtk;
� khjpup thf;Fr;rPl;L
� khjpup thf;Fg;ngl;b
� thf;Fr; rhtb mjpfhupfs;> gjtp ,yr;rpid
� thf;fspg;G epiya mjpfhup
� cjtp thf;F epiya mjpfhup
� vOJtpidQu;fs;
� mYtyf cjtpahsu;fs;
fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghL
� ghj;jpuNkw;W ebg;gJ %yk; tFg;Gj; jiytu;fs; gjtpf;F Nghl;bapLk; Ntl;ghsu;fs;
jkJ jifikfs; gw;wp tFg;gpy; vLj;Jf;$WkhW $Wq;fs;.
� gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; Nknyof;$bathW fye;Jiuahliy elj;Jq;fs;.
F Gj;jprhypj;jdkhfr; rpe;jpj;Jg; ghu;j;J Nju;e;njLf;f Ntz;Lk;.
F r%fj;jpd; eyDf;fhfr; nraw;gLk; jiytuplk; ey;y gz;Gfs; ,Uf;f
Ntz;Lk;.
F kf;fs; rupahf thf;fspf;f Ntz;Lk;.
(10 epkplq;fs;)
155
,izg;G 9.3.3.1,izg;G 9.3.3.1,izg;G 9.3.3.1,izg;G 9.3.3.1,izg;G 9.3.3.1
glf;Fwpg;G khjpup thf;Fj;jhspd; tbtk;glf;Fwpg;G khjpup thf;Fj;jhspd; tbtk;glf;Fwpg;G khjpup thf;Fj;jhspd; tbtk;glf;Fwpg;G khjpup thf;Fj;jhspd; tbtk;glf;Fwpg;G khjpup thf;Fj;jhspd; tbtk;
“m” fl;rp
“M” fl;rp
“,” fl;rp
“<” fl;rp
“c” fl;rp
“C” fl;rp
RahjPdf;FO I
RahjPdf;FO II
156
9.3.49.3.49.3.49.3.49.3.4 nraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghL
Nju;r ;r pNju ;r ;r pNju ;r ;r pNju ;r ;r pNju ;r ;r p : -: -: -: -: - rdehaf Ml;rp Kiwapid ntw;wpfukhf Kd;ndLg;gjw;F
nray;uPjpapy; gq;fspg;ghu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk; : -: -: -: -: - rdehaf r%nkhd;wpy; xU ew;gpuir vd;w tifapy; jkJ
nghWg;Gf;fisAk; flikfisAk; epiwNtw;Wthu;.
nraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghL : -: -: -: -: - Ml;rpahsu;fis epakpg;gjw;fhf thf;Fupikiag; gad;gLj;JNthk;.
Neuk;Neuk;Neuk;Neuk;Neuk; : -: -: -: -: - 40 epkplq;fs;
ju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPL : -: -: -: -: - � ,izg;G 9.3.4.1 ,d; khjpup rhtbapd; glk;
� ,izg;G 9.3.4.2 Nju;jy; ngWNgwpd; jiyg;Gfs; mlq;Fk;
nrayl;il.
� bik jhs; - Ngdhf;fs;
� thf;Fr; rhtb mjpfhupfs;
fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghL
gb 9.3.4.1gb 9.3.4.1gb 9.3.4.1gb 9.3.4.1gb 9.3.4.1
� ,izg;G 9.3.4.1 Fwpj;j thf;Fr; rhtbnahd;wpd; glj;ij tFg;gpy; fhl;Lq;fs;.
� mq;F vd;d eilngWk;?
� Nkw;gb tpdhf;fis khztuplk; tpdtp gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; Nknyof;$bathW
fye;JiuahLq;fs;.F ,d;W ,yq;if kf;fs;> kf;fs; gpujpepjpfis epakpg;gJ %yk; Ml;rpapy;
gq;Fnfhs;fpd;wdu; vd.
F Njitahd jifikfis epiwNtw;wpAs;stu;fSf;F thf;Fupik cupj;jhFNkd.
F kf;fs; gpujpepjpfisj; Nju;e;njLj;J epakpg;gJ ngUk;ghd;ik kf;fs; tpUg;gpd;
%yk; vd.
F rupahfTk; Gj;jprhJ}upakhfTk; thf;ifg; gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk; vd.
(10 epkplq;fs;)
gb 9.3.4.2gb 9.3.4.2gb 9.3.4.2gb 9.3.4.2gb 9.3.4.2
� ,izg;G 9.3.1.1 njhlu;ghd glq;fis tFg;gpy; rku;g;gpj;jy;.
� glj;ij Muha;tjpy; khztiu <LgLj;Jq;fs;. mjpy; Fwpg;gplg;gLk; rpwg;ghd [dehaf
gz;Gfisj; Njbawpa khztUf;F tha;g;gspAq;fs;.
� gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; Nknyof;$bathW fye;JiuahLq;fs;.
gb 9.3.4.3gb 9.3.4.3gb 9.3.4.3gb 9.3.4.3gb 9.3.4.3
� khztu;fisg; nghUj;jkhd tpjj;jpy; FOf;fshf;Ff.
� ,izg;G 9.4.3.2 ,y; jug;gl;Ls;s Ntiyg;gbtk; xd;W tPjk; FOf;fSf;F gfpu;e;jspAq;fs;.
� Ntiyg;gbtq;fSf;Ff;Nfw;g khztiu Ntiyapy; <LgLj;Jq;fs;.
� khztu;fs; kj;jpapy; nrd;W Njitahd re;ju;g;gq;fspy; mtu;fSf;F topfhl;Lq;fs;.
(20 epkplq;fs;)
157
F kf;fs; Ml;rpapy; njhlu;GgLj;Jtjw;fhf gpujhd Kiwapy; ru;t[d thf;Fupik
vd.
F [dehaf Ml;rp fhzg;gLk; ehl;L gpui[fSf;F ,t;Tupik cupjjhFk; vd.
F thf;ifg; gpioapd;wpg; gad;gLj:Jtjhy; [dehaf> r%fj;jpd; gpui[fspd;
flikAk; nghWg;Gk; vd.
F Gj;jprhJ}upakhf rpe;jpj;J thf;fspf;f Ntz;Lk; vd.
(10 epkplq;fs;)
fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPl;L epajpfSk;fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPl;L epajpfSk;fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPl;L epajpfSk;fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPl;L epajpfSk;fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPl;L epajpfSk;
� thf;if gpioapd;wp cgNahfpf;Fk; tpjj;ijg; gw;wpa tplaq;fis Kd;itg;gu;.
� thf;fhsu; xUtupd; nghWg;Gf;fs;> flikfs; gw;wp, tptupg;ghu;.
� thf;ifg; gpioapd;wp gad;gLj:Jtjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij kjpg;ghu;.
� FO mwpf;ifia gpioapd;wp rku;g;gpg;ghu;.
� FOtpDs; xw;Wikahfr; nraw;gLthu;.
,izg;G 9.3.4.1,izg;G 9.3.4.1,izg;G 9.3.4.1,izg;G 9.3.4.1,izg;G 9.3.4.1
thf;nfLg;G epiyak;thf;nfLg;G epiyak;thf;nfLg;G epiyak;thf;nfLg;G epiyak;thf;nfLg;G epiyak;
158
,izg;G 9.3.4.2,izg;G 9.3.4.2,izg;G 9.3.4.2,izg;G 9.3.4.2,izg;G 9.3.4.2
Ntiyg;gbtk;Ntiyg;gbtk;Ntiyg;gbtk;Ntiyg;gbtk;Ntiyg;gbtk;
FO 01FO 01FO 01FO 01FO 01
Nju;jy; ngWNgwpd; khjpup fPNo fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. mjid EZfp MuhAq;fs;.
Nju;jy; khtl;lk;Nju;jy; khtl;lk;Nju;jy; khtl;lk;Nju;jy; khtl;lk;Nju;jy; khtl;lk;
gjpTnra;Js;s thf;fshu; njhif 4> 452250
thf;fspj;j njhifapd; 268220
epuhfupf;fg;gl;l thf;Ffspd; njhif 47620
Nkw;gb ngWNgWfspd;gb thf;fhsu;fs; iftplg;gl;Ls;s flikfis fhuzq;$wp tpsf;Ff.
FO 02FO 02FO 02FO 02FO 02
,q;F ghuhSkd;wg; nghJj;Nju;jy; njhlu;ghd thf;Fg;gj;jpuk; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. ,jid
tFg;gpy; fhl;rpg;gLj;jp gpioapd;wp thf;fspf;Fk; KiwiaAk; tpsf;Ff.
FO 03FO 03FO 03FO 03FO 03
xU thf;fhsu; epiwNtw;w Ntz;ba flikfisAk; nghWg;Gf;fisAK; gl;baw;gLj;Jq;fs;.
mJgw;wpa tpguj;ij tFg;gpy; rku;g;gpAq;fs;.
159
9.4 cs;Suhl;rp epWtdq;fSk; kf;fs; gq;Nfw;Gk;9.4 cs;Suhl;rp epWtdq;fSk; kf;fs; gq;Nfw;Gk;9.4 cs;Suhl;rp epWtdq;fSk; kf;fs; gq;Nfw;Gk;9.4 cs;Suhl;rp epWtdq;fSk; kf;fs; gq;Nfw;Gk;9.4 cs;Suhl;rp epWtdq;fSk; kf;fs; gq;Nfw;Gk;
(ghlNtisfs; 06) (ghlNtisfs; 06) (ghlNtisfs; 06) (ghlNtisfs; 06) (ghlNtisfs; 06)
mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;
kf;fshl;rp murpay; Kiw Njhd;wpa fhyj;jpypUe;Nj kf;fis ehl;bd; Ml;rp KiwAld;
,izj;Jf;nfhs;tjw;fhf gy;NtW Kiwfs; gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sd. kf;fl; njhif
mjpfupg;G> kf;fspd; gpur;rpidfs; rpf;fyiljy; Nghd;wtw;wpdhy; muRfSf;F kf;fspd;
Njitfis epiwNtw;Wtjw;fhf mJtiuf;Fk; nraw;gLj;jg;gl;l gzpfs; NghJkhdjhf
,Uf;ftpy;iy. ,jdhy; cUthfpa mg;gpur;rpidfs; epahakhfTk; tpidj;jpwDlDk;
jPu;j;Jf;nfhs;tjw;fhfTk; ehl;bd; epu;thfj;Jf;Fk; kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jp nraw;ghl;Lf;Fk;
kf;fis Neubahf ,izj;Jf;nfhs;sTk; kj;jpa murpd; nraw;ghLfis gpuNjr
kl;lj;jpy; gutyhf;Fk; gzpfspy; ftdQ; nrYj;jg;gl;lJ. jw;NghJ eilKiwg;gLj;jg;
gLk; cs;Suhl;rp Kiw ,k;Kaw;rpapd; tpisthFk;. ,e;epWtdq;fs; etPd [dehaf
Ml;rpKiw epyTk; vy;yh muRfspYk; fhzf;$bajhFk;. ,e;epWtdq;fs; Muk;gj;jpy;
kpfTk; vspikahf Muk;gkhfpa NghjpYk; gpd;du; kf;fspd; gq;fspg;ig mbg;gilahff;
nfhz;l epWtdq;fshfkhwpd.
Nju;r ;r pNju ;r ;r pNju ;r ;r pNju ;r ;r pNju ;r ;r p : -: -: -: -: -
nghJ ed;ikapd; nghUl;lhd cs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fspd; nraw;ghLfSf;F
xj;Jiog;G toq;Fthu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk; : -: -: -: -: -
� jkJ gpuNjrj;jpw;F cs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fspd; Clhf Mw;wg;gLk; Nritfs;
njhlu;gpy; EZfpaha;thu;.
� cs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fspd; Nritfs; njhlu;gpyhd nghJ kf;fspd; flikfisAk;
nghWg;Gf;fisAk; epiwNtw;Wthu;.
� cs;suhl;rp kd;wq; fspd; Nritfis tpidj;jpwDs;s tifapy; Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F
kf;fsJ gq;Fgw;wypd; cs;s Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij kjpg;gpLthu;.
ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;ghl cs;slf;fk;
9 . 4 . 19 . 4 . 19 . 4 . 19 . 4 . 19 . 4 . 1 cs;Suhl;rp mwpKfk;cs;Suhl;rp mwpKfk;cs;Suhl;rp mwpKfk;cs;Suhl;rp mwpKfk;cs;Suhl;rp mwpKfk;
� kj;jpa murpdhy; epiwNtw;wg;gl;l my;yJ epiwNtw;wg;gLk; rl;lnkhd;iw
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L kj;jpa murpd; my;yJ Nkw;ghu;itapd; fPo; kf;fspd;
Nritias ,yFthf;Ftjw;fhf efu kw;Wk; gpuhe;jpa kl;lj;jpy; epWtg;gl;Ls;s
epWtdtif cs;Su; Ml;rp epWtdq;fs; vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.
cs;Suhl;rp epWtdq;fspd; Njhw;wk;cs;Suhl;rp epWtdq;fspd; Njhw;wk;cs;Suhl;rp epWtdq;fspd; Njhw;wk;cs;Suhl;rp epWtdq;fspd; Njhw;wk;cs;Suhl;rp epWtdq;fspd; Njhw;wk;
gpupj;jhdpau; Ml;rpf;fhyk; tiu ePz;L nry;fpwJ.
� fp.gp. 1865 ,y; nfhOk;G> fz;b> fhyp efuq;fSf;fhf khefu rigfs; epWtg;gLjy;.
� fp.gp. 1871 ,y; fpuhk rigfs; epWTjy;.
� fp.gp. 1940 ,y; efu rigfs; epWTjy;.
� fp.gp. 1946 ,y; gl;bd rigfs; epWTjy;.
160
gpupj;jhdpau; Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpd;NghJ cs;Suhl;rp epWtdq;fs; njhlu;ghf tpjpf;fg;gl;lgpupj;jhdpau; Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpd;NghJ cs;Suhl;rp epWtdq;fs; njhlu;ghf tpjpf;fg;gl;lgpupj;jhdpau; Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpd;NghJ cs;Suhl;rp epWtdq;fs; njhlu;ghf tpjpf;fg;gl;lgpupj;jhdpau; Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpd;NghJ cs;Suhl;rp epWtdq;fs; njhlu;ghf tpjpf;fg;gl;lgpupj;jhdpau; Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpd;NghJ cs;Suhl;rp epWtdq;fs; njhlu;ghf tpjpf;fg;gl;l
rl;lq;fSk; MizfSkrl;lq;fSk; MizfSkrl;lq;fSk; MizfSkrl;lq;fSk; MizfSkrl;lq;fSk; MizfSk;
(Mrpupau; mwpe;Jnfhs;tjw;fhf)
� fp.gp. 1865 ,y; khefurig Mizr;rl;lk;.
� fp.gp. 1871 ,y; fpuhk rig Mizr;rl;lk;.
� fp.gp. 1920 ,d; 1 Mk; ,yf;f cs;Suhl;rp Mizr;rl;lk;.
� fp.gp. 1924 ,d; fpuhk rig Mizr;rl;lk;.
� fp.gp. 1932 ,d; 9 Mk; ,yf;f Mizr;rl;lk;.
� fp.gp. 1933 ,d; 37 Mk; ,yf;f Mizr;rl;lk;.
� fp.gp. 1938 ,d; 60 Mk; ,yf;f fpuhk rig Mizr;rl;lk;.
� fp.gp. 1945 ,d; 43 Mk; ,yf;f cs;Suhl;rp Nritr;rl;lk;.
� fp.gp. 1946 ,d; 3 Mk; ,yf;f gl;bd rigfs; rl;lk;.
� fp.gp. 1946 ,d; 57 Mk; ,yf;f rl;lk;.
9 . 4 . 29 . 4 . 29 . 4 . 29 . 4 . 29 . 4 . 2 cs;Suhl;rpapd; Njitcs;Suhl;rpapd; Njitcs;Suhl;rpapd; Njitcs;Suhl;rpapd; Njitcs;Suhl;rpapd; Njit
� kj;jpa murpd; eltbf;iffs; gd;Kfg;gLj;jy;.
� kj;jpa murpd; nghJkf;fs; Nrit eltbf;iffs; Kiwahf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gly;.
� nghJkf;fs; Nritfs; kf;fSf;F ,yFthff; fpilj;jy;.
� Ml;rpayFf;Fs; thOk; kf;fspd; Njitf;Nfw;g Ml;rp nra;af;$bajhapUj;jy;.
� vjpu;fhy murpay; jiytu;fisg; gapw;Wtpf;Fk; epWtdkhjy;.
� ,isQu;fSf;F ehl;bd; Ml;rpapy; gq;Nfw;gjw;F tha;g;G fpl;Ljy;.
� ehl;bd; mgptpUj;jpj; jpl;lq;fSf;F kf;fspd; gq;Nfw;G mjpfupj;jy;.
� Njrpa nfhs;ifiaj; jpl;lkpLjy; ,yFthjy;.
� Njrpa nfhs;ifiaj; jpl;lkpLk;NghJ kf;fspd; gq;Nfw;ig ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sjy;.
� jpBu; Njitfspd;NghJ gpuhe;jpa kl;lj;jpy; cldbahfr; nraw;gLtJ ,yFthjy;.
9 . 4 . 39 . 4 . 39 . 4 . 39 . 4 . 39 . 4 . 3 cs;Suhl;rpAld; njhlu;ghd epWtdq;fs;cs;Suhl;rpAld; njhlu;ghd epWtdq;fs;cs;Suhl;rpAld; njhlu;ghd epWtdq;fs;cs;Suhl;rpAld; njhlu;ghd epWtdq;fs;cs;Suhl;rpAld; njhlu;ghd epWtdq;fs;
� Rje;jpuk; ngw;w fhye;njhl;L fp.gp. 1980 tiu.
- fpuhk rigfs; (579)
- gl;bd rigfs; (83)
- efu rigfs; (37)
- khefu rigfs; (14)
� 1980 ,y; epiwNtw;wg;gl;l 35 Mk; ,yf;f khtl;l rigr; rl;lk;.
- fpuhkrigfisAk; gl;bd rigfisAk; ,y;yhky; nra;J khtl;l mgptpUj;jp rigfs;
epWTjy;.
- khtl;l mgptpUj;jp rigfspd; gq;Nfw;ig mjpfupg;gjw;F fpuhNkhjar; rigfSk;
gpuNjrr; rigfSk; epWtg;gly;.
- 1987 ,d; 15 Mk; ,yf;f rl;lj;jpd;gb khtl;l mgptpUj;jp rigfis ,y;yhkw;
nra;J gpuNjrr; rigfs; epWtg;gly;.
161
� 1987 ,d; gpd;du; eilKiwapy; cs;s epWtdq;fs;.
- gpuNjrr; rigfs; (270)
- efu rigfs; (42)
- khefu rigfs; (18)
khefu rigfskhefu rigfskhefu rigfskhefu rigfskhefu rigfs;
01. nfhOk;G
02. = [atu;j;jdGuk;
03. njfptis - fy;fpir
04. nkhul;Lit
05. fz;b
06. FUzhfy;
07. khj;jis
08. mEuhjGuk;
09. ,uj;jpdGup
10. Etnuypah
11. ePu;nfhOk;G
12. fk;g`h
13. fhyp
14. khj;jiw
15. gJis
16. fy;Kid
17. kl;lf;fsg;G
18. aho;g;ghzk;
9.4.49.4.49.4.49.4.49.4.4
� cs;Suhl;rp epWtdq;fSf;Fg; gpujpepjpfis epakpj;jy;.
� tpfpjhrhug; gpujpepjpj;Jt Kiwapd; jpwe;j gl;bay; Kiwiag; gad;gLj;Jjy;.
� cs;Suhl;rp epWtdq;fspd; vy;iyfisj; jPu;khdpj;jiyAk; ngaupLjiyAk; kj;jpa
murpdhy; (cs;Suhl;rp mikr;R) Nkw;nfhs;sg;gly;.
� me;je;j epWtdq;fSf;nfd epakpf;fg;gLk; gpujpepjpfspd; njhifia Nju;jy;
Mizahsuhy; jPu;khdpf;fg;gly;.
cs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fSf;F gpujpepjpfis epakpf;Fk; nray;Kiwcs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fSf;F gpujpepjpfis epakpf;Fk; nray;Kiwcs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fSf;F gpujpepjpfis epakpf;Fk; nray;Kiwcs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fSf;F gpujpepjpfis epakpf;Fk; nray;Kiwcs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fSf;F gpujpepjpfis epakpf;Fk; nray;Kiw
gb 01gb 01gb 01gb 01gb 01 Ntl;G kDf;fisj; jhf;fy; nra;jy;.Ntl;G kDf;fisj; jhf;fy; nra;jy;.Ntl;G kDf;fisj; jhf;fy; nra;jy;.Ntl;G kDf;fisj; jhf;fy; nra;jy;.Ntl;G kDf;fisj; jhf;fy; nra;jy;.
� epWtdnkhd;Wf;F epakpf;fg;gl Ntz;ba gpujpepjpfs; njhiff;F Nkyjpfkhf NkYk;
Ntl;ghsu;fs; rpyupd; ngau;fis ml;ltizapy; Nru;j;Jf;nfhs;Sjy;. (nkhj;jj; njhifapd;
1/3 gq;F my;yJ 6 Ngu; Mfpa ,uz;by; Fiwe;j njhif.)
� vy;yh Ntl;G kDf;fisAk; ml;ltizahfj; jahupj;jy;.
� rku;g;gpf;fg;gLk; Ntl;ghsupy; 40% tPjkhNdhu; 18-35 taJf;F ,ilg;gl;ltu;fshf ,Uj;jy;.
� vy;yh Ntl;ghsu;fSk; gjpTnra;ag;gl;l thf;fsuhf ,Uj;jy;.
162
� Ntl;G kDf;fs; cupathW G+uzg;gLj;jg;gl;bUj;jy;.
� rpq;fs mfutupirapy; xOq;fpy; ngau;fs; Nru;f;fg;gl;bUj;jy;.
gb 02gb 02gb 02gb 02gb 02 thf;fspg;Gthf;fspg;Gthf;fspg;Gthf;fspg;Gthf;fspg;G
� xt;nthU Ntl;ghsUf;Fk; tpUg;G vz; toq;fg;gly;.
� thf;fhsu; jhk; tpUk;gpa fl;rpf;F thf;fspj;jy;.
� xt;nthU thf;fhsUf;Fk; cupa %d;W tpUg;G thf;FfisAk; xU Ntl;ghsUf;Nfh
my;yJ Ntl;ghsu; ,UtUf;Nfh my;yJ %tUf;Nfh mspf;ff;$bajhf ,Uj;jy;.
gb 03gb 03gb 03gb 03gb 03 ntw;wpaile;Njhiu gpufldg;gLj;jy;.ntw;wpaile;Njhiu gpufldg;gLj;jy;.ntw;wpaile;Njhiu gpufldg;gLj;jy;.ntw;wpaile;Njhiu gpufldg;gLj;jy;.ntw;wpaile;Njhiu gpufldg;gLj;jy;.
� xt;nthU FO my;yJ fl;rp ngw;Wf;nfhz;l thf;Ffis ntt;Ntwhff; fzf;fply;.
� $ba thf;Ffisg; ngw;w fl;rpf;F my;yJ FOTf;F Nghd]; Mrdq;fs; ,uz;L
toq;fg;gly;.
� toq;fg;gl;l KO thf;Fj; njhifapd; 1/8 (12.5%) Ingwj; jtWk; fl;rp/ FO
Nghl;bapypUe;J ePf;fg;glYk; mtu;fs; ngw;w thf;Ffis nry;Ygbahd nkhj;j
thf;FfspypUe;J mfw;wYk;.
� Nkw;gb nray;Kiwapd; gpd; fpilf;Fk; thf;F vz;zpf;if rk;ge;jg;gl;l thf;Ffshff;
fzpf;fg;gly;.
� rk;ge;jg;gl;l thf;Ffis> mr;rigf;F njupTnra;ag;gl Ntz;ba cWg;gpdu; njhiff;F
2 f;F Fiwe;j vz;zpf;ifahy; tFj;jy;. mt;thW tFg;gjhy; fpilf;Fk; nkhj;j
thf;Ffs; jFjpahd thf;Ffshff; nfhs;sg;gly;.
� jFjpahd thf;FfspypUe;J me;je;j murpay; fl;rpfs; kw;Wk; FOf;fs; ngw;w thf;Fj;
njhifia ntt;Ntwhf tFj;jy; %yk; me;je;j fl;rpf; FOf;fSf;F cupa
gpujpepjpfisf; fzf;fply;.
� Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;l njhif nkhj;j gpujpepjpfspd; njhifapy; ,Ue;J FiwAk;NghJ
$ba kPjpf;F vQ;rpa gpujpepjpfs; gjtpfis toq;Fjy;. me;je;j fl;rpfspd; FOf;fspd;
Ntl;ghsu;fs; ngw;w tpUg;G thf;Ffisf; fzf;fply;.
� tpUg;G thf;Ffs; ngw;w xOq;F tupirapd;gb gpujpepjpg; gjtpf;fhf njupTnra;ag;gl;l
Ntl;ghsu;fis epakpj;jy;.
gb 04gb 04gb 04gb 04gb 04 ntw;wplq;fis epug;Gjy;.ntw;wplq;fis epug;Gjy;.ntw;wplq;fis epug;Gjy;.ntw;wplq;fis epug;Gjy;.ntw;wplq;fis epug;Gjy;.
� ntw;wplq;fs; Vw;gLk;NghJ fl;rpf; FOf;fs;> jiytupd; tpUg;gpd;gb mt;thwhd
ntw;wplj;Jf;Fg; nghUj;jkhtiu epakpj;jy;.
9.4.59.4.59.4.59.4.59.4.5 cs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fspd; fl;likg;Gcs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fspd; fl;likg;Gcs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fspd; fl;likg;Gcs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fspd; fl;likg;Gcs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fspd; fl;likg;G
� cs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fspd; epu;thfk;> nghJkf;fs; gpujpepjpfspdJk; mur mjpfhupfspd;
xj;Jiog;gpdhYk; epfo;fpd;wJ.
� nghJkf;fspd; gpujpepjpfs; thf;Ffspdhy; njupe;njLf;fg;gLtJld; mtu;fs; kf;fis
gpujpepjpj;Jtk; nra;fpd;wdu;.
� mur mjpfhupfspdhy; epu;thfg; gzpfs; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wd. cs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fs;
midj;jpdJk; mjpfhuq;fSk; gzpfSk; ngUk;ghYk; rkkhdit. MapDk; me;je;j
epWtdq;fspd; fl;likg;Gf;F mika rpW tpj;jpahrq;fisf; fhzyhk;.
163
gpuNjr rignahd;wpd; fl;likg;GgpuNjr rignahd;wpd; fl;likg;GgpuNjr rignahd;wpd; fl;likg;GgpuNjr rignahd;wpd; fl;likg;GgpuNjr rignahd;wpd; fl;likg;G
jiytu;
(kf;fs; gpujpepjp)
mur mjpfhupfs;
kf;fs; gpujpepjpfs;
(gpuNjr rig cWg;gpdu;) nrayhsu;
mur Kfhikj;Jt cjtpahsu;
njhopDl;g mjpfhup
rpw;W}opau;fs;
njhopyhsu;
164
efu rignahd;wpd; fl;likg;Gefu rignahd;wpd; fl;likg;Gefu rignahd;wpd; fl;likg;Gefu rignahd;wpd; fl;likg;Gefu rignahd;wpd; fl;likg;G
efurig
jiytu;
(kf;fs; gpujpepjp)
kf;fs; gpujpepjp mur mjpfhupfs;
gpujpj;jiytu;
(cg jiytu;) nrayhsu;
khefu rig cWg;gpdu;fs; mur Kfhikj;Jt cjtpahsu;
njhopDl;g mjpfhup
rpw;W}opau; / rhujp / Ntiyahl;fs;
165
efu rignahd;wpd; fl;likg;Gefu rignahd;wpd; fl;likg;Gefu rignahd;wpd; fl;likg;Gefu rignahd;wpd; fl;likg;Gefu rignahd;wpd; fl;likg;G
khefu Kjy;tu;
(kf;fs; gpujpepjp)
kf;fs; gpujpepjp mur mjpfhupfs;
gpujp khefu Kjy;tu;
nrayhsu;
khefu rig cWg;gpdu;fs; mur Kfhikj;Jt cjtpahsu;
njhopDl;g mjpfhup
rpw;W}opau; / rhujp / Ntiyahl;fs;
(Nkyjpfj; jfty;fis mwptjw;fhf ,g;Gj;jfj;jps; ,Wjpg; gf;fq;fspy;
fhl;lg;gLk; X,Y tiuGfs; ,uz;ilAk; ghu;f;fTk;.)
166
cs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fSf;Fupa mjpfhuq;fs;cs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fSf;Fupa mjpfhuq;fs;cs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fSf;Fupa mjpfhuq;fs;cs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fSf;Fupa mjpfhuq;fs;cs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fSf;Fupa mjpfhuq;fs;
khefu rigkhefu rigkhefu rigkhefu rigkhefu rig
� Nrw;Wepyq;fs;> Fsq;fs;> rpwpa msTfs;> ePu;j;Njf;fq;fs;> fw;fs; kw;Wk; fhzpfs;
njhlu;ghd cupikfs;.
� gpujhd tPjpfs;> ghijfs;> fhy;tha;fs;> ghyq;fs;> nghJr; re;ijfs;> epidTj;
J}gpfs;> efu itj;jparhiyfs;> E}y; epiyaq;fs;> G+q;fhf;fs; kw;Wk; fl;blq;fs;
vd;gtw;wpd; cupj;J.
� nrhj;Jf;fis nfhs;tdT nra;jYk; tpw;wYk;.
� Jizr;rl;l tpjpfis tpjpj;jYk; jpUj;jYk;.
� Fbirfs; kw;Wk; Fiwe;j tUkhd tPl;L epu;thfk;.
efu rig efu rig efu rig efu rig efu rig / gpuNjr rig gpuNjr rig gpuNjr rig gpuNjr rig gpuNjr rig
� topfSk; njUf;fSk; kw;Wk; Nghf;Ftuj;J eltbf;iffSk;.
� Ntypfs;> rpWgw;iw Ntypfs;> fplq;Ffs; vd;gtw;wpd; cupj;J.
� ,aw;if ePu; Cw;Wf;fs; kw;Wk; ePuj;Njf;fq;fspd; cupj;J.
� ghijfs;> fhy;tha;fs;> jpwe;j fhzpfs;> kUj;Jtrhiyfs;> E}y;epiyaq;fs;> nghJr;re;ij
vd;gtw;wpd; cupj;J.
cs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fSf;Fupa gzpfs;cs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fSf;Fupa gzpfs;cs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fSf;Fupa gzpfs;cs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fSf;Fupa gzpfs;cs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fSf;Fupa gzpfs;
khefu rigf;Fupa gzpfs;khefu rigf;Fupa gzpfs;khefu rigf;Fupa gzpfs;khefu rigf;Fupa gzpfs;khefu rigf;Fupa gzpfs;
� gpujhd tPjpfs;> fhy;tha;fs;> ghyq;fs;> Njhl;lq;fs;> G+q;fhf;fs;> ikjhdq;fs;>
E}y;epiyaq;fs;> kUj;Jtrhiyfisg; NgZjYk; elhj;jYk;.
� nghJr;re;ijfisj; njhlq;FjYk; elj;JjYk;> Fg;ig $sq;fs; kw;Wk; fopTg;
nghUl;fis mfw;Wjy;> Rfhjhu kw;Wk; MNuhf;fpa eltbf;iffis Nkw;nfhs;Sjy;.
� epue;ju fl;blq;fisf; fl;Ltpj;jy;> fl;Ltjw;fhd mDkjp toq;FjYk; rl;ltpNuhjkhd
fl;blq;fis mfw;WjYk;.
� nghJr; nrhj;Jf;fisg; ghJfhj;jYk; FbePu; trjpfis Vw;gLj;jYk;.
� nghJ ePuhly; fpzWfs;> nghJ kyry$lq;fis Vw;gLj;JjYk;.
� kj;jpa murpdhYk; khfhz rigfspdhYk; ifaspf;fg;gLk; NtW gzpfisAk; Mw;Wjy;.
� Rfhjhuj;Jf;F Nflhd nghUl;fs; tpw;gidiaj; jLj;jy;.
efu rigfs;efu rigfs;efu rigfs;efu rigfs;efu rigfs;/ gpuNjr rigfSf;Fupa gzpfs; gpuNjr rigfSf;Fupa gzpfs; gpuNjr rigfSf;Fupa gzpfs; gpuNjr rigfSf;Fupa gzpfs; gpuNjr rigfSf;Fupa gzpfs;
� mjpfhuj;Jf;Fl;gl;l gpuNjrj;jpYs;s epWtdj;Jf;Fupa ghijfs;> fhy;tha;fs;>
ghyq;fisg; NgZjy;.
� E}y; epiyaq;fs;> Kd;gs;spfs;> kyry$l trjpfs; Vw;gLj;jYk; elj;JjYk;.
� Fiwe;j tUkhdKs;NshUf;fhf tPl;L trjpfis Vw;gLj;jy;.
� mjpfhuj;Jf;Fl;gl;l gpuNjrj;jpd; mgptpUj;jpj; Njitfisj; Njbg;ghu;j;jy;. Njitahd
jpl;lq;fisj; jahupj;jYk; mtw;iw nraw;gLj;jYk;.
� re;ijfs;> thfd epWj;Jkplq;fs;> g];jupg;G epiyaq;fs;> jfdk; nra;Akplq;fs; vd;gtw;iw
njhlf;fpitj;jYk; elhj;JjYk;.
167
cs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fspd; epjpcs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fspd; epjpcs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fspd; epjpcs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fspd; epjpcs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fspd; epjp
� cs;Suhl;rp kd;wnkhd;Wf;Fupa epjp.
� epjpaj;Jf;fhd epjpia gy;NtW topfspy; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sy;.
cjhuzk; : - khfhz rigapypUe;J / murplkpUe;J ngwg;gLk; epjp.
- tup / mguhj> Kj;jpiuf; fl;lzq;fs;.
- Nritfs; toq;Ftjd; %yk;
- tpw;wYk; Fj;jiff;F tpLjYk; thliff;F tpLjYk;.
- ghuhSkd;w kw;Wk; khfhzrig cWg;gpdu;fsplkpUe;J
ngwg;gLk; epjp xJf;fPLfs;.
9.4.69.4.69.4.69.4.69.4.6 cs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fspd; Nrit njhlu;ghd nghJkf;fspd; nghWg;Gf;fSk; flikAk;cs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fspd; Nrit njhlu;ghd nghJkf;fspd; nghWg;Gf;fSk; flikAk;cs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fspd; Nrit njhlu;ghd nghJkf;fspd; nghWg;Gf;fSk; flikAk;cs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fspd; Nrit njhlu;ghd nghJkf;fspd; nghWg;Gf;fSk; flikAk;cs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fspd; Nrit njhlu;ghd nghJkf;fspd; nghWg;Gf;fSk; flikAk;
� cs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fshy; nghJkf;fspd; trjpf;fhf Mw;wg;gLk; gzpfs;> Nritfs;
vd;wthW $wyhk;.
� ,g;gzpfis Mw;WtJld; njhlu;Ggl;l egu;fs; ,Utifapdu;.
1. nghJkf;fspd; gpujpepjpfs;
2. mjpfhupfs;
,e;j kf;fs; gpujpepjpfspdJk; mjpfhupfspdJk; Nritiag; ngWNthkhapd; nghJkf;fspd;
nghWg;Gf;fSk; flikAk; cs;sd.
kf;fl; gpujpepjpfs;kf;fl; gpujpepjpfs;kf;fl; gpujpepjpfs;kf;fl; gpujpepjpfs;kf;fl; gpujpepjpfs;/ mjpfhupfspd; nghWg;Gf;fSk; flikfSk; mjpfhupfspd; nghWg;Gf;fSk; flikfSk; mjpfhupfspd; nghWg;Gf;fSk; flikfSk; mjpfhupfspd; nghWg;Gf;fSk; flikfSk; mjpfhupfspd; nghWg;Gf;fSk; flikfSk;
nghWg;Gf;fs;nghWg;Gf;fs;nghWg;Gf;fs;nghWg;Gf;fs;nghWg;Gf;fs; flikfs;flikfs;flikfs;flikfs;flikfs;
� gpuNjrj;jpd; tsq;fis ,dq;fhZjy;.
� kf;fspd; gpur;rpidfisAk;
NjitfisAk; ,dq;fhzy;.
� NjitfSf;fika jPu;khdpj;jy;.
� jPu;khdq;fis nraw;gLj;Jk;NghJ
Njbg;ghu;j;jy;.
� mgptpUj;jp eltbf;iffis
Nkw;ghu;it nra;jy;.
� jpl;lq;fisj; jahupg;gjw;Fj;
Njitahd cjtp toq;fy;.
� nghJkf;fs; Njitfis cupa
fhyj;Jf;Fs; epiwNtw;Wjy;.
� rl;lg; gpukhzq;fSf;F mikthf
eltbf;ifnaLj;jy;.
� jkf;Fupa cj;jpNahfG+u;t flikfis
cupathW epiwNtw;wy;.
� kf;fspd; FiwghLfSf;Fr;
nrtpkLj;jy;.
� kf;fSld; neUq;fpa njhlu;G
itj;jpUj;jy;.
� $l;lq;fspy; gq;Nfw;wy;.
� Nkhrb> Coy; vd;gtw;iwj;
jLj;jy;.
� mur nrhj;Jf;fis J\;gpuNahfk;
nra;jiyj; jtpu;j;jy;.
� mu;g;gzpg;Gld; nghJkf;fspd;
eyDf;fhf eltbf;if vLj;jy;.
� Neu;ikahftpUj;jy;.
� epWtdj;ij kf;fs; ftuf;$ba
,lkhf mikj;jy;.
� NkhrbiaAk; CoiyAk; mopj;jy;.
� nghJkf;fspd; Njitfis
tpidj;jpwDlDk; KiwahfTk;
epiwNtw;wy;.
168
kf;fl; gpujpepjpfs;kf;fl; gpujpepjpfs;kf;fl; gpujpepjpfs;kf;fl; gpujpepjpfs;kf;fl; gpujpepjpfs;/ mjpfhupfspd; nghWg;Gf;fSk; flikfSk; mjpfhupfspd; nghWg;Gf;fSk; flikfSk; mjpfhupfspd; nghWg;Gf;fSk; flikfSk; mjpfhupfspd; nghWg;Gf;fSk; flikfSk; mjpfhupfspd; nghWg;Gf;fSk; flikfSk;
nghWg;Gf;fs;nghWg;Gf;fs;nghWg;Gf;fs;nghWg;Gf;fs;nghWg;Gf;fs; flikfs;flikfs;flikfs;flikfs;flikfs;
� mePjpahf trjpfis mDgtpg;Nghu;
gw;wpa jfty;fis cupNahUf;F
mwptpj;jy;.
� tsq;fs; tPzhtijj; jLj;jy;.
� rl;l tpjpfis kjpj;jy;.
� rl;l tpjpfis kjpj;jy;.
� nghJr; nrhj;Jf;fisAk; nghJ
,lq;fisAk; ghJfhj;jy;.
� rl;ltpNuhj fl;Lkhdq;fs;
nra;ahjpUj;jy;.
� epu;khdq;fSf;fhd mDkjp
toq;Fjy;
� nghJr;NritfSf;fhf cupa
mjpfhupfSf;F cjTjy;.
� cupa fhyj;Jf;F tupfisr;
nrYj;Jjy; kw;Wk; gl;bay;fisr;
nrYj;Jjy;.
� Fg;igfisAk; fopTfisAk;
cupathW mfw;Wjy;.
� nghJr;nrhj;Jf;fis rpf;fdkhff;
ifahSjy;.
� Njitfis epiwNtw;wpf; nfhs;s
rl;l uPjpahd topfisg; gad;gLj;jy;.
169
9.4.19.4.19.4.19.4.19.4.1 nraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghL
Nju;r ;r pNju ;r ;r pNju ;r ;r pNju ;r ;r pNju ;r ;r p : -: -: -: -: - nghJ ed;ikapd; nghUl;lhd cs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fspd;
nraw;ghLfSf;F xj;Jiog;G toq;Fthu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk; : -: -: -: -: - jkJ gpuNjrj;jpw;F cs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fspd; Clhf Mw;wg;gLk;
Nritfs; njhlu;gpy; EZfpaha;thu;.
nraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghL : -: -: -: -: - cs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fspdhy; toq;fg;gLk; Nritfisj; NjbawpNthk;
Neuk;Neuk;Neuk;Neuk;Neuk; : -: -: -: -: - 80 epkplq;fs;
ju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPL : -: -: -: -: - � cs;Suhl;rp epWtdnkhd;wpd; Nritfisf; fhl;Lk;
,izg;G 9.4.1.1 ,w;Fupa nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk;
� gpuNjr rig/ efu rig/ khefu rig Nghd;w epWtdq;fspdhy;
cq;fSf;Fupa epWtdnkhd;wpd; mjpfhupnahUtupd; ciunahd;
Wf;fhf (fye;Jiuahlg;gl Ntz;ba/ typAWj;jg;gl Ntz;ba
tplaq;fs; njhlu;ghf Neufhyj;Jld; mwpTWj;jTk;)
� vOJe;jhs;/ bikjhs;/ ngy;l; Ngid
fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghL
gb 9.4.1.1gb 9.4.1.1gb 9.4.1.1gb 9.4.1.1gb 9.4.1.1
� cs;Suhl;rp kd;wnkhd;wpd; Nritfis ntspf;nfhzUk; tifapy; rpe;jidf; fpswiy
Nkw;nfhs;sTk;.
� cs;Suhl;rp kd;wnkhd;wpy; epfOk; Nritfis ,dq;fhz;gjw;F tha;g;gspf;fTk;.
� gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; NknyOk; tpjkhff; fye;Jiuahliy elhj;jTk;.
F glj;jpy; fhl;lg;gLk; Nritfis cs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fs; toq;Ffpd;wd.
F ,e;epWtdq;fs; kf;fl; Nritia Mw;Wfpd;wd.
F gpupj;jhdpau; Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpy; ,e;epWtdq;fs; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;ld.
F khefu rig> efu rig> gpuNjr rigfs; jw;NghJ nraw;gLk; cs;Suhl;rp
kd;wq;fshFk;.
F ,t;thwhd epWtdq;fSf;F cWg;gpdu;fs; kf;fs; thf;nfLg;gpd; Z%yk;
njupTnra;ag;gLfpd;wdu;.
F gpuhe;jpa mgptpUj;jpf;fhf ,e;epWtdq;fs; nraw;gLfpd;wd.
F mtru mdu ;j ;jq ;fspd ;NghJ ,e ;e pWtdq;fSk ; g puNjrthu pahf
nraw;gLfpd;wd.
(10 epkplq;fs;)
gb 9.4.1.2gb 9.4.1.2gb 9.4.1.2gb 9.4.1.2gb 9.4.1.2
� khztiu ehd;F FOf;fshfg; gpupf;fTk;.
� 9.4.1.1 nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuj;ij khztUf;F toq;fTk;.
� ciu toq;Fgtupd; ciuf;Fr; nrtpkLj;J mjd; thapyhf nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuj;ijg;
G+uzg;gLj;j mwpTiu toq;fTk;.
(40 epkplq;fs;)
170
gb 9.4.1.3gb 9.4.1.3gb 9.4.1.3gb 9.4.1.3gb 9.4.1.3
� xt;nthU FOTk; jkJ nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuj;Jf;FupajhfTk; Nrfupj;j tplaq;fis
Kd;itf;f tha;g;gspf;fTk;.
� Vida FOf;fspd; fUj;Jf;fis tprhupf;fTk;.
� jpwikahdtw;iw kjpj;jthW gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; NknyOk; tpjkhff; fye;Jiuahlypy;
<LglTk;.
F jhk; thOk; gpuNjrj;jpd; cs;Suhl;rp kd;wk; ahnjd mwpe;J nfhs;sy;
Ntz;Lk;.
F kf;fs; Njitfis epiwNtw;wpf ;nfhs;tjw;fhf re;jpf ;f Ntz;ba
mjpfhupfisr; rupahf ,dq;fhzy; Ntz;Lk;.
F cs;Suhl;rp kd;wnkhd;wpdhy; kf;fspd; Njitfs; epiwNtw;wg;gLtjpdhy;
ngUksthd kf;fs; Nritfs; Mw;wg;gLfpd;wd.
F cs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fspdhy; kf;fs; mgptpUj;jpf;fhf Ntiyj;jpl;lq;fs;
nraw;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
F kf;fs; gpujpepjpfs; kf;fspd; eyDf;fhf Nritahw;w Ntz;Lk;.
F nghJkf;fSf;Fk; gpujpepjpfSf;Fk; ,ilapy; epyTk; gu];gu njhlu;Gfis
mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L gpuNjrk; mgptpUj;jpailfpd;wJ.
(30 epkplq;fs;)
fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPl;L epajpfSk;fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPl;L epajpfSk;fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPl;L epajpfSk;fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPl;L epajpfSk;fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPl;L epajpfSk;
� jdJ ghlrhiyapd; MSifg; gpuNjrk; cupj;jhFk; cs;Suhl;rp kd;wj;jpd; nraw;ghl;il
tpgupg;ghu;.
� cs;Suhl;rp kd;wj;jpdhy; r%fj;Jf;F Mw;wg;gLk; Nritiag; gw;wp ngUkpjj;Jld;
ciuahLthu;.
� cs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fspd; nraw;gzpfis gl;baw;gLj;Jthu;.
� cd;dpg;ghfTk; tpsf;fkhfTk; nrtpkLg;ghu;.
� xg;gilf;fg;gl;l gzpia cupathW epiwNtw;w cjTthu;.
171
,izg;G 9.4.1.1,izg;G 9.4.1.1,izg;G 9.4.1.1,izg;G 9.4.1.1,izg;G 9.4.1.1
nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk;nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk;nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk;nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk;nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk;
FO 01FO 01FO 01FO 01FO 01
epfo;j;jg;gl;l ciuapd; thapyhf gpd;tUk; jfty;fis Nrfupg;gJ cq;fSf;fhd
xg;gilahFk;.
F ciuapd; %yk; $wg;gLk; cs;Suhl;rp kd;wk; vJ?
F cs;Suhl;rp kd;wj; jiytupd; ngau; ahJ?
F gpujhd epu;thf mjpfhupapd; gjtpg; ngau; ahJ?
F me;epWtdj;jpd; epu;thfj;Jf;fhf epakpf;fg;gl;Ls;s mjpfhupfspd; gjtpfs; rpy.
F kf;fl; gpujpepjpfs; MSe;jug;gpdu; vdTk; vjpu;jug;gpdu; vdTk; NtWgLk; tpjj;ij
,dq;fhZk; tpjk;.
FO 02FO 02FO 02FO 02FO 02
ciuf;F ed;F nrtpkLj;J gpd;tUk; nraiy epiwNtw;wTk;.
F rk;ge;jg;gl;l cs;Suhl;rp kd;wj;jpdhy; Mw;wg;gLk; kf;fs; Nritfspd; gl;baiyj;
jahupf;fTk;.
F me;epWtdq;fspdhy; Mw;wg;gl;Ls;s kw;Wk; cj;Njr kf;fs; mgptpUj;jp
eltbf;iffis ntt;Ntwhf Kd;itf;fTk;.
FO 03FO 03FO 03FO 03FO 03
Mw;wg;gLk; ciuf;F ed;F nrtpkLf;fTk;. murpay; kl;lj;jpy; rk;ge;jg;gl;l
cs;Suhl;rp kd;wj;jpd; kf;fs; gpujpepjpfshy; epiwNtw;wg;gLk; nraw;ghLfis
tupirg;gLj;jTk;.
FO 04FO 04FO 04FO 04FO 04
Mw;wg;gLk; ciuf;F ed;F nrtpkLf;fTk;. cs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fspd; Nritfs;
njhlu;ghf nghJkf;fspd; flikfisAk; nghWg;Gf;fisAk; ntt;Ntwhff;
Fwpj;Jf;nfhs;sTk;.
172
9.4.29.4.29.4.29.4.29.4.2 nraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghL
Nju;r ;r pNju ;r ;r pNju ;r ;r pNju ;r ;r pNju ;r ;r p : -: -: -: -: - nghJ ed;ikapd; nghUl;lhd cs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fspd;
nraw;ghLfSf;F xj;Jiog;G toq;Fthu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk; : -: -: -: -: - cs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fspd; Nritfs; njhlu;gpyhd nghJ kf;fspd;
flikfisAk; nghWg;Gf;fisAk; epiwNtw;Wthu;.
nraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghL : -: -: -: -: - cs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fspdhy; ngw;Wj;jug;gLk; trjpfis tpidj;
j pwDld; cgNahfg ;gLj ;j pathW vkJ nghWg ;Gf ;fisAk;
flikfisAk; epiwNtw;WNthk;.
Neuk;Neuk;Neuk;Neuk;Neuk; : -: -: -: -: - 40 epkplq;fs;
ju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPL : -: -: -: -: - � ,izg;G 9.4.2.1 ,w;fhd jftw;gj;jpuk;
� ,izg;G 9.4.2.2 ,w;fhd nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk;
� bikjhs;> ngy;l; Ngdhf;fs;
fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghL
gb 9.4.2.1gb 9.4.2.1gb 9.4.2.1gb 9.4.2.1gb 9.4.2.1
� ,izg;G 9.4.2.1 ,w;fhd jfty; gj;jpuj;ij Kd;itj;J fz;lwpe;j tplaq;fs; thapyhf
rpe;jidf; fpsu;T fye;Jiuahlypy; <LglTk;.
� gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; NknyOk; tpjkhff; fye;Jiuahliy topelj;jTk;.
gb 9.4.2.2gb 9.4.2.2gb 9.4.2.2gb 9.4.2.2gb 9.4.2.2
� tFg;ig Vw;wthW FOf;fshf;fTk;.
� xt;nthU FOTf;Fk; ,izg;G 9.4.2.2 ,w;Fupa nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuj;ij toq;fTk;.
� Njitahd mwpTWj;jy;fisAk; topfhl;ly;fisAk; toq;fTk;.
(20 epkplq;fs;)
gb 9.4.2.3gb 9.4.2.3gb 9.4.2.3gb 9.4.2.3gb 9.4.2.3
� nrayhw;wy; gj;jpuj;Jf;Fupa FOtpdhy; jpul;lg;gl;l jfty;fis tFg;gpy;
Kd;itg;gjw;F tha;g;gspf;fTk;.
� xt;nthU FOtpdhYk; Kd;itf;fg;gLk; jfty;fs; gw;wpa fUj;Jf;fisj; njuptpg;gjw;F
Vida FOf;fSf;Fr; re;ju;g;gkspf;fTk;.
F md;whl tho;f;ifiar; rpwg;ghf;fpf; nfhs;s cs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fspd; %yk;
ghupa Nritfs; Mw;wg;gLfpd;wd.
F cs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fspdhy; Mw;wg;gLk; Nritfspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij kf;fs;
tpsq;fpf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
F cs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fspdhy; Mw;wg;gLk; nraw;ghLfs; ntw;wpaila gpui[fs;
jk; nghWg;Gf;fisAk; flikfisAk; cupathW epiwNtw;w Ntz;Lk;.
(10 epkplq;fs;)
173
� gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; NknyOk; tpjkhff; fye;Jiuahliy elhj;jTk;.
F kf;fspd; ed;ik fUjp cs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fs; mu;g;gzpg;Gld; nrayhw;Wfpd;wd.
F cs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fspdhy; Mw;wg;gLk; Nritfs; gw;wp vg;NghJk; kf;fs;
mwpa Ntz;Lk;.
F cs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fspdhy; Mw;wg;gLk; Nritfs; VNjDk; xU ehspy;
jilgLkhapd; kf;fs; tho;f;iff;F mjd; %yk; ngUe;jhf;fq;fs; Vw;gLk;.
F mjdhy; cs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fspdhy; Mw;wg;gLk; Nritfs; njhlu;ghf kf;fspd;
nghWg;Gf;fSk; flikfSk; ,ilawhJ Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
(10 epkplq;fs;)
fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPl;L epajpfSk;fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPl;L epajpfSk;fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPl;L epajpfSk;fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPl;L epajpfSk;fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPl;L epajpfSk;
� cs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fs; njhlu;ghd kf;fspd; nghWg;Gf;fisAk; flikfisAk; ngaupLthu;.
� cs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fspdhy; msg;gupa Nritfs; Mw;wg;gLfpd;wd vd;gij Vw;W
fUj;J ntspapLthu;.
� FO nraw;ghLfis xw;Wikahf Nkw;nfhs;thu;.
� cs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fspd; Nritfs; njhlu;ghd nghWg;Gf;fisAk; flikfisAk;
Mw;w J}z;lg;gLthu;.
� cs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fspd; nghWg;Gf;fisAk; flikfisAk; epiwNtw;w VidNahUf;F
cjTthu;.
9.4.2.1 ,w;Fupa jfty; gj;jpuk;9.4.2.1 ,w;Fupa jfty; gj;jpuk;9.4.2.1 ,w;Fupa jfty; gj;jpuk;9.4.2.1 ,w;Fupa jfty; gj;jpuk;9.4.2.1 ,w;Fupa jfty; gj;jpuk;
kf;fSf;fhd Nritia ,yFthf;Ftjw;fhf efu kw;Wk; gpuNjr kl;lq;fspy;
cs;Suhl ;r p kd;wq;fs; epWtg;gl ;Ls;sd. kj;j pa murpd ; eltbf;iffs;
gd;Kfg;gLj;jg;gLtjw;Fk; kf;fs; Nritfis Kiwahf Nkw;nfhs;sTk; ehl;by;
epu ;thfg; gzpfs; [dehaf uPjpahf miktjw;Fk; cs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fs;
Njitg;gLfpd;wd. mJkl;Lkd;wp kf;fs; Nritfis kf;fSf;F ,yFthf mz;kpf;fr;
nra;aTk; cs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fs; ,Uj;jy; mtrpakhFk;. mt;thNw ehl;bd; mgptpUj;jp
nraw;ghLfSf;F kf;fspd; gq;fspg;ig mjpfupg;gjw;Fk; cs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fs;
mtrpakhFk;.
cs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fspdhy; ngUk; Nritfs; Mw;wg;gLfpd;wd. ghijfs;> fhy;tha;fs;>
Njhl;le;JuTfs;> G+q;fhf;fs;> ikjhdq;fs;> E}y;epiyaq;fs;> kUe;Jrhiyfisg;
NgZtjw;Fk; elj;jpr; nry;Yjy;nghJr;re;ijfs; Muk;gpj;J itj;jYk; elj;jpr; nry;Yjy;
Nghd;w Nritfs; mtw;Ws; Kf;fpakhdjhFk;.
cs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fspd; gzpfs; ntw;wpfukhdjhf miktjw;F gpui[fs; jkJ
nghWg;Gf;fisAk; flikfisAk; cupathW epiwNtw;Wjy; Ntz;Lk;.
174
,izg;G 9.4.2.2,izg;G 9.4.2.2,izg;G 9.4.2.2,izg;G 9.4.2.2,izg;G 9.4.2.2
FO 01FO 01FO 01FO 01FO 01
Rfhjhu> Muhf;fpa Nritfs; kw;Wk; Fg;ig $sq;fis mfw;Wjy; njhlu;ghf
kf;fspdhy; Mw;wg;gl Ntz;ba nghWg;Gf;fSk; flikfSk;
FO 02FO 02FO 02FO 02FO 02
ePu; toq;fy;> tpepNahfk;> tPjpNahu tpsf;Ffisg; NgZjy; njhlu;ghf kf;fspdhy;
Mw;wg;gl Ntz;ba nghWg;Gf;fSk; flikfSk;.
FO 03FO 03FO 03FO 03FO 03
tupg;gzk;> tupnrYj;jy; njhlu;ghf kf;fspdhy; Mw;wg;gl Ntz;ba nghWg;Gf;fSk;
flikfSk;
FO 04FO 04FO 04FO 04FO 04
nghJr;re;ij> E}y; epiyaq;fs;> ,wq;FJiwfs; Nghd;wit njhlu;ghf kf;fshy;
Mw;wg;gl Ntz;ba flikfSk; nghWg;Gf;fSk;.
FO 05FO 05FO 05FO 05FO 05
nghJ tPjpfs;> fhy;tha;fisg; NgZjy; njhlu;ghf kf;fshy; Mw;wg;gl Ntz;ba
flikfSk; nghWg;Gf;fSk;.
175
9.4.39.4.39.4.39.4.39.4.3 nraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghL
Nju;r ;r pNju ;r ;r pNju ;r ;r pNju ;r ;r pNju ;r ;r p : -: -: -: -: - nghJ ed;ikapd; nghUl;lhd cs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fspd;
nraw;ghLfSf;F xj;Jiog;G toq;Fthu;.
Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk;Nju;r;rp kl;lk; : -: -: -: -: - cs;suhl;rp kd;wq; fspd; Nritfis tpidj;jpwDs;s tifapy;
Nkw;nfhs;tjw;F kf;fsJ gq;Fgw;wypd; cs;s Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij
kjpg;gpLthu;.
nraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghLnraw;ghL : -: -: -: -: - cs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fspd; Nritfis tpidj;jpwDld; Mw;w
cjTNthk;.
Neuk;Neuk;Neuk;Neuk;Neuk; : -: -: -: -: - 80 epkplq;fs;
ju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPLju cs;sPL : -: -: -: -: - � cs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fshy; Mw;wg;gLk; Nritfisf; fhl;Lk;
rpj;jpunkhd;wij; jUtpj;Jf; nfhs;sTk;.
� ,izg;G 9.4.3.2 ,w;Fupa nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk;
� bikjhs; / gpup];ly; ml;ilfs;
fw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfw;wy; fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghL
gb 9.4.3.1gb 9.4.3.1gb 9.4.3.1gb 9.4.3.1gb 9.4.3.1
� jUtpj;j rpj;jpuj;ij tFg;gpy; rku;g;gpf;fTk;.
� mjid mtjhdpg;gjw;Fg; NghJkhd Neuj;ij toq;fTk;.
� gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; NknyOk; tpjkhff; fye;Jiuahliy elj;jTk;.
F cs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fspdhy; kf;fspd; eyd; fUjp gy;NtW Nritfs;
toq;fg;gLfpd;wd.
F mr;Nritfis EfUk;NghJ nghJkf;fs; mtw;iw cupathW ifahz;lthW
mtw;iwg; ghJfhg;gjw;F gq;fspg;G nra;a Ntz;Lk;.
F me;je;j epWtdq;fspd; mjpfhupfSf;Fupa trjpfisAk; NritfisAk;
cupathW toq;fp kf;fSf;F Nritfs; toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
(10 epkplq;fs;)
gb 9.4.3.2gb 9.4.3.2gb 9.4.3.2gb 9.4.3.2gb 9.4.3.2
� tFg;ig cupathW FOf;fshf;fTk;.
� ,izg;G 9.4.3.2 ,w;Fupa nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuj;ij tFg;gpd; FOf;fSf;F toq;fTk;.
� rk;ge;jg;gl;l tsq;fis toq;fpathW nraw;ghl;by; <LgLj;jTk;.
� Njitahd re;ju;g;gq;fspy; Mrpupa topfhl;ly;fisAk; mwpTiufisAk; toq;fpathW
mwpf;ifiaj; jahupg;gjw;Fg; NghJkhd msT Neuj;ij toq;fTk;.
� mwpf;ifia Kd;itg;gjw;F Maj;jg;gLj;jTk;.
(30 epkplq;fs;)
gb 9.4.3.3gb 9.4.3.3gb 9.4.3.3gb 9.4.3.3gb 9.4.3.3
� khztu; fz;lwpe;jtw;iw tFg;gpy; Kd;itg;gjw;F tha;g;gspf;fTk;.
� FOf;fs; Kd;itj;jy;fs; njhlu;ghd fUj;Jf;fis Kd;itg;gjw;F Vidatu;fSf;F
re;ju;g;gkspf;fTk;.
176
� khztu;fspd; jpwikfis kjpj;jthW gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; NknyOe;jthW
fye;JiuahlTk;.
F cs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fspdhy; nghJkf;fspd; ed;ikf;fhf gy;NtW Nritfs;
toq;fg;gLfpd;wd.
F mtw;iwg; ngWk; gadhspfspdhy; mit cupathwhff; ifahsg;gly;>
tupnrYj;Jjy;> cupa fl;lzq;fs; nrYj;jg;gly; Ntz;Lk;.
F Nritia cupathwhf toq;Ftjw ;fhf Mtd nra ;jy ; Nrit
toq;FNthupd; nghWg;ghFk;.
F MSif gpuNjrj;jpd; gupRj;jj;ijg; ghJfhj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;fhf Nrit
toq;FNthu; kw;Wk; gadhspfs; nraw;gLtjpd; %yk; NjfhNuhf;fpakpf;f
gupRj;jkhd #oy; cUthfpd;wJ.
F E}y; epiyaq;fs;> kUj;Jtrhiyfs;> tpisahl;L ikjhdq;fs;> g];jupg;G
epiyaq;fs;> jfdr;rhiyfs;> nghJr;re;ijfs; Nghd;w Nritfis elhj;jpr;
nry;YtJ cs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fspd; nghWg;ghFk;.
F mjw;fhf jkJ nghWg;Gf;fisAk; flikfisAk; epiwNtw;Wjy; gadhspfspd;
gzpahFk;.
(40 epkplq;fs;)
fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPl;L epajpfSk;fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPl;L epajpfSk;fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPl;L epajpfSk;fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPl;L epajpfSk;fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPl;L epajpfSk;
� cs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fSld; njhlu;ghd Nrit toq;FNthu; mtw;wpd; gadhspfs; jk;
nghWg;Gf;fisAk; flikfisAk; cupathW epiwNtw;w Ntz;Lnkd fUj;J ntspapLthu;.
� me;je;j Nritfis toq;Fk;NghJ Nrit toq;FNthupdJk; gadhspfspd;
nghWg;Gf;fisg; NghyNt flikfisAk; gl;baw;gLj;Jthu;.
� Nritfis EfUk;NghJ mtw;iw cupathW elhj;j gq;fspg;G nra;thu;.
� FOtpy; xw;Wikahfr; nraw;gLthu;.
� Mrpupau; mwpTWj;jy;fisg; gpd;gw;Wthu;.
177
,izg;G 9.4.3.1,izg;G 9.4.3.1,izg;G 9.4.3.1,izg;G 9.4.3.1,izg;G 9.4.3.1
nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk;nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk;nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk;nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk;nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk;
FO 01FO 01FO 01FO 01FO 01
cq;fs; gpuNjrj;jpd cs;Suhl;rp kd;wj;jpdhy; elhj;jg;gLk; E}y; epiyaj;jpd;
gadhsp vd;w tifapy; cq;fs; nghWg;Gf;fisAk; E}y;epiyaj;jpd; gadhsp
cl;gl mjpfhupapd; nghWg;Gf;fs; vd;gtw;iw cs;slf;fpathW gpd;tUk;
ml;ltiziag; G+u;j;jp nra;aTk;.
E}y; epiyag; gadhspfspd;E}y; epiyag; gadhspfspd;E}y; epiyag; gadhspfspd;E}y; epiyag; gadhspfspd;E}y; epiyag; gadhspfspd;
nghWg;Gf;fs;nghWg;Gf;fs;nghWg;Gf;fs;nghWg;Gf;fs;nghWg;Gf;fs;
epWtd mjpfhupfspd;epWtd mjpfhupfspd;epWtd mjpfhupfspd;epWtd mjpfhupfspd;epWtd mjpfhupfspd;
nghWg;Gf;fs; rk;ge;jg;gl;lnghWg;Gf;fs; rk;ge;jg;gl;lnghWg;Gf;fs; rk;ge;jg;gl;lnghWg;Gf;fs; rk;ge;jg;gl;lnghWg;Gf;fs; rk;ge;jg;gl;l
gzpfs;gzpfs;gzpfs;gzpfs;gzpfs;
FO 02FO 02FO 02FO 02FO 02
ePq;fs; thOk; gpuNjrj;jpy; njhw;Wk; Neha; guTjiyj; jtpu;g;gjw;fhfTk; mjw;fhd
gupfhuj;Jf;fhfTk; cs;Suhl;rp kd;wj;Jf;Fupa nghWg;Gf;fisAk; MSifg;
gpuNjrj;jpy; FbapUg;ghsu; vd;w tifapy; cq;fSf;fupa nghWg;Gf;fisAk;
ntt;Ntwhff; Fwpf;fTk;.
cs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fSf;Fcs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fSf;Fcs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fSf;Fcs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fSf;Fcs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fSf;F
toq;fg;gl;Ls;s nghWg;Gf;fs;toq;fg;gl;Ls;s nghWg;Gf;fs;toq;fg;gl;Ls;s nghWg;Gf;fs;toq;fg;gl;Ls;s nghWg;Gf;fs;toq;fg;gl;Ls;s nghWg;Gf;fs;
gadhspfSf;F toq;fg;gl;Ls;s gadhspfSf;F toq;fg;gl;Ls;s gadhspfSf;F toq;fg;gl;Ls;s gadhspfSf;F toq;fg;gl;Ls;s gadhspfSf;F toq;fg;gl;Ls;s
nghWg;Gf;fSk; ,ize;jnghWg;Gf;fSk; ,ize;jnghWg;Gf;fSk; ,ize;jnghWg;Gf;fSk; ,ize;jnghWg;Gf;fSk; ,ize;j
gzpfSk;gzpfSk;gzpfSk;gzpfSk;gzpfSk;
178
FO 03FO 03FO 03FO 03FO 03
cs;Suhl;rp kd;w MSifg; gpuNjrj;jpd; Fg;ig $sq;fis mfw;Wtjw;fhf
cs;Suhl;rp epWtdj;Jf;fhf nghWg;Gf;fisAk; MSifg; gpuNjrj;jpy; trpg;gtu;
vd;w tifapy; cq;fSf;Fupa nghWg;Gf;fisAk; ml;ltizapy; Fwpf;fTk;.
cs;Suhl;rp kd;wj;jpd; nghWg;Gcs;Suhl;rp kd;wj;jpd; nghWg;Gcs;Suhl;rp kd;wj;jpd; nghWg;Gcs;Suhl;rp kd;wj;jpd; nghWg;Gcs;Suhl;rp kd;wj;jpd; nghWg;G gadhspapd; nghWg;Ggadhspapd; nghWg;Ggadhspapd; nghWg;Ggadhspapd; nghWg;Ggadhspapd; nghWg;G
179
,izg;G ,izg;G ,izg;G ,izg;G ,izg;G X
gpuNjr rignahd;wpd; fl;likg;GgpuNjr rignahd;wpd; fl;likg;GgpuNjr rignahd;wpd; fl;likg;GgpuNjr rignahd;wpd; fl;likg;GgpuNjr rignahd;wpd; fl;likg;G
1. njhopDl;g Nritf;FO
2. tPl;L> rdr%f mgptpUj;jpf;FO
3. Rw;whly;> trjpfs; FO
4. epjpf; FO
gpuNjr rig
cgjiytu; / jiytu;
kf;fs; gpujpepjpfs; FO
nrayhsu;
gpujk vOJtpidQu; RNjr itj;jpa
mjpfhup
vOJtpidQu; ,ypfpju; tUkhd mgptpUj;jp njhopDl;g E}y;epiya
epu;thfp cjtpahsu; mjpfhup nghWg;gjpfhup
E}y;epiya kUe;J
$ypNtiyahs; fyg;gtu;
fhupahya rhujp fhtyhsp ePu;f;Foha; Rfhjhuf; tPjpj; ePu;f;Foha; RNjr itj;jpa
rpw;W}opau; njhopyhsp njhopyhsp njhopyhsp fha;r;rp njhopyhsp
,izg;gtu;
180
,izg;G ,izg;G ,izg;G ,izg;G ,izg;G Y
cs;Suhl;rp kd;wnkhd;wpd; fl;likg;Gcs;Suhl;rp kd;wnkhd;wpd; fl;likg;Gcs;Suhl;rp kd;wnkhd;wpd; fl;likg;Gcs;Suhl;rp kd;wnkhd;wpd; fl;likg;Gcs;Suhl;rp kd;wnkhd;wpd; fl;likg;G
(cjh : khefu rignahd;wpd; fl;likg;G(cjh : khefu rignahd;wpd; fl;likg;G(cjh : khefu rignahd;wpd; fl;likg;G(cjh : khefu rignahd;wpd; fl;likg;G(cjh : khefu rignahd;wpd; fl;likg;G
MNyhrfu; FO khefu rig epiyahd FO
1. thfdg; Nghf;Ftuj;J newpahs;iff; FO khefu rig 1. epjpf;FO
2. tPjpfs; ngaupLk; FO Kjy;tu; 2. Rfhjhu f; FO
3. E}yf MNyhridf; FO 3. ifj;njhopw; FO
4. Rw;whlw; FO khefu rig 4. MAu;Ntj> nghJ eyd;Gupr; Nritfs;FO
Mizahsu; cs;sf fzf;fha;Tg;
gpupT
Rfhjhu itj;jpa mjpfhup efug; nghwpapayhsu; efu nrayhsu; efu fzf;fhsu;
RNjr itj;jpa rdr%f gpujhd ifj;njhopy; epu;thf mjpfhup fzf;Fg; tUkhd efuf; efu
mjpfhup mgptpUj;jpg; nghJkf;fs; mjpfhurig gpupT gpupT fsQ;rpak; kz;lgk;
gpupT Rfhjhug;
gupNrhjfu; - tpisahl;L nrayhsu; gpupTk;
ikjhdq;fs; epWtdg; gpupTk;
- G+q;fhf;fs;
- efu gpupT E}yfk;
- jPaizf;Fk;
myF
RNjr Rw;whly; Rfhjhug;
itj;jparhiy gpupT gpupT
Kd;gs;spg; ghlrhiy
jfdr;rhiy
181
6.06.06.06.06.0 fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk; fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk; fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk; fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk; fzpg;gPLk; kjpg;gPLk;
fw;wy;-fw;gpj;jy; nranyhOq;fpd; Clhf vjpHghHf;fg;gLk; ngWNgw;iw khztHfs;
mile;J nfhs;tij cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;fhfTk;> khztHfs; mile;J nfhz;l
ghz;bj;jpa kl;lq;fis ,dq;fhzTk; tFg;giwapy; ,yFthf eilKiwg;gLj;jf;
$ba ,ilj; njhlHGld; $ba ,uz;L epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lq;fshf fzpg;gPLk;> kjpg;gPLk;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. fzpg;gPL rhpahd Kiwapy; epiwNtw;wg;gbd; tFg;giwapy; fw;Fk;
midj;J khztHfSf;Fk; chpa Njh;r;rpapd; mz;zsTg; ghz;bj;jpa kl;lj;ijNaDk;
mile;J nfhs;tJ rpukkhf ,Uf;fhJ. khztHfs; mile;Js;s ghz;bj;jpa kl;lk;
vJntd;;gij mstpLtNj kjpg;gPl;bd; %yk; vjpHghHf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
fzpg;gPl;by; <LgLk; MrphpaHfs; jhk; khztHfSf;F ,U tifahd topfhl;ly;fis
toq;f KbAk;. mj;jifa topfhl;ly; nghJthfg; gpd;D}l;ly; (Feed Back)> Kd;D}l;ly;
(Feed Forward) vd;gitahFk;. khztHfspd; eypTfisAk;> gytPdq;fisAk;
fz;lwpe;J nfhs;Sk; NghJ mtHfspd; fw;ww; gpur;rpidfis eptHj;jp nra;tjw;Fg;
gpd;D}l;ly;fisAk; khztHfspd; Mw;wy;fisAk; typTfisAk; ,dq;fhZk; NghJ
mtw;iw Nkk;gLj;j Kd;D}l;ly;fisAk; toq;f Ntz;Lk;.
fw;wy;-fw;gpj;jy; nranyhOq;fpd; ntw;wpf;fhf ghlnewpapd; NjHr;rpfspy; ve;jj; NjHr;rpia
ve;j kl;lj;jpw;F milag; ngw;Ws;sJ vd;gij khztHfs; mwpe;J nfhs;tJ
mtrpakhFk;. kjpg;gPl;L Ntiyj;jpl;lq;fspd; CNl khztu; mz;kpj;j Nju;r;rp kl;lj;ij
,dq;fhZjy;> ,jd; %yk; MrpupauplkpUe;J vjp;u;ghu;;f;fg;gLfpwJ. khztu;> Mrpupau;
cl;gl NtW rk;ge;jg;gl;l gFjpapdUf;F khztupd; Kd;Ndw;wj;ij mwptpg;gjw;F
Mrpupau; Kidjy; Ntz;Lk;.
,g;ghlnewp khztu; ika (Student centred) Nju;r;rp mbg;gilapyhd Competency
Based nraw;ghL rhu;e;j (Activity Oriented) mZFKiwiaf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;.
tho;f;ifia mu;j;jKilajhf Mf;fpf; nfhs;tjw;fhf nraypd; %yk; fw;wy;
Mrpupaupd; epiykhw;W tfpgq;fpd; (Transformation Role) cs;shu;j;jKkhFk;.
Vw;fdNt tpUj;jp nra;ag;gl;l nraw;ghl;Lj; njhlupd; CNl nraw;gLj;jg;gLk;
,g;ghlnewpapy; fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jiy fzpg;gPL - kjpg;gPl;Lld; xd;wpizf;f Kaw;rp
nra;ag;gl;L cs;sJ. me;je;j nraw;ghLfspd; ,uz;lhk; gbKiwapy; khztu;
FOf;fs; Ma;tpy; <LgLk; NghJ mtu;fisf; fzpg;gPL nra;aTk; nraw;ghLfspy;
%d;whk; gbKiwapd; NghJ khztu; Ra fz;lwpjiyr; rku;g;gpf;fTk; tptuzk;
nra;aTk; KidAk; NghJ mtu;fis kjpg;gPL nra;aTk; KbAk;. khztu;fs;
Ma;tpy; <LgLk; NghJ khztupilNa rQ;rupj;jthW mtu;fs; Mw;Wk; gzpfis
mtjhdpf;fyhk;. tFg;giwapy; khztu; vjpu;Nehf;Fk; gpur;rpidfis ,q;F
fye;Jiuahbj; jPu;j;J itf;fyhk;.
fzpg;gPl;ilAk;> kjpg;gPl;ilAk; ,yFthf epiwNtw;Wk; tifapy; Ie;J epajpfs;
Kd;nkhopag;gl;Ls;sd. ,tw;Ws; Kjy; %d;W epajpfSk; mt;tj; NjHr;rpfisf;
fl;bnaOg;Gtjp;y; cs;slf;fg;gl;Ls;s mwpT> kdg;ghq;F> jpwid mbg;gilahff;
182
nfhz;L mikf;fg;gLk;. ,Wjp ,uz;L epajpfs; tho;f;ifapy; gad;gLk; gz;Gfs;
,uz;il tpUj;jp nra;tjw;fhf cjTfpd;wd. ,e;epajpfSld; njhlHGila elj;ij
khw;wq;fs; Ie;ijAk; khztHfspd; nraw;ghl;bd; NghJ ,dq;fz;L nfhs;s MrphpaHfs;
Kaw;rpg;gJld;> fzpg;gPl;bd; fPo; mj;jifa elj;ijfs; cUthtij cWjpg;gLj;jTk;
kjpg;gPl;bd; fPo; cUthf;fg;gl;l elj;ijfis mstplTk; MrphpaH Kd;tu Ntz;L;k;.
kjpg;gPl;L Ntiyj;jpl;lj;ij mgptpUj;jp nra;tjhy; fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghl;il
tupthf;fyhk;. mjw;nfd nraw;ghl;Lj; njhlufj;jpd; (ACTIVITY CONTINUM) Clhf
kjpg;gPl;L tha;g;Gf;fs; gytw;iw Vw;gLj;j MrpupaUf;Fr; re;ju;g;gq;fs; cs;sd.
kjpg;gPl;Lg; Gs;spfis (EVALUATION POINT) ,dq;fhz;gjw;F ,yFthd tifapy;
nraw;ghl;Lj; njhFg;Gf;fshf (ACTIVITY CLUSTER) gpupg;gjd; %yk; kjpg;gPl;L
Ntiyj;jpl;lj;ij mu;j;jKilajhf Mf;fyhk;. me;je;jr; nraw;ghl;Lj; njhFg;gpd;
Muk;gj;jpy; mr; nraw;ghLfSf;fhf gad;gLj;jg;gLk; kjpg;gPl;L fUtpfs; ahit
vd khztUf;F mwptpj;jy; mtrpakhFk;.
ghlnewpapd; %d;whk; gFjpapy; cj;Njr kjpg;gPl;Lg; Gs;spahfisAk; mjw;fhfj;
njupT nra;ag;gl;Ls;s kjp;g;gPl;Lf; fUtpfisAk; ,dq;fhz;gjw;Fj; jpl;lkplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
,t;thwhf nraw;ghl;bd; %yKk; mtw;wpilNaAk; kjpg;gPl;il ,Utpjkhf nra;tjdhy;
fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nray; xOq;if NkYk; tpupthf;fyhk;. khztu;fSf;F cw;rhfkhf
fw;wypy; <LglTk; mJ topNfhYk;.
khztHfSf;fhd mwpTWj;jy;fis cs;slf;fpa tifapy; fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy;
nrad;Kiwfis tpupthf;Fk; fUtpfisj; jahH nra;tJ mLj;j gbKiwahFk;.
xt;nthU nraw;ghl;bdJk; Muk;gj;jpy; ,f;fUtpfis khztHfSf;F mwpKfg;gLj;jy;
Mrphpahplk; vjph;ghHf;fg;gLk; kw;WnkhU gzpahFk;. ,jd;gb fw;wiyAk; fw;gpj;jiyAk;
tpupTgLj;Jtjw;fhf XH MrphpaH gad;gLj;jf; $ba rpy kjpg;gPl;Lg; Ngjq;fs;
gpd;tUkhW:-
n vz;zf;fUg; glk; (Concept Maps)
n RtHg; gj;jphpif (Wall News Papers)
n tpdh - tpil epfo;r;rp (Quizzes)
n tpdhtpilg; Gj;jfk; (Question and Answer Books)
n khztH nrayilTf; Nfhit (Portfolios)
n khztH Mf;fq;fspd; fz;fhl;rp (Exhibitions)
n tpthjk; (Debates)
n FOf; fye;Jiuahly; (Panel Discussions)
n fUj;juq;F (Seminars)
n cld; Ngr;R (Impromptu speechers)
n tfpghfNkw;wy; (Role Plays)
n ,yf;fpa tpkHrdk; (Presentation of Literature Reviews)
n fsE}y;> ,aw;if ehNsL> gapw;rpg; Gj;jfk;
(FieldBooks/ Nature Diaries)
n nra;Kiwg; ghPl;ir (Practical Tests)
n ,izaj;jsk;> fzpdp nkd;nghUs; gad;ghL
183
ghlj;jpl;lj;jpd; %d;whtJ gFjp fw;wy;-fw;gpj;jy; tpupTgLj;jy;; re;jHg;gq;fs;> mjw;fhf
njhpT nra;af; $ba fUtpfs; vd;gtw;iw mwpKfk; nra;tjw;fhfj; jpl;lkplg;gl;Ls;sJ.
,t;thW nraw;ghl;bd; NghJk;> mtw;Wf;fpiliaAk; fzpg;gPl;ilAk;> kjpg;gPl;ilAk;
,uz;L topfspYk; Nkw;nfhs;tjd; %yk; fw;wy;-fw;gpj;jy; nrad;Kiw NkYk;
tphptilAk;. khztu;fs; Mh;tj;JlDk; Cf;fj;JlDk; fw;wypy; <LgLtjw;Fk;
topNfhYk;.
mj;NjhL> tFg;giwapy; vOj;Jr;Nrhjidfs;> nraw;wp;l;lq;fs; Nghd;wtw;wpYk;
Mz;bWjpapy; elj;jg;gLk; ghlrhiy kl;l my;yJ tyakl;l vOj;Jg;guPl;irapYk;
khztiu <LgLj;jTk;.
NkYk; jtiz ,Wjpapy; kjpg;gpl Kd;du; toq;fg;gl;Ls;s fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy;
kjpg;gPl;Lf; fUtpfisg; gad;gLj;Jq;fs;. jtiz ,Wjpapy; guPl;ir tpdhj;jhSf;Fupa
fl;lhakhd tpdhnthd;W> fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; kjpg;gPl;Lf; fUtpfs; njhlu;Gilatifapy;
cs;slf;fg;gLtNj mjw;fhd fhuzkhFk;.
184
fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; kjpg;gPl;Lf; fUtpfw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; kjpg;gPl;Lf; fUtpfw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; kjpg;gPl;Lf; fUtpfw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; kjpg;gPl;Lf; fUtpfw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; kjpg;gPl;Lf; fUtp
1. kjpg;gPl;Lr; re;ju;g;gk; : Kjyhe;jtiz
2. cs;slq;Fk; Nju;r;rp : $l;L nraw;ghl;bd; %yk; r%ff; fhg;ig
cWjpnra;Jnfhs;s RWRWg;ghfg; gq;fspg;G
nra;thu;.
3. typAWj;jg;gLk;
Nju;r;rpkl;lk; : r%ff; fhg;gpd;NghJ jdpahspd; nghWg;Gf;fisAk;
flikfisAk; Mw;Wthu;.
r%ff; fhg;Gf;Fg; gq;fspg;G nra;Ak; gy;NtW
mikg;Gf;fis ,dq;fz;L mgpkhdkpf;fg;
gpui[ahf xw;Wikahf nraw;gLthu;.
4. kjpg;gPl;Lf; fUtpapd; jd;ik
(kjpg;gPl;L NtWghL) : xg;gil (rpW E}y; jahupj;jy;)
5. jutpUj;jp cs;sPL : nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk;
6. kjpg;gPl;Lf; fUtpapd;
Nehf;fq;fs; : r%ff; fhg;ig ,dq;fhz;ghu;.
r%ff; fhg;Gf;Fg; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Ak;
mikg;Gf;fisg; ngaupLthu;.
r%ff; fhg;ig Vw;gLj;Jtjw;fhf <LgLj;jg;gl;Ls;s
nghwpKiwfs;> rl;l tpjpfs; cld; njhlu;Gila
egu;fspd; nghWg;Gf;fis ,dq;fz;L Mtd
nra;thu;.
$l;LwT ,af;fj;Jld; ,ize;J rftho;Tld;
$ba gpui[ahf ele;Jnfhs;thu;.
7. kjpg;gPl;ilr; nraw;gLj;Jtjw;fhd
Mrpupa mwpTWj;jy;fs; : tFg;G khztiu Vw;wthwhf MW FOf;fshf
tFf;fTk;.
xt;nthU FOTf;Fkhd nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuj;ijg;
ngw;Wf;nfhLf;fTk;.
khztu;fs; nraw;ghl;by; <LgLk; mNjNeuk;
Njitahd topfhl;liyr; nra;aTk;.
cupa fhyj;jpy; kjpg;gPl;il G+u;j;jp nra;aTk;.
khztiu kjpg;gPL nra;jthW gpukhzq;fspd;
mbg;gilapy; Gs;spfis toq;fTk;.
8. gpukhzq;fs; : Mrpupa mwpTWj;jYf;fika xg;gilf;fhd
jfty;fis NghJkhd tpjj;jpy; Nrfupj;jy;.
jfty;fspd; nghUj;jg;ghL.
ngw;w jfty;fis cupathW ml;ltizg;gLj;jy;.
cupa nraw;ghLfspy; nraw;ghl;Lld; ,izjy;.
xw;WikahfTk; xj;Jiog;GlDk; nraw;gLjy;.
185
9. gpd;D}l;lYk; Kd;D}l;lYk; : khztu; Nrfupj;j jfty;fspd; rpwg;Gf;fisAk;
gytPdq;fisAk; vLj;Jf; fhl;Ljy;.
NkYk; tpUj;jp nra;a Ntz;ba ,lq;fis
,dq;fz;Lnfhs;s ,lkspj;jy;.
nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk;nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk;nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk;nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk;nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuk;
Kjw;FO
rpWE}y; xd;iwj; jahupg;gjw;Fj; Njitahd Kjw;gf;fj;ij mikg;gJ cq;fs;
FOTf;fhd xg;gilahFk;.
� Vida FOf;fSld; fye;Jiuahb ghl cs;slf;fk; gw;wpa tpsf;fnkhd;iwg;
ngw;Wf;nfhs;sTk;.
� Mrpupaupd; topfhl;lypd; mbg;gilapy; rpWE}Yf;F Vw;w jiyg;igAk; Kjw;gf;fj;Jf;Fg;
nghUj;jkhd glnkhd;iw cUthf;fTk;.
,uz;lhk; FO
� r%ff; fhg;ig tpsf;Fjy;.
� r%fj;Jf;Fk; jdpahSf;Fk; ,ilapyhd njhlu;ig tpgupj;jy; vd;gd cq;fSila
FOTf;fhd xg;gilahFk;.
me;j tpguq;fSf:Fr; rk;ge;jg;gl;l jfty;fis glq;fspd; %yKk; ntspg;gLj;jTk;.
%d;whk; FO
r%ff; fhg;Gf;Fg; gq;fspg;Gr; nra;Ak; mikg;Gf;fisg; ngaupLjy; cq;fs;FOTf;fhd
xg;gilahFk;.
� me;epWtdq;fspd; %yk; r%ff; fhg;Gf;fhf toq;fg;gLk; gq;fspg;G.
� me;je;j mikg;Gf;fspd; %yk; r%ff; fhg;gf;F Mw;wg;gLk; gzpfis ntw;wpfukhf;Fk;
nghUl;L ePq;fs; gq;fspg;G nra;af;$ba tpjj;ij tpsf;fTk;.
,e;j tpguq;fSf;fikthd jfty;fis glq;fspd; %yKk; ntspg;gLj;jTk;.
ehd;fhk; FO
� r%ff; fhg;ig Vw;gLj;Jtjw;fhf gq;fspg;G nra;Ak; nghwpKiwfs;> rl;l tpjpfs; cld;
rk;ge;jg;gl;l jdpegu; nghWg;Gf;fisg; ngaupLjy; cq;fs; FOTf;fhd xg;gilahFk;.
� mg;nghwpKiwfs;> rl;l tpjpfs;> r%ff; fhg;Gf;Fg; gq;fspg;G nra;Ak; tpjq;fisAk;
cs;slf;fpa ml;ltiziaj; jahupj;jy;.
186
Ie;jhk; FO
$l;LwT ,af;fj;jpd;
� Nehf;fq;fs;
� $l;LwT rq;f tiffSk; mit %yk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;sf;$ba Nritfs; njhlu;ghd
jfty;fis Kd;itj;jy;.
cq;fs; FOTf;fhd xg;gilahFk;.
,jw;nfd glq;fs;> gltiuGfs;> vz;zf;fU> rpj;jpuq;fs; vd;gtwq;iwf; nfhz;L Mf;fG+u;tkhf
tplaq;fis Kd;itf;fTk;.
Mwhk; FO
ghlrhiy $l;LwT rq;fk; njhlu;ghf gpd;tUkhW $wg;gLk; cgjiyg;Gf;Fupajhd
tplaq;fisr; Nrfupj;jy; cq;fs; FOTf;fhd xg;gilahFk;.
� ghlrhiyf; $l;LwT mikg;gpd; Nehf;fq;fs;.
� ,jd; %yk; khztUf;F toq;fg;gLk; Nritfs;.
� mjd; ntw;wpfuj; jd;ikf;F ePq;fs; gq;fspg;G nra;a Ntz;ba tpjk;.
187
fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; kjpg;gPl;Lf; fUtpfw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; kjpg;gPl;Lf; fUtpfw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; kjpg;gPl;Lf; fUtpfw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; kjpg;gPl;Lf; fUtpfw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; kjpg;gPl;Lf; fUtp
1. kjpg;gPl;Lr; re;ju;g;gk; : ,uz;lhe;jtiz
2. cs;slq;Fk; Nju;r;rp : 9.1.1 gy;NtW jdpahs; jpwikfis
ntspg;gLj;Jtu;.
9.1.2 NjitahdNghJ cWjpg;ghl;Lld;
nraw;gLtu;.
9.1.3 Nghl;bfukhd cyfpDs; rftho;it
Nkk;gLj;Jthu;.
9.1.4 tho;f;if re;ju;g;gq;fspd; rthy;fs;
kj;jpapy; tpisjpwdhd KbTfs; vLg;ghu;.
3. cs;slf;fg;gLk;
tplaj;njhFjp : Ratpsf;fj;Jld; nraw;gLjy;.
rupahd KbTfis vLj;jy;.
,lu;fis Kfhikj;Jtk; nra;jy;.
4. kjpg;gPl;Lf; fUtpapd; jd;ik
(kjpg;gPl;L NtWghL) : fsr; Rw;Wyh
5. kjpg;gPl;Lf; fUtpapd;
Nehf;fq;fs; : tpisjpwdhd KbTfs; vLf;f itj;jy;.
rftho;Tg; gz;Gfis Nkk;gLj;jy;.
jdJ jpwikfs;> Mw;wy;fs; jhk; ele;Jnfhs;s
Ntz;ba tPr;rpd; msTfis ,dq;fhz itj;jy;.
6. kjpg;gPl;ilr; nraw;gLj;Jtjw;fhd
Mrpupa mwpTWj;jy;fs; : ,f;fUtpia nraw;gLj;Jk; KOg;nghWg;igAk;
Muk;gj;jpypUe;Nj khztUf;F toq;fTk;.
fsr; Rw;Wyhtpdhy; cs;slf;fg;gLk; Nju;r;rpfs;
njhlu;ghff; fuprid nfhz;lthW Rw;Wyh nry;Yk;
jpdk;> ,lk;> Neuk;> nranyhOq;F> nfhz;Lnry;Yk;
nghUl;fs; Nghd;wd cs;slq;fpa jpllnkhd;iw
khztiuf; nfhz;Nl nra;tpf;fTk;.
,t;thwhd epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lj;jpd; Nehf;fq;fs;>
khztu;fs; mt;thwhd nray;fspdy; <LgLtjd;
Kf;fpaj;Jtk; gw;wp tpsf;fTk;.
Njitahd midj;Jg; gzpfisAk; Maj;jk;
nra;aTk; nraw;gLj;jy;.
cj;Njr jpl;lj;Jf;fika Rw;Wyhtpy; <LglTk;.
gzpfisg; ghfq;fshf;fp mtw;iw epiwNtw;W
khW FOf;fSf;F xg;gilf;fTk;.
188
7. kjpg;gPl;Lg; gpukhzq;fs; : mwpTWj;jy;fisg; gpd;gw;Wjy;
xw;Wikahfr; nraw;gLjy;
vjpu;ghuhj epfo;Tfs; Fwpj;Jf; ftdkhf ,Uj;jy;.
KOr; nraw;ghl;bdJk; epiwit vLj;Jf;fhl;Lk;
rpWE}y; (mwpf;if) jahupj;jy;.
fsr; Rw;Wyhit Kd;dpl;Lf; fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;l rpW
tpdhf;nfhj;Jf;fhd tpilfisg; ngWjy;.
khztuhy; jahupf;fg;gl Ntz;ba nraw;ghl;Lg;gj;jpuj;Jf;F Vw;w gUkl;lhd xU
Fwpg;G
Rw;WyhTf;F Kd;du;
Rw;Wyh nry;Yk; ,lk;:
Rw;Wyh nry;Yk; ehs;:
cq;fSf;F tpsq;Fk; tpjkhf
,r;Rw;Wyhtpd; Nehf;fq;fs;:
Rw;Wyhtpdhy; ePq;fs; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s vjpu;gh;g;git:
Rw;Wyhtpd; gpd;du;
cz;ikahfNt Rw;Wyhtpd; %yk; ePq;fs; ngw;Wf;nfhz;l mDgtq;fs;
Rw;Wyhtpd; gpd;du; cq;fs; kdjpy; vOk; vz;zq;fis RUf;fkhf tpgupf;fTk;.
189
fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; kjpg;gPl;Lf; fUtpfw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; kjpg;gPl;Lf; fUtpfw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; kjpg;gPl;Lf; fUtpfw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; kjpg;gPl;Lf; fUtpfw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; kjpg;gPl;Lf; fUtp
1. kjpg;gPl;Lr; re;ju;g;gk; : %d;whe;jtiz
2. cs;slq;Fk; Nju;r;rp : nghJ ed;ikf;Ff; fhuzkhf mikAk;
cs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fspd; gzpfSf;F
Mjutspg;ghu;.
3. typAWj;jg;gLk;
Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs; : jkJ gpuNjrj;Jf;F cs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fspdhy;
epfo;j;jg;gLk; Nritfs; gw;wp tprhupg;ghu;.
cs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fspd; Nritfs; njhlu;ghd
nghJkf;fs; ngWg;Gf;fisAk; flikfisAk;
epiwNtw;Wthu;.
cs;Suhl;rp kd;wnkhd;wpd; Nritfid
tpidj;jpwDld; epiwNtw;Wtjw;F kf;fspd;
gq;fspg;gpy; cs;s Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij kjpg;ghu;.
4. kjpg;gPl;Lf; fUtpapd; jd;ik
(kjpg;gPl;L NtWghL) : Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fs; cs;slq;Fk; tpjkhf
tpdhf;nfhj;njhd;iwj; jahupj;jy;.
5. kjpg;gPl;Lf; fUtpapd;
Nehf;fq;fs; : cs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fspd; Muk;gj;ijAk; guk;giyAk;
gw;wpj; Njbawpjy;.
cs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fspd; Njitfs; gw;wp mwpar;
nra;jy;.
cs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fSf;fhd cWg;gpdu;fis
njupTnra;Ak; tpjj;ijj; Njbawpjy;.
cs;Suhl;rp kd;wq;fspd; fl;likg;G mjpfhuq;fs;
kw;Wk; nraw;ghLfis tprhupj;jy;.
nghJkf;fs; gpujpepjpfspdJk; nghJkf;fspdJk;
nghWg;Gf;fisAk; flikfisAk; tprhupj;jy;.
6. kjpg;gPl;ilr; nraw;gLj;Jtjw;fhd
Mrpupa mwpTWj;jy;fs; : khztiu Vw;wthW FOf;fshf;fTk;.
tpdhf;fis jahupg;gjw;fhf Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fSf;F
mika rk;ge;jg;gl;l ghfq;fis khztu;
FOf;fSf;F xg;gilf;fTk;.
tpdhf;fisj; jahupj;jy; kw;Wk; mtw;Wf;fhd
tpilfisj; jahupg;gjw;Fj; Njitahd
mwpTWj;jy;fis toq;fTk;.
tpdhf;fisj; jahupg;gjw;F re;ju;g;gj;ij toq;fTk;.
jahupf;fg;gl;l tpdhf;fisf; fye;Jiuahb
Vw;wthwhf jpUj;jpaikj;Jf; nfhs;sTk;.
vy;yh tpdhf;fisAk; xd;WNru;j;J tpdh - tpil
epfo;r;rpj; jpl;lk;> mwpTf;fsQ;rpak;> Nghl;b> vOj;Jg;
guPl;irf;fhd tpdh - tpilf;nfhj;Jf;Fj; Njitahd
re;ju;g;gq;fis gad;gLj;jTk;.
190
7. kjpg;gPl;Lg; gpukhzq;fs; : rk;ge;jg;gl;l Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fSf;F mika tpdh -
tpilfisj; jahupj;jy;.
jahupf;fg;gl;l tpdhf;fspd; NghJkhd jd;ik
jahupf;fg;gl;l tpdhf;fspd; juk;.
rk;ge;jg;gl;l gzpfspy; RWRWg;ghd gq;Nfw;G.
Neuj;ij cupathW gad;gLj;jYk; epiwTk;.