thomas c. baxter's prepared remarks for a.i.g. hearing

8/14/2019 Thomas C. Baxter's Prepared Remarks for A.I.G. Hearing

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/thomas-c-baxters-prepared-remarks-for-aig-hearing 1/21

Fknb~jifm ve}à28<88 b%k% FM]Lbevb~p >:! >828

_}b}fkfe} np

]dikbs O% Nbt}f~! L~%

Ftfov}`wf Wòf X~fs`mfe} bem Jfef~ba Oivesfa! Gfmf~ba ^fsf~wf Nbec ig Efz Pi~c

nfgi~f }df

Oikk`}}ff ie Jiwf~ekfe} Iwf~s`jd} bem ^fgi~k

Ve`}fm _}b}fs Divsf ig ^fx~fsfe}b}`wfs

~fjb~mèj

Gbo}i~s Bggfo}èj Fggi~}s }i A`k`} Xbpkfe}s }i B@J Oive}f~xb~}`fs

Lbevb~p >:! >828



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Jiim ki~eèj! Odb`~kbe ]izes! ^becèj Kfknf~ @ssb! bem i}df~ kfknf~s ig

}df Oikk`}}ff% ]dbec piv gi~ èw`}èj kf }i }fs}`gp }imbp% Bs }df Jfef~ba Oivesfa ig

}df Gfmf~ba ^fsf~wf Nbec ig Efz Pi~c! @ zfaoikf }df ixxi~}ve`}p }i }bac bniv} }df

Gfmf~ba ^fsf~wf‐s zi~c }i s}bnà`|f B@J! bem ki~f sxfo`gòbaap }df Gfmf~ba ^fsf~wf‐s

~fs}~vo}v~èj ig of~}bè x~inafkb}ò B@J oie}~bo}s è Eiwfknf~ ig >884! b} b o~`}òba

xiè} è zdb} `s bx}ap odb~bo}f~`|fm bs }df zi~s} gèbeo`ba o~`s`s sèof }df J~fb}

Mfx~fssìe% @ zàa basi sxfbc bniv} }df ~iaf xabpfm np }df Gfmf~ba fsf~wf Nbec ig Efz

Pi~c $}df ‑Efz Pi~c Gfm‛) è sfov~`}`fs m`soaisv~fs kbmf np B@J iwf~ }df giaaizèj

kie}ds% ]df bo}ìes ig }df Efz Pi~c Gfm bem }df Nib~m ig Jiwf~ei~s ig }df Gfmf~ba^fsf~wf _ps}fk $}df ‑Nib~m ig Jiwf~ei~s‛) è s}bnà`|èj B@J zf~f vemf~}bcfe }i bwi`m

}df xi}fe}`baap ob}bs}~ixdò oiesfrvfeofs }db} zivam dbwf ~fsva}fm g~ik be B@J

nbec~vx}op%

_}bnà`|èj B@J

@% Nbocj~ivem

Bs `s eiz zfaa ceize! B@J‐s a`rv`m`}p o~`s`s fkf~jfm b} efb~ap }df sbkf }`kf }db}

}df sfov~`}`fs g`~k Afdkbe N~i}df~s oiaabxsfm! ief zffc bg}f~ }df J_Fs Gbee`f Kbf bem

G~fmm`f Kbo zf~f xabofm è oiesf~wb}i~sd`x! bem bk`ms} iejièj bov}f s}~fss è V%_% bem

jainba gèbeo`ba kb~cf}s% @} zbs bjbès} }d`s nbocm~ix! bem è ~foije`}ìe ig }df gèbeo`ba

s}bnà`}p }d~fb} xisfm np }df bn~vx} bem m`si~mf~ap gbàv~f ig be fwfe ab~jf~ bem ki~f

oikxaft g`~k }dbe }df ief }db} dbm gbàfm b mbp fb~a`f~! }db} }df Nib~m ig Jiwf~ei~s! z`}d

}df gvaa svxxi~} ig }df ]~fbsv~p Mfxb~}kfe}! mfo`mfm }i è}f~wfef }i x~fwfe} }df

nbec~vx}op ig B@J ie _fx}fknf~ 27! >884%



>

B@J zbs b -2 }~àaìe oikxbep zdfe `} baf~}fm }df ]~fbsv~p bem }df Gfmf~ba

^fsf~wf }db} `} zbs feoive}f~èj sfwf~f a`rv`m`}p x~inafks% @} ~fkbès ief ig }df ab~jfs}

èsv~beof bem gèbeo`ba sf~wòfs oikxbe`fs è }df zi~am% B@J oiemvo}s èsv~beof bem

gèbeof ixf~b}ìes è ki~f }dbe 2=8 oive}~`fs bem dbs ki~f }dbe :7 kàaìe èm`w`mvba

bem oi~xi~b}f ovs}ikf~s jainbaap% @e }df Ve`}fm _}b}fs! B@J dbs bxx~it`kb}fap ?8

kàaìe ovs}ikf~s! èoavmèj oikkf~o`ba! ès}`}v}ìeba bem èm`w`mvba ovs}ikf~s% @} `s

basi b kbli~ x~iw`mf~ ig x~i}fo}ìe }i kveò`xba`}`fs! xfesìe gvems! bem i}df~ xvnaò bem

x~`wb}f fe}`}`fs }d~ivjd jvb~be}ffm èwfs}kfe} oie}~bo}s bem x~imvo}s }db} x~i}fo}

xb~}ò`xbe}s è =82$c) ~f}`~fkfe} xabes%@e }f~ks ig ef} x~fk`vks vemf~z~`}}fe! B@J `s ni}d }df ab~jfs} a`gf bem dfba}d

èsv~f~! bem }df sfoiem ab~jfs} x~ixf~}p bem obsvba}p èsv~f~ e }df Ve`}fm _}b}fs% @} dbs

z~`}}fe ki~f }dbe 42 kàaìe a`gf èsv~beof xiaò`fs zi~amz`mf! z`}d b gbof wbavf ig -2%0

}~àaìe% ]df oikxbep èsv~fs bxx~it`kb}fap 248!888 skbaa nvs efssfs! eie+x~ig`}

i~jbe`|b}ìes! bem i}df~ oi~xi~b}f fe}`}`fs% Fs}`kb}fs b~f }db} oaisf }i ief+}d`~m ig }df

Ve`}fm _}b}fs xixvab}ìe! i~ 287 kàaìe xfixaf! b~f fkxaipfm np fe}`}`fs }db} b~f

x~i}fo}fm np èsv~beof oiwf~bjf `ssvfm np B@J% B@J `s }df ab~jfs} `ssvf~ ig g`tfm

beev`}`fs è }df Ve`}fm _}b}fs% @} `s basi ief ig }df ab~jfs} x~iw`mf~s ig ~f}`~fkfe} sf~wòfs

}i eie+x~ig`} dfba}dob~f j~ivxs! sodiias bem ve`wf~s`}`fs% Ki~f }dbe s`t kàa ie xfixaf

diam ~f}`~fkfe} xabes i~ booive}s z`}d B@J%

B@J dbm basi nffe b kbli~ xb~}ò`xbe} è mf~`wb}`wfs kb~cf}s }d~ivjd `}s Gèbeo`ba

X~imvo}s nvsèfss ve`} $‑B@J GX‛)! be ve~fjvab}fm svns`m`b~p% B@J GX dbm fejbjfm è

gèbeo`ba }~besbo}ìes z`}d b n~ibm ~bejf ig ovs}ikf~s! zdòd èoavmf kbep kbli~



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eb}ìeba bem è}f~eb}ìeba gèbeo`ba ès}`}v}ìes! bs zfaa bs V%_% xfesìe xabes! s}bnaf

wbavf gvems! bem kveò`xba`}`fs%

Be B@J nbec~vx}op vemf~ }df foieikò oiem`}ìes ft`s}èj è }df gbaa ig >884

zivam dbwf dbm ob}bs}~ixdò oiesfrvfeofs gi~ iv~ gèbeo`ba sps}fk bem iv~ foieikp%

Kiefp kb~cf} kv}vba gvems }i zdòd si kbep Bkf~òbes fe}~vs} }df`~ sbwèjs zf~f

kbli~ diamf~s ig }df ~ivjdap ->8 nàaìe ig oikkf~o`ba xbxf~ `ssvfm np B@J% Aissfs }i

}dfsf gvems zivam dbwf dbm xi}fe}`baap mfwbs}b}èj fggfo}s ie oieg`mfeof bem zivam dbwf

boofaf~b}fm }df ~ve ie gèbeo`ba ès}`}v}ìes ig baa cèms% Np zbp ig oikxb~`sie! kiefp

kb~cf} kv}vba gvems bem i}df~ èwfs}i~s dfam bxx~it`kb}fap -6 nàaìe ig oikkf~o`baxbxf~ `ssvfm np Afdkbe N~i}df~s% Afdkbe‐s oiaabxsf }~`jjf~fm b ~ve ie kiefp kb~cf}

gvems bg}f~ }df ^fsf~wf X~`kb~p Gvem ‑n~icf }df nvoc‛ mvf }i aissfs ie Afdkbe

oikkf~o`ba xbxf~%

Jainba oikkf~o`ba nbecs bem èwfs}kfe} nbecs zivam dbwf svggf~fm aissfs ie

aibes bem aèfs ig o~fm`} }i B@J bem ie mf~`wb}`wfs oie}~bo}s bem i}df~ }~besbo}ìes z`}d

B@J GX% ]d`s oivam dbwf afm }i }df iv}~`jd} oiaabxsf ig }df gèbeo`ba sps}fk% B} b

kè`kvk! `} zivam dbwf obvsfm fwfe j~fb}f~ oies}~bè}s ie }df bwbàbnà`}p ig o~fm`} }i

dikfizef~s bem nvsèfssfs%

@e }df fwfe} ig be B@J gbàv~f! kbep ig B@J‐s èsv~beof svns`m`b~`fs a`cfap zivam

dbwf nffe sf`|fm np }df`~ s}b}f bem gi~f`je ~fjvab}i~s! afbwèj V%_% xiaòpdiamf~s gboèj

oies`mf~bnaf veof~}bè}p bniv} }df`~ ~`jd}s bem oab`ks% _}b}f bem aioba jiwf~ekfe}

fe}`}`fs }db} dbm afe} è ftofss ig -28 nàaìe }i B@J zivam dbwf nffe ftxisfm }i aissfs è

be ba~fbmp m`ggòva} bem mf}f~ì~b}èj kveò`xba nvmjf} few`~iekfe}%



=

B@J basi dbm bxx~it`kb}fap -?4 nàaìe ig zdb} b~f obaafm s}bnaf wbavf z~bx

oie}~bo}s% ]dfsf oie}~bo}s baaiz }~vs}ffs bem èwfs}kfe} kbebjf~s ig mfgèfm

oie}~`nv}ìe xabes }i kbebjf }df bssf}+a`bnà`}p k`skb}od b~`sèj g~ik z`}dm~bzbas%

Zi~cf~s zdisf =82$c) xabes dbm xv~odbsfm }dfsf oie}~bo}s g~ik B@J }i èsv~f bjbès}

}df ~`sc }db} }df`~ s}bnaf wbavf gvems zivam mfoaèf è wbavf oivam dbwf sffe }db}

èsv~beof m`sbxxfb~ è }df fwfe} ig be B@J nbec~vx}op% Xfesìe xabes zivam dbwf nffe

gi~ofm }i z~`}f mize }df`~ bssf}s g~ik niic }i kb~cf} wbavf! ~fsva}èj è s`je`gòbe}

aissfs è xb~}ò`xbe}s‐ xi~}giaìs%

Va}`kb}fap! B@J! }df zi~am‐s ab~jfs} èsv~beof oikxbep! ~fof`wfm ft}~bi~mèb~pbss`s}beof nfobvsf ig }df `kxbo} }s gbàv~f zivam dbwf dbm baa bo~iss Bkf~òb% Bs

Gfmf~ba ^fsf~wf Wòf Odb`~kbe Miebam Cide dbs }fs}`g`fm! ‑nfobvsf ig }df mfxfemfeof

ig kimf~e foieik`fs ie }df gaiz ig o~fm`}! sf~ìvs gèbeo`ba ès}bnà`}p `kxisfs

m`sx~ixi~}ìeb}fap ab~jf ois}s ie }df n~ibmf~ foieikp% ]df ~b}ìebaf gi~ xvnaò

èwfs}kfe} è }df gèbeo`ba èmvs}~p `s ei}! }df~fgi~f! bep sxfo`ba ~fjb~m gi~ kbebjf~s!

zi~cf~s! i~ èwfs}i~s è }db} èmvs}~p iwf~ i}df~s! nv} ~b}df~ }df effm }i x~fwfe} b gv~}df~

mf}f~ì~b}ìe è gèbeo`ba oiem`}ìes }db} zivam mfs}~ip lins bem èoikfs è baa èmvs}~`fs

bem ~fjìes%‛

@@% B@J O~fm`} Gboà`}`fs

Ie _fx}fknf~ 27! >884 }df Nib~m ig Jiwf~ei~s bv}di~`|fm }df Efz Pi~c Gfm }i

afem vx }i -46 nàaìe }i B@J }d~ivjd b sfov~fm ~fwiawèj o~fm`} gboà`}p $‑Gfm Gboà`}p‛)%

]df Gfm Gboà`}p zbs $bem ~fkbès) sfov~fm np b xafmjf ig b svns}be}`ba xi~}ìe ig B@J‐s

bssf}s! èoavmèj izef~sd`x è}f~fs}s è }df oikxbep‐s mikfs}ò bem gi~f`je èsv~beof

svns`m`b~`fs% Bs bmm`}ìeba oikxfesb}ìe gi~ }d`s Gboà`}p! B@J `ssvfm! }i b }~vs} gi~ }df



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nfefg`} ig }df ]~fbsv~p! x~fgf~~fm s}ioc oiewf~}`naf è}i bxx~it`kb}fap :4 xf~ofe} ig

B@J‐s iv}s}bemèj oikkie s}ioc%

]df xiaòp mfo`sìe }i bv}di~`|f b aibe }i B@J zbs b m`ggòva} ief! nfobvsf

bmm~fssèj }df sps}fkò o~`s`s gboèj }df Ve`}fm _}b}fs ~frv`~fm }df Gfmf~ba ^fsf~wf }i

bss`s} b x~`wb}f oikxbep b} }df ofe}f~ ig }df ~`scs }db} afm }i }df o~`s`s% Eief}dfafss! }df

xi}fe}`baap gb~+~fbodèj oiesfrvfeofs ig be B@J nbec~vx}op oikxfaafm xiaòpkbcf~s }i

}bcf bgg`~kb}`wf bo}ìe% ]df gbàv~f ig B@J e }df gbaa ig >884 zivam dbwf `kxisfm

s`je`gòbe} gèbeo`ba aissfs ie kbep èm`w`mvbas! divsfdiams bem nvsèfssfs! sdb}}f~fm

oieg`mfeof è ba~fbmp g~bjàf gèbeo`ba kb~cf}s! bem j~fb}ap èo~fbsfm gfb~ bem veof~}bè}pbniv} }df w`bnà`}p ig iv~ gèbeo`ba ès}`}v}ìes% Abs} kie}d! Odb`~kbe Nf~ebecf

insf~wfm }db} }df Gfmf~ba ^fsf~wf m`m ei} afem svxxi~} }i B@J gi~ }df Gfm‐s ize nfefg`}!

‑nfobvsf `} inwìvsap dbs dv~} }df Gfmf~ba ^fsf~wf è }df xvnaò‐s w`fz% Zf m`m `}

nfobvsf zf gfa} }db} }df~f zbs ei i}df~ zbp }i bwi`m zdb} Skbep[ dbwf obaafm }df ~`sc ig

b ob}bs}~ixdò oiaabxsf ig }df gèbeo`ba sps}fk%‛

]df è`}`ba fkf~jfeop -46 nàaìe Gfm Gboà`}p zbs svoofssgva è s}bnà`|èj B@J

è }df sdi~} }f~k! nv} }df oikxbep‐s gèbeo`ba oiem`}ìe bem obx`}ba s}~vo}v~f ~fkbèfm

wvaef~bnaf }i gv~}df~ mf}f~ì~b}ìe è kb~cf} oiem`}ìes% B@J‐s x~fss ej a`rv`m`}p effms

zf~f ~fsva}èj è ~bx`m bem s`|fbnaf m~bzs ie }df Gfm Gboà`}p! x~ikx}èj oieof~e }db}

B@J‐s effms k`jd} zfaa ftoffm }df gboà`}p‐s obxbo`}p% ]df x~isxfo} ig gv~}df~

mizej~bmfs ig B@J‐s o~fm`} ~b}èj np ~b}èj bjfeo`fs è}fes`g`fm }df a`rv`m`}p oieof~es

B@J gbofm! nfobvsf svod mizej~bmfs zivam dbwf `kkfm`b}fap }~`jjf~fm nàaìes ig

miaab~s ig bmm`}ìeba a rv`m`}p mfkbems ~fab}fm }i B@J GX‐s nvsèfss% Bnsfe} gv~}df~

jiwf~ekfe} bo}ìe! b ~b}èjs mizej~bmf zbs baa nv} èfw`}bnaf%



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@e fb~ap Io}inf~ ig >884! }df Nib~m ig Jiwf~ei~s bxx~iwfm be bmm`}ìeba sfov~fm

o~fm`} gboà`}p }db} xf~k`}}fm }df Efz Pi~c Gfm }i afem B@J vx }i -?:%4 nàaìe è i~mf~ }i

bmm~fss a`rv`m`}p effms ~fab}fm }i }df sfov~`}`fs afemèj x~ij~bk ig of~}bè B@J mikfs}ò

èsv~beof svns`m`b~`fs% Bmm`}ìebaap! }izb~m }df fem ig Io}inf~ >884! giv~ B@J bggà`b}fs

nfjbe xb~}ò`xb}èj è }df Gfmf~ba ^fsf~wf‐s Oikkf~o`ba Xbxf~ Gvemèj Gboà`}p

$‑OXGG‛) ie }df sbkf }f~ks bem oiem`}ìes bs i}df~ xb~}ò`xbe}s%

Ei}z`}ds}bemèj B@J‐s boofss }i }dfsf bmm`}ìeba Gfmf~ba ^fsf~wf o~fm`} gboà`}`fs!

B@J oie}èvfm }i gbof sf~ìvs a`rv`m`}p x~fssv~fs% _ikf ig }dfsf x~fssv~fs b~isf iv} ig

B@J‐s aissfs ie ~fs`mfe}`ba ki~}jbjf nbocfm sfov~`}`fs $‑^KN_‛) `} dbm èwfs}fm è bsxb~} ig `}s sfov~`}`fs afemèj x~ij~bk% @e Eiwfknf~ >884! }df Nib~m ig Jiwf~ei~s

bv}di~`|fm }df Efz Pi~c Gfm }i }bcf b sfoiem s}fx }i baafw`b}f }dfsf x~fssv~fs np gvemèj

Kb`mfe Abef @@! zdòd xv~odbsfm ^KN_ b} kb~cf} wbavf bem baaizfm B@J }i vezèm `}s

sfov~`}`fs afemèj }~besbo}ìes% Z`}d }d`s }~besbo}ìe! }df i~`jèba -?:%4 nàaìe gboà`}p }i

gvem B@J‐s ~fxbpkfe} ig `}s sfov~`}`fs afemèj }~besbo}ìes zbs gvaap ~fxb`m bem

}f~kèb}fm%

B svns}be}`ba bmm`}ìeba obvsf ig B@J‐s a`rv`m`}p x~fssv~f zbs `}s ftxisv~f }i

o~fm`} mfgbva} szbxs! i~ OM_s! ief ig kbep mf~`wb}`wf x~imvo}s B@J GX iggf~fm% B OM_

`s fssfe}`baap be ve~fjvab}fm èsv~beof xiaòp }db} x~i}fo}s }df diamf~ ig b sfov~`}p g~ik

mfgbva}% B@J GX! }df OM_ sfaaf~! bj~ffm }i x~i}fo} `}s oive}f~xb~} fs! }df OM_ nvpf~s!

g~ik aissfs èov~~fm ie of~}bè sfov~`}`fs izefm np }df oive}f~xb~}`fs% @e ~f}v~e! }df

oive}f~xb~}`fs xb`m B@J GX xf~ìmò x~fk`vks%

Vemf~ }df }f~ks ig }dfsf xb~}òvab~ OM_ oie}~bo}s! oive}f~xb~}`fs dbm }df ~`jd} }i

~frv`~f B@J GX }i xis} obsd oiaab}f~ba bs b ~fsva} ig bmwf~sf fwfe}s ~fab}èj f`}df~ }i }df



:

vemf~apèj sfov~`}`fs! zdòd è }d`s obsf zf~f kva}`+sfo}i~ oiaab}f~ba`|fm mfn} ina`jb}ìes

$‑OMIs‛)! i~ }i B@J‐s o~fm`} oiem`}ìe! svod bs b ~b}èjs mizej~bmf% ]df xis}fm

oiaab}f~ba sfov~fm fbod oive}f~xb~}p è }df fwfe} B@J GX zbs ei} bnaf }i xf~gi~k ie }df

oie}~bo} bs oie}fkxab}fm% B@J GX‐s xf~gi~kbeof ie }dfsf oie}~bo}s zbs basi jvb~be}ffm

np `}s xb~fe}! B@J! kbcèj `} `kxiss`naf }i `siab}f B@J GX‐s x~inafks g~ik B@J i~ `}s

èsv~beof svns`m`b~`fs% Bs B@J‐s gèbeo`ba oiem`}ìe mf}f~ì~b}fm è >884! bem bs }df

OMIs mfoaèfm è wbavf bs }df eb}ìe gfaa mffxf~ è}i o~`s`s! B@J GX zbs gi~ofm }i xis}

ki~f bem ki~f oiaab}f~ba }i }df oive}f~xb~}`fs! b obsd iv}gaiz }db} è }v~e obvsfm B@J‐s

a`rv`m`}p bem o~fm`} oiem`}ìe }i mf}f~ì~b}f gv~}df~% @} zbs b wòìvs opoaf%Bs ftxabèfm è }df ~fxi~} np }df Iggòf ig }df _xfo`ba @esxfo}i~ Jfef~ba gi~ }df

]~ivnafm Bssf} ^fa`fg X~ij~bk! i~ _@J]B^X! fe}`}afm ‑Gbo}i~s Bggfo}èj Fggi~}s }i

A`k`} Xbpkfe}s }i B@J Oive}f~xb~}`fs‛ $_@J]B^X+28+88?)! }df Gfmf~ba ^fsf~wf

oies`mf~fm b evknf~ ig ix}ìes è be fggi~} }i bmm~fss }df a`rv`m`}p m~bè o~fb}fm np

B@J‐s OM_ ftxisv~f% Ief o~`}òba oies}~bè} bxxa`fm }i bep ix}ìe odisfe< `} dbm }i nf

b~~bejfm np }df fb~eèjs beeiveofkfe} ie Eiwfknf~ 28}d! zdfe B@J zbs gboèj be

`kkèfe} o~fm`} ~b}èjs mizej~bmf è oieefo}ìe z`}d `}s beeiveofkfe} ig b ->6 nàaìe

aiss gi~ }df }d`~m rvb~}f~%

]df g`~s} x~ixisfm ix}ìe zivam dbwf baaizfm }df oive}f~xb~}`fs }i cffx }df`~

kva}`+sfo}i~ OMIs bem }df x~i}fo}ìe x~iw`mfm np }df o~fm`} mfgbva} szbxs% ]df

oive}f~xb~}`fs zivam dbwf bj~ffm }i gi~fji bmm`}ìeba oiaab}f~ba obaas è ftodbejf gi~ b

Efz Pi~c Gfm jvb~be}ff ig B@J‐s xf~gi~kbeof vemf~ }df o~fm`} mfgbva} szbxs% Vemf~

}d`s x~ixisba! }df Efz Pi~c Gfm zivam ei} ize }df vemf~apèj OMIs! nv} }df Efz Pi~c

Gfm ‟ }d~ivjd }df jvb~be}ff ‟ zivam fa`kèb}f }df mizes`mf ~`sc }i }df oive}f~xb~}`fs ig



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b gv~}df~ mfoaèf è }df OMIs‐ kb~cf} wbavf% Ei} ieap m`m }d`s s}~vo}v~f dbwf

vebxxfbaèj foieikòs ‟ }btxbpf~ gvems zivam dbwf nffe ftxisfm }i }df mizes`mf ~`sc

z`}d ei ixxi~}ve`}p }i xb~}ò`xb}f è }df vxs`mf ‟ `} basi zbs ei} w`bnaf nfobvsf }df

Gfmf~ba ^fsf~wf abocfm afjba bv}di~`}p }i `ssvf }df x~ixisfm jvb~be}ff vemf~ }d`s

s}~vo}v~f%

]df sfoiem x~ixisfm ix}ìe zivam dbwf èwiawfm xf~svbmèj B@J‐s

oive}f~xb~}`fs }i }bcf nboc sikf ig }df ~`sc ~fab}èj }i }df OMIs g~ik B@J np obeofaèj

}df`~ o~fm`} mfgbva} szbxs bem sfaaèj }df vemf~apèj OMIs }i be _XW% ]df _XW zivam

nf gvemfm np }df oive}f~xb~}`fs! }df Efz Pi~c Gfm! bem B@J! z`}d }df oive}f~xb~}`fs‐è}f~fs}s svni~mèb}fm }i }disf ig }df Efz Pi~c Gfm% ]df Efz Pi~c Gfm zbs oieof~efm

}db} }df oive}f~xb~}`fs zivam ei} nf ki}`wb}fm }i obeofa }df szbxs `g }dfp zf~f afg} z`}d

ve+dfmjfm OMI ~`sc bssio`b}fm z`}d }df`~ xb~} ig }df gèbeoèj% ]d`s ix}ìe zbs basi

mffkfm `kx~bo}òba nfobvsf }df oikxaft efji}`b}ìes ~frv`~fm gi~ fbod oive}f~xb~}p

oivam ei} nf oikxaf}fm rvòcap feivjd }i sb}`sgp B@J‐s a`rv`m`}p effms! `%f%! nfgi~f

Eiwfknf~ 28}d%

]df }d`~m ix}ìe nfobkf Kb`mfe Abef @@@%

@@@% Kb`mfe Abef @@@

@e }df kie}ds afbmèj vx }i fb~ap Eiwfknf~ >884! B@J dbm nffe bo}`wfap

fejbjfm è fggi~}s }i efji}`b}f }fb~+vxs ig `}s OM_ oie}~bo}s z`}d `}s oive}f~xb~}`fs% B@J

zbs oikxaf}fap vesvoofssgva% ]df effm gi~ }df }fb~+vxs zbs ~fba3 B@J zbs fggfo}`wfap

dfki~~dbjèj obsd% ]d~ivjdiv} Io}inf~! zdàf }df Efz Pi~c Gfm zi~cfm }i `mfe}`gp

wb~ìvs ~fs}~vo}v~èj ix}ìes! B@J oie}èvfm }i efji}`b}f z`}d `}s oive}f~xb~}`fs% ]df

Efz Pi~c Gfm va}`kb}fap bj~ffm }i xb~}ò`xb}f è }dfsf oive}f~xb~}p efji}`b}ìes!



0

ft}~fkfap kèmgva ig }df ft`jfeop ig in}bèèj gèba bj~ffkfe} z`}d b} afbs} }df f`jd}

ab~jfs} oive}f~xb~}`fs np Kiembp! Eiwfknf~ 28}d! zdfe fb~eèjs zf~f }i nf ~fafbsfm np

B@J%

]df fb~eèjs ~fafbsf zivam sdiz b }d`~m rvb~}f~ aiss ig bxx~it`kb}fap ->6

nàaìe% ]df ~b}èjs bjfeo`fs dbm bmw`sfm B@J }db}! bnsfe} b xb~baafa beeiveofkfe} ig

siav}ìes }i `}s a`rv`m`}p x~inafks! b ~b}èjs mizej~bmf zbs of~}bè giaaizèj }df

fb~eèjs beeiveofkfe}% Z`}d }db} gv~}df~ mizej~bmf! bmm`}ìeba oiaab}f~ba obaas! bem

xiss`nap }f~kèb}ìes! zivam nf }~`jjf~fm% Bs ig Eiwfknf~ 7! >884! B@J dbm m~bze

mize bxx~it`kb}fap -72 nàaìe ig }df -46 nàaìe Gfm Gboà`}p! afbwèj ->= nàaìe ig a`rv`m`}p gi~ ixf~b}ìes bem gv~}df~ oiaab}f~ba obaas% Oie}èvèj }i ni~~iz g~ik }df Gfm

Gboà`}p! dizfwf~! zbs ei} b siav}ìe }i B@J‐s x~inafks% G`~s}! bmm`}ìeba ni~~izèj

g~ik }df Gfmf~ba ^fsf~wf zivam s`je`gòbe}ap bmm }i B@J‐s iwf~baa mfn} nv~mfe! zdòd

zbs b wf~p efjb}`wf gbo}i~ e }df fpfs ig }df ~b}èj bjfeo`fs% _foiem! `} zbs mivn}gva }db}

}df ~fkbèèj ->= nàaìe è }df aèf ig o~fm`} zivam oiwf~ }df be}ò`xb}fm oiaab}f~ba obaas

vemf~ }df OM_ oie}~bo}s bem B@J‐s i}df~ a`rv`m`}p effms%

@e }df a`k`}fm }`kf bwbàbnaf! bj~ffkfe} dbm }i nf in}bèfm g~ik b} afbs} }df f`jd}

ab~jfs} oive}f~xb~}`fs! zdi }ijf}df~ ~fx~fsfe}fm }df nvac ig B@J‐s OM_ ftxisv~f% B

~b}èjs mizej~bmf ie Eiwfknf~ 28}d zivam dbwf o~fb}fm b xiss`nap gb}ba mizezb~m

sx`~ba gi~ B@J% Veafss }df Gfmf~ba ^fsf~wf zbs x~fxb~fm }i xvkx svns}be}`baap ki~f

gvems è}i B@J np èo~fbsèj }df -46 nàaìe o~fm`} aèf! }df ieap ix}ìe zivam dbwf nffe

}i ~fwf~sf oiv~sf bem baaiz B@J }i gàf gi~ nbec~vx}op% ]d`s bn~vx} ~fwf~sba ig oiv~sf

zivam ei} ieap dbwf }~`jjf~fm baa ig }df bmwf~sf oiesfrvfeofs gi~ }df V%_% bem jainba

foieik`fs }db} x~ikx}fm }df è`}`ba è}f~wfe}ìe! `} zivam basi dbwf vemf~kèfm }df



28

xvnaò‐s }~vs} è }df V%_% jiwf~ekfe}‐s oikk`}kfe} }i }df n~ibmf~ ~bejf ig ft}~bi~mèb~p

gèbeo`ba s}bnà`}p e`}`b}`wfs vemf~zbp mv~èj }db} wf~p g~bjàf xf~ìm% Z`}d nbec~vx}op

ei} be ix}ìe! `} zbs efofssb~p }i gèm b siav}ìe }db} s}fkkfm }df a`rv`m`}p m~bè b~`sèj

g~ik }df oie}èvèj oiaab}f~ba obaas ie }df OM_ oie}~bo}s! s}bnà`|fm B@J! bem x~i}fo}fm

}df }btxbpf~ è}f~fs}s% ]df Kb`mfe Abef @@@ }~besbo}ìe zbs }db} siav}ìe%

@e }d`s oie}ft}! }df Nib~m ig Jiwf~ei~s bv}di~`|fm }df Efz Pi~c Gfm }i afem

Kb`mfe Abef @@@ vx }i -?8 nàaìe! bem }i sfov~f }db} aibe z`}d }df kva}`+sfo}i~ OMIs

}db} zf~f èsv~fm np }df B@J OM_ oie}~bo}s% Xv~svbe} }i }d`s bv}di~`|b}ìe! }df Efz

Pi~c Gfm afe} ->=%? nàaìe }i Kb`mfe Abef @@@ }db} `} vsfm! è oiknèb}ìe z`}d b -6nàaìe frv`}p èwfs}kfe} g~ik B@J! }i xv~odbsf OMIs g~ik 27 ig B@J‐s oive}f~xb~}`fs%

B} }df }`kf! }df OMIs dbm b gb`~ kb~cf} wbavf ig bniv} ->0%7 nàaìe bem b xb~ wbavf ig

bxx~it`kb}fap -7> nàaìe% @e ftodbejf gi~ bj~ffèj }i }f~kèb}f B@J‐s OM_ oie}~bo}s

bem }v~eèj iwf~ }df vemf~apèj OMIs }i Kb`mfe Abef @@@! }df oive}f~xb~}`fs zivam basi

nf baaizfm }i ~f}bè bxx~it`kb}fap -?6 nàaìe è oiaab}f~ba x~fwìvsap xis}fm np B@J%

]df ~fsva} zbs }db} oive}f~xb~}`fs fssfe}`baap ~fof`wfm ‑xb~!‛ z`}d Kb`mfe Abef @@@

in}bèèj }df OMIs bem B@J in}bèèj }df }fb~+vx ig }df OM_s%

B@J‐s -6 nàaìe frv`}p èwfs}kfe} è Kb`mfe Abef @@@ zbs svni~mèb}fm }i }df

Gfm‐s ->=%? nàaìe sfov~fm aibe! bem }df Gfm basi in}bèfm }zi+}d`~ms ig }df vxs`mf è

Kb`mfe Abef @@@ ‟ sfov~èj ni}d mizes`mf x~i}fo}ìe bem vxs`mf xb~}ò`xb}ìe gi~ }df

V%_% }btxbpf~% Ki~fiwf~! nfobvsf Kb`mfe Abef @@@ obe diam }df vemf~apèj OMIs }i

kb}v~`}p! `} `s ab~jfap `kkvef g~ik }~bmèj x~òfs bem a`rv`m`}p effms! bem `s }df~fgi~f è

b nf}}f~ xis`}ìe }i kbt`k`|f }df wbavf ig }df OMI xi~}giaì%



22

]df Gfmf~ba ^fsf~wf ftfov}fm b }~besbo}ìe }db} èwiawfm be bssf} xv~odbsf bem

}df }f~kèb}ìe ig B@J‐s OM_ oie}~bo}s% Np }f~kèb}èj }df OM_ oie}~bo}s! }df Gfmf~ba

^fsf~wf s}ixxfm }df oiaab}f~ba obaas bem }df ~fsva}èj a rv`m`}p m~bè ie B@J% Np s}ixxèj

}d`s a`rv`m`}p m~bè! }df Gfmf~ba ^fsf~wf bwi`mfm B@J‐s mizej~bmf bem mizezb~m sx`~ba

bem }df ~fsva}èj }d~fb} }i }df V%_% foieikp%

@W% Efji}`b}èj Oieofssìes g~ik B@J‐s Oive}f~xb~}`fs

]df Gfmf~ba ^fsf~wf dbs nffe o~`}ò`|fm np sikf gi~ ei} vsèj `}s ~fjvab}i~p

xizf~ }i gi~of }df oive}f~xb~}`fs }i boofx} afss kiefp gi~ }df OMIs% ]df o~`}òs

iwf~aiic b evknf~ ig cfp gbo}i~s%G`~s}! }df~f zbs a`}}af }`kf! bem svns}be}`ba ftfov}ìe ~`sc bem b}}fembe} db~k ig

ei} jf}}èj }df mfba mief np }df mfbmaèf ig Eiwfknf~ 28}d% Bs ei}fm bniwf! B@J dbm

b}}fkx}fm gi~ sikf }`kf }i efji}`b}f }fb~+vxs ig `}s OM_ oie}~bo}s z`}d `}s oive}f~xb~}`fs

vemf~ }f~ks ki~f gbwi~bnaf }dbe Kb`mfe Abef @@@% @} m`m ei} svooffm% Zdfe }df Gfmf~ba

^fsf~wf ~fbodfm iv} }i B@J‐s oive}f~xb~}`fs! zf nfa`fwfm! nbsfm ie B@J‐s ize

ftxf~`feof! }db} iv~ x~inbnà`}p ig svoofss ig jf}}èj }dfk }`kfap }i bj~ff }i oieofssìes

zbs sa`k% Fwfe è b nfs}+obsf sofeb~ì! zf m`m ei} ftxfo} }db} }df oive}f~xb~}`fs zivam

iggf~ bep}dèj ki~f }dbe b kimfs} m`soive} }i xb~% @e iv~ lvmjkfe}! }bcèj bmm`}ìeba

}`kf }i x~fss gv~}df~ gi~ b m`soive} zbs ei} lvs}`g`fm è a`jd} ig }df iwf~zdfakèj ~`sc bem

ob}bs}~ixdò oiesfrvfeofs ig gbàèj }i oikxaf}f }df }~besbo}ìe np Eiwfknf~ 28%

]imbp! `} k`jd} nf }fkx}èj }i svjjfs} }db} b }~besbo}ìe }db} zbs è }df nfs} è}f~fs}s ig

}df }btxbpf~s oivam dbwf nffe `kx~iwfm dbm }df Efz Pi~c Gfm x~fssfm db~mf~ gi~

oieofssìes% Nv} `} `s kvod ki~f a`cfap }db} oie}èvèj }i xvsd }df oive}f~xb~}`fs }izb~m

oieofssìes zivam ei} dbwf ji}}fe vs }i gèba bj~ffkfe}s ie Eiwfknf~ 28}d% ]df



2>

oiesfrvfeofs }i B@J bem iv~ foieikp ig gbàèj }i ~fbod be bj~ffkfe} kbmf in}bèèj

oieofssìes b aizf~ x~ì~`}p }dbe ftfov}èj }df }~besbo}ìes%

_foiem! }df Gfmf~ba ^fsf~wf dbm a`}}af i~ ei nb~jbèèj xizf~ j`wfe }df

o`~ovks}beofs% ]d`s ~fs}~vo}v~èj efji}`b}ìe zbs }bcèj xabof è Eiwfknf~ ig >884!

afss }dbe }zi kie}ds bg}f~ }df mfo`sìe }i ~fsovf B@J g~ik èsiawfeop bem }df ègvsìe ig

}fes ig nàaìes ig miaab~s% ]df Gfmf~ba ^fsf~wf dbm ba~fbmp bo}fm }i ~fsovf B@J! bem }df

oive}f~xb~}`fs gvaap ftxfo}fm }db} zf zivam s}bem np }db} mfo`sìe! fsxfo`baap nfobvsf }df

foieikò s`}vb}ìe dbm ji}}fe zi~sf! ei} nf}}f~% _i! }df }pxòba }d~fb} è svod

efji}`b}ìes ‟ zf zàa s}bem mize bem zb}od B@J gàf gi~ nbec~vx}op ‟ zivam dbwf nffebe `maf }d~fb} dbm zf kbmf `}% @e bmm`}ìe! }df oive}f~xb~}`fs zf~f vezàaèj }i iggf~

oieofssìes nfobvsf }df`~ oie}~bo}vba ~`jd}s zf~f ba~fbmp zfaa+x~i}fo}fm% ]df wbavf ig

}df OMIs }dfp dfam! oiknèfm z`}d }df -?6 nàaìe ig oiaab}f~ba }dfp dbm x~fwìvsap

in}bèfm g~ik B@J zbs! è kis} obsfs! frvba }i i~ è ftofss ig xb~ wbavf% ]dvs! `g B@J

mfgbva}fm! bem fwfe gàfm gi~ nbec~vx}op x~i}fo}ìe! }df oive}f~xb~}`fs zivam dbwf cfx}

ni}d }df oiaab}f~ba bem }df vemf~apèj OMIs $bem zivam dbwf nffe kbmf zdiaf `g }dfp

dbm siam }df OMIs gi~ gb`~ wbavf)%

Gèbaap! fwfe `g zf dbm dbm nb~jbèèj xizf~! }df ~b}èj bjfeo`fs! bs m`sovssfm

bniwf! zf~f oaisfap ftbkèèj B@J gi~ s`jes }db} `} zivam ei} nf bnaf }i bmm~fss `}s

gèbeo`ba s`}vb}ìe% @g }dfp sbz }df Gfmf~ba ^fsf~wf }bcf bep bo}ìe }db} sffkfm }i

svjjfs} b aboc ig gvaa svxxi~}! è xb~}òvab~ b nbec~vx}op }d~fb}! `} k`jd} zfaa dbwf afm }i

be `kkfm`b}f mizej~bmf bem }df `~~fwf~s`naf mfs}~vo}ìe ig B@J! z`}d }df b}}fembe}

oiesfrvfeofs ie }df gèbeo`ba s}bnà`}p ig iv~ foieikp%



2?

_ikf dbwf sb`m }db}! è }df bnsfeof ig i}df~ nb~jbèèj xizf~! }df Gfmf~ba

^fsf~wf sdivam dbwf vsfm `}s ~fjvab}i~p xizf~ ‟ }d~fb}feèj be bmwf~sf vsf ig }db}

xizf~! i~ svjjfs}èj sikf cèm ig b nfefg`} gaizèj g~ik `} ‟ }i kbcf ~fjvab}fm

oive}f~xb~}`fs j`wf vx i~ oikx~ik`sf }df`~ oie}~bo}vba ~`jd}s% Zf sff }db} bs be bnvsf ig

~fjvab}i~p xizf~% ]df `mfb }db} }df Gfmf~ba ^fsf~wf zivam }d~fb}fe b gèbeo`ba ès}`}v}ìe

z`}d svxf~w`si~p bo}ìe zdfe ei j~ivems gi~ svod bo}ìe ft`s}! i~ j`wf b gèbeo`ba

ès}`}v}ìe sxfo`ba }~fb}kfe} s`kxap }i jbè be bmwbe}bjf è b oikkf~o`ba }~besbo}ìe `s!

è iv~ w`fz! be bnvsf ig iv~ bv}di~`}p% _vod oiemvo} np }df Gfmf~ba ^fsf~wf k`jd} dbwf

jfef~b}fm nb~jbèèj xizf~ iwf~ }df oive}f~xb~}`fs! nv} `} `s s`kxap èoies`s}fe} z`}d }df~vaf ig abz%

@} basi zivam dbwf ~fsva}fm è vegb`~ }~fb}kfe} ig svxf~w`sfm g`~ks% @es}`}v}ìes

~fjvab}fm np }df Gfmf~ba ^fsf~wf zivam dbwf nffe ~frv`~fm }i kbcf oieofssìes! zdàf

}disf ei} svnlfo} }i }df Gfmf~ba ^fsf~wf‐s svxf~w`si~p bv}di~`}p zivam ei}% Bs b ~fsva}!

mikfs}ò nbecèj i~jbe`|b}ìes ~fjvab}fm np }df Gfmf~ba ^fsf~wf zivam dbwf ~fof`wfm

afss gi~ }df`~ x~ixf~}p }dbe zivam gi~f`je nbecs% ]d`s zivam wìab}f }df x~èo`xaf ig

frvba`}p ig }~fb}kfe}! b gvembkfe}ba wbavf ig }df Gfmf~ba ^fsf~wf%

Np jf}}èj }df f`jd} ab~jfs} oive}f~xb~}`fs bem B@J }i ftfov}f }f~k sdff}s np

Eiwfknf~ 28}d! bem bei}df~ f`jd} }i mi }df sbkf sdi~}ap }df~fbg}f~! }df Gfmf~ba ^fsf~wf

booikxa`sdfm `}s iwf~b~odèj jiba ig bwi`mèj }df gbàv~f ig B@J% Bs b svns`m`b~p

inlfo}`wf! }df }btxbpf~s dbwf b zfaa+s}~vo}v~fm wfdòaf z`}d mizes`mf x~i}fo}ìe bem

vxs`mf xi}fe}`ba! zdòd izes b sfov~`}`fs xi~}giaì zi~}d nàaìes ki~f }dbe }df aibe

nbabeof% Ki~fiwf~! `} nfb~s kfe}ìe }db} ki~f }dbe -7 nàaìe ig }df aibe dbs ba~fbmp

nffe ~fxb`m%



2=

]df s`}vb}ìe gbofm np B@J bem }df Gfmf~ba ^fsf~wf è }df gbaa ig >884 z`}d

~fsxfo} }i }df OM_ oie}~bo}s xiè}fmap mfkies}~b}fs }df v~jfe} effm gi~ bmix}ìe ig efz

~fsiav}ìe x~iofmv~fs gi~ sps}fkòbaap `kxi~}be} eienbec gèbeo`ba g`~ks% Dbm svod b

}iia nffe bwbàbnaf b} }db} }`kf! `} oivam dbwf nffe vsfm }i xv} B@J è}i oiesf~wb}i~sd`x

i~ ~fof`wf~sd`x% Ei} ieap zivam }d`s ix}ìe dbwf baaizfm B@J }i nf vezivem è be

i~mf~ap zbp! x~i}fo}èj xiaòpdiamf~s! ovs}ikf~s! bem }btxbpf~s! nv} `} zivam dbwf

x~iw`mfm b oafb~ bem fggfo}`wf kfodbe`sk gi~ `kxisèj bxx~ix~`b}f db`~ov}s ie o~fm`}i~s

bem oive}f~xb~}`fs%

B@J‐s _fov~`}`fs M`soaisv~fsIe Eiwfknf~ >6! >884! Kb`mfe Abef @@@ nfjbe xv~odbsèj }df vemf~apèj OMIs

g~ik B@J GX‐s oive}f~xb~}`fs% Vemf~ _FO ~vafs! nfobvsf B@J dbm fe}f~fm è}i b

‑Kb}f~`ba Mfgè`}`wf Bj~ffkfe}!‛ `} zbs ~frv`~fm }i gàf b Gi~k 4+C z`}d }df _FO z`}dè

giv~ nvsèfss mbps% Ie Eiwfknf~ >=}d! b abzpf~ gi~ B@J sfe} b m~bg} wf~sìe ig }df 4+C

}i abzpf~s gi~ }df Efz Pi~c Gfm }i ~fw`fz! bscèj gi~ }df`~ oikkfe}s% ]d`s kbmf sfesf<

Kb`mfe Abef @@@ zbs o~fb}fm! gvemfm! bem kbli~`}p+izefm np }df Efz Pi~c Gfm! bem

B@J zbe}fm }i fesv~f }db} `}s xvnaò gàèjs zivam nf boov~b}f%

@} `s oikkiexabof gi~ b xvnaòap }~bmfm oikxbep }i sdb~f m~bg} sfov~`}`fs gàèjs

z`}d bei}df~ oikxbep zdf~f }df svnlfo} kb}}f~ èwiawfs b kb}f~`ba }~besbo}ìe bggfo}èj

ni}d oikxbe`fs% Ni}d }df ~fxi~}èj oikxbep bem }df sfoiem oikxbep ‟ zdf}df~ }df

sfoiem oikxbep `s xvnaòap }~bmfm i~ ei} ‟ zbe} }i fesv~f }db} }df xvnaò gàèj `s

boov~b}f% Zdb} `s mfso~`nfm df~f s }df cèm ig }dèj }db} ~iv}èfap dbxxfes è kbli~

}~besbo}ìes%



26

Ba}divjd B@J zbs oiesva}èj ~fjvab~ap z`}d }df Efz Pi~c Gfm! `} `s `kxi~}be} }i

ei}f }db} B@J gvaap vemf~s}iim }db} `} zbs zdiaap ~fsxies`naf gi~ }df oie}fe} ig `}s _FO

gàèjs% @emffm! abzpf~s gi~ ni}d s`mfs zf~f wf~p bzb~f ig }df`~ ~fsxfo}`wf ~iafs%

Abzpf~s gi~ }df Efz Pi~c Gfm! ni}d b} }df Nbec bem }d~ivjd `}s iv}s`mf abz g`~k ig

Mbw`s Xiac ' Zb~mzfaa AAX! kbmf svjjfs}ìes bniv} oie}fe} bem }`k ej% B@J bem `}s

iv}s`mf oivesfa b} _vaa`wbe ' O~ikzfaa AAX bem Zfà Ji}sdba ' Kbejfs AAX! boofx}fm

}df fm`}s }db} }dfp gfa} `kx~iwfm }df boov~bop ig }df mfso~`x}ìes ig }df }~besbo}ìes! bem

mfoaèfm }disf fm`}s }db} }dfp gfa} m`m ei}%

]df g`~s} 4+C zbs gàfm np B@J ie Mfofknf~ >! >884! bg}f~ Kb`mfe Abef @@@xv~odbsfm }df g`~s} j~ivx ig OMIs% Ie Mfofknf~ 24 bem >>! >884! Kb`mfe Abef @@@

xv~odbsfm b sfoiem j~ivx ig OMIs% Basi! be bj~ffkfe} s}~voc e Eiwfknf~ è

oielveo}ìe z`}d }df i~`jèba }~besbo}ìe! ceize bs }df _di~}gbaa Bj~ffkfe} nf}zffe

Kb`mfe Abef @@@ bem B@J GX! zbs bkfemfm bs ig Mfofknf~ 24}d% ]dfsf fwfe}s ~frv`~fm

}df gàèj ig b sfoiem 4+C ie Mfofknf~ >=! >884% Bs z`}d }df è`}`ba xvnaò m`soaisv~f

}d~ff zffcs fb~a`f~! }df~f zf~f kbep f+kbàs bkiej baa }df abzpf~s nfgi~f }df gàèj ie

}df >=}d% Ieof bjbè! }df Efz Pi~c Gfm abzpf~s dbm }zi jibas< $2) }i dfax B@J kbcf

}d`s gàèj boov~b}f bem oies`s}fe} z`}d }df g`~s}3 bem $>) }i x~i}fo}! zdf~f bxx~ix~`b}f! }df

svns}be}`ba }btxbpf~ gvems b} s}bcf è Kb`mfe Abef @@@% Bem ieof bjbè! bg}f~ ~fof`wèj

}df Efz Pi~c Gfm‐s svjjfs}ìes! B@J! b`mfm np `}s }zi iv}s`mf abz g`~ks! kbmf }df

m`soaisv~fs }db} }dfp mffkfm }i nf afjbaap ~frv`~fm bem i}df~z`sf bxx~ix~`b}f%

Z`}d }db} gbo}vba nbocm~ix è xabof! @ zivam eiz a`cf }i }v~e }i }df bssf~}ìes }db}

}df Efz Pi~c Gfm sikfdiz x~fssv~fm B@J è}i ‑oiwf~èj vx‛ xb~}s ig }df }~besbo}ìes



27

è `}s sfov~`}`fs m`soaisv~fs% ]df~f dbwf nffe giv~ sfxb~b}f baafjb}ìes! bem @ zivam a`cf

}i bmm~fss fbod ief è }v~e%

@% M`soaisv~f ig Xb~ Wbavf Xbpkfe}s }i OM_ Oive}f~xb~}`fs

G`~s}! af} kf bmm~fss }df bssf~}ìe }db} }df Efz Pi~c Gfm x~fssv~fm B@J }i

~fkiwf b aèf è }df sfoiem 4+C gàfm ie Mfofknf~ >=}d s}b}èj }db} ‑}df B@J GX

oive}f~xb~}`fs ~fof`wfm 288 xf~ofe} ig }df xb~ wbavf ig }df Kva}`+_fo}i~ OMIs siam%‛

]df Efz Pi~c Gfm nfa`fwfm }db} m`soaisv~f ig }df bo}vba b~`}dkf}ò sdizèj }db} }df

oive}f~xb~}`fs ~fof`wfm fssfe}`baap xb~ wbavf zbs ki~f boov~b}f bem zivam kbcf }df efz

4+C oies`s}fe} z`}d B@J‐s x~ì~ 4+C beeiveoèj Kb`mfe Abef @@@% ]df m~bg} 4+C a`s}fm}df xb~ wbavf $-27 nàaìe) bs zfaa bs }df bkive} xb`m }i }df oive}f~xb~}`fs $-7%: nàaìe)!

bem }df bkive} ig oiaab}f~ba x~fwìvsap xb`m }i }df oive}f~xb~}`fs }db} B@J zbs

sv~~femf~èj $-0%> nàaìe)% Bmmèj vx }df abs} }zi evknf~s $zdòd }i}ba -26%0 nàaìe)

sdizs }db} }df oive}f~xb~}`fs zf~f ~fof`wèj fssfe}`baap xb~ $zdòd zbs a`s}fm bs -27

nàaìe)% Nfobvsf }df svk }femf~fm }i }df oive}f~xb~}`fs zbs sa`jd}ap afss }dbe xb~! }df

x~ixisfm sfe}feof bniv} `} nfèj 288 xf~ofe} ig xb~ wbavf $bem zdòd zbs ei} è }df x~ì~

4+C) zbs ei} oikxaf}fap boov~b}f! bem `} zbs }df~fgi~f svjjfs}fm }db} `} nf ~fkiwfm%

]d`s zbs mief }i nf boov~b}f! ei} }i oiwf~ vx }df gbo} }db} }df oive}f~xb~}`fs zf~f

fssfe}`baap ~fof`wèj xb~% ]df Efz Pi~c Gfm abzpf~s zf~f ki}`wb}fm np oieof~e gi~

boov~bop bem x~fo`sìe è }df oie}fe} ig }dfsf Gi~k 4+Cs% @e gbo}! }df oafb~fs} fw`mfeof

}db} }df~f zbs ei oiwf~ vx zbs }db} `} zbs z`mfap vemf~s}iim è }df kb~cf} bem ~fxi~}fm

è }df x~fss b} }df }`kf }db} }df oive}f~xb~} fs zf~f ~fof`wèj wf~p oaisf }i xb~ wbavf% Gi~

ftbkxaf! be bebaps} ~fxi~} xvna`sdfm np O~fm`} _v`ssf ie Mfofknf~ >! >884 ‟ }df sbkf

mbp bs }df è`}`ba 4+C gàèj bmm~fssèj }df g`~s} sf}}afkfe}s z`}d }df oive}f~xb~}`fs ‟



2:

ixfes z`}d }df giaaizèj sfe}feof< ‑]d`s fwfeèj B@J }f~kèb}fm -=7%2n ig `}s -:2%7n ig

}b~jf}fm kva}`+sfo}i~ OMI ftxisv~f! b} xb~%‛ _`kàb~ap! b Git+X`}}+Cfa}ie ~fxi~} mb}fm

}df eft} mbp! Mfofknf~ ?! >884! oie}bès }df giaaizèj s}b}fkfe}< ‑Baiej z`}d

sv~~femf~èj ->6%0 nàaìe ig oiaab}f~ba }db} dbm nffe x~fwìvsap xis}fm np B@J z`}d }df

oive}f~xb~}`fs! }df xv~odbsf ig }df -=7%2 nàaìe ig xb~ wbavf fssfe}`baap kbmf }df

oive}f~xb~}`fs zdiaf%‛ Ie Eiwfknf~ 2>! >884! b kie}d fb~a`f~ bem sdi~}ap bg}f~ }df

è`}`ba beeiveofkfe} ig }df Kb`mfe Abef @@@ gboà`}p! be b~}òaf è ]df Zbaa _}~ff} Liv~eba

s}b}fm< ‑]df nbecs }db} xb~}ò`xb}f zàa nf oikxfesb}fm gi~ }df sfov~`}`fs‐ gvaa! i~ xb~!

wbavf è ftodbejf gi~ baaizèj B@J }i vezèm }df o~fm`} mfgbva} szbxs `} z~i}f%‛ IeMfofknf~ >6! >884! }df mbp bg}f~ }df sfoiem 4+C zbs gàfm! be b~}òaf è ]df Zbsdèj}ie

Xis} gv~}df~ ~fxi~}fm }db}! ‑]df gvem! obaafm Kb`mfe Abef @@@! xb`m bniv} -7%: nàaìe }i

}df èwfs}i~s gi~ }df sfov~`}`fs è }df ab}fs} xv~odbsfs% ]df oive}f~xb~}`fs zf~f basi bnaf

}i cffx ki~f }dbe -0 nàaìe }db} B@J dbm xis}fm è oiaab}f~ba! ~f`knv~sèj }dfk b} gbof

wbavf gi~ }df bssf}s%‛ ]df gbo} }db} }df m`soaisv~f èoavmfm baa ig }df bo}vba evknf~s! bem

}db} bebaps}s bem }df kfm`b vemf~s}iim }dfk `kkfm`b}fap! nfa`f bep bssf~}ìes ig b oiwf~

vx%

@@% M`soaisv~f ig ]~besbo}ìes @ewiawèj _pe}df}ò OMIs

]df sfoiem bssf~}ìe ~fab}fs }i }df Efz Pi~c Gfm‐s svjjfs}ìe }i mfaf}f }db}

xi~}ìe ig B@J‐s m~bg} x~fss ~fafbsf booikxbepèj }df Mfofknf~ >=}d 4+C }db} `kxa`fm

}db} }df Efz Pi~c Gfm zivam fe}f~ è}i bmm`}ìeba }~besbo}ìes z`}d B@J oieof~eèj }df

}f~kèb}ìe ig b xi~}giaì ig OM_ ~fab}èj }i spe}df}ò OMIs% ]d`s fm`} zbs x~ixisfm

nfobvsf }df~f zbs è gbo} ei oikk`}kfe} b} }df }`kf gi~ f`}df~ }df Gfmf~ba ^fsf~wf i~

Kb`mfe Abef @@@ }i borv`~f }df spe}df}ò OMIs }db} nbocfm }d`s xi~}giaì ig OM_s%



24

@emffm! ef`}df~ }df Gfmf~ba ^fsf~wf ei~ Kb`mfe Abef @@@ dbs borv`~fm bep spe}df}ò

OMIs g~ik bep oive}f~xb~}p ig B@J GX% ]dvs! ~b}df~ }dbe sffcèj }i oieofba

ègi~kb}ìe! }df Efz Pi~c Gfm oikkfe} zbs kbmf è be fggi~} }i dfax fesv~f }df

boov~bop ig }df m`soaisv~fs si bs }i bwi`m bep svjjfs}ìe }db} }df Efz Pi~c Gfm dbm

kbmf b oikk`}kfe} }db} zbs ei} kbmf b} }df }`kf $bem e gbo} zbs efwf~ kbmf)% ]df

oikkfe} basi fesv~fm }db} }df~f zivam nf ei èoi~~fo} ftxfo}b}ìe o~fb}fm è }df xvnaò

kb~cf}s }db} svod bmm`}ìeba Gfmf~ba ^fsf~wf bss`s}beof }i B@J zivam nf gi~}doikèj%

@@@% M`soaisv~f ig }df OM_ Oive}f~xb~}`fs

]d`~m! sikf dbwf svjjfs}fm }db} è Eiwfknf~ >884! B@J dbm xabeefm }i m`soaisf}df `mfe}`}`fs ig }df OM_ oive}f~xb~}`fs bem }db} }df Efz Pi~c Gfm x~fssv~fm i~

oikxfaafm B@J ei} }i% ]d`s `s ei} }~vf% @e Mfofknf~ >884! o`~ovks}beofs zf~f wf~p

m`ggf~fe} }dbe }imbp% Kb~cf}s zf~f kvod ki~f g~bj af! bem B@J zbs oieof~efm b} }df

}`kf }db} `}s oive}f~xb~}`fs! bem xi}fe}`baap i}df~ B@J ovs}ikf~s! zivam s}ix mièj

nvsèfss z`}d B@J `g }dfp nfa`fwfm }db} }df jiwf~ekfe} zivam obvsf }df m`soaisv~f ig

zdb} `s i~mèb~àp oieg`mfe}`ba ovs}ikf~ ègi~kb}ìe! èoavmèj! è sikf obsfs! ovs}ikf~

`mfe}`}`fs% @g oive}f~xb~}`fs bem ovs}ikf~s nfjbe kiwèj bzbp g~ik B@J! }df oikxbep

gfb~fm }db} `} zivam nf svnlfo} }i b aiss ig nvsèfss bem xiss`naf bmm`}ìeba mizej~bmfs

g~ik }df ~b}èj bjfeo`fs% ]d`s zivam dbwf dbm }df fggfo} ig db~kèj }df }btxbpf~s‐

èwfs}kfe} è B@J np ~fmvoèj }df xvnaò‐s è}f~fs} è mièj nvsèfss z`}d B@J%

Gi~ }d`s ~fbsie! }df Efz Pi~c Gfm bo}`wfap svxxi~}fm B@J‐s bxxaòb}ìe }i }df

_FO }i dbwf }df ebkfs ig `}s oive}f~xb~}`fs ~fkbè oieg`mfe}`ba% @e Kb~od >880! è

~fsxiesf }i ~frvfs}s np Oiej~fss }db} }df `mfe}`}`fs ig }df OM_ oive}f~xb~}`fs nf kbmf

xvnaò! bem bg}f~ }bcèj booive} ig `}s mfo`sìe }i zèm mize }df B@J GX mf~`wb}`wfs



m`soaisfm% ]i nf oafb~! `} `s ieap }d`s sfes`}`wf sfov~`}p+np+sfov~`}p ègi~kb}ìe }db} dbs

~fof`wfm oieg`mfe}`ba }~fb}kfe} bem dbs ei} nffe èoavmfm è B@J‐s 4+C gàèjs%

]df Gfmf~ba ^fsf~wf _ps}fk sdb~fs }d`s oikk`}}ff‐s jibas ig }~besxb~feop bem

booive}bnà`}p% ]db} `s zdp }df Gfmf~ba fsf~wf x~iw`mfs zffcap xvnaò ~fxi~}s ie }df

bjj~fjb}f xf~gi~kbeof ig }df Kb`mfe Abef @@@ bssf}s ‟ ègi~kb}ìe }db} `s d`jdap ~fafwbe}

}i }btxbpf~s‐ fwbavb}ìe ig }df svoofss ig }d`s x~ij~bk! nv} }db} mifs ei} vemf~ov} }df

va}`kb}f }btxbpf~ ~foiwf~p }db} s svod be `kxi~}be} inlfo}`wf% Basi! ie b kie}dap nbs`s!

}df Gfmf~ba ^fsf~wf xvna`sdfs b }~besxb~feop ~fxi~} obaafm ‑O~fm`} bem A`rv`m`}p

X~ij~bks bem }df Nbabeof _dff}‛ }db} x~iw`mfs s}àa ki~f ègi~kb}ìe bem bebaps`s~fjb~mèj Kb`mfe Abef @@@ bem }df Gfmf~ba ^fsf~wf‐s i}df~ afemèj x~ij~bks% ]d`s

~fx~fsfe}s b k`mmaf j~ivem zdf~f iv~ xf~gi~kbeof bs s}fzb~ms ig }btxbpf~ gvems obe nf

bebap|fm bem fwbavb}fm! nv} z`}div} xi}fe}`baap oikx~ik`sèj }df }btxbpf~s‐ x~isxfo}`wf

~f}v~e ie }df`~ èwfs}kfe}%

]dbec piv bjbè gi~ j`wèj kf }df ixxi~}ve`}p }i bxxfb~ nfgi~f piv }imbp% @ aiic

gi~zb~m }i beszf~èj piv~ rvfs}ìes%

thomas c. baxter's prepared remarks for a.i.g. hearing

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