thomas jefferson, louisiana & the war of 1812
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THOMAS JEFFERSON, LOUISIANA & THE WAR OF 1812. Election of 1800. Jefferson becomes the first Democratic-Republican (Republican) President. Chosen by the House of Representatives. Wants to reduce the size of government. Before Adams left office he was to appoint judges to the federal bench. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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THOMAS JEFFERSON, LOUISIANA & THE WAR
OF 1812
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Election of 1800• Jefferson becomes the first Democratic-
Republican (Republican) President. Chosen by the House of Representatives.
• Wants to reduce the size of government.
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• Before Adams left office he was to appoint judges to the federal bench.
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• Adams left them for Jefferson to appoint.• Jefferson told his Secretary of State, James
Madison, not to deliver the commissions because the judges were Federalists.
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MARBURY v. MADISON• William Marbury did not receive his
commission and took James Madison to court.
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• Marbury argued that the Judiciary Act of 1789 allows the Supreme Court to force Madison to give Marbury the Commission.
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The Decision• Chief Justice John Marshall disagrees with
Marbury.• He also said the Constitution is where the
Supreme Court gets its power.
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• Since the Judiciary Act of 1789 gives the Supreme Court that power, then the Act is UNCONSTITUTIONAL.
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LOUISIANA• In 1800 Napoleon Bonaparte took Louisiana
from Spain in a secret deal.• The US had an agreement with Spain to use the
Mississippi River and the Port of New Orleans.• We had no such agreement with France.
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• Jefferson sends James Monroe to France to offer $10 million for New Orleans.
• Instead Napoleon offers all of Louisiana (600 million acres) for $15 million.
• This would double the size of the US.
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JEFFERSON’S DILEMMA• Jefferson was a STRICT CONSTRUCTIONIST.• It doesn’t say in the Constitution that the
President can make this purchase.• If he makes the purchase he will be going
against his beliefs.
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• Jefferson looks at both sides of the issue and puts the interests of the country ahead of his own beliefs.
• He agrees to the purchase and doubles the size of the US overnight.
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LEWIS AND CLARK• With the acquisition of this new land America
now has to secure it and find out what is out there.
• He can’t send American citizens to settle the area if it is filled with ferocious Indians, Lions, Tigers and Bears (oh my).
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• Jefferson selects his personal secretary, Merriwether Lewis, to lead the expedition.
• Lewis selects William Clark, an army officer as co-leader.
• They leave St. Louis in May 1804 traveling northwest on the Missouri River.
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SACAGAWEA• In the spring of 1805 they met a French fur
trader, Touissant Charbonneau, and his wife Sacagawea.
• They agree to go on the expedition with them and act as interpreters.
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• Sacagawea had been kidnapped as a child and wanted to find her family once again.
• In the summer she finds her Shoshone village and meets her brother, now the chief of the tribe.
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• They convince her brother to guide them through the Rocky Mountains before winter sets in.
• They reach the Pacific Ocean and establish Fort Clatsop.
• They spend the winter there and head back to St. Louis, arriving there on September 23, 1806.
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• They bring back trunk loads of information, exceeding Jefferson’s expectations.
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ZEBULON PIKE• While Lewis and Clark headed north and west,
Zebulon traveled up the Mississippi Valley.
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• After that he went west toward the Rocky Mountains. He named the highest peak he could see after himself, Pikes Peak.
• They headed south into Mexico and got arrested as spies. They were released in the Spring of 1807 and headed back to St. Louis.
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• Pike wrote a book about his expedition and mistakenly labeled the “Great Plains” as a desert. Because of that, for years, people bypassed this area when heading west.
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INTERNATIONAL CONFLICT• For years the “Barbary States” along the north
coast of Africa, Morocco, Algiers, Tunis & Tripoli had been attacking American trade ships.
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• Presidents Washington and Adams had been paying tribute money to these countries so the pirates would not attack American ships.
• Jefferson refused to pay any more tribute.
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• He sent the US Navy to attack the Pirates. • The US Navy was defeated.• In 1815 ships from the US and several
European countries are able to defeat the Pirates.
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ENGLAND, FRANCE & NEUTRALITY• England and France are still at war.• Jefferson declares the US as neutral, but
continues to trade with both countries.
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• Both England and France blockade each others countries to prevent other nations from trading.
• They also attack US ships heading to each others ports.
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• In the meantime Jefferson wins his second term as President, defeating Charles Pinckney.
• In 1807 the British ship HMS Leopard demands to search the USS Chesapeake off the coast of Virginia. The US captain refuses.
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• The British ship attacks the American ship, killing or wounding 21 US sailors. One deserter was found on the Chesapeake. The British hung him.
• The US now wants to go to war with England.
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THE EMBARGO ACT• Instead of war, Jefferson issues a complete
EMBARGO on trade with the US.• This hurts America more than it hurts the
enemy.
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• The embargo failed. Lots of other measures put in place to stop the attacking of US ships also fail.
• In 1808 Jefferson refuses to run for a third term. Instead he supports James Madison, who wins very easily.
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THE WAR OF 1812• Several Reasons:• Napoleon agrees to stop attacking US ships.
The US now has a reason to go to war with England.
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• Also in the west – the Indians are causing trouble.
• When Governor Harrison defeats the Indians at the Battle of Tippecanoe he discovers that the Indians were using British made weapons from Canada.
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• In June of 1812 the US declares war on England.
• Part of our plan was to invade Canada and we did it three times. And lost three times.
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• The Indians were supporting the British.• March 1814 – General Andrew Jackson
defeats the British at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend.
• August of 1814 the British attack Washington DC. They
burned
the President’s
house to the
ground.
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• After the burning of Washington the British attacked Baltimore, Maryland.
• The harbor was guarded by Fort McHenry.• The British bombarded it for over 24 hours
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• On a British ship was Francis Scott Key, an attorney & author who wrote a poem about the assault called “The Defense of Fort McHenry”.
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THE HARTFORD CONVENTION• Federalists who became tired of the war, met
in Hartford, Connecticut to organize their opposition.
• Upon returning to Washington with their demands no
one was listening to them
because people were
celebrating the victory at New Orleans and the signing of the Treaty of Ghent.
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THE BATTLE OF NEW ORLEANS• On January 18, 1815 – 5,300 British troops
attacked the City of New Orleans.• The battle lasted ½ hour. 2,000 British soldiers
were killed and only 8 Americans died.
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• The battle was successful because of the defenses set up by Andrew Jackson. It made him a national hero.
• Unfortunately the battle did not have to be fought. The treaty had already been signed.