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Bayyinah Fundamentals of Classical Arabic

Three Kinds of Words in Arabic There are three kinds of words in Arabic: 1) Ism: The name of a person, place, thing, idea, adjective,

adverb and more.

2) Fi’l: A word that has a tense (past, present or future)

3) Harf : A word that makes no sense unless another word comes after it.

Write the alternative definitions for these words below:

1) Ism:

2) Fi’l:

3) Harf:

Identify whether the words in the table below are isms, fi’ls or harfs.

table cats in Dallas of loudly

jumps peace tall

from slept soundly

on freedom red

a Makkah mother

at students rollercoaster

cake typing house

country America smiles

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Every ism has four properties. Write the four properties of the ism here (1) (2) (3) (4)

Three Forms of Status

(SUBJECT) Doer of the act: فعرفوع / ر

Raf (R) م

(OBJECT) Detail of the act: بوب / نص

صنم Nasb (N)

(POSSESSIVE) Word after ‘of’: ررور / ج

جم Jarr (J)

Examples: A teacher entered the classroom. A student of his was sleeping soundly. The teacher threw a pencil. The teacher’s student woke up suddenly.

R N

R J N

R N

J R N

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Three forms of status. Place an R, N or J over the highlighted words.

1) My teacher drinks chocolate milk regularly.

2) He doesn’t like vegetables or fruits.

3) He buys his chocolate milk happily.

4) He knows his children like it, but he doesn’t share.

5) My teacher also likes yummy shawarmas.

6) His students also like shawarmas.

7) He buys shawarmas for his class sometimes.

8) My teacher loses his phone often.

9) My teacher patiently explains hard concepts.

10) May Allah(swt) forgive my teachers.

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How To Tell Status

فع :Raf’ Recognition ر

(u) or (un) ending for singular

ن ا or (aa) ا (aani) ending for pair

or (oo) و ending for plural (oona) ون

or (aatu) آت ending for plural feminine (aatun) آت

ب :Nasb Recognition نص

(a) or (an) ending for singular

ي (ay) or ني (ayni) ending for pair

ي (ee) or ني (eena) ending for plural

ending for plural feminine (aatin) آت or (aati) آت

ر :Jarr Recognition ج

(i) or (in) ending for singular

ي (ay) or ني (ayni) ending for pair

ي (ee) or ني (eena) ending for plural

ending for plural feminine (aatin) آت or (aati) آت

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Write the status (raf, nasb or jarr) of the words below. Indicate if the status is determined by ending sound or ending combination.

Word Status Sound/Combo? Word Status Sound/Combo?

1. الناس

2. ابت ك

ال

س .3 نف

اك ث ي .4 م

دة .5 واح

جا .6و ع

7. الل

8. وننب ال

يث .9 الخب

10. رحبن ال

ي

ب .11الط ي ب

ر .12 اب

ا ص

وبا .13 ح

ة .14ين ف الس

ثلث .15

ر .16ض ال

ل .17ح ن

18.

ات ص

ال ح

هن يئا .19 بش .20

ان .21 ال و ال

22. يبز ح ال

23. رق ال

ونب

طان .24ل ب س

25. ينثي ال

ك ئ ي .26 ت م

27. الرعب

28. ين ت ج ال

29. ين خال

ة .30 قائ م

ر .31جم ال

ونم

اء .32

م الس

ر .33 نذ م

ين

34.

ات ساو

35. ي ل غلم

ل ي .36 ض

م ال

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MASCULINE Plural مجع Dual مثنى Singular مفرد

ونسل مسل مان م

سل م م م

ي سل م

ميسل م م

سل ما

م

ي سل م

ميسل مسل م م

م

FEMININE سل مات

تان م سل م م

ةسل م م

سل مات م

يتسل مة م

سل م م

سل مات م

يتسل مة م

سل م م

BROKEN PLURAL لم قلم قلمان أق

لما أق

ي قلم

قلما

لم أق

ي قلم قلم

Forms

How to Tell

Light v. Heavy

Flexibility

Status

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Light vs. Heavy

Normally an سما should be heavy. All the words in the Muslim chart are

heavy.

An ism is made light by removing the extra ‘n’ sound. Do this by:

Removing the double accent (tanween) OR

Remove the extra ن at the end of the ism.

NOTE: ال doesn’t like tanween, but an ism with ال isn’t considered light.

The Muslim chart in light form:

Masculine

Feminine

و سل مسل ما م

مسل مسل مات م

تا مسل مة م

سل م م

ي سل م ي م

سل م م

سل مسل مات م

ي متسل مة م

سل م م

ي سل م ي م

سل مسل م م

سل مات مي م

تسل مة م

سل م م

Identify whether the following words are light(L) or heavy(H)

ي .1 ل م ع .2 م

يص .3 طال بات ا .4 قم

ينات .5 ع

كل م

ة .6ين ف ل .7 س

سوال .8 ر

س .9 ر

وننب .10 ال

قوال

.12 قلوب .11 .13 ن ساء

.14 أساط ي

ل فونتخ .15 م

نه ج

دائ ق .16 .17 ح

ب اع

وا .18 كو

طات .19 لغ يث .20 الن اش د

ح

21.

ب ة لع 22.

وناف سنتمي .23 ال ي .25 ثلثا .24 ظال م

ذ راع

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There are only FOUR reasons to for an ism to be light. Write them below as we learn them: 1) 2) 3) 4)

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Flexibility There are three categories of flexibility:

1) Fully flexible

Most isms are fully flexible.

Can be heavy or light.

Can show all statuses (فعب , ر and نص

ر .(ج

Muslim chart on page 6

2) Non Flexible

Only have one form.

Looks the same in all statuses.

Some words that are non flexible:

o Words ending in alif eg: ينوس ا د

ىـم

o All ism mowsool (listed below)

ال ني

the ones who(m)

ان ال

the two who(m)

ي ال

the one who(m)

ت ئ ي /اال اال

the ones who(f)

ال تان

the two who(f)

ال ت ي

the one who(f)

ن م

whoever(m)

ا م

whatever(m/f)

o The singular and the plural pointing words

ه ,هذا الء ,هذ ,ذل ك ,هؤ ك ـ ,ت ل ك أول ئ

3) Partly Flexible

Cannot be heavy and cannot take a kasrah at the end.

Has two forms: one for فعر and one form for ب and نص

ر ج

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Partly Flexible: A Closer Look Words that are partly flexible:

Proper names of places: o Proper names of all places, whether Arab or not. o Exception: names of places spelled with 3 letters o Examples How is it Treated? Jarr Nasb Raf

Arab place more than 3 letters, partly flexible

ة ك ة م ك

ة م ك

م

Non Arab place, more than 3 letters, partly flexible

باك ستان

باك ستان

باك ستان

Exception: place with only 3 letters, fully flexible

ن د ع

ناد ع

ند ع

Non Arab Proper names: o Based on hadith, there are four Arab Prophets. The rest are non

Arabs. They are: (1) (2) (3) (4) o Exception: names spelled with 3 letters o Examples:

How is it Treated? Jarr Nasb Raf Arab name, fully flexible

د م ح م

دا م ح م

د م ح م

Non-Arab name, partly flexible. ي راه

إ ب

ي راه

إ ب

ي راه

إ ب

Exception: Non-Arab name three letters, fully flexible

نوح نوح نوحا

Are the following words Fully(F), Partly(P), or Non Flexible(N)?

1. وسن ة .2 م

ف .3 جوسى .4 ي

سي .5 ع

ة ر

ح طان .6

ل س

د .8 لوط .7 م حة .9 م

ين ف اح ب .10 س

د .11 ص سج

ذا .12 م ـ ه

م .14 دالس .13يط ر .16 قلم .15 آد

صون ف ر .17 م

ع 18.

رى ال ك

ام .19عت ي .20 إ ط

.22 نار .21 ي

ول رس نثى .23

ت غاءا .24 ال

ب

ب .25 لق .26 ر

.27 ع

ى الر

عج 28.

ري إ ب اه ب .29

د .30 ل

أح

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Number

1) Normal masculine plural (Muslim chart) 2) Normal feminine plural (Muslim chart) 3) Human broken plural 4) Non human broken plural

Broken Plurals BPs don’t have plural endings like those in the Muslim chart. Broken plurals have ending sounds. They can only be identified through vocabulary, otherwise they look singular.

Human Broken Plurals:

BPs representing intelligent beings. eg: لمآء ع لسلئ كة ر

م

Treated as “she” or what they really are “they”. Non Human Broken Plurals:

BPs representing non intelligent beings. eg: بد كت ساج

ك لب م

ALL non human plurals (broken or not) are treated as a “she”. Word Meaning Treatment? Word Meaning Treatment?

1.

ب ي كذ

المthe perpetual liars plural

9. آيات

miraculous signs

sing, fem

ال .2ب ج ال

the mountains بش .10

a person

وه .3ج و

faces 11. ي ح ج ال

hellfire

4. ن ساء

women يل .12 ف

ال

the elephant

5. ارب ح ال

seas ر .13

ال

ض

the earth

6. وناف سنتم ال

those who race/compete

14. الم أع

deeds

ور .7قب ال

the graves لئ كة .15

م ال

the angels

ة .8ن يب ال

clear proof 16. ليج ر

two men

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FEMININE BECAUSE THE ARABS SAID SO…

During a ربآءس a soldier was daydreaming looking up at the ,ح

until the س came up. When he snapped out of it, he realized ش

he was the only س left on the battlefield. He was surrounded نف

by نار so he used a ولب يل full of water to make a د

يق and a س طر

all the way to safer أرض. In the hot blowing يح he was ر

desperately looking for a رئ ,to draw water from. In his search ب

he found an empty دار inside which he finds a س .خر full of كأ

He is tempted despite his fear of ج ه ن and

يع الس to take a sip

but wards off his temptation and uses his صا to strike the ع

drink. Body Parts In Pairs in the Quran: Hands

د ي

Eyes ير عص ب

Feet جل قدم ر

Ankle ق ب ب ع كع

Ears أ نذ

Elbows قف ر م

Lips شفى

Heel ساق

Cheek خد

Shoulder مبك ن

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Gender

Masculine

Default Feminine

Real Feminine eg: (mother) أم

ةقر (cow) ب

Fake Feminine

o ة ى (in some cases) آء

o Non Human Broken Plurals o Places o Body parts in pairs o Page 12

Word Meaning How’s it treated?

Word Meaning How’s it treated?

ب ي كذ

المthe perpetual liars plural, masc

آيات

miraculous signs

sing, fem

ال ب ج ال

the mountains بش

a person

وه ج و

faces ي ح ج ال

hellfire

ن ساء

women يل ف ال

the elephant

ارب ح ال

seas ر ال

ض

the earth

وناف سنتم ال

those who race/compete

الم أع

deeds

ور قب ال

the graves لئ كة

م ال

the angels

ة ن يب ال

clear proof ا

سيى ل

the easiest

ر

لس

messengers نار

a fire

ائ ل الس

the one who asks ن ي م ؤم ال

the believers

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Tell the Status, Number and Gender of the following words:

Word Status/Number/Gender Word Status/Number/Gender

ور .1ج ح

J/S/F 17. ك ر تذ

ة

2. مان أي

R/S/M ب يل .18

الس

3.

ن ي ص

ح .19 م

اءم ال

ئات .4 يبا .20 س

ن ع

5.

ي ض

عدائ ق .21 م

ح

جال .6 ري .22 ل ل ف طف

م ل ل

7.

ي ساف ح

.23 م يد ج م

ضة .8ي ة .24 الفر

ي غاش ال

ة .9 ذاب .25 عاق ب

ع

10.

ت ي لك .26 قان

م ال

11. لكي

.27 الم

س الن ف

ة .12 .28 ت جار ن ة ئ

مطم ال

13. يتئ ال .29 م

و

14. نار .30 طوال

15. سانن ر .31 اإل

قم ال

16. ننائ ل .32 س

الس

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Common vs. Proper Common

Default 7 Kinds of Proper

1) Words with ال

2) Proper names 3) The one being called 4) Pronouns (page 18)

5) Ism ishaarah(pointer words) eg: هذه تلك (page 30)

6) Ism Mowsool eg: ن اليما م

7) The word before “of” if the word after “of” is proper For example, in the following ayaat, the hightled words are proper.

ول ف ال

ح ي الص ذا لف ـ ه Indeed, this is in the former scriptures, (87:18) إ ن

وس م وي اه رف إ بح The scriptures of Abraham and Moses. (87:19) ص

ل بذا ال ـ ب ل ح أنت And you, [Muhammad], are free of restriction in this city (90:2) و

اهايقسول الل ـه ناقة الل ـه و

س ر And the messenger of Allah [Salih] said to them, "[Do فقال له

not harm] the she-camel of Allah or [prevent her from] her drink." (91:13)

ى ك زت يالت مؤي ي who gives [from] his wealth to purify himself (92:18) [He] ال

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Indicate whether the words are common(C) or proper(P). Word C/P Reason Word C/P Reason

قر .1 ال

ني

2. ما آد ي

اك ث ي .3 م

4. رج ة الش

5. نوحا

6. رضا م

7. ! ل يا و

8. هو

ي .9 ال

ضا أر .10

ن ي .11 م ؤم ال

الن اس .12

ول الل .13 س ر

the messenger of Allah

ذاب .14

وط ع س

a scourge of punishment

15. ري م

ف ر .16ونع

قا .17 د ص م

18. ين ال

دا .19 م ح م

20. ت يي ال

ة .21ين ف الس

22. رى ال ك

الل ـه .23 نار

the fire of Allah

ة .24

نيمم الابح أص

the people of the right

25. ن ساء

ات .26

ال ح الص

27. ين م ؤ م

ة .28 ئ خاط

كنز .2930.

وس م

س .31م الش ل عط م

rising of the sun

ة .32

قب ر فك

freeing of a slave

وه .33ج و

ل ك .34 ذ

غلم .35ي .36 الن ع

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Write the four properties of each of the words (Status/Number/Gender/Type) Word S/N/G/T Word S/N/G/T Word S/N/G/T

1. .J/S/M/P 3 الل ـه .N/S/M/P 2 نوحا

ين د اج

س

اك ث ي .4 م

5. ر إ ب

ي اه

6. ة آت ي

قر .7 ال

ني

8. ة أم

9. أم

10. ي ذ راع

11. يس ى ع

ار .12 فج ال

13. ار

ن ال

لن اس ا .14

15. ر اح ان س

ن ي .16 م ؤم ال

17. رات الث م

ر .18 اح س

ن ي .19 م ؤ م

ب يل .20 س

فر .21 ال

قان

22. ري م

لئ كة .23 م ال

ات .24اوم الس

25. دالس

ر .26ث ي

ب

ر .27ض ال

28. وال رن س

يل .29 الف

لا .30 و

ة .31 آي

32. ر

ونع اج

قائ م .33

34. ر

ليج

ة .35امي ق ال

غاف ل ي .36 ال

37. ين ت ج ال

ر .38خج م

و .39ف ي

س

40. ل يس إ ب

ى .41

سنح ال

42. اء الن س

43. حي الر

آنا قر .44 45. رص م

46. ونوبجح م

ص .47 قص ال

اب .48 ك ت

اق .49 وس ال

markets

ات ن .50

ب

plants

اط ي .51

أس

stories

ي .52 الم ع ال

د .53 شاه فوظ .54

ح م

55. م الن ج

56. رقم ال

ول .57 ال

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Pronouns Raf “They(m)” Raf “Both of them” Raf “He”

3rd

Per

son

Pro

no

un

s

هما ه هو

Nasb/Jarr (attached) Nasb/Jarr (attached) Nasb/Jarr (attached)

ه or ه ما هما or ه or ه ه

Raf “They(f)” Raf “Both of them(f)” Raf “She”

هما هن

ي ه

Nasb/Jarr(attached) Nasb/Jarr (attached) Nasb/Jarr (attached)

ن or ه

هن ما ها هما or ه

Raf “You (m. pl)” Raf “Both of you” Raf “You(m.s)”

2n

d P

erso

n P

ron

ou

ns ت

ما أن

ت أن

ت أن


ك كما كم

Raf “You (f. pl)” Raf “Both of you(f)” Raf “You(f.s)”

نتما أن

تت أن

أن


ك كما كن

Raf “We”

ن نح

Raf “I”

1st

Per

son

Pro

no

un

أناNasb/Jarr (attached)

نا jarr ي / nasb ن

(both are attached)

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Write your pronoun notes here:

1) An independent pronoun is always in the __________ status

2) An attached pronoun is nasb in two cases: i.

ii.

3) An attached pronoun is jarr in two cases:

i.

ii.

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Pronoun practice: In the following story, write the Arabic pronoun for the highlighted word. Yesterday I decided not to go to school. It was raining, and my

friend (she is also my roommate) suggested we make pancakes

for breakfast. Both of us got excited.

I emailed all of my friends and told them(f) to come over

immediately. Two of them replied and they said, “Don’t you

think Ustadh will be sad if we don’t come to school?”

I replied to both of them and said, “What are you two talking

about? He won’t mind if some of us are late.”

Ustadh was not happy when we came late. He said, “Where

were all of you(f)?” I said, “We were eating pancakes. We

brought you some also.” He took a pancake and ate it happily.

Then he told us not to be late again.

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Primary Rules for the Idhafah

1. The ضاف :should be (”word before “of) م

a. Light

b. No alif-laam (ال)

2. The ضاف إ ليه should be (word after “of) م

a. In ر status ج

3. No long distance relationship

4. The last property of the ضافضاف إ ليه type, is dictated by the ,م

م

5. Both the ضافضاف إليه and the م

.should be isms م

Basic Kinds of Idafah

1. “of” translation eg: Imam of the masjid د سج الم إ مام

2. Pronoun attached to an ism eg: His house هيت ب

3. Special Mudhafs eg: Under the earth الرض ت تح

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Special Mudhafs (don’t give an “of” meaning)

after دع below ب

ت فوق above تح

behind ف in front of خل

قبل before أمام

right in front of

ام قد

behind, beyond

رآء between و

ي ب

especially from

ن ل

other than

غي

around, surrounding ول

ح

some, some of ض

ع with ب

ع م

with, at, has,

by/beside د ن ع

besides, other than

نو د

which, any أي

each, all, every, the

whole ل ك

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Idafah Practice: Tell whether each instance is an idafah or not

خل .1دن ة ي

الج سا .2 أيدا ب شد م .3 ت

ر .4 تح

جم ال

ون م

الن ار

رهانكم .5خذ .6 ب ات

الل ـه 7.

ثل م

رليج ثل كل .8

م

9. ت صاد ق ي

يث .10 كن د

حفا ال

أس ا .11

م ين .12 ب

ثرء أك ش

ة .13ع أرب

هر أش 14.

نس أح

لمع ا .15

ت ك ل

ين ت جال 16.

الن اس

عن م

17. ومج ي

الح 18. ابحف أص

كه

ال 19.

هو

الل ـه 20.

عمج م

رحبين ال

21. و

أذان

ن الل م 22.

ر ات ب

اوم الس ك .23

ن ت .24 ج

س غي

نف

م غيظ .25 قلوب طان .26 لي س

ب اؤها .27 .28 م

اهو أب

ذاب .29 ع أل ي ب ات .30

الل ـه آي ون .31

الل ـه د 32. ر أق

با رح

م .33 ت د .34 م

د الل ـه

ة .35 ي

اليول ل ـه ال 36. أي

يبز ح ال

د .37رص م .38 كل

ب كم ر ثل .39 اة م

يحال 40.

غ م

س ب

م الش

ي غفور .41 ح ر د .42

عالل ـه و ات .43

ر نب

ض ال 44.

ريد زب د

حال

د .45ن د ع سج

الم ار ال .46 ء كل .47 تم ش 48.

ي ب

دفي الص

د .49ن ول ع

سر ة ثلث .50

ائ م ات .51 ي اق بات ال

ال ح الص ذا .52 ـ ه

ر

ة

ح

53. وا و

لة أقام الص 54.

ع م

ين ال 55.

ع ض و

ابت ك

ال د .56

ع و

ب ر

م .57 ه .58 أيمان ون

ر .59 د أم

ه ر ب 60.

ضهع ب

61. دورقوم ص ن ات .62

ن جدع ق .63

ات خل

اوم الس اد ي .64

ب ع

ر .65 ف س ال

و د

النز د .66 ف

لنرحبر .67 ال

و ي

ج

ل قاء 68.

لمال حا ع

ص

69. ع مج

ماال ام .70

سك ي طع م ال 71.

رالل ـه نص ل ك .72

الن اس م

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Idafah with pronouns. Fill in the blanks with the pronouns

كم .1فس selves___________ أن

كم .2يغ rebellion ___________ ب

فها .3ر glitter ___________ زخ

نا .4ر command ___________ أم

5. ه nation ___________ قوم

لها .6 family/people/dwellers ___________ أه

7. هددو boundaries ___________ ح

كانكم .8 place ___________ م

ل .9ث With ___________ example/likeness ب م

ه .10 م Then for ___________ mother فل

11. ن ل ه family ___________ أه

12. داهن

___________ One of إ ح

كآؤكم .13 associates ___________ شر

14. ن دقات

marriage gifts ___________ ص

15. ل م action/work ___________ ع

ك .16 ب lord ___________ ر

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Special Mudhaf Practice. Fill in the blanks with the correct meanings

ق .1 الح the right justification ______________ ب غي

كم .2رآئ all of you ______________ و

3. ه ف them ______________ خل

4. يتن two women ______________ فوق اث

5. ل ه them ______________ قب

ضكم .6ع you all ______________ ب

نا .7ين us ______________ ب

م .8 them ______________ أي

9. ي ب

يتالخ ______________ two sisters.

10. رآءذل كم و ______________ that for all of you

ن ا .11 behalf ______________ ل

د .12عضة ب

ي الفر ______________ the obligation

13. نول ك د

ذ ______________ that

دك .14ن have ______________ ع

her/it ______________ فوقها .15

16. تة تح

رج الش ______________ the tree.

ما .17 ين .both of them ______________ ب

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Primary Rules for Mowsoof + Sifah

1. Mowsoof ( وف وصم ) must be

a. First b. Only one

2. Sifah( فة ص )

a. Has the same 4 properties as the Mowsoof b. Is after the Mowsoof c. May be more than one d. Can tolerate a long distance relationship

Note:

The mowsoof is never a pronoun, pointer word, or ism mowsool

The sifah is never a proper name, pronoun, or pointer word.

Look out for non human plurals and their feminine sifahs. Examples of Mowsoof Sifah. Write the 4 properties of the highlighted word. a heavy word

يل ثق

قوال

the greatest calamity ى

كب

ة ال الط ام

purified scriptures ة ر طه فا م

ح ص

a great test from your Lord ي ظ ب كم ع

ن ر م لء ب

elevated beds ةرفوع م

ر ر س

like eaten straw كول أ ف م

ص ك ع

the great attainment كب ي

فوز ال

ال

an intensely hot fire ةي ام نار ح

for two orphan boys يت يم يي ل غلم

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Primary Rules for Harf of Jarr 1. The harf of jarr makes its ism jarr. 2. No long distance relationship. 3. There are 17 harf of jarr. We will learn 11 that are in the Quran.

4. The harf of jarr is called the جار and the ism it makes jarr is the وررج م

for/have

(pronoun ل all else ل) ل

like (comparison) ك

swear by Allah only ت

with ب

about/away from ن ع

in/about ف

from/because of

(not ن (م

ن م oath

(Not the و for“and”) و

to/towards إ ل

until (2) ت ى ح

on/upon/against ىل ع

Additional notes:

When attached to a pronoun, the ل is pronounced ل otherwise it is ل.

For example: لكم vs. ول س ل ر

Don’t confuse the harf of jarr lam with the lam for emphasis. The lam for emphasis does not make isms jarr. For example:

نح .For us (harf of jarr) – لنا .Most certainly, I swear to it, we – لن

Don’t confuse the harf of jarr (for oaths only) with the connector و

و

which means “and”

When ن ن and م ام they are written as ما are attached to ع م and ا م

.ع

When attached to a pronoun, إل and عىل are pronounced with a ي. For

example: ليه إليك or ع

Identify if the following are harf of jarr fragments

ق .1 حال كول .2 ب

أ ف م

ص .3 كع

د رمك ب ح ب 4.

ارج يل ب ح ج ن س ة م

ة ل كل .5زهم ن خوف .6 ها .7 م يد ف د ين الل ـه .8 ف ج

ة .9د د م د م مسك ي .10 ف ع م

ام ال ىل طع .11 ع

ن شر م

.12 و

سع الع م

يل .13 ف اب ال حأص .14 ب

ك ل ر ب ر .15

فجلع الطى م ت طى .16 ح

ن أع م

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Primary Rules for Harf of Nasb

1. The harf of nasb makes its ism nasb. 2. Can tolerate a long distance relationship.

however ـ ك ن certainly, for sure ل إ ن

so that, hopefully, maybe ل that لع أن

alas (express regret) as though, as if ليت كأن

because أن ب

Note:

The nasb form of the pronoun أنا is ن and the nasb form of نحن is نا. When

attached to a harf of nasb, these pronouns can be written fully, or the ن can be

dropped. إ ن ن ي or إ ن and إ ن نا and ا :For example .إ ن

ن ا ا آما إ ن نن ب رقولون

يين Those who say, "Our Lord, indeed we have believed…." (3:16) ال

ر قد ف ليل ال

اهنل Indeed, We sent it down during the Night of Decree. (97:1) إ ن ا أنز

ك ب Indeed, I am your Lord (20:12) إ ن أنا ر

أنا إ ال ه ـ ال إ ل

Indeed, I am Allah. There is no deity except Me (20:14) إ ن ن ي أنا الل ـه

Determine if the following contains a harf of nasb fragment.

ر .1 أج له ا أن 2.

ةيم ف ت ا .3 إ ن

م إ ن لي

ع 4. ا إ ن م إ لين

ابإ ي

ك .5س ن فع اخ ل ك ب .6 فلع

وع .7 لن ن د ك إ ن

ئ شان 8.

ث ا إ ن

لينم ع

ابس ح

با .9 كذ إ ال قولون

ا .10 إ ن ي ل ي و .11 ل

ق و د ص 12.

ر د ق أن ل ن ي

ا .13نلع .14 إ ن ا ج إ ن

اننس

اإل ل .15 خ

ن ب نار .16 م

دةصؤ م

ف .17كه

الابح أص .18 أن أن

الم ذا .19 ـ ه .20 إ ن إ ن

سع الع م

ا يس

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Harf of Jarr: Examples from the Quran

Harf of Nasb: Examples from the Quran Certainly Allah is

الل إ ن إ ن

That they are/ that certainly they are م أن أن

As though there is a deafness in his ear (literally barrier) راق أذنيه و

ف كأن كأن

That is because they said…. ل ك م ذ

أن قالوا ب أن ب

Woe is me! I only I didn’t take so-and-so for a friend. فلنا خل يل

ذ خ ن ي لم أت

ى ليتلتيا و ي ليت

On the contrary, righteousness is الب ـ ك ن ل

ـ ك ن ل

So that you may be grateful. ونكرل كم تش

لع ل لع

With the believers (with, because of, by, at, in, etc) ني ؤم

الم ب ب

They said, “By Allah!” ت قالوا تالل

Like eaten straw ف ص كع

كول مأ ك

And for you(pl). لكم

ل و

(I swear) By the fleeting passage of time! ر ص الع و

و

From amongst yourselves. كم فس

ن أن ن م م

In just retribution there is life ياةصاص ح ف الق ف

They ask you regarding the spoils of war نفال يسألونك

ن ال ع ن

ع

And upon Allah the believers should place their trust. ىل ول الل ـه ع ك

وتي فل

ونن م ؤمال ىل

ع

Until the rise of dawn(1). ر لع الفج

طت ى م ت ى ح

ح

Until a time(2). ي ت ى ح

ت ى ح ح

It (the Quran) guides towards what is right. د ش ي إل الر د

إل ي

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Pointing Words شارة اإل اءأس

Near

لء ـ ؤ ذان ه ـ ذا ه ـ Masculine ه

لء ـ ؤ ن ه

ذي ـ ذا ه ـ and نصب ه

جر

لء ـ ؤ ان ه

ت ـ ه ه ذ ـ Feminine ه

لء ـ ؤ ه

يت ـ ه ه ذ ـ and نصب ه

جر

Far

ك ئ ـ لك أو ل ك ذان

Masculine ذ

ك ئ ـ لن ك أو

ل ك ذي

and نصب ذ جر

ك ئ ـ لك أو ك تان

Feminine ت ل

ك ئ ـ لك تين ك أو

and نصب ت ل

جر

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Using pointers: 1. To make a fragment:

a. The pointer must be followed immediately by ال

b. 4 properties of the pointer ( شارة اإل إ ليه ) ”and “pointed at (إ سم

شار (م

must match

2. To make a sentence:

a. Pointer should not have ال after it

دوابعي فل

ر ذا ب ـ يت ه

بال

fragment this house

ه ف ـ ذ اة هيحا ال

ين ال

fragment in this worldly/lowest life

ذا ـ قر ه ال

آن

fragment this Quran

ك ت ل

دودالل ـه ح

sentence Those are the boundaries of Allah.

ك ئ ـ أولابح الن ار أص

sentence Those are the companions of the fire

ه ذ ـ الل ـه ناقة ه sentence This is the she-camel of Allah

Determine if the following are sentences or fragments

ذا .1 ـ يث ب د

حال ك .2

ك ي ت ل

حاب الت ك

ات الآي الء .3

ؤ ـ قوم هال

ه .4 ذ ـ ب يل ه س ل ك .5

اع ذ

تاة م

يحا ال

ين ال ك .6

ت ل

ار ال

ر خ ة ال

الء .7 ؤ ـ اؤنا ه

شفع ان .8

مذان خص ـ ن ة .9 ه

ج الابحك أص ئ ـ أول

10. ذا الن ب ي ـ ه

.11 وذا ر ـ ب ه 12. ذا إ ن ـ قر ه

ال

آن

ذا ف .13 ـ قر هآن ال 14. ذا إ ن ـ ه

دو ل ك ع ك .15

ن ت ل اء م

غيب أنب

ال

ه .16 ذ ـ هرج ة الش ه .17 ذ ـ ن ه ك م ند ع ه .18 ذ ـ الل ـه ناقة ه

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Jumlah Ismiyyah ة ي إ س مجل

Finding the Invisible IS:

1) Independent pronouns are usually followed by “IS”

سل م .I am a Muslim أنا م

2) Pointer word followed by other than ال.

يت This is a house هذا ب

3) Harf of nasb and its ism is usually followed by “IS”

ىل كل ع الل ر إ ن

ي ء قد

ش Indeed, Allah is…

4) Proper followed by common

ب الكت

ة

غ يص The books are small.

5) A break in the chain

ار ال ل ف ج .The man is in the house الر

Additional examples from the Quran:

ل ك ن ذ ات م

الل ـه آي إ ن

وججأم ووججأ ي

دون س

فر ف م

ض ال

ق ح ال

ن ر ب كم م ـ هكم إ ل ه ـ إ ل

د اح و

أنا ثرنك أك م

االم ل ك

ر ذ

منى ابيس ع

ي

ل ك ع فلع اخ

ك ب

سن ف أنا

ك ر ب

ونسل م م

د أنتمحل ل ـه ال

غفور

الهو و

وددوال ه إ ن ذ ـ ه

ك ر تذ

ة

الل هو

رن و م الل ـه و

يط ح م م ائ

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Past Tense الفعل الماضي

Plural Pair Singular

They helped. ه They (2) helped. هما He helped. هو

Masculine 3rd

person

واررا نص

نص

ر نص

They(f) helped. .She helped هما They (2f) helped هن

ي ه

Feminine 3rd

person

رنتا نص

ر نص

تر نص

You all helped. تما .You (2) helped أن

ت .You helped أن

ت أن

Masculine 2nd

person

رترتما نص

رت نص

نص

You all(f) helped. نتما You (2f) helped أن

تت .You helped(f) أن

أن

Feminine 2nd

person

رتنرتما نص

رت نص

نص

We helped. أنا .I helped نحن

1st

Person

رنارت نص

نص

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What is the pronoun behind each past tense?

1. ت قل

2. تا أرضع م

ع

وا .3ص ع

ليه .4

ع كت ب

5. ل يت تو

نا .6 خلق

وا .7ب ر أش

8. تت أنب وت ب ر وت ز ت اه

9. رتر أق

ة .10

ر يا و الخ

ن ال

خس

11. كان

ال حات .12 لوا الص م وا و ع

ن آمين ال

13. خلت

قد ة ك أم

ت ل

14.

ذابليه الع

ع ق ح

15. تب و لكم ما كس

م .16 ب

وا ف رمصت ا خ

وا .17عب ات ني أ ال تب

إ ذ

وا .18

كل ما أراد

ت ا .19خذ ت

هدوا إ ل الط ي ب .20

و

21. رن فإ ذا تطه

نا .22

لع ج

23. لهن أجنلغ ف ب

ماء .24 الس

ن م كأن ما خر

تراضوا .25

26. الل إ ذا ذك ر

ني ال

27. نت لم

م .28

قلوب

لت ج

و

ت .29د راو

30.

ت كن

31. نقيت إ ن ات

ف خانتا .32

كن ن ساء .33

وت قوم ي .34 ع إ ن د

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Attaching Pronouns to Fi’ls Recall that pronouns attached to fi’ls are nasb because they are details.

To translate fi’ls with attached pronouns. Eg: ن ر نص

1) Identify and ignore the attached pronoun: ن is the attached pronoun.

2) Translate the fi’l by itself: ر .”means “he helped نص

3) Translate the attached pronoun by itself: ن means “me”

4) Put it all together: ن نص ر “He helped me”

Examples:

He helped ر He helped her نص

رهانص

I helped رترت I helped him نص

نصه

She helped تر She helped me نص

تري ن نص

We taught نال م نا We taught all of you(f) ع

ل م ع

كن

Both of you taught ماتل م ما Both of you taught both of them ع

تل م هماع

All of you taught تل م و All of you taught us ع

متل م ناع

They said قالوا They said it قالو ه

Circle the attached pronoun:

ا .1تتك خ م .2

تاءوها .3 ج

حنا .4 فذب

تهر أك

اها .5نلعوه .6 فج

متلاكم .7 قت

نوه .8 خلق

تمدج و

9. هت .10 قل

وهنم .11 آتيت

ب أك

نه كم .12

ر نص

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Translate based on the English clues

ناها .1لك

(to destroy) أه

ه .2 (to come) جاء

3. هين واز

م (to become heavy) ثقلت

ناكم .4 ك (to settle someone/something) م

ك .5عن (to forbid) ما م

ن ي .6يتو (to put in error) أغ

ك .7 (to follow)تب ع

8. يطان ا الش

لمسوس ف و

(to whisper evil suggestions)

ا .9 هم قاس (to swear to someone) و

ة .10رج (to taste) ذاقا الش

ا .11نا أنفس

ن (to wrong) ظلم

ن ة .12 ج الن يكم م

و أب جر (to expel) أخ

شة .13 لوا فاح إ ذا فع (to do) و

سط .14 ق ال ب ب رر (to command) أم

15. ينة الل ز م رن ح (to make illegal/forbid) م

16. له أجاء (to come) ج

ا .17نب وا ع

كت اسا وات نآي وا ب

ب كذ ين ال

و

(to deny/to be arrogant)

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Fill in the blanks with the appropriate pronouns.

.___________ created ___________ خلقكم .1

كم .2تئ .__________ came to __________ ج

3. م م

تع ت _________ provided comforts for ____________.

ناكم .4لع .____________ made _________ ج

م .5

ت جاء .___________ and ___________ came to و

ناها .6لع .___________ Then __________ made فج

7. قلوه .____________ understood __________ ع

وها .8ح ._____________ Then ___________ slaughtered فذب

م .9

ت س ._____________ touched ___________ م

._____________ gave ___________ آتيناكم .10

ونا .11 .____________ wronged __________ ظلم

كم .12 ._____________ seized ___________ فأخذت

يناكم .13 .____________ rescued __________ نج

كم .14تل .______________ favored _________ فض

هما .15جر .__________________ expelled __________ فأخ

نا .16تل م .____________ taught ___________ ع

17. ضه ._____________ brought before ______________ ع

اه .18نثع .______________ raised _____________ ب

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19. را أك

نته ____________ forced _____________.

20. قروها فع ____________ hamstrung _____________.

تكم فأنذر .21 ____________ warned _________________.

22. اهنل .sent ___________ down ___________ أنز

كم .23ن ._____________ obey _____________ أطع

24. هل .made ____________ immortal ____________ أخ

25. له ع .________________ made _____________ فج

اك .26طين .______________ gave ____________ أع

27. وهنم ._______________ gave ___________ آتيت

كر .28 وهنمته ____________ hated ________________.

وه .29متل .________________ killed ______________ قت

30. ر نص

كم __________ helped ____________.

ا .31له قب .____________ accepted __________ فت

ا .32 تأنب .and ___________ caused __________ to grow و

33. ر ك طه ___________ purified ___________.

كم .34تئ .____________ came to __________ ج

وك .35ب ._____________ lied against ___________ كذ

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Present Tense ضارع عل الم الف

Plural Pair Singular

They help. ه They (2) help . هما He helps. هو

Masculine 3rd

person

نورصنران ي

صن ي

رصن ي

They(f) help. هن

They (2f) help هما She helps. ي ه

Feminine 3rd

person

رنصنران ي

ص تن

رص تن

You all help. تما .You (2) help أن

ت .You help أن

ت أن

Masculine 2nd

person

نورصران تن

ص تن

رص تن

You all(f) help. نتما .You (2f) help أن

تت .You help(f) أن

أن

Feminine 2nd

person

رنصران تن

ص تنني ر ص تن

We help. أنا .I help نحن

1st

Person

رص نن

رص أن

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Present Tense Tips

Remember a present tense can start with a ي ت ت ي أ أ

ن .sound ن

1. Y = he

2. Y + aani = both of them

3. Y + oona = they

4. Y + na = they (fem pl) 5. T = you 6. T + aani = both of them(f) 7. T + aani = both of you (masc and fem) 8. T + oona = all of you 9. T + na = all of you (fem pl) 10. T = she 11. T + eena = you(f) “youshe”

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Translate based on the English clues

1. ونر ا تذك م

to remember قل يل

2. ونل مظا يات ن to wrong/do injustice ب آي

3. وتون

ا تمف ي وونيا تح ف ي

to live and to die

ا .4لي ع أ ك to lean أتو

قول .5 to say فت

6. ر ذك ت ي ل to take a reminder لع

to fear إ ن نا نخاف .7

ر .8 to want يدان ي

فان .9 ص خ to put together ي

اك ن م .10 س ف مشون

م to walk ي

11. قولون

to say ي

12. ونلمعت to know فس

شيئا .13لقون

خ ي to create ال

ل اليات .14 ل ك نفص to explain كذ

15. ت ي

ن to wait ب ص

ان .16 ل م ع to teach ي

ا .17من م ونل م عت to learn في

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Present tense and pronouns. Translate based on the English cues

ا .1 ت يان أ to bring ي

قات لونكم .2

fight ي

ظكم .3 ع to advise ي

4.

ي

ب ج ك ع to impress

5. خذنه

to take تأ

6. بغونكم

to want ي

ask يسألونك .7

ك .8ز م ل to criticize ي

9. هر حاو

converse with ي

لكم .10 to carry أح

11. ونهرصن to help ي

12. هلم to know تع

13. ذونه خ ت

to take فت

م .14 يب ص

to afflict ي

ذه .15 اخ ؤ to hold ي

accountable

نك .16 ذ

أ to seek يست

permission from

17. ش نح

ه to gather

18. له خ

د to place in ي

نن ي .19 زح to sadden ي

كم .20

يع ط ن obey س

ك .21ل م ع to teach ي

22. م كك ر

د reach ي

23. كلهن

أ to eat ي

to ask يسألك .24

ئكم .25 to inform أنب

ذونن ي .26

to harm تؤ

ك .27ش ب to give good news ي

28.

ر ه تنذ to warn

كم .29ر ذ ح to warn ي

كم .30

يت م to cause ي

to die

م .31 ثون د

to inform تح

ونكم .32وم hurt يس

ه .33 ضر to harm ي

34.

رمأكم ي to command

م .35 ون ب ح to love ي

36.

رح ي

فونه to distort

ا .37 قون ف

ن to spend ي

و .38 اج

حكمن ي argue

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Inside Doer vs. Outside Doer

If the doer of the fi’l is a pronoun, then it is an inside doer. Eg: I wrote بت .كت

If the doer is NOT a pronoun, it is an outside doer. Muhammed wrote. د م ح مب كت

Rules for the Outside Doer: The outside doer must be:

After the ل (doesn’t have to be directly after) ف ع

In عف status ر

The ف عل should be in the or هو

ي .form ONLY ه

Examples:

A Muslim said. سل م قال م

A Muslim woman said. ةسل م م قالت

Two Muslims said. سل مان

قال مTwo Muslim women said.

تان سل م م قالت

Muslims said. ونسل م قال م

Muslims(f) said. سل مات

م قالت

What is the doer (فاعل), if any, in the following sentences? The fi’l is highlighted.

1. ه اه ون أف م

جر .2 تخ

هن ت خل ج

د .3 و

اءفه قول الس

ي س

ليك .4 ع نقص

ن .5 ن ح

وسر يد .6 قال م

يالل ـه و

ب كم .7 .8 قالوا ر

كاثر الت

اكم

.9 أل

ر يد الل ـه

ي

10. الل ـها شاءك .11 م ب

ل ر .12 كيف فع

ن نح

ونل حصم

ي .13 ال م نا ل لظ

دت .14 أع

حفتال الل ـه و

ر نصاءم .15 إ ذا ج

تارت ت ج

ب حا ر فم

ا .16 اد قهرم س اط ب

دن .17 أح ج تا .18 س

لها أهمعطت ا س

ر .19حب ف اللونمع ب .20 ي

د رع واءم .21 ج

يع س ضل

22. ونبسحى .23 ه ي

مع الهاءس .24 ج

نفتل م ع

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Making Present Tense Light To make the present tense light:

1) The and هن

نت .versions do not change أن

2) If the present tense ends in a then change the to a .

3) If the present tense ends in a ن then remove the ن.

Light Present Tense Chart

اورصنرا ي

صن ي

رصن ي

رنصنرا ي

ص تن

رص تن

اورصرا تن

ص تن

رص تن

رنصرا تن

ص تن

ي ر ص تن

رص نن

رص أن

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Light Present Tense Harf ع ة المضار ب رف ناص

ح

The following harfs make the present tense light

Word Meaning/Notes

أن

to Used as a connector. Eg: I want to read.

will not لن

ل كي so that

This word has three forms: ل كي ل كي

إ ذن in that case إ ذا

ت ى until ح

Examples of light harf in the Quran

Indeed, Allah is not timid to present any example إ ن

ي ي الل ـه

حر أن ال يست

ض ي

ب

ثلا م م

Indeed, Allah commands you to slaughter a cow. إ ن

الل ـه

رمأوا أن كم ي

حب تذ

قرة ب

We will not associate anyone with our Master.

لن و

ك ن ش

ا ب رن دا ب

أح

So that we may exalt You much ك كي

ح با كث ي نس

So that he may be to the nations a warner

كوني ل ي الم

عير ل ل ا نذ

Until the Messenger says ى ت قول ح

ي ول الرس

And do not marry polytheistic women until they believe ال

وا و

تنك ح

شمى كات ال ت

ح ن م ؤي

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Making Present Tense Lightest (ومزج (م

To make the present tense lightest:

1) The and هن

نت .versions do not change أن

2) If the present tense ends in a then change the to a .

3) If the present tense ends in a ن then remove the ن.

Lightest Present Tense Chart

اورصنرا ي

صنر ي

صن ي

رنصنرا ي

صر تن

ص تن

اورصرا تن

صر تن

ص تن

رنصرا تن

ص تن

ي ر ص تن

ر صر نن

ص أن

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Lightest Present Tense Harf رفة ح

م ع جاز ضار الم

The following harfs make the present tense lightest

Word Meaning/Notes

إ ن

if Can be used with past and present tense.

لم did not. Only used with present tense, pushes meaning to past tense

ا لم not yet. If used with present tense it means “not yet” If used with past tense it means “when”

should ل

Examples of lightest harf in the Quran

Indeed, if You leave them, (then) they will mislead Your servants ل وا تذره إ ن إ ن ك ض

ك يادب ع

All of you didn’t find a scribe دوا لم كات با تج

Rather, they have not yet tasted My punishment ل

ا ب ذوقوا ل م

ذاب ي

ع

Then (as a result) they should respond to Me and they should believe in Me that they may be [rightly] guided.

وايب ج ستيوا ل فل

ن م ؤيل ب و

ل ه ر لع

ي

شدون

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Determine if the present tense is Normal(N), Light(L) or Lightest(T)

1. لعج .2 لم ي

ر نذ يدا ل ي سا شد

أب ت .3

ر خ

ن ج م

ه اه وأف

4. لمعليك .5 ل ن

ع .6 نقص

وع لن ن د

ا .7قاظم أي بسم .8 تح

لوا .9 نقل ب

اءتس ل ي

10. لط ف

تيل .11 و

رهظليكم إ ن ي

وا ع وا .12

ل ح لن تف

13. الل ـه .14 أن يشاء

ال يش

ك و يثوا .15 غ

إ ن يست و

يه .16 كف قل ب .17 ي ي

ال نسب ج ال فلم نغاد ر .18

19. ا ي لم

لم الل

ع 20.

قول الر

ى ي ت ول ح

س ك كث ي .21

ح با كي نس

وا م ل .22ن م ؤي دوا .23 ج

.24 ل ن يغق ل ت

د .25 لغ .26 فلن تج ى أب ت ال تر .27 ح

ن ي و

ق ه

نظر .28يك .29 فل

ب ع أت تقولواأن .30 هل

31. ونعازنتم ي

ين ب

ره أم دن .32 ج

تىل قوم .33 س

علع تط

34. يع ط ن ي .35 فلن تست

ل .36 فل تسأل

ع أن تج

وا .37يب ج ث لك .38 فلم يست د

ى أح ت

.39 حرهظ أن ي

وه

40. ات ر

ب أن تنفد كل م 41.

لم علمعيال حافل

ص ا أن .42

فوهم

ضيي

43. ا أن

يب أع ر أن .44

ا ي

قهم ه ا أن .45

لم بد

ي

ا ر

م ب

ا .46هم بلغا أشد

.48 ألم أقل .47 أن يهب ذ وف نع

فس

ل .49ع نجلض .50 فه

ع ف بوجم .51 ي

كر ال يش

ون

52. هناجو أزننك حس ال .53 أن ي

تكل ف نف 54. ن

قات ل

ل .55 نقات لئ كة .56 أال م الل م .57 تح

ةن س خذه ال تأ

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Common Sense Observations about Commanding and Forbidding: 1) You can’t command/forbid in the past tense.

2) You can’t command yourself.

3) You can’t command/forbid someone who’s not there.

4) It’s easier to forbid than to command.

5) A grammatical command isn’t always really a command. It could be a

suggestion, motivation, permission, advice, request, imperative or sarcasm.

Forbidding

.lightest present tense 2nd person + ال

Examples: Don’t go! (you sing. Masc)

1) 2nd person present tense. هب تذ

2) Make it lightest. هب تذ

3) Put ال in front: هب!ال تذ

Additional examples:

English Command Normal Verb Lightest Verb Forbidding

Don’t eat!(you f.) تأ

كل ي

تأ كل ال

تأ كل

Don’t learn (all of you) ونل م عوا تت

ل م عوا تت

ل م ع ال تت

Don’t write (all you fem) بت تك

بت تك

بت ال تك

Note: The difference between a statement and a command

Statement/Observation: ال با كتبتتك “You don’t write books.”

Forbidding: ب الت تك

باكت “Don’t (you sing masc) write books!”

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Commanding Creating a command:

1) Start with the lightest 2nd person.

2) Remove the first ت.

3) If the word can be read, leave it alone.

4) If the word can’t be read, add a helper alif.

5) Harakaat for the helper alif:

a. If the second to last letter in the هو present tense has a then the

helper alif gets a .

b. Otherwise the helper alif gets a

c. The لم أ family is weird. It gets a أس

Examples: 1) Go! (you masc).

Start with normal 2nd person present tense: هب تذ

هبهب تذ

هب تذ

هب ذ

هب اذ

ا ذ

2) Help! (all of you fem)

Normal 2nd person present tense: رنص تن

رنص تن

رنص تن

رنص ن

رنص ان

رنص ان

3) Learn! (you fem)

Normal 2nd person present tense: ي ل م ع تت

ي ل م عي تت ل م

عي تت ل م

(no helper alif needed) تع

4) Warn!(all of you masc)

Normal 2nd person present tense: نور ذ تن

نور ذ ا تن و

ر ذ ا تن

ور ذ ن ا و

ر ذ أن

Make

lightest

Remove

first ت

Add helper

alif

Make

lightest

Add helper

alif

Remove

first ت

Make

lightest

Remove

first ت

Make

lightest

Remove

first ت

Add helper alif

from لم family أس

Determine

harakah for alif

Determine

harakah for alif

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Label each as Commanding(C), Forbidding(F) or Observation(O). Then translate. Can you retrace the commanding and forbidding to the original fi’l?

هب ا .1ذ

to go

C Go!(you masc)

ت هبذ

2. ذوقون

ي ال

to taste

3. ش ه فب

to congratulate

كر .4

اذ و

ك ر ب

mention

ع ال .5 تط

obey

6. يع ال نض

waste

ال .7غاد ر ي

leave out

8. دواا

جس

prostrate

9. وا شر

كائ ي ناد

to call

ن ي .10

فل تسأل

to ask

ن .11ذ اخ ال تؤ

hold accountable

12. وهبت فاك

write

ن .13يدي دوا شه ه

تشاس و

bring a witness

دوا .14 ه

أش و

take witnesses

ىل .15اف ظوا ع

ات حلو الص

to protect

وا ل ل ـه .16

قوم و

to stand

قات لوا .17 و

fight

وا .18

لماع و

know

ال تخافا .19

to be afraid

ل كاا .20

ا م لنثعب

to send

ر .21 أف

با صلين عا غ

to pour

ا .22ندام أقت ثب

to make firm

ر .23انصىل و

قوم نا ع

ال

كاف ر ال

ين

help

قوا .24 أنف

to spend

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Cummulative Practice. Grammatically label the parts of these ayaat

نظر يه فل ام

إ ل طعاننس

اإل Then let mankind look at his food 80:24

ة اخ ت الص اء But when there comes the Deafening Blast 80:33 فإ ذا ج

لقول ر

ه ول كر إ ن

ي س Verily this is the word of a noble messenger 81:19

ار فج ال إ ن ي و ح

ي ج لف And indeed, the wicked will be in Hellfire. 82:14

ش ذاب أل ي فب

ع ه ب So give them tidings of a painful punishment, 84:24

ل فص لقوله Verily, it is a conclusive word, 86:13 إ ن

كيداك يدون

م ي Indeed, they are planning a plan, 86:15 إ ن

أك يد كيدا But I am planning a plan. 86:16 و

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Ism Studies

4 Properties of the Ism:

1. Status a. Forms pg2

Raf(doer)

Nasb(detail)

Jarr(after of) b. How to Tell pg4

Ending sounds

Ending Combination

Pronouns are weird pg 18 o Raf: Independent pronouns o Nasb/Jarr: attached pronouns

Nasb: attached to HoN or fi’l. Jarr: attached to HoJ or ism.

c. Light vs. Heavy pg7

Heavy: Default, page 6

Light: Remove extra “n” sound. Only 4 reasons for light.

d. Flexibility pg9

Fully Flexible (page 6)

Non Flexible: Only 1 form can only tell R, N or J by context.

Partly Flexible: No Kasrah, always light. Location names , non-Arab names.

2. Number pg11 a. Singular/Pair/Plural

Masculine/Fem page 6

Brkn Plural pg 6 b. Brkn Plurals

NHBP treated as “she” grammatically

HBP treated as “she” or reality. c. Note: All non human plurals are treated as

a “she”. Page 6 masc pair and plural include fem also. Fem pair and plural fem only.

3. Gender pg12-13 a. Feminine

Real fem (biological)

Fake Fem o Words ending in ى ة آء o Body parts in pairs o Broken plurals o Arabs said so pg12

4. Type pg15 a. Proper. Seven reasons for proper: 1. Words with ال 2. proper names 3. the one being called 4. pronouns 5. pointing words words الذي .67. The mudahf if the MIL is proper.

Fragments

1. Idafah pg21

Mudhaf: ism before “of”

Mudhaf Ilayh: ism after “of”

No distance

MIL determines type of Mudhaf

Three kinds: i. “Of” translation

ii. Attached pronoun pg 18 iii. Special Mudhafs pg22

2. Mowsoof Sifah (Noun Adjective) pg26

Mowsoof(noun): o Only one o Always first o never a pronoun, pointer

word, or ism mowsool

Sifah(adj): o 4 properties match mowsoof o Can be more than one o Long distance ok. o never a proper name,

pronoun, or pointer word

3. Harf of Jarr pg 27

HoJ makes ism after it jarr

No distance.

17 HoJ, 11 in Quran

ت ى إل ىل حن عن ف ع ب ت ك ل و م

4. Harf of Nasb pg 28

HoN makes its ism nasb.

Distance ok.

كأن أن إ ن ل لع ـ ك ن ل

ليت أن ب

5. Ism Isharah pg30

Either a sentence or a fragment: o Sentence: no ال after pointer. o Fragment: ال right after pointer. 4 properties of pointer

match 4 properties of pointed-at (musharun ilyahi)

Finding the Invisible “IS” pg32

1. Independent pronouns usually followed by “IS”

2. Pointer word followed by other than ال

3. HoN and its ism 4. Proper followed by common 5. Break in the chain

Fi’ls

1. Fi’ls are not verbs. Every fi’l contains an in-built doer.

2. 2 kinds: i. past tense ii. present/future tense.

3. Past Tense Chart pg 33

4. Present Tense Chart pg 39

Pg 39 words are “normal”

Light Present Tense pg44 هن and أنتن don’t change If ends in change to Else, remove last ن

ت ى ح لن ل كي إ ذا

أن

Lightest Present Tense p46 هن and أنتن don’t change If ends in change to . Else, remove last ن

ا ل إ ن لم لم

Commanding: pg49 ال + lightest 2nd person.

Forbidding pg49 Start with lightest 2nd

person Remove first ت Add helper alif if

needed.

5. Attaching Pronouns to Fi’ls p35

Pronouns attached to fi’ls are nasb because they are details.

Steps to translate: Identify and ignore

attached pronoun Translate the fi’l Translate attached

pronoun Put it all together

6. Inside vs. Outside Doer pg43

Inside doer: doer is a pronoun.

Outside doer: doer is not a pronoun. Outside doer rules:

o Fi’l is in هو or هي form only.

o Doer is after fi’l and raf.

o Doer does not have to be right after the fi’l.

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