THREE WORLDS COLLIDE

EUROPEAN EXPLORATION AND COLONIZATION

“AND CHEERFULLY AT SEA, SUCCESSES YOU STILL

ENTICE, TO GET THE PEARLE AND GOLD, AND OURS TO HOLD, VIRGINIA, EARTH’S

ONELY PARADISE.”

TO THE VIRGINIA VOYAGE

MICHAEL DRAYTON

TIMELINE OF EVENTS

20,000 B.C.•ASIAN PEOPLES BEGIN MIGRATING TO

AMERICAN ACROSS THE BERINGIA LAND BRIDGE

•5000 B.C.•CORN IS RAISED AS A DOMESTICATED CROP

IN CENTRAL MEXICO

•1200 B.C.•OLMEC SOCIETY DEVELOPS IN WHAT IS NOW

SOUTHERN MEXICO

TIMELINE OF EVENTS

•1020 B.C.

• ISRAEL BECOMES A KINGDOM

•753 B.C.

•ROME IS FOUNDED

•500 B.C.

•ADENA CULTURE BEGINS BUILDING LARGE EARTHEN MOUNDS IN WHAT IS NOW SOUTHERN OHIO

TIMELINE OF EVENTS

•200 B.C.- 400 A.D.•HOPEWELL CULTURE FLOURISHES IN THE

MIDWEST

•622 • THE PROPHET MUHAMMAD FOUNDS ISLAM

•1000•VIKING LEIF ERICSON REACHES WHAT IS NOW

NEWFOUNDLAND

•1096• THE CRUSADES BEGIN

TIMELINE OF EVENTS

•1215

• MAGNA CARTA GRANTED BY KING JOHN

•1434

• PORTUGUESE BEGIN WEST AFRICAN SLAVE TRADE

•1440

• JOHANN GUTENBERG DEVELOPS THE PRINTING PRESS

•1485

• BEGINNING OF TUDOR DYNASTY IN ENGLAND

TIMELINE OF EVENTS

•1486

• PORTUGUESE SAIL AROUND THE AFRICA CAPE

•1492

• COLUMBUS REACHES THE NEW WORLD

•C. 1500

• IROQUOIS LEAGUE IS FORMED

•1509

• ACCESSION OF HENRY VIII IN ENGLAND

TIMELINE OF EVENTS

• 1517• MARTIN LUTHER BEGINS PROTESTANT REVOLUTION

• 1519-1521• MAGELLAN’S VOYAGE AROUND THE WORLD

• 1521• HERNANDO CORTES CONQUERS THE AZTEC EMPIRE

• 1534• ENGLISH CHURCH SEPARATES FROM THE ROMAN

CATHOLIC CHURCH

TIMELINE OF EVENTS

•1535• FIRST EDITION OF JOHN CALVIN’S INSTITUTES

PUBLISHED

•1540•CORONADO EXPLORES THE AMERICAN

SOUTHWEST

•1543-1625•COPERNICUS TO GALILEO: NEW THEORY OF THE

UNIVERSE

•1558•QUEEN ELIZABETH BECOMES RULER OF

ENGLAND

TIMELINE OF EVENTS

•1565•SPANISH SETTLERS ESTABLISH SAINT

AUGUSTINE, FLORIDA

•1577-1580•DRAKE’S VOYAGE AROUND THE WORLD

•1585•RALEIGH’S COLONY AT ROANOKE ISLAND

•1588• ENGLISH DEFEAT OF THE SPANISH ARMADA

TIMELINE OF EVENTS

•1603-1625• JAMES I, FIRST OF THE STUART KINGS

•1607• SETTLEMENT AT JAMESTOWN, VIRGINIA

•1618• THE THIRTY YEARS WAR BETWEEN

CATHOLICS AND PROTESTANTS BEGINS IN CENTRAL EUROPE

•1619•VIRGINIA HOUSE OF BURGESSES MEETS

TIMELINE OF EVENTS

•1620• ENGLISH “PILGRIMS” FOUND PLYMOUTH COLONY

•1630•SETTLEMENT OF MASSACHUSETTS BAY BY

PURITANS

•1634• FIRST SETTLEMENT IN MARYLAND AND

CONNECTICUT

•1636•ROGER WILLIAMS FOUNDS RHODE ISLAND

• FOUNDING OF HARVARD COLLEGE

TIMELINE OF EVENTS

• 1640-1647• PURITAN REVOLUTION AND ENGLISH CIVIL WAR

• 1643• NEW ENGLAND CONFEDERATION

• 1644• ROGER WILLIAMS ATTACKS INTOLERANCE

• 1651• ENGLISH PARLIAMENT PASS FIRST OF THE NAVIGATION

ACTS

TIMELINE OF EVENTS•1653-1658•OLIVER CROMWELL LORD PROTECTOR OF

ENGLAND

•1657• PERSECUTION OF QUAKERS IN NEW ENGLAND

•1660•DUTCH SETTLES ESTABLISH CAPE TOWN IN

SOUTH AFRICA

•1660-1685•CHARLES II KING OF ENGLAND, ENGLISH

MONARCHY RESTORED

TIMELINE OF EVENTS

•1663•CAROLINA GRANTED TO PROPRIETORS

•1664• ENGLAND TAKES NEW AMSTERDAM FROM THE

DUTCH

•1676•BACON’S REBELLION IN VIRGINIA

•1681•WILLIAM PENN RECEIVES CHARTER FOR

PENNSYLVANIA

TIMELINE OF EVENTS•1682• PENNSYLVANIA FOUNDED

•1685• JAMES II BECOMES KING

•1686• JAMES II CREATES THE DOMINION OF NEW

ENGLAND

•1687• ISAAC NEWTON DEMONSTRATES LAWS OF

MOTION

TIMELINE OF EVENTS

•1688•GLORIOUS REVOLUTION IN ENGLAND

•1689• JOHN LOCKE’S WORKS ON GOVERNMENT AND

PHILOSOPHY PUBLISHED

•1691•WITCHCRAFT MANIA AT PEAK IN SALEM,

MASSACHUSETTS

•1693•COLLEGE OF WILLIAM AND MARY ESTABLISHED

TIMELINE OF EVENTS•1704• FIRST AMERICAN NEWSPAPER PUBLISHED IN

BOSTON

•1707•ACT OF UNION UNITES ENGLAND AND WALES

WITH SCOTLAND TO FORM GREAT BRITAIN

•1710• JOHN WISE DEFENDS CONGREGATIONAL LIBERTY

•1714• TEA IS INTRODUCED INTO THE COLONIES

TIMELINE OF EVENTS•1732• FOUNDING OF GEORGIA

•1733• FIRST ISSUE OF FRANKLIN’S POOR

RICHARD’S ALMANACK

•1734•GREAT AWAKENING BEGINS

•1747•BENJAMIN FRANKLIN EXPERIMENTS WITH

ELECTRICITY

TIMELINE OF EVENTS

•1754

•JONATHAN EDWARDS’S MAJOR PHILOSOPHICAL WORK PUBLISHED

•1768

•AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY FOUNDED

EXPLORATION AND COLONIZATION

•EARLY EUROPEAN EXPLORATION AND COLONIZATION RESULTED IN THE REDISTRIBUTION OF THE WORLD'S POPULATION AS MILLIONS OF PEOPLE FROM EUROPE AND AFRICA VOLUNTARILY AND INVOLUNTARILY MOVED TO THE NEW WORLD.

EXPLORATION AND COLONIZATION EXPLORATION AND COLONIZATION INITIATED WORLDWIDE

COMMERCIAL EXPANSION AS AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS WERE EXCHANGED BETWEEN THE AMERICAS AND EUROPE. THIS CAME TO BE KNOWN AS THE COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE.

IN TIME, COLONIZATION LED TO IDEAS OF REPRESENTATIVE GOVERNMENT AND RELIGIOUS TOLERATION THAT OVER SEVERAL CENTURIES WOULD INSPIRE SIMILAR TRANSFORMATIONS IN OTHER PARTS OF THE WORLD.

COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE

THE GLOBAL TRANSFER OF LIVING

THINGS

TRIANGULAR TRADE

• THE EXCHANGE

OF GOODS, GOLD

AND PEOPLE

SETTLING THE NEW WORLD• NEW ENGLAND WAS SETTLED BY PURITANS SEEKING

FREEDOM FROM RELIGIOUS PERSECUTION IN EUROPE. THEY FORMED A “COVENANT COMMUNITY” BASED ON THE PRINCIPLES OF THE MAYFLOWER COMPACT AND PURITAN RELIGIOUS BELIEFS AND WERE OFTEN INTOLERANT OF THOSE NOT SHARING THEIR RELIGION. THEY ALSO SOUGHT ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITY AND PRACTICED A FORM OF DIRECT DEMOCRACY THROUGH TOWN MEETINGS.

NEW ENGLAND PURITANS

NEW ENGLAND PURITANS

MAYFLOWER COMPACT

MIDDLE ATLANTIC REGION

• THE MIDDLE ATLANTIC REGION WAS SETTLED CHIEFLY BY ENGLISH, DUTCH, AND GERMAN-SPEAKING IMMIGRANTS SEEKING RELIGIOUS FREEDOM AND ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITY.

FOUNDERS OF COLONIES

WILLIAM PENNCECILIUS CALVERT,

LORD BALTIMORE

VIRGINIA AND THE SOUTHERN COLONIES

• VIRGINIA AND THE OTHER SOUTHERN COLONIES WERE SETTLED

BY PEOPLE SEEKING ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES.

• THE EARLY VIRGINIA “CAVALIERS” WERE ENGLISH

NOBILITY WHO RECEIVED LARGE LAND GRANTS IN

EASTERN VIRGINIA FROM THE KING OF ENGLAND

VIRGINIA AND THE SOUTHERN COLONIES

• POOR ENGLISH IMMIGRANTS ALSO CAME SEEKING BETTER LIVES AS SMALL FARMERS OR ARTISANS AND SETTLED IN THE SHENANDOAH VALLEY OR WESTERN VIRGINIA, OR AS INDENTURED SERVANTS WHO AGREED TO WORK ON TOBACCO PLANTATIONS FOR A PERIOD OF TIME TO PAY FOR PASSAGE TO THE NEW WORLD.

INDENTURED SERVANTS

JAMESTOWN• JAMESTOWN, ESTABLISHED IN 1607 BY THE VIRGINIA

COMPANY OF LONDON AS A BUSINESS VENTURE, WAS THE FIRST PERMANENT ENGLISH SETTLEMENT IN NORTH AMERICA.

THE HOUSE OF BURGESSES• THE VIRGINIA HOUSE OF BURGESSES, ESTABLISHED BY 1619,

WAS THE FIRST ELECTED ASSEMBLY IN THE NEW WORLD.

• IT HAS OPERATED

CONTINUOUSLY AND

IS TODAY KNOWN

AS THE GENERAL

ASSEMBLY OF VIRGINIA.

THREE WORLDS COLLIDE• INTERACTIONS AMONG EUROPEANS, AFRICANS AND AMERICAN

INDIANS (FIRST AMERICANS)

NATIVE AMERICAN RELATIONS• THE EXPLORATIONS AND SETTLEMENTS OF THE

ENGLISH IN THE AMERICAN COLONIES AND SPANISH IN THE CARIBBEAN, CENTRAL AMERICA, AND SOUTH AMERICA, OFTEN LED TO VIOLENT CONFLICTS WITH THE AMERICAN INDIANS (FIRST AMERICANS).

• THE INDIANS LOST THEIR TRADITIONAL TERRITORIES AND FELL VICTIM TO DISEASES CARRIED FROM EUROPE.

NATIVE AMERICAN RELATIONS

NATIVE AMERICAN RELATIONS• BY CONTRAST, FRENCH EXPLORATION OF CANADA DID

NOT LEAD TO LARGE-SCALE IMMIGRATION FROM FRANCE.

• RELATIONS WITH

NATIVE PEOPLES

WERE OFTEN MORE

COOPERATIVE.

BEGINNING OF SLAVERY

• THE GROWTH OF AN AGRICULTURAL ECONOMY BASED ON LARGE LANDHOLDINGS IN THE SOUTHERN COLONIES AND IN THE CARIBBEAN LED TO THE INTRODUCTION OF SLAVERY IN THE NEW WORLD.

• THE FIRST AFRICANS WERE BROUGHT AGAINST THEIR WILL TO JAMESTOWN IN 1619 TO WORK ON TOBACCO PLANTATIONS.

BEGINNING OF SLAVERY

BEGINNING OF SLAVERY

SLAVERY

• ECONOMIC INSTITUTIONS IN THE COLONIES DEVELOPED IN WAYS THAT WERE EITHER TYPICALLY EUROPEAN OR WERE DISTINCTIVELY AMERICAN, AS CLIMATE, SOIL CONDITIONS, AND OTHER NATURAL RESOURCES SHAPED REGIONAL ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT. 

• THE AFRICAN SLAVE TRADE AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF A SLAVE LABOR SYSTEM IN MANY OF THE COLONIES RESULTED FROM PLANTATION ECONOMIES AND LABOR SHORTAGES.

SLAVERY

NEW ENGLAND ECONOMY

• THE NEW ENGLAND COLONIES DEVELOPED AN ECONOMY BASED ON SHIPBUILDING, FISHING, LUMBERING, SMALL-SCALE SUBSISTENCE FARMING, AND EVENTUALLY, MANUFACTURING.

• THE COLONIES PROSPERED, REFLECTING THE PURITANS’ STRONG BELIEF IN THE VALUES OF HARD WORK AND THRIFT.

NEW ENGLAND ECONOMY

MIDDLE COLONIES ECONOMY• THE MIDDLE COLONIES OF NEW YORK, NEW JERSEY,

PENNSYLVANIA, AND DELAWARE DEVELOPED ECONOMIES BASED ON SHIPBUILDING, SMALL-SCALE FARMING, AND TRADING.

•CITIES SUCH AS NEW YORK, PHILADELPHIA, AND BALTIMORE BEGAN TO GROW AS SEAPORTS AND COMMERCIAL CENTERS.

MIDDLE COLONIES ECONOMY

VIRGINIA & THE SOUTH’S ECONOMY

VIRGINIA AND THE OTHER SOUTHERN COLONIES DEVELOPED ECONOMIES IN THE EASTERN COASTAL LOWLANDS BASED ON LARGE PLANTATIONS THAT GREW “CASH CROPS” SUCH AS TOBACCO, RICE, AND INDIGO FOR EXPORT TO EUROPE.

FARTHER INLAND, HOWEVER, IN THE MOUNTAINS AND VALLEYS OF THE APPALACHIAN FOOTHILLS, THE ECONOMY WAS BASED ON SMALL-SCALE SUBSISTENCE FARMING, HUNTING, AND TRADING.

A STRONG BELIEF IN PRIVATE OWNER-SHIP OF PROPERTY AND FREE ENTERPRISE CHARACTERIZED COLONIAL LIFE.

TOBACCO, RICE, AND INDIGO

PLANTATIONS

NEW ENGLAND SOCIETY

•NEW ENGLAND’S COLONIAL SOCIETY WAS BASED ON RELIGIOUS STANDING.

• THE PURITANS GREW INCREASINGLY INTOLERANT OF DISSENTERS WHO CHALLENGED THE PURITANS’ BELIEF IN THE CONNECTION BETWEEN RELIGION AND GOVERNMENT.

•RHODE ISLAND WAS FOUNDED BY DISSENTERS FLEEING PERSECUTION BY PURITANS IN MASSACHUSETTS.

RELIGIOUS INTOLERANCE

MIDDLE COLONIES SOCIETY• THE MIDDLE COLONIES WERE HOME TO MULTIPLE

RELIGIOUS GROUPS, INCLUDING QUAKERS IN PENNSYLVANIA AND PRESBYTERIANS IN NEW JERSEY, WHO GENERALLY BELIEVED IN RELIGIOUS TOLERANCE.

• THESE COLONIES HAD MORE FLEXIBLE SOCIAL STRUCTURES AND BEGAN TO DEVELOP A MIDDLE CLASS OF SKILLED ARTISANS, ENTREPRENEURS (BUSINESS OWNERS), AND SMALL FARMERS.

RELIGIOUS TOLERATIONQUAKERS IN PENNSYLVANIA CATHOLICS IN MARYLAND

VIRGINIA & THE SOUTH’S SOCIETY•VIRGINIA AND THE SOUTHERN COLONIES HAD A

SOCIAL STRUCTURE BASED ON FAMILY STATUS AND THE OWNERSHIP OF LAND.

• LARGE LANDOWNERS IN THE EASTERN LOWLANDS DOMINATED COLONIAL GOVERNMENT AND SOCIETY AND MAINTAINED AN ALLEGIANCE TO THE CHURCH OF ENGLAND AND CLOSER SOCIAL TIES TO ENGLAND THAN IN THE OTHER COLONIES.

CHURCH OF ENGLAND

VIRGINIA & THE SOUTH’S SOCIETY• IN THE MOUNTAINS AND VALLEYS FURTHER INLAND,

HOWEVER, SOCIETY WAS CHARACTERIZED BY SMALL SUBSISTENCE FARMERS, HUNTERS AND TRADERS OF SCOTCH-IRISH AND ENGLISH DESCENT.

WESTERN VIRGINIA

THE GREAT AWAKENING

• THE “GREAT AWAKENING” WAS A RELIGIOUS MOVEMENT THAT SWEPT BOTH EUROPE AND THE COLONIES DURING THE MID-1700S.

• IT LED TO THE RAPID GROWTH OF EVANGELICAL RELIGIONS SUCH AS THE METHODISTS AND BAPTISTS AND CHALLENGED THE ESTABLISHED RELIGIOUS AND GOVERNMENTAL ORDER.

• IT LAID ONE OF THE SOCIAL FOUNDATIONS FOR THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION.

THE GREAT AWAKENING

PREACHERS OF THE GREAT AWAKENING

JONATHAN EDWARDS

INDENTURED SERVITUDE AND SLAVERY

• THE DEVELOPMENT OF INDENTURED SERVITUDE AND SLAVERY

• THE GROWTH OF A PLANTATION-BASED AGRICULTURAL ECONOMY IN THE HOT, HUMID COASTAL LOWLANDS OF THE SOUTHERN COLONIES REQUIRED CHEAP LABOR ON A LARGE SCALE.

INDENTURED SERVITUDE AND SLAVERY

INDENTURED SERVITUDE AND SLAVERY

• SOME OF THE LABOR NEEDS, ESPECIALLY IN VIRGINIA, WERE MET BY INDENTURED SERVANTS, WHO WERE OFTEN POOR PERSONS FROM ENGLAND, SCOTLAND, OR IRELAND WHO AGREED TO WORK ON PLANTATIONS FOR A PERIOD OF TIME IN RETURN FOR THEIR PASSAGE FROM EUROPE OR RELIEF FROM DEBTS.

INDENTURED SERVITUDE

INDENTURED SERVITUDE AND SLAVERY•MOST PLANTATION LABOR NEEDS EVENTUALLY

CAME TO BE FILLED BY THE FORCIBLE IMPORTATION OF AFRICANS.

• WHILE SOME AFRICANS WORKED AS INDENTURED SERVANTS, EARNED THEIR FREEDOM, AND LIVED AS FREE CITIZENS DURING THE COLONIAL ERA, OVER TIME LARGER AND LARGER NUMBERS OF ENSLAVED AFRICANS WERE FORCIBLY BROUGHT TO THE SOUTHERN COLONIES (THE “MIDDLE PASSAGE”).

MIDDLE PASSAGE

MIDDLE PASSAGE

INDENTURED SERVITUDE AND SLAVERY

•THE DEVELOPMENT OF A SLAVERY-BASED AGRICULTURAL ECONOMY IN THE SOUTHERN COLONIES WOULD LEAD TO EVENTUAL CONFLICT BETWEEN THE NORTH AND SOUTH AND THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR.

SLAVERY ~ CIVIL WAR