tht is the original company for arc & battery pioneered arc for over 20 years pioneered li...
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THT is the Original Company for ARC & Battery
• pioneered ARC for over 20 years
• Pioneered Li Battery for over 10 years
Sales, service, support worldwide
THT is the Original Company for ARC & Battery
• pioneered ARC for over 20 years
• Pioneered Li Battery for over 10 years
Sales, service, support worldwide
Thermal Hazard TechnologyThermal Hazard Technology
Worldwide – Major Users
• Sony, Sanyo, Toshiba, Mitsubishi, Panasonic, GS Battery, BAK, Lishen, ATL
• Samsung, LG
• NASA, Penn State Univ, GM-Delphi, Motorola, Sandia National Labs, Duracell
• Nokia, SAFT, Ultralife, Varta, Valence
Worldwide – Major Users
• Sony, Sanyo, Toshiba, Mitsubishi, Panasonic, GS Battery, BAK, Lishen, ATL
• Samsung, LG
• NASA, Penn State Univ, GM-Delphi, Motorola, Sandia National Labs, Duracell
• Nokia, SAFT, Ultralife, Varta, Valence
Li BatterLi Battery Companies with THT ARCy Companies with THT ARC
Thermal properties;
• effect of heat on batteries
• effect of heat produced by batteries
Well known – temperature exposure,
overcharge / discharge, shorting
Heard details of such safety details, reference to in-house empirical tests, DSC, UL 150C Hot box,
and some ARC data
Thermal properties;
• effect of heat on batteries
• effect of heat produced by batteries
Well known – temperature exposure,
overcharge / discharge, shorting
Heard details of such safety details, reference to in-house empirical tests, DSC, UL 150C Hot box,
and some ARC data
Safety Issues with Li BatteriesSafety Issues with Li Batteries
The Accelerating Rate Calorimeter has become accepted as a key instrument for assessing the
thermal hazard potential of Li Batteries
Unlike other tests… it is not empirical
•Quantifies the thermal effect
•Gives a ‘worst case’ assessment
•Can test batteries of ‘any size’
•Different labs anywhere can compare data
The Accelerating Rate Calorimeter has become accepted as a key instrument for assessing the
thermal hazard potential of Li Batteries
Unlike other tests… it is not empirical
•Quantifies the thermal effect
•Gives a ‘worst case’ assessment
•Can test batteries of ‘any size’
•Different labs anywhere can compare data
Safety Issues with Li BatteriesSafety Issues with Li Batteries
•Evaluate the reactions in any type of battery component, for their stability and safety
•Evaluate made batteries under any state of charge, for their stability and safety
•Evaluate effect of abuse testing on battery safety, shorting over-voltage testing
•Evaluate batteries when charged, discharged, cycled for their thermal properties, to get life cycle and electrothermal efficiency information
•Evaluate the reactions in any type of battery component, for their stability and safety
•Evaluate made batteries under any state of charge, for their stability and safety
•Evaluate effect of abuse testing on battery safety, shorting over-voltage testing
•Evaluate batteries when charged, discharged, cycled for their thermal properties, to get life cycle and electrothermal efficiency information
Safety Issues with Li BatteriesSafety Issues with Li Batteries
Bomb Sensor
Top Sensor
Middle Sensor
Bottom Sensor
PressureSensor
Cartridge Heater Radiant Heater
Principle of ARC
Using the ARC with Battery Materials
• anode
• cathode
• electrolyte
• SEI……
fresh or after making / charging / cycling….
as per the work of Jeff Dahn
Using the ARC with Battery Materials
• anode
• cathode
• electrolyte
• SEI……
fresh or after making / charging / cycling….
as per the work of Jeff Dahn
Data shows onset and temperature and pressure increase under worst case conditions
Data shows onset and temperature and pressure increase under worst case conditions
Data shows onset, heat generation at every Data shows onset, heat generation at every temperature, temp rise is proportional to heat of temperature, temp rise is proportional to heat of reaction, slope is proportional to activation energy, reaction, slope is proportional to activation energy, shows complexity of decomposition, all under worst shows complexity of decomposition, all under worst case conditionscase conditions
Data shows onset, heat generation at every Data shows onset, heat generation at every temperature, temp rise is proportional to heat of temperature, temp rise is proportional to heat of reaction, slope is proportional to activation energy, reaction, slope is proportional to activation energy, shows complexity of decomposition, all under worst shows complexity of decomposition, all under worst case conditionscase conditions
Data varies with charge / age. Three regions of exothermicity, interface, anode and cathode reactions – but an 18650 will progress to explosion
Data varies with charge / age. Three regions of exothermicity, interface, anode and cathode reactions – but an 18650 will progress to explosion
Reaction Sequence in Li-Ion Battery exothermicity
1st reaction – SEI
2nd reaction – Anode (MCMB)
3rd reaction – cathode (Li Spinel)
Electrolyte – decomposition from 80oC
Electrolyte – very flammable
Lithiated MCMB –air flammable hazard
Delithiated spinel – shock sensitive explosive hazard
Li-Ion 18650 – Battery Safety
Onset of Exothermic Reaction
Overdischarged (2.0V) Onset = 110-120oC
Fully Discharged (2.6V) Onset = 110-120oC
Partially Charged (3.6) Onset = 90-100oC
Fully Charged (4.2V) Onset = 70-90oC
Overcharged (4.8V) Onset = 30-50oC
Overcharged (>5V) Onset = ambient
Mobile phone Li-ion prismaticShorting leads runaway
Mobile phone Li-ion prismaticShorting leads runaway
Lithium Iron Disulphide AA sizeShorting does not lead to runaway – note gap in data
Lithium Iron Disulphide AA sizeShorting does not lead to runaway – note gap in data
Temperature test 3.7V
Overcharging of Li-Polymer Battery
20 30 40 50 60 70 800
1
2
3
4
5
Voltage
Vol
tage
(V
)
Time (min)
20 30 40 50 60 70 800
500
1000
1500
2000
Separator Breakdown
Cycler Shutdown
Start of Charge
ARCCal:
Voltage and Current as a Function of Time
Cu
rrent (m
A)
Current
40 50 60 70
50
100
150
200
250
Separator breakdown
Tem
pera
ture
(°C
)
Time (min)
Start of Heat-up due to Charging
Thermal Runaway
ARCCal:
Temperature as a Function of Time
Overcharging of Li-Polymer Battery
4/5A Li-ion battery4/5A Li-ion battery
DET
CETi
100 Gibbs free energy efficiencyGibbs free energy efficiency
TmfIVfG
IVfG
REE
EECET ,,2
,0
0
TmfIVfG
IVfG
REE
EEDET ,,32
,0
0
m
AQ
ET
Si
Battery performance factorBattery performance factor
Q – charge capacityQ – charge capacityA – surface areaA – surface aream - massm - mass
Cycle Process ET ET (%)
2 Discharge 0.7865 42.5
3 Charge 0.3341
4 Discharge 0.7926 41.8
5 Charge 0.3316
6 Discharge 0.8055 41.1
7 Charge 0.3311
Battery performance and Gibbs free energy efficiency results
Battery performance and Gibbs free energy efficiency results
Gateway Notebook Battery PackGateway Notebook Battery Pack
