thursday, feb. 21 st today’s schedule: turn in bellringer questions for bellringer check 5 and...
TRANSCRIPT
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Thursday, Feb. 21st Today’s Schedule:
Turn in Bellringer Questions for Bellringer Check 5 and any late work
Turn in Unit 7 Study Guide (all stapled together)
due today, will not be accepted late (homework grade)
Turn in Extra Credit (all stapled together)
Take Unit 7: Water Exam Start working on Unit 8: Land Vocab &
menu option
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Friday, Feb. 22nd No Bellringer Question Today’s Schedule:
Video clip for Midway Journey documentary
Continue working on Unit 8: Land Vocab & menu option – DUE Tuesday, Feb. 26th
As you work, I will let you know your exam grade
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1. Biological control2. Desertification3. Lithosphere4. Malnutrition5. Organic farming6. Pesticide7. Soil
8. Soil conservation9. Soil erosion10.Soil profile11.Sustainable agriculture12.Terracing13.Windbreak
Unit 8: Land Vocab
•Don’t forget to do a NEW Vocab Menu Option!•Once you’re done with the definition & menu option bring up (1) work to be graded, and (2) menu option to be star-punched
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Monday, Feb. 25th Bellringer: The ground & rock
portion of our biosphere is called the ___________.
Today’s Schedule: Soil article & questions
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Land: Use & Development
Essential Question: How do we use, affect, & protect our
land?
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Topics in this Unit:
Crops & Soil Feeding the World Animals & Agriculture Land Use & Urbanization Land Management & Conservation
Land: Use & Development
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Arable land: land that can be used
to grow crops Only ~10% of Earth’s surface is
arable land
Crops & Soil
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Crops & Soil Soil: a mixture of weathered rock &
organic matter Soil forms when:
Rock is broken down into smaller & smaller pieces by wind, water, & chemical weathering
Burrowing animals circulate air & water through soil & mix the minerals
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Crops & Soil Soil has layers aka horizons:
1. Organic layer: known as O horizon
2. Topsoil: surface layer that is composed of living organisms, rock particles, water, air, & lots of organic matter; known as A horizon
3. Subsoil: layer under topsoil that has larger rock particles with organic matter & inorganic compounds; known as B horizon
4. Parent material: material from which soil forms; made of broken up bedrock; known as C horizon
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Crops & Soil Soil is classified into 3 main categories based
on structure, permeability, & resistance to pressure:1. Clay: thick; not permeable; small grain size
(0.002mm)2. Sand: large to small grains (2.0-0.05mm);
permeable3. Silt: small grain size (0.002mm)
Soil is described by which category it’s made of: Loam: soil made of near equal mix of clay, silt &
sand
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Read clay
left to right Read silt top
right to bottom left
Read sand bottom right to top left
Look where lines intersect
Textural Triangle ActivityON A SEPARATE PIECE OF PAPER!
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Thursday, Feb. 28th Reminders:
Assignments in this unit so far: Unit 8 Vocab Soil article questions Textural Triangle worksheet
Bellringer: ______ is soil with equal amounts of sand, silt, & clay.
Today’s Schedule: Turn in Textural Triangle worksheet Soil Problem Notes (7 slides) Begin watching Food, Inc.
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Soil: Problems & Solutions
“ A nation that destroys its soil destroys itself.” – F. D. Roosevelt
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Soil: Problems
Soil erosion: loss of soil by wind & water In US, ~50% of original topsoil
has been lost to erosion in past 200 years
Crops cannot grow without topsoil
Methods that increase erosion: Plowing Continuous monoculture
cropping
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Erosion can
lead to Desertification: process by which arid (dry) land becomes more desert-like Due to poor crop
rotation &/or overgrazing
Soil: Problems
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Salinization:
accumulation of salts in soil Soil can become
too salty for plants to grow
Caused by irrigation from “saltier” water water evaporates & leaves salts behind
Especially bad in western US where there’s low rainfall
Soil: Problems
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Practices to prevent
erosion:1. Soil-retaining terraces2. Contour plowing –
plowing across the slope of a hill instead of up & down
3. Windbreaks4. Drip irrigation5. No-till farming - crops are
harvested without turning over the soil
Soil: Solutions
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Crops: Problems & Solutions
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Pest: any organism
that occurs where not wanted &/or causes economic damage Includes plants,
fungi, bacteria, insects, viruses
In North America, insects eat 13% of crops
Worldwide, pests destroy ~33% of food crops
Crops: Problems
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Pesticide: chemicals used
to kill insects, weeds, & other pests
Problems with pesticides:1. Pesticide resistance:
pesticides stop working through natural selection
2. Pollution: stay in soil & water harm organisms & ecosystems
Example: DDT & bald eagles
Crops: Problems
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3. Human Health concerns:
Poisoning, cancer, birth defects, immune problems
Consumer exposure: 12 most contaminated foods:
Crops: ProblemsRank Food
1 Strawberries
2 Bell peppers
3 Spinach
4 Cherries (U.S.)
5 Peaches
6 Cantaloupe (Mexico)
7 Celery
8 Apples
9 Apricots
10 Green beans
11 Grapes (Chili)
12 Cucumbers
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Lifts the veil on our nation's food industry,
exposing the highly mechanized underbelly that has been hidden from the American consumer with the consent of our government's regulatory agencies, USDA and FDA. Our nation's food supply is now controlled by a handful of corporations that often put profit ahead of consumer health, the livelihood of the American farmer, the safety of workers and our own environment.
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Friday, March 1st Reminders:
Unit 8 Vocab Quiz – Friday, March 8th Unit 8: Land Exam –Thursday, March
14th
Bellringer: _________ are rows of trees or tall crops used to prevent erosion from wind.
Today’s Schedule: Crop Solution Notes (3 slides) Cont. watching Food, Inc.
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Biological pest control: use of
organisms to control pests; includes use of:1. Pathogens (bacteria, viruses)2. Predators3. Chemicals from plants (toxins,
pheromones) Example: controlling the Cottony Cushion Scale,
a pest that was devastating the California citrus industry in the late 19th century. A predatory insect, the Vedalia Beetle, and a parasitoid fly were introduced from Australia .Within a few years the cottony cushion scale was completely controlled by these introduced natural enemies.
Crops: Solutions
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Organic farming:
farming with no hormones, antibiotics, pesticides, synthetic fertilizers, or genetic modifications “Organic”: at least 95%
of ingredients are organic
Pros of organic farming:1. Better for
environment!2. More $ for farmer3. Higher biodiversity
of helpful organisms4. Less soil erosion
<1% of American farmland is organic
Crops : Solutions
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“Sustainable
Agriculture”: Eating organic food Eating seasonal crops Eating local foods:
farmer’s markets & co-ops
Reduces energy/ fuel consumption
Supports local economy
Crops: Solutions
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Lifts the veil on our nation's food industry,
exposing the highly mechanized underbelly that has been hidden from the American consumer with the consent of our government's regulatory agencies, USDA and FDA. Our nation's food supply is now controlled by a handful of corporations that often put profit ahead of consumer health, the livelihood of the American farmer, the safety of workers and our own environment.
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Monday, March 4th Reminders:
Going to MC Comp Lab Portfolio Project on Thursday, March 7th – bring project/jmp
NEED SOILS SAMPLES for SOIL LAB, next week
Unit 8 Vocab Quiz – Friday (3/08) Unit 8: Land Exam – Thursday (3/14)
Bellringer: Using predators to eradicate pests is an example of ______ _______ ______.
Today’s Schedule: GM Crops (3 slides) Finish watching Food, Inc.
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Genetic engineering: when genetic material is modified for medical or industrial use
= getting desirable genes from one organism (usually bacteria) & putting them into another organism’s DNA
Results in GMO food/ crops (Genetically Modified Organisms) = crops that have been genetically modified/ engineered
Genetically-Modified Crops
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GM crops may have: Pest or Herbicide
Resistance Drought/ freeze
tolerance Greater yield Increased nutrition
Problems with GM crops: Unknown side effects Lowers genetic
diversity Gene transfer to wild
plants (super weeds)
Genetically-Modified Crops
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Lifts the veil on our nation's food industry,
exposing the highly mechanized underbelly that has been hidden from the American consumer with the consent of our government's regulatory agencies, USDA and FDA. Our nation's food supply is now controlled by a handful of corporations that often put profit ahead of consumer health, the livelihood of the American farmer, the safety of workers and our own environment.
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Tuesday, March 5th Reminders:
Going to MC Comp Lab Portfolio Project on Thursday, March 7th
NEED SOIL SAMPLES! Unit 8 Vocab Quiz – Friday, March 8th Unit 8: Land Exam – Thursday, March 14th
Bellringer: Today’s Schedule:
Feeding the World Notes (6 slides)
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Feeding the World
More than 850 million people in world are considered chronically undernourished (diet of < 2200 cal per day) – mainly in Africa & southern Asia
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Feeding the World
Poverty is main cause of lack of food
Lack of food can lead to malnutrition: when people do not consume enough calories or eat a sufficient variety of foods
Often lack proper vitamins, minerals or protein
Can lead to: Blindness Anemia Mental retardation And more…
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Feeding the World
World food supplies are increasing & so is obesity
Globally, >1 billion people are overweight 64% of Americans
Health issues: diabetes, hearth attack, stroke, some cancers, etc.
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Feeding the World
Humanity depends on three crops for majority of its nutrients:1. Wheat2. Rice3. Corn
Wheat & rice supply ~60% of calories consumed by humans
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Feeding the World
Meat consumption is increasing Nearly doubled globally over past 40 years
1 reason is because of “advances” in confined animal feeding operations (CAFOs):1. Close quarters2. Feed corn, soy, & animal protein to maximize
growth rate Example: A U.S. chicken can turn a baby chick into chicken
nuggets after 8 weeks
3. Use antibiotics & steroids
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Feeding the World
Seafood: 95 million tons of
fish & seafood is harvested every year
Only 2/3 of this is directly eaten by humans
1/3 is fed to captive-raised fish
Most of world’s fisheries are threatened by overharvesting: catching more organisms than the pop can replace 13 of 17 major marine
fisheries have declined or become commercially unsustainable since 1989
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Feeding the World
Aquaculture: the raising of aquatic organisms in pens/nets for consumption
Catfish, oysters, salmon, crayfish & rainbow trout are products of aquaculture
Environmental problems of aquaculture: habitat destruction, pollution, introduced species
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What you can do: Eat less/ no meat Eat organic food Eat locally grown & in-season food Make sure seafood is sustainable
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Today’s Assignment
By yourself or in partners, create a Public Service Advertisement picture &/or slogan regarding: Organic & sustainable agriculture Negatives of Factory farming How we can help…
You need to brainstorm & sketch idea today
Will create finished product tomorrow
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Wednesday, March 6th Reminders:
Going to MC Comp Lab Portfolio Project TOMORROW
NEED SOIL SAMPLES! Unit 8 Vocab Quiz – Friday, March 8th Unit 8: Land Exam – Thursday, March 14th
Bellringer: Today’s Schedule:
Land Use Notes (4 slides) Finish PSA activity
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Land Use & Urbanization
Land Use in US: 28% forest (wood, wildlife, fishing) 26% rangeland (graze livestock) 20% cropland (grow plants) 13% parks & preserves 6% urban (houses, business, industry) 7% other (wetlands, deserts, mountains)
Rural land: land with relatively few people Urban land: area that contains >2,500 people &
has a governing body As a result of Industrial Revolution (better farm equipment
& better transportation), more people live in urban areas
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Urbanization: the movement of people from rural areas to cities Move for jobs,
education, etc. In 1900, 13 cities had
>1 million people In 2007, 300 cities
had >1 million people (most in China)
Land Use & Urbanization
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When urban areas grow too fast, can lead to poor infrastructure
Infrastructure: roads, sewers, buildings, schools, hospitals, power lines, etc. that society builds for public use
Problems of urbanization: Air pollution Water pollution Crime Health problems
Land Use & Urbanization
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Urban sprawl: expansion of urban area into
countryside Suburbs!
Example: From 1990-2000, Atlanta population grew 32% while the land
area increased by 300%
Problems with urban sprawl: Loose farm & forest land Longer commutes:
Pollution Need for oil Health issues
Land Use & Urbanization
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Today’s Assignment
By yourself or in partners, create a Public Service Advertisement picture &/or slogan regarding: Organic & sustainable agriculture Negatives of Factory farming How we can help…
You need to brainstorm & sketch idea today
Will create finished product tomorrow
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Friday, March 8th Reminders:
NEED SOIL SAMPLES! Unit 8: Land Exam – Thursday, March 14th
Bellringer: Today’s Schedule:
Take Unit 8: Land Vocab Quiz Land Management notes (4 slides) Amazon Protection Force Video
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Farms, Rangeland, Forests, & Cities
Land Management, Conservation, & Sustainability
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Land Management, Conservation, & Sustainability
Farms: Threatened by:
Urban sprawl Agribusiness: large scale farms that often
rely on lots of pesticides & fossil fuels Solutions:
Farmland Protection Program (1996)- U.S. government established to protect farmland from urban sprawl
Organic farming practices
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Land Management, Conservation, & Sustainability
Rangelands: Threatened by:
Overgrazing: too many animals eating grasses leads to erosion
Urban sprawl Solutions:
Public Rangeland Act of 1978: Improved rangeland management by: Limit herd sizes Planting native vegetation Building fences
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Forests: Face deforestation:
clearing of trees from an area Trees are removed for
timber & space for farmland, homes, roads, grazing
Particularly bad in Tropical Rain Forests
Leads to erosion & loss of biodiversity
Land Management, Conservation, & Sustainability
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Monday, March 11th Reminders:
Unit 8: Land Exam – Thursday, March 14th
Bellringer: Today’s Schedule:
Land Management Notes (4 slides) Soil Lab: Prep
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Forests: Solutions:
Selective cutting : only cutting middle-aged & mature trees and leaving young trees to grow
Reforestation: when trees are planted to re-establish trees that have been cut down Some governments require reforestation after
trees cut from public land Parks & preserves
Land Management, Conservation, & Sustainability
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Parks & Preserves
U.S. has 50 national parks Yellowstone – 1st national
park, est. 1872 Grand Canyon Yosemite Everglades Denali
Benefits: protects wildlife, provides recreation, saves land for future generations
U.S. Wilderness Act (1964) now protects 32 million acres Wilderness = land
protected from all exploitation
Open to hiking, fishing, camping
Example: Cumberland Island
Land Management, Conservation, & Sustainability
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Sustainable/ “Green” Cities Now building new
cities or re-developing urban areas to promote environmentally-friendly living
“Green Cities”: based on electricity, transportation, green living space, & recycling1. Portland, Oregon America’s top green city has it all: Half its
power comes from renewable sources, a quarter of the workforce commutes by bike, carpool or public transportation, and it has 35 buildings certified by the U.S. Green Building Council.
2. San Francisco, California3. Boston, Massachusetts4. Oakland, California5. Eugene, Oregon CATEGORY LEADER: Electricity
Much of the wet Pacific Northwest draws its energy from hydroelectric dams. But Eugene draws an additional 9 percent of its municipal electricity from wind farms. It also buys back excess power from residents who install solar panel
Land Management, Conservation, & Sustainability
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Strategies for “Green Cities” include: Rooftop solar panels & wind turbines to
provide energy Rooftop gardens Rainwater collection More bike transportation & electric car
stations More recycling & composting centers
Land Management, Conservation, & Sustainability
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1. Each person will get Soil Lab sheet2. In partners, obtain a tube and a soil sample .
1. Using sharpie, put PERIOD, then names on tube2. Add soil sample to tube, ½ to ¾ of tube3. Add water to tube & put the top on VERY TIGHTLY!4. Shake the tube vigorously until water has reached the
bottom5. Add tube to class rack
Soil Analysis: Prep
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Tuesday, March 12th Reminders:
Unit 8: Land Exam – Thursday, March 14th
Bellringer: Today’s Schedule:
Soil Lab: Day 2 Sustainable City article & questions
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With your partner: CAREFULLY obtain soil sample that was left overnight –
should have separated into layers Using rulers and the Soil Activity Figure as a guide, measure
the total length of soil and the length of each category in millimeters (Reminder: # cm x 10 = # mm) RECORD THESE VALUES INTO DATA TABLE 1 Using lengths, determine the percentage of each type in the
sampleEx: ___mm sand/ _____ total mm = _____ x 100 = _______ % sand
Using the TEXTURAL TRIANGLE and your percentages, determine how to classify your soil sampleAnswer Post-Lab Questions
Turn in once you’re done!
Soil Sample Analysis: Day 2
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Case Study – Curitiba: A Model Sustainable City
Read the given article ON A LOOSE, SEPARATE PIECE OF PAPER, write
question & answer to the following : 1. How big is the population of Curitiba, Brazil?2. Who started all the changes to make Curitiba so
sustainable?3. What did he do to protect space from future development? 4. How did education and jobs play a role in the city’s
change?5. What changes were made to the historic business district?6. Do you think American cities could become like Curitiba?
Why or why not?
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Wednesday, March 13th
Reminders: Unit 8: Land Exam is TOMORROW!
Bellringer: Today’s Schedule:
Work on Unit 8 Study Guide