ti dc/dc solution for industrial · motor drive relays hvac. 4 solutions to problems inrush...

1

TI DC/DC Solution For Industrial

Power Management & Silicon Valley Analog Products

Apr 2012

2

Agenda

• Popular Problems In Industrial

• TI Product Portfolio (Including SVA Products)

– 60Vin And Above Buck Converter Family

– 36Vin/42Vin Buck Converter Family

– Other Topology (Boost, Buck/Boost, SEPIC, etc)

– Inductor Integrated Solution

• Design Example

– Barriers of a high switching frequency with wide input voltage DC/DC

converters

3

Industrial Power Integrated Circuits

• Protection from Line

Voltage Transients from

Motors, Relay, Load Dump

• Low Iq for battery backup

applications

• High Frequency and Small

Package Saves Board

Space

E-MeterAir Damper

Ultrasound

Motor Drive

Relays

HVAC

4

Solutions to Problems

Inrush Currents

• Adjustable slow-start

• Current limit topology

Noise

• Ground Isolation

• Synchronized frequency

Transient response

• External compensation

• High switching frequency

Ease of Use

• Application Notes

• Software tools

Efficiency

• Light load efficiency

• Low Rds (on)

Performance

• Regulation Accuracy

• Thermal Specific

Application Specific

• ASIC / DSP / FPGA power

Intelligence

• Digital Power

• Monitoring / Telemetry

Some examples of solutions to specific problems

5

TI Product Portfolio

Popular Products For Industrial Including SVA Products





6

Industrial Integrated FET DC/DC ConvertersStep-Down Converters > 42V Input

0.5AOu

tpu

t C

urr

en

t (I

OU

T)

Input Voltage (VIN)

1A

1.5A

2.5A

3A

TPS54060

3.5V 4.5V 5.5V 36V 42V 75V6.0V

LM5010A

60V

TPS54160

LM5575

TPS54260

LM5576

TPS54062

100V

LM5009A

50mA

150mA

LM5008A350mA

Synchronous

Non-Sync

LM5574

LM5007

7

Industrial Integrated FET DC/DC ConvertersStep-Down Converters ≤ 42V Input

0.5A

Ou

tpu

t C

urr

en

t (I

OU

T)

Input Voltage (VIN)

1A

1.5A

2.5A

3A

5A

TPS54040

3.5V 4.5V 5.5V 36V 42V 75V6.0V 60V

LM22674

TPS5410

LM22672

LM3100

TPS54140

TPS5420

LM226802A

TPS54240

TPS5430

TPS5450

LM3102

LM31030.75A

100V

Synchronous

Non-Sync

LM25574

LM25575

LM25576

8

Parameter TPS54240/60 LM5576 LM3102

VIN 3.5V to 42/60V 7V to 75V 4.5V to 42V

IOUT 2.5A 3A 2.5A

Topology Non-Sync Non-SyncSynchronou

s

Control Type Current ModeCurrent

Mode

Constant

On-Time

Fsw (kHz) 100 to 2500 50 to 500 Up to 1000

Rds(on) 200 mΩ 160 mΩ 180/110 mΩ

Iq shutdown 1.3uA 60uA 25uA

Iq operating 138uA 5mA 700uA

Vref over Temp 0.8V @ 2%1.225V @

1.5%0.8V @ 2%

Light Load Eff. Yes No Yes (DCM)

Package10MSOP

10 SON (54260)20HTSSOP

20HTSSOP

28uBGA

Features

Adj. UVLO,

Adj. SS, Track,

Sync, PG,

Enable

Sync,

Enable, Adj.

SS

Enable, Adj.

SS

2.5A High Voltage DC/DC Converter Positioning

LM3102

Reduced Components Count

• Integrated Low Side FET

• No Compensation Needed

High Efficiency

• Synchronous Rectification

TPS54240/60

Battery Powered Applications


• Low operating/shutdown

current

LM5576

High Voltage Capability

• 75V operation

9

1.5A High Voltage DC/DC Converter Positioning

Parameter TPS54140/60 LM(2)5575 LM3100

VIN 3.5V to 42/60V 7V to (42)75V 4.5V to 36V

IOUT 1.5A 1.5A 1.5A

Topology Non-Sync Non-SyncSynchronou

s

Control Type Current Mode Current ModeConstant

On-Time

Fsw (kHz) 100 to 2500 50 to 500 Up to 1000

Rds(on) 200 mΩ 160 mΩ 180/110 mΩ


Iq operating 116uA 5mA 700uA

Vref over Temp 0.8V @ 2% 1.225V @ 1.5% 0.8V @ 2%

Light Load Eff. Yes No No

Package 10MSOP 20HTSSOP 20HTSSOP

Features

Adj. UVLO,

Adj. SS,

Track, Sync,

PG, Enable

Sync, Enable,

Adj. SS

Enable, Adj.

SS

LM3100


• Integrated Low Side FET

• No Compensation Needed

High Efficiency

• Synchronous Rectification

TPS54140/60




current

LM(2)5575

• Highest voltage transient

protection

10

0.5A, High Voltage DC/DC Converter Positioning

Parameter TPS54040/60 LM(2)5574 LM22674

VIN 3.5V to 42/60V 6V to (42)75V 4.5V to 42V

IOUT 0.5A 0.5A 0.5A

Topology Non-Sync Non-Sync Non-Sync

Control Type Current Mode Current ModeVoltage

Mode

Compensation External External Internal

Fsw (kHz) 100 to 2500 50 to 500 500kHz

Rds(on) 200 mΩ 750 mΩ 200 mΩ


Iq operating 116uA 3.7mA 3.4mA

Vref over Temp 0.8V @ 2% 1.225V @ 1.5% 1.285V @ 2%

Light Load Eff. Yes No No

Package 10MSOP 16HTSSOP 8SOIC

Features

Adj. UVLO,

Adj. SS,

Track, Sync,

PG, Enable

Sync, Enable,

Adj. SSEnable

LM3102


• Internal Compensation

TPS54240/60




current

LM(2)5574

• Highest voltage transient

protection

11

EVM/Tool

LM31024.5V to 42V Input, 2.5-A Synchronous Step-Down Converter

• Integrated 180/110mΩ MOSFETs

• Constant On-Time Control Scheme

• Uses Very Low ESR Ceramic Caps

• Adjustable Switching Frequency up to

1000kHz

• 1.5% Reference Accuracy (0.8V)

• Discontinuous Mode Operation

• LM3102EVAL

• Webench Tool

SimpleSwitcher®

• High Efficiency and Space Savings

• No Loop Compensation Components

• Fast Transient Response Time

• Optimize for Small Size or Efficiency;

Remains fairly Constant Over Line Variations

• Powers DSP / FPGA Core

• High Light Load Efficiency

• Embedded Systems and Industrial Control

• Automotive Telematics and Body

Electronics

• Point of Load Regulators

• Storage Systems and Broadband

Infrastructure

20 pin HTSSOP

12

EVM/Tool






1000kHz


• DCM Operation

• LM3100EVAL

• Webench Tool

SimpleSwitcher®

• No Diode Needed – Saves Space









Electronics



Infrastructure

20 pin HTSSOP

13

EVM/Tool






1000kHz


• DCM Operation

• LM3103EVAL

• Webench Tool

SimpleSwitcher®

• No Diode Needed – Saves Space









Electronics



Infrastructure

16 pin HTSSOP

14

TPS540624.7V to 60V Input, 50mA Synchronous Step-Down SWIFTTM Converter

• Fully Synchronous with Integrated

1.5/0.8 Power MOSFETs

• 100kHz to 400kHz Adjustable Frequency

• 0.8V Reference with 2% Accuracy Over -

40°C to +150°C Operating Tj

• 89uA Operating Quiescent and 1.7uA

Shutdown Current

• High Efficiency with More than 20mm2 Board

Space Savings. No External Diode Needed

• Synchronizes to Clock to Reduce Noise

• 25°C More Thermal Headroom than Similar

Integrated Synchronous Competitors

• Improves Light Load Efficiency for Longer

Battery Life

• Industrial Process Control, Metering,

Security Systems

• 4-20mA Current Loop Powered Sensors

• Low Power Standby or Bias Voltage Supply

• High Voltage Linear Regulator Replacement

TPS54062EVM-695

SwitcherProTM

PH

VIN

GND

BOOT

VSENSE

COMP

LEO

EN

RT/CLK

8 pin MSOP

TPS54062

SWIFTTM

15

EVM/Tool

LM55766 to 75V Input 3-A Step-Down DC/DC Converter

• Emulated Current Mode Control

Topology

• Integrated 170 m High Side MOSFET

• 50 kHz to 500kHz Frequency

• Master or Slave Frequency

Synchronization

• Output Voltage Adjustable to 1.225V

• Fast Transient Response with Low Output

Voltage & Duty Cycle Support

• High Efficiency at Full Load Current

• Optimize Power Supply for Size or Efficiency

• Reduces Electro Magnetic Interference in Noise

Sensitive Applications

• Low Vout Support with 2% Accuracy over Temp

•LM5576EVAL

•Webench Software

• Medical, Automotive, & Power Over

Ethernet Applications

• 24V and 48V Distributed Power Systems

that Suffer Line Transients

• Automotive Qualified Version Available

20 pin TSSOP

Automotive Grade: LM5576Q

SimpleSwitcher®

16

EVM/Tool

LM55756 to 75V Input 1.5-A Step-Down DC/DC Converter


Topology




Synchronization









•LM5575EVAL

•Webench Software






16 pin TSSOP


SimpleSwitcher®

17

EVM/Tool

LM55746 to 75V Input 0.5-A Step-Down DC/DC Converter


Topology




Synchronization









•LM5574EVAL

•Webench Software






16 pin TSSOP


SimpleSwitcher®

18

EVM/Tool

LM5010A6 to 75V Input 1-A Step-Down DC/DC Converter

• Constant On-Time Control Scheme with

Nearly Constant Frequency Operation

• Integrated 80V, 350m MOSFET

• Up to 1MHz Frequency

• Internal High Voltage Bias Regulator

• No Loop Compensation Reduces Component

Count. Fast Transient Response Time

• Greater then 90% Efficiency at Full Load


• High Vin Start-up with No Extra Parts

•LM5010AEVAL

•Webench Software






14pin HTSSOP

4x4mm SONAutomotive Grade: LM5010Q

19

EVM/Tool

LM50079 to 75V Input 0.7-A Peak Step-Down DC/DC Converter


with Nearly Constant Frequency

Operation

• Integrated 80V, 740 m MOSFET

• Internal High Voltage Start Up

• Intelligent Current Limit Scheme

• No Loop Compensation Reduces

Component Count. Fast Transient

Response Time

• Greater then 90% Efficiency at Full Load

• High Voltage Start Up with No Extra Parts

• Reduces Load Current Foldback

•Webench Software



• 24V and 48V Distributed Power

Systems that Suffer Line Transients


8 pin MSOP

4x4mm SON

20

• Integrated 200m High Side MOSFET

• Pulse Skipping Eco-ModeTM with 138uA

Operating and 1.3uA Shutdown Current

• 100 kHz to 2.5 MHz Switching Frequency

• Synchronizes to External Clock

• Adjustable Slow Start Time

• PG, Enable, and Track Pin

• Greater than 90% Peak Efficiency

• High Light Load Efficiency: Greater than

60% Efficiency at 10mA

• Low Duty Cycle or Smaller L&C Sizing

• Eliminates Beat Noise

• Reduces Inrush Currents

• Implement Various Sequencing Schemes

• GSM/GPRS Module for

Security Systems, Fleet

Tracking, Remote Vending,

Inventory Management

• 12/24/48V Industrial Systems

TPS542603.5V to 60V Input 2.5-A Step Down SWIFT™ DC-DC Converter

TOOLS

• TPS54260EVM-597

• SwitcherProTM Software

Device Io Package

TPS542602.5

A

10MSOP &

3x3mm

SON

TPS541601.5

A

10MSOP

TPS540600.5

A

10MSOP &

3x3mm

SON

60Vin Devices

Pin to pin compatible

Vo: 0.8V to 57V

SWIFTTM

Automotive Qual available

21

• Integrated 200m High Side MOSFET



• 100 kHz to 2.5 MHz Switching Frequency


• Adjustable Slow Start Time

• PG, Enable, and Track Pin

• Greater than 90% Peak Efficiency

• High Light Load Efficiency: Greater than

60% Efficiency at 10mA

• Low Duty Cycle & Freq. Band Avoidance


• Reduces Inrush Currents

• Implement Various Sequencing Schemes

GSM/GPRS Module for Security

Systems, Fleet Tracking, Remote

Vending, Inventory Management

12/24V Industrial Power Systems

TPS542403.5V to 42V Input 2.5-A Step Down SWIFT™ DC-DC Converter

TOOLS

TPS54240EVM

SwitcherProTM Software Pin compatible 10MSOP Packages

0.8V to 39Vo

SWIFTTM


Device Io Package

TPS54240 2.5A 10MSOP



42Vin Devices

22

TPS54013.5 to 42V Input 0.5A DC/DC Converter - SWIFTTM





• 100 kHz to 2.5 MHz Frequency

• 10 pin MSOP with PowerPad

• High Efficiency under Light Load Conditions

Extends Battery Life and Saves Energy

• Supports Low Output at 3.5% Vref Accuracy

• High Efficiency at Full 0.5-A Load Current

• Small Filter or Low Duty Cycle Support

• Low Cost Version of 1% Vref TPS54040

• E-Meters & Flow Meters

• L78xx Linear Replacement

• Low Current 3.3V or 5V Output for 12V

and 24V Industrial and Commercial

Distributed Power Systems

PH

VIN

GND

BOOT

VSENSECOMP

TPS5401

EN

RT/CLK

SS/TR

PWRGD

CIN

CBOOT

LO

COUT

R1

R2C2

C1

R3

RT

CSS

R5

R4

TPS5401EVM-708

Low Cost!

23

PHVIN

GND

BOOT

VSENSE

COMP

TPS54160

EN

RT/CLK

SS/TR

CpoleCzero

Rcomp

RTCss

Coneg

Lo

CbootCin

R1

R2

Cd

VIN

VONEG

+

+

GND

VOPOS

Copos+

Tools for TPS54160 FamilySplit Rail Positive and Negative Vout Design

• Split rail design provides +/-18V at 100mA with 24Vinput

• TPS54060EVM-590 is available and orderable

• Application note is on the web

• Positive and Negative Output Voltage Split Rail Calculator for SWIFT DC/DC Converters

excel spreadsheet is available on the web. See SWIFTPOSNEG-CALC

• Ideal for powering Bipolar Amplifiers. Use with TPS7A3001 -36V, 200mA negative

output LDO and TPS7A49 +36V/150mA positive voltage LDO

24

Positive

Switcher

Positive LDO

Negative

Switcher

Negative LDO

New Wide Vin Linear Regulators

Remove Switching Noise to Power:

• Bi-Polar Amplifiers

• A/D Converters

• D/A Converters

VIN 18V to 30V

VIN

PG

EN

NR/SS

VOUT

Sense/

FB

GND

COUT

TPS7A30ON

OFF

VOUT -15V

CIN

VIN

PG

EN

NR/SS

VOUT

Sense/

FB

GND

COUT

TPS7A49ON

OFF

VOUT +15V

CIN

VIN

EN

NR/SS

PH

VSense

GND

TPS54160

- VOUT

+VOUT

ON

OFF +

- V+

V-

Tools for TPS54160 Family High-Performance Signal Chain Applications

25

Tools for TPS54160 Family 24V Input to -12V Output, 0.3A, DC/DC Converter

• Inverter schematic appears in

Application Note SLVA317

• Excel Design Worksheet

SLVC225

• Maximum output current is

approximated as IL(avg)*(1-D)

• Vin plus absolute value of Vout

must be <60V

• Use TPS54160 for higher Iout

• Contact Factory for

Evaluation module

Cd

1mF

CIN

Css

0.1mFCzero

27nFCpole

82pF

Co

2x15mF

Cboot

0.1mF

RT

237k

Rcomp

52.3k

R1

14k

R2

1k

Lo

150mH

VIN (+)

VOUT (-)

VIN

EN

TPS54060

SS/TR

RT/CLK

COMP

VSENSE

BOOT

GND

PH

26

Tools for TPS54160 Family GSM/GPRS Module in Telemetry

• 3-A GSM Maximum Transient Current

Required

–TPS54260 has 3.3-A minimum current limit

• 50mA to 200mA Typical Idle Supply

Current

–TPS54260 has 138uA operating quiescent

current to improve efficiency at light loads

• Fast Transient Response to Reduce Output

Capacitance

–TPS54260 employs current mode control

for a fast transient response time and low

output capacitance

TPS54260 Powers GSM/GPRS Module:

• Support Tools

–Reference Design Board PMP5854

–SLVA412 Application Note

0.1-A to 3-A step

27

EVM/Tool

LM255766 to 42V Input, 3-A Step-Down DC/DC Converter

• No Loop Compensation with Emulated

Current Mode Control Topology


• 50 kHz to 1MHz Frequency


Synchronization

• 1.5% Vref Accuracy (1.225V)







• Low Output Voltage Support

•LM25576EVAL

•Webench Software

• Medical & Automotive Applications

• Metering and Smart Grid Applications

• 24V Distributed Power Systems that

Suffer Line Transients


SimpleSwitcher®

Automotive Grade: LM25576Q20 Pin HTSSOP

28

EVM/Tool

LM255756 to 42V Input, 1.5-A Step-Down DC/DC Converter

• No Loop Compensation with Emulated

Current Mode Control Topology




Synchronization









•LM25575EVAL

•Webench Software

• Industrial & Automotive Applications





SimpleSwitcher®


29

EVM/Tool

LM226804.5 to 42V Input, 2-A Step-Down DC/DC Converter


• 500kHz Frequency - Adjustable from

200 kHz to 1MHz

• Synchronize to a Master Clock

• 2% Vref Accuracy (1.285V)

• Internally Compensated Voltage Mode

Control

• Greater than 90% Efficient at Full Load

• Optimize Power Supply for Size or Efficiency.

500kHz Configuration Reduces Components

• Reduces Electro Magnetic Interference


• Excellent Line and Load Regulation with

Reduced External Component Count

•LM22680EVAL

•Webench Software






SimpleSwitcher®


8 Pin HSOIC

30

EVM/Tool



• 500kHz Frequency



Control is Stable with Ceramic Caps

• Precision Enable Pin


• Minimized External Component Count


• Reduced External Component Count with

Space Savings

• Allows Simple Sequencing with a Resistor

Divider from another Power Supply

•LM22675EVAL

•Webench Software






SimpleSwitcher®


8 Pin HSOIC- 5V Fixed Vout Version Available

31

EVM/Tool

LM255746 to 42V Input, 0.5-A Step-Down DC/DC Converter

• Easy Loop Compensation with

Emulated Current Mode Control

Topology




Synchronization









•LM25574EVAL

•Webench Software






SimpleSwitcher®


32

EVM/Tool



• 500kHz Frequency - Adjustable from

200 kHz to 1MHz






• Optimize Power Supply for Size or Efficiency.

500kHz Configuration Reduces Components



Space Savings



•LM22672EVAL

•Webench Software






SimpleSwitcher®


8 Pin HSOIC 5V Fixed Vout Version Available

33

EVM/Tool

LM226744.5 to 42V Input, 0.5-A Step-Down DC/DC Converter


• 500kHz Frequency






• Minimized External Component Count



Space Savings



•LM22674EVAL

•Webench Software






SimpleSwitcher®


8 Pin HSOIC- 5V Fixed Vout Version Available

34

• Industrial: Point-of-load regulation for 3.3/5V

• Battery Charging off 9-24V AC/DC Wall Bricks

• Distributed Power Systems off 12/24V Bus

• Integrated 110mΩ N-channel MOSFET

• Fixed 500kHz Switching Frequency

• Output Voltage to 1.23V with 2% accuracy

• Internal Slow Start Circuit

• Internal Compensation

• Enable Pin

• Only 18uA Shutdown Quiescent Current

• High Efficiency Up to 95%

• Small Output Inductor & Capacitor

• Good Performance over Temperature

• Limits Start-up Inrush Current

• Reduced External Components

• Easy On/Off Control

• Low Power Consumption when Switched Off

P/N Io (A) Package

TPS5450 5 8 HSOIC

TPS5430 3 8 HSOIC

TPS5420 2 8 SOIC

TPS5410 1 8 SOIC

TPS5450EVM-254 TPS5430EVM-173

TPS5420EVM-175 TPS5410EVM-203

SwitcherPro Software Tool

TPS5430

BOOT

PH

GND

VIN

VSENSE

INPUT VOUT

ENA

TPS54x0

TPS5410/20/30/505.5 to 36V Input Step Down DC/DC Converters


SWIFTTM

35

EVM/Tool

LM5008A6V to 95V Input, 0.35-A Step-Down DC/DC Converter

• Integrated 1.25, 100V MOSFET

• Constant On-Time Control Scheme with

Input Voltage Feed Forward


• 50kHz to 600kHz Frequency Operation

• Supports 2.5V to 75V Output Voltage


• No Loop Compensation; Provides Constant

Frequency with Fast Transient Response

• Ensures Recovery with Minimal Foldback

• Optimize Efficiency or Size

• Wide Range of Applications

•LM5008AEVAL

•Quick Start Calculator

• Non-Isolated Telecommunication Buck

Regulator

• Secondary High Voltage Post Regulator

• +42V Automotive Systems

8 pin MSOP or

8 pin 4x4mm SON

36

EVM/Tool

LM5009A6V to 95V Input, 150mA Step-Down DC/DC Converter

• Integrated 100V, 2.2Ω MOSFET

• Constant On-Time Control Scheme Keeps

the Switching Frequency Relatively

Constant


• LM5009AEVAL

• LM5009A Quick Start Calculator

• 48V Non Isolated Telecommunications

Power Supply

• Secondary High Voltage Post Regulator

• +42V Automotive Systems

8 pin MSOP or

8 pin 4x4mm SON

PowerWise®



Required While providing a Fast Transient

Response Time

• Ensures Recovery with Minimal Foldback

37







38

Industrial DC/DC Converters with FETsOther Topology (Boost, Buck/Boost, SEPIC, etc)

Featu

res

Input Voltage (VIN)40V 52V3V 60V 75V6V 55V4.5V

LM5002 0.5A - Boost / SEPIC / Flyback

LM5000 2A - Boost

LM5001 1A - Boost / SEPIC / Flyback

TPS55010 Isolated Fly-BuckTM

90V8V

39

EVM/Tool

LM50003.1V to 40V Input, 2-A Peak Boost Converter

• Integrated 2A 80V 160mΩ Switch

• Current Mode Control

• 300/700kHz (LM5000-3) or

600/1300kHz (LM5000-6) Operation

• Adjustable Soft Start

•LM5000EVAL

• Configure as Boost, Flyback, SEPIC

• Excellent Rejection of Line Transients

• Optimize the Design for High Efficiency or

Smaller Size, or Avoid Sensitive Frequency

Bands

• Reduced Inrush Currents

16pin TSSOP

16 pin 5x5mm SON

• DSL and CPE Modems

• Flyback or Forward Converter

• Distributed Power systems

40

EVM/Tool

LM50013.1V to 75V Input, 1-A Peak Boost Converter

• Integrated 490mΩ, 75V, 1A Low Side

MOSFET


• 85% Maximum Duty Cycle


• Programmable Frequency to 1.5MHz

• External Synchronization Capable

•Webench Tool

•LM5001BSTEVAL

8 pin SOIC or

8 pin 4x4mm SON

• Industrial Control Systems

• Battery Powered Systems

• Simple Configuration of a Boost,

Flyback, or SEPIC Converter

• Superior Rejection of Input Transients

• Supports Low Vin and High Vout

• Tight Voltage Regulation

• Optimize for Small Size or Efficiency

• Eliminate Beat Noise

41

EVM/Tool

LM50023.1V to 75V Input, 0.5A Peak Boost Converter

• Integrated 850mΩ, 75V, 0.5A Low-Side

MOSFET


• 85% Maximum Duty Cycle

• Programmable Frequency to 1.5MHz

• External Synchronization Capable

• Webench Tool

• Simple Configuration of a Boost,

Flyback, or SEPIC Converter

• Superior Rejection of Input Transients

• Supports High Output Voltages

• Optimize for Small Size or Efficiency

• Eliminate Beat Noise

• Industrial Control Systems

• Battery Powered Systems

8 pin SOIC or 8 pin 4x4mm SON

42

TPS550102.95V to 6V Input, 2W Isolated DC/DC SWIFTTM Converter

• Fly-BuckTM Topology with Integrated

45/45 mΩ Half-Bridge

• Primary Side Feedback

• Programmable Primary Side Voltage

with Resistor Divider


• Adjustable Slow Start

• Simple Design with 85% Efficiency at

5V/200mA

• No Optocoupler required

• Vary Input to Output Voltage Combinations

with Same Transformer


• Low Inrush Current

PH

VIN

GND

BOOT

VSENSE

COMP

TPS55010

EN

RT/CLK

SS

FAULT

Css

RtCc

CbootT1

R1

R2

Cin

C1

INPUT

+5V

+

5V

_

1:2

Co

• Noise Immunity for PLCs, Industrial Control,

& Measurement

• RS232/485/Fieldbus Communication

• Power for Line Drivers, ISO Amplifiers, CAN

Transceivers

• Floating Supplies for IGBT Gate Drivers Examples

• +5V to +5V at 200mA

• +3.3V to +5V at 200mA

• +5V to +/-15V at 25mA• TPS55010EVM-009

• Design Calculator on Web

3x3mm 16QFN

SWIFTTM

43







44

Integrated Power SolutionsO

utp

ut

Cu

rre

nt

(IO

UT)

14V

6A

Input Voltage (VIN)

2.95V 5.5V 24V 42V

4A

3A

2A

1A

5A

6V 20V 50V4.5V

LMZ14201 (0.8-6V and 6-24Vout Versions)

LMZ12001

LMZ14202 (0.8-6V and 6-24Vout Versions)

LMZ12002

TPS84210 TPS84250 (2.5A)

Samples

Production

LMZ10503 LMZ14203 (0.8-6V and 6-24Vout Versions)

LMZ12003

TPS84320

LMZ22003

36V

LMZ23603

LMZ10504

TPS84410

LMZ10505 LMZ22005

LMZ23605

TPS84610

TPS84620 / TPS84621

LMZ12008 / LMZ22008

LMZ13608 / LMZ23608

LMZ12010 / LMZ22010

LMZ13610 / LMZ23610

8A

10A

45

TPS84 Family Key Attributes

LFM = 0

VIN = 12

VOUT = 3.3

IOUT = 6

Ta=28.8°C

Excellent Thermal Performance

6A at Full Load – no airflow

Meets Class B Radiated Emissions

Easy to use

As Few as 3 External Components

• 13C/W thermal resistance

• Only ~30C rise w/o airflow

• Ta: -40C to 85C Rating

• Tj: -40C to 125C Rating

Reference Design and Files

download-able from Product

Folder on Web

Evaluation Module Available

QFN packaging

Shielded Inductor

• Standard QFN mounting

• MTBF / FIT Reliability Data in

product folder on Web

Extra solder pads and jumpers

allow easy circuit optimization

46

BQFN Advantages vs LGA

• Better Thermal Efficiency in 40%

Smaller Package

– 13°C/W (BQFN) vs 15.2°C/W (LGA)

– Yields up to 50% longer life

• Access to Signal Pins

– Pins on Outside

– Easy to route Signals, Vias, Power

– Easy to inspect solder joints

• High Temp Reflow

– Capability for 260°C (BQFN) vs 245°C

(LGA)LGA

BQFN

47

SIMPLE SWITCHER® Power Module Value Advantage

Ease-of Use Packaging

• Single exposed pad with IC

leads

• Easy prototyping and

manufacturing

Heat Dissipation

• Best-in-class thermal

performance

• No airflow required

National Semiconductor Competitors

Low EMI with

Shielded Inductor

Pin-Pin Compatibility

Fully WEBENCH® EnabledNational’s LMZ10504 (≈42oC

case)

Competitors

(≈46oC case)

Operating Conditions: VIN=5.0V, VOUT=1.8V, IOUT= 4A

48

SIMPLE SWITCHER® Power Module Value Advantage

Ease-of-Use Packaging

Heat Dissipation

Low EMI with

Shielded Inductor

• Meet Class B for both Radiated

and Conducted Emission

• Ideal for noise-sensitive

applications

Pin-Pin

Compatibility

• For different load currents

within each family

Fully WEBENCH® Enabled

• Provides complete solution

and solution analysis

Current

1A 2A 3A 4A 5A 8A 10A

49

SIMPLE SWITCHER® Power Module Portfolio

• LMZ 1- Series: 16 products

– Features: Enable and Soft-Start

– Vin up to 36V/42V, support from 1A to 10A

• LMZ 2- Series: 8 products

– Features: Enable, Soft-Start, Frequency Sync, Current Sharing

– Vin up to 36V, support from 2-10A, current share up to 60A

• EXT – Extended temp: 9 products

– Guaranteed to operate to -55°C

– Passed Shock and Vibration Tests to Military and Industrial Standards

50

Integrated Shielded Inductor

0.8V to 6V Output Capability

Current Sharing up to 60A

Meets Class B CISPR22 EMI standard

Single Exposed Pad

Switching frequency of 350 to 600kHz

• Easy Design – Saves Board Space

• Ideal for DSP and FPGA Core Voltages

• Simple Current Sharing for Higher Current

Applications

• Low EMI Noise for Sensitive Applications

• Simple Layout and Manufacturing

• Peak Efficiency of 92%

Powering FPGAs and various point of

loads from the 12V and 24V input rails

Low-noise and/or space-constrained

apps

Time critical projects

LMZ23608/106 to 36V Input, Step-Down Simple Switcher Module w/ Current Sharing

• Pin Compatible for Scalability

• Pin to Pin with LMZ220xx, LMZ120xx, and LMZ136xx Families

Device Io

LMZ23608 8A

LMZ23610 10A

EVM/Tool • LMZ23608EVAL

• LMZ23610EVAL

• Webench Tool

TO-PMOD 11

9.9C/W ΘJA

51




Single Exposed Pad

Switching frequency of 350kHz









apps


LMZ13608/106 to 36V Input, Step-Down Simple Switcher Module



Device Io

LMZ13608 8A

LMZ13610 10A


• LMZ13610EVAL

• Webench Tool

TO-PMOD11

9.9C/W ΘJA

52



Current Sharing up to 60A


Single Exposed Pad

Switching frequency of 350 to 600kHz



• Simple Current Sharing for Higher Currents







apps


LMZ22008/106 to 20V Input, Step-Down Simple Switcher Module w/ Current Sharing



Device Io

LMZ22008 8A

LMZ22010 10AEVM/Tool • LMZ22008EVAL

• LMZ22010EVAL

• Webench Tool

TO-PMOD11

9.9C/W ΘJA

53




Single Exposed Pad

Switching Frequency of 350kHz









apps


LMZ12008/106 to 20V Input, Step-Down Simple Switcher Module



Device Io

LMZ12008 8A

LMZ12010 10A


• LMZ12010EVAL

• Webench Tool

TO-PMOD11

9.9C/W ΘJA

54

TPS846204.5V to 14.5V Input, 6-A Synchronous-Buck Integrated Power Solution

• Integrated Inductor and Passives

• Easy to Mount 15 x 9 x 2.8mm QFN

Package Delivers 800W/in3 Solution

• 95% Peak Efficiency and 13°C/W ӨJA

Thermal Resistance

• Adjustable Frequency, Soft Start, &

UVLO with Track, Clock and PG pins

• Meets Class B Radiated Emissions

• As Few as 3 External Components Required

• 40% Smaller Package than Competitive 12V,

6A Integrated Inductor Solutions

• Low Thermal Resistance Delivers Full 6-A

Rated Current without Airflow

• Provides the Design Flexibility of a Discrete

Solution

• Low EMI for Sensitive Applications

• Broadband & Communication Infrastructure

• Automated Test and Medical Equipment

• Compact PCI / PCI Express / PXI Express

• DSP & FPGA Point of Load Applications

TPS84620EVM-692

SwitcherPro Software

1.2V to 5.5Vout

55

TPS846214.5V to 14.5V Input, 6-A Synchronous-Buck Integrated Power Solution



Package Delivers 800W/in3 Solution

• 95% Peak Efficiency and 13°C/W ӨJA

Thermal Resistance




• As Few as 3 External Components Required

• 40% Smaller Package than Competitive 12V,

6A Integrated Inductor Solutions

• Low Thermal Resistance Delivers Full 6-A

Rated Current without Airflow


Solution






0.8V to 5.5Vout

Pin compatible with TPS84620

• TPS84621: Adjustable Vout down to 0.8V

• TPS84621: Hiccup Current Limit (versus Pulse by Pulse)

RTM Nov 2011

56

TPS843204.5V to 14.5V Input, 3-A Step-Down DC/DC Integrated Power Solution


Encapsulated on Lead Frame


package delivers 400W/in3 Solution

• 95% Peak Efficiency




• Simple Design Procedure – Only 3 External

Components Required

• Small Integrated Inductor Solution; Allows

Back Side PCB Mounting

• Low Power Dissipation with 13°C/W ӨJA


Solution






0.8V to 5.5V VOUT

With 1.5% Vref

4.5V to 14.5V VIN

1.6V to 14.5V PVIN

VOUT

PVIN

AGND

SENSE+

TPS84320

INH/UVLO

SS/TR

PWRGD

CO

CI

VINVIN

VOUT

PGND

RT/CLK VADJ

RSET

STSEL

57




Single Exposed Pad

Frequency Sync Input from 650 to 950kHz










apps


LMZ23603/056 to 36V Input, Step-Down Simple Switcher Module w/ Frequency Sync


• Pin to Pin with LMZ2200x Family

Device Io

LMZ23603 3A

LMZ23605 5A


• LMZ23605EVAL

• Webench Tool

TO-PMOD7

12C/W ΘJA

58




Single Exposed Pad

Frequency Sync Input from 650 to 950kHz










apps


LMZ22003/056 to 20V Input, Step-Down Simple Switcher Modules w/ Frequency Sync


• Pin to Pin with LMZ2360x Family

Device Io

LMZ22003 3A

LMZ22005 5AEVM/Tool • LMZ22003EVAL

• LMZ22005EVAL

• Webench Tool

TO-PMOD7

12C/W ΘJA

TO-PMOD7

12C/W ΘJA

59

EVM/Tool

LMZ14201/2/36V to 42V Input, Step-Down Simple Switchers Module

• Integrated Shielded Inductor

• 0.8V to 6V Output Capability

• Meets Class B EN55022 Radiated

Emissions

• Single Exposed Pad

• Adjustable Frequency from 200kHz to

1MHz

• LMZ14201EVAL

• LMZ14202EVAL

• LMZ14203EVAL

• Webench Tool



• Reduces EMI Noise for Sensitive

Applications


• Supports Low Duty Cycles or Smaller

Solution Size

• Space Constrained Embedded

Systems and Industrial Control

• Noise Sensitive Transceiver

and Medical Equipment


• Pin to Pin with 20V LMZ1200x Family

• -55°C operation EXT version available

Device Io

LMZ14201 1A

LMZ14202 2A

LMZ14203 3A

TO-PMOD7

20C/W ΘJA

60

EVM/Tool

LMZ14201/2/3H6V to 42V Input, Step-Down Simple Switcher Modules


• Output Voltage Adjustable from 5 to 24V


• Meets Class Radiated Emissions



1MHz

• LMZ14201HEVAL

• LMZ14202HEVAL

• LMZ14203HEVAL

• Webench Tool


• Higher Output Voltage Versions of LMZ1420x

• Fast Transient Response

• Reduces EMI Noise for Sensitive Applications


• Supports Low Duty Cycles or Smaller Solution

Size





Device Io

LMZ14201H 1A

LMZ14202H 2A

LMZ14203H 3A


• Pin to Pin with 20V LMZ1200x Family

TO-PMOD7

20C/W ΘJA

61

EVM/Tool

LMZ12001/2/34.5V to 20V Input Step-Down Simple Switcher Modules


• 0.8V to 6V Output Capability



1MHz


• LMZ12001EVAL

• LMZ12002EVAL

• LMZ12003EVAL

• Webench Tool




• Supports Low Duty Cycles or Smaller

Solution Size






Device Io

LMZ12001 1A

LMZ12002 2A

LMZ12003 3A


• Pin to Pin Compatible with LMZ1402x & H versions

• -55°C operation EXT version available

TO-PMOD 7

20C/W ΘJA

62

EVM/Tool

LMZ10503/4/52.95V to 5.5V Input. Step-Down Simple Switcher Modules


• 0.8V to 5V Output Capability with

1.63% Accuracy



• Fixed 1MHz Frequency

• LMZ10503EVAL

• LMZ10504EVAL

• LMZ10505EVAL

• Webench Enabled


• Ideal for Providing Power to DSP and FPGA

Core Voltages



• Small Sized Solution




and Medical EquipmentDevice Io

LMZ10503 3A

LMZ10504 4A

LMZ10505 5A

• Pin Compatible for Scalability• -55°C operation EXT version available

TO-PMOD 7

20C/W ΘJA

63



• Easy to Mount 9 x 11 x 2.8mm BQFN

package delivers up to 14W Solution






Components Required



• Low Power Dissipation with tbd°C/W ӨJA


Solution

• Low EMI fort Sensitive Applications





0.8V to 3.6Vo

With 1.0% Vref

VOUT

AGND

SENSE+

TPS84410

INH/UVLO

SS/TR

PWRGD

COUT

CIN

VINVIN

VOUT

PGND

RT/CLKVADJ

RSET

STSEL

RTRTN

INHRTN

COMPRTN

TPS84210/410/6102.95V to 6V Input, Step-Down DC/DC Integrated Power Solutions

Device Io RTM

TPS84210 2A Released

TPS84410 4A Released

TPS84610 6A Nov’11

64

Nano Module Value Advantage

Extremely Small Solution

Size

• Place on front-side or

back-side of PCB

• LLP-8 Footprint

Excellent Performance

• Low output voltage ripple

• High efficiency

• Fast transient response

Mounted on PCB Expanded View

Low EMI with

integrated inductor

2.5 mm1.2 mm

3 mm

• Complies with CISPR22

Class B Standard

65

LMZ10500 / 15.5Vin, 0.65A/1.0A SIMPLE SWITCHER® Nano Module

65

LMZ10500EVAL

LMZ10501EVAL

Integrated inductor

Input voltage range 2.7V to 5.5V

Output voltage range 0.6V to 3.6V

Output current up to 1A

Peak efficiency up to 95%

LMZ10500/1 pin compatible

Tiny packaging (2.5 x 3 x 1.2mm)

Input under voltage lockout (UVLO)

Integrated compensation

Current limit protection

Fully WEBENCH® enabled

Fast-time-to market: easy PCB layout &

component selection, WEBENCH design tools

Complies to CISPR22 Class B radiated &

Conducted EMI & CISPR25 Class 5 automotive

standard

Low output ripple with minimal output

capacitance

Complete solution in 35mm2

Point of load conversions from 3.3V and 5V rails

Space constrained applications

Low output noise applications

Replacing LDOs for higher efficiency

1.2mm

3 mm

2.5 mm

65

66

Nano Module Evaluation Support

• 650mA / 1A Max load

• Pre-configured for 1.8Vout

• Compliant to CISPR22 Class B EMI standard

• 4-layer PCB design with 1oz copper

LMZ10500

EVAL

LMZ10501

EVAL

• 35mm2 solution size

• 1A Max load

• Pre-configured for 1.8Vout

• 2-layer PCB design with 1oz copper

• AN-2167

LMZ10501

DEMO

67

TPS842507V-50V Input, 2.5A Non-Synchronous Buck, Integrated Power Solution



• Easy to Mount 9 x 11 x 2.8mm BQFN

package delivers up to 30W Solution






Components Required



• Low Power Dissipation with tbd°C/W ӨJA


Solution



• Industrial Controls

• High Density Power Systems

Samples Now

RTM 1Q’12

•2.5V to 15Vo

•7V to 50VIN VOUT

AGND

TPS84250

INH/UVLO

SS/TR

PWRGD

COUT

CIN

VINVIN

VOUT

PGND

RT/CLKVADJ

RSET

STSEL

68

Barriers Of A High Switching Frequency With Wide Input Voltage DC/DC Converters

How operating frequency affects DC/DC design

69

Industry Trends

• Board space is becoming more valuable as

density requirements increase

• Suppliers are aggressively marketing faster

DC/DC Converters that claim to save space

– How much space is really saved?

– What are the performance trade offs and pitfalls?

70

Three Designs Compared

Design Example:

• Input Voltage: 48V

• Output voltage: 5V

• Output Current: 1A

• Output voltage Ripple: 50mV – 1% Vout

TPS54160 Selected

• Wide Input Range – supports up to 60V max (65V Abs Max)

• Integrated Power MOSFET

• Device supports up to 2.5MHz

• Automotive qualified version available - TPS54160-Q1

Switching Frequencies Studied

• 100kHz

• 300kHz

• 750kHz

71

Minimum On-Time

DC/DC Converters won’t always work over a wide Vout/Vin Range. Check the minimum controllable on time in the datasheet, not the maximum oscillator frequency.

For 48Vin, 5Vout, 130ns min. on-time examples:

Frequency Min. Duty Cycle Minimum Vout

100 kHz 0.013 OK - below Vout minimum of IC

300 kHz 0.039 OK - below Vout minimum of IC

750 kHz 0.098 Close, but OK

1MHz 0.13 6V (pulse skipping)

Check if the (Vout+Vdiode)/Vin (duty cycle) combination will work when the switching frequency and the minimum controllable on time are known.

Min. Duty Cycle = Min. On time * Switching Frequency

For TPS54160, Minimum On time = 130ns

72

Minimum On-Time Issues

Pulse skipping happens when the DC/DC converter cannot extinguish the gate drive pulses fast enough

to maintain the desired duty cycle. The power supply will still regulate the output voltage, but…

• Ripple voltage increases due to the pulses being further apart

• Frequency is no longer fixed

• Current limit may no longer work since the IC cannot respond in time

• Control loop may be unstable. Transient response is also affected

Min on-time within spec Min on-time out of spec

Controller misses a pulse to maintain desired regulation.

73

Inductor Selection

Know V = L * di/dtL = V * Δt / Δi

L ≥ (Vout+Vdiode)*(1-D)/(ΔI x Fs); with ΔI = 0.5-A peak to peak

• 100kHz L ≥ 98 uH Choose 100 uH



74

Current Limit

• Make sure the peak inductor current is lower than the minimum current

limit trip point

– Minimum current limit specification should be in the datasheet. TPS54160

minimum current limit is 1.8A

– Smaller inductance value will have higher peak current

75

Capacitor Selection

Know: R = V/I ESR ≤ ΔV/ ΔI; use ~0 mΩ for ceramic

I = C * dv/dt C ≥ ΔI /(8 * Fs * ΔV)

Total ΔV = ΔI / (8 * C * Fs) * 2 (to account for DC bias)

Design #1: 100kHz

• C ≥ 25 uF Choose 47uF 1206 ceramic

Design #2 300kHz

• C ≥ 8.3 uF Choose 10uF 0805 ceramic

Design #3: 750kHz

• C ≥ 3.4 uF Choose 4.7uF 0603 ceramic

76

TPS54160: 3.5-60V, 1.5A , DC/DC Converter

Adjusting Frequency Compensation

Vref

VO

R1

R3

C1

C2R2 CO RO

gmea COMPVSENSE

Type 2A Type 2B Type 1

R3

C1

C2

Can Compensate for any type of output capacitor

by using Type 2A, 2B, or 1 Frequency Compensation

See Datasheet for equations.

Type 2A compensation was chosen for this experiment

Loop compensation is a separate topic

77

Design Example #1

100kHz

Inductor:

Coilcraft, 100uH, MSS1246T-104ML

Capacitor:

Ceramic, 47uF, 1206 case size

Note the compensation components

78

Design Example #2

300kHz

Inductor:

Coilcraft, 33uH, LPS6235-333ML

Capacitor:

Ceramic, 10uF, 0805 case size


79

Design Example #3

750kHz

Inductor:

Coilcraft, 15uH, LPS6225-153ML

Capacitor:

Ceramic, 4.7uF, 0603 case size


80

Inductor Size Comparison

100kHz

100uH

Coilcraft

MSS1246T-104ML

300kHz

33uH

Coilcraft

LPS6235-333ML

750kHz

15uH

Coilcraft

LPS6225-153ML

Note the PAD area required versus the component size of the component!

81

Capacitor Size Comparison

100 kHz Design 300 kHz Design 750 kHz Design

Fsw Capacitor

Area

Inductor

Area

Filter Area

(w/o spacing)

Total area

(with spacing)

100kHz 18.9mm2 150mm2 168.9mm2 420mm2

350kHz 11.5mm2 43.5mm2 55mm2 192mm2

750kHz 6.5mm2 43.5mm2 50mm2 182mm2

10uF - 0805 4.7uF - 060347uF - 1206

We assume to double the area of each component to figure spacing

http://www.siongboon.com/projects/2005-09-07_home_pcb_fabrication/footprint/0603.gif



82

Filter Size Comparison

Consider Capacitor Package

• Capacitors are available in fixed sizes

• ESR must be maintained as the case size is reduced

Consider Inductor Volume:

• Taller inductors may take up less board area, but pose a height issue

• Inductor Volume ~ L * i2 / 5x10-3

Area

Frequency

IC

Passives

Diminishing returns

83

Efficiency

Power dissipation comes from several places including:

• FET driving loss (Qg * V * F):

– FET drive loss is proportional to the switching frequency

• FET switching loss function of Vin, Iout, Ton/off, F

– Switching loss is proportional to the switching frequency

• FET resistance ( I2 * Rds(on))

– Same FET – little variance in these examples

• Diode Loss (Vf * Io * (1-D))

• Inductor loss (I2 * DCR + Core losses):

– DCR losses may be reduced when Inductance is smaller

– AC losses are proportional to the frequency

• Capacitor loss (IRMS2 * ESR):

– Capacitor loss is negligible

• IC loss (Iq):

– Same IC – no variance in these design examples

84

Efficiency Results

Dissipated power turns into heat:

Frequency IC temperature

100kHz 40° C

300kHz 44° C

750kHz 56° C

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0

Load Current (Amps)

Lo

ss

es

(W

)

100kHz 300kHz 750kHz

68%

70%

72%

74%

76%

78%

80%

82%

84%

86%

88%

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0

Load Current (Amps)

Eff

icie

nc

y

100kHz 300kHz 750kHz

Higher Fsw results in higher temperature

85

Basic Stability Criterion Example

Reading Bode Plot

1) Find Cross Over Frequency at

0dB

• 21 kHz Cross Over

2) Find Phase Margin at the

Cross Over Frequency

• 45° at 21kHz

3) Goal is to have Phase Margin

in between 45°and 90°to

maintained a well-damped

transient response

86

Bode Comparison

• Cross over frequencies have been adjusted.

• Higher switching frequency allows higher cross over frequency

• Rule of thumb: Cross over frequency is ~1/8 Fsw

100kHz:

10 kHz at 60

300kHz

30 kHz at 60

750kHz

60 kHz at 50

Cross Over &

Phase Margin

87

Transient Response

100 KHz 300 KHz 750 KHz

Cross

Over

Phase

Margin

Response

time

Voltage

peak

100kHz 10kHz 60° 1ms 350mV

300kHz 30kHz 60° 300us 300mV

750kHz 60kHz 50° 150us 240mV

Higher cross-over frequency yields faster transient response, and

smaller voltage peaks

Time Scale: 500us/div Vertical Scale: CH1-200mV/div CH4-0.5A/div

88

Ripple Comparison

100 kHz

47uF

50mV ripple

300 kHz

10uF

50mV ripple

750 kHz

4.7uF

40mV ripple

Higher switching frequency allows smaller capacitor

And still maintains 50mV output voltage ripple

Vertical Scale: 50mV/div for all plots

5us/div 1us/div 500ns/div

89

Noise Issues

• Noise can be a problem with high conversion ratios and higher frequencies

– Consider jitter and on time of the DC/DC Converter

– Jitter noise becomes a larger percentage of the switching pulse when the

duty cycle is small

• For 48V to 5V conversion and a 0.5V diode drop and 20ns jitter on the phase

node:

Frequency ON Time Jitter/On Time

100kHz 1.1us 2%

300kHz 365ns 5%

750kHz 150ns 13%

90

Tools for TPS54160 FamilyTPS54160EVM-230

• 2 designs are on a single EVM board

• Top design is optimized for small

size

• Bottom design allows for component

changing

• User‘s guide is on the Web

91

Summary

Minimum on time:

• Vout is limited by the controllable on time and frequency

• Take the input voltage and switching frequency tolerances into consideration

• Check to see if the current limit circuit will respond fast enough

Efficiency

• Efficiency decreases as switching frequency increases mainly due to FET

switching losses

• More copper, board area or additional heat-sinking may be needed

Size

• 100kHz to 750kHz: ~50% reduction in size noted, saving about 230mm2

• 300kHz to 750kHz: 5% reduction in size, mainly in output capacitor. The

inductor was the same case sizing (10mm2 savings).

• More heat in a smaller area

92

Summary

Performance

• Higher switching frequency allows for a higher cross over frequency and

a faster transient response.

• High frequency solutions are now similarly priced. Make sure you can

handle the trade offs (heat and efficiency).

Noise - EMI

• Sometimes an application specific frequency band must be avoided (AM

band, ADSL, IF, etc…)

• Alternative - Synchronize the frequency in an area of the band that is not

so sensitive

• Jitter may become an issue

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