A TIBETAN-ENGLISHDICTIONARYWITH SPECIAL EEFERENCE TO THE PREVAILING DIALECTS.TO WHICH IS ADDEDAN ENGLISH-TIBETAN VOCABULARY.BY;>HfVjASCHKE,LATE MORAVIAN MISSIONARY AT KYELANG, BRITISH LAHOUL.PREPARED AND PUBLISHED AT THE CHARGE OF THE SECRETARYOF STATE FOR INDIA IN COUNCIL.LONDON 1881.A TIBETAN- ENGLISHDICTIONA.RYWITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO TIlE PREVAILING DIALEGI'S.TO WHICH IS ADDEDAN ENGLISH-TIBETAN VOCABULARY.\(BY-#-"- LATE MORAVIAN MISSIO:"ARY AT KvtLA:-iG, DRITISH l.AllOUL.PREPARED AND PUBLISHED AT THE CHARGE OF THE SECRETARYOF STATE FOR INDIA IN COUNCIL.LONDON 1881.PREFACE.This workrepresents a new andthoroughly revised edition of a Tibetan-GermanDictionary, whichappeared in alithographed form between theyears 1871 and 1876.During aresidence, which commenced in 1857 and extended over a number ofyears, on the borders of Tibet andamong Tibetantribes, I andmy colleagues gatheredthe materials for thisDictionary.We had to takeprimarily into account the needs of missionariesentering upon newregions, and then of those whomight hereafter follow into the same field ofenterprize.The chief motive of all our exertionslay always in the desire to facilitate and to hastenthespread of the Christian religion and of Christiancivilization, among the millions ofBuddhists, who inhabit Central Asia, and whospeak and read in Tibetan idioms.A yet more definiteobject influencedmy ownpersonal linguistic researches, in asmuch as I had undertaken to makepreparations for the translation of theHoly Scrip-tures into the Tibetanspeech. Iapproached and carried forward this taskby way ofa careful examination of the full sense and exactrange of words in theirordinary andcommon usage. For it seemed to me that, if Buddhist readers were to bebrought intocontact with Biblical and Christian ideas, the introduction to soforeign andstrange atrain ofthought, and onemaking thelargest demandsupon the character and theimagi-nation, had best be made through the medium of aphraseology and diction assimple,asclear, and aspopular aspossible. My instrument must be, as in the case ofeverysuccessful translator of the Bible, so tosay, not atechnical, but thevulgar tongue.Thus, in contrast to the business of theEuropean philologist, engaged in the samedomain, who quite rightly occupies himself with theanalysis andcommentary of a lite-rary language, thevocabulary andterminology of which he findsmainly deposited inthespeculative writings of the Buddhistphilosophers, it becamemy duty to embraceevery opportunity, with whichmy presence on thespot favoured me, to trace thelivingpowers of words and ofexpressions through their consecutive historicalapplications, tillI reached their lastsignification in their modernequivalents, as these are embodied intheprovincial dialects of the native tribes of our own time.Thesecircumstances, it ishoped, will excuse andexplain thesystem ofmy work.As aninventory of the whole treasure of thelanguage, as a finishedkey to its lite-rature, thisDictionary, when judged by thehigh standard of modernlexicography, mayseeminadequate ;Ihave, forinstance, been unable toconsult, much as I could have wishedto have doneso^all theoriginal and translated treatises in Tibetan which, down to thepresent, haveappeared inEurope, and the reader of a Tibetan workmay thus, here andthere, look in vain for the assistance heexpects. On the other hand, a consistentattemptis here made for the firsttime, 1. togive a rational account of thedevelopment of thevalues andmeanings of words in thislanguage; 2. todistinguish precisely the variousPREFACE.This work represtnts n new aDd thoroughly revised edition of a Tibetan-GermanDictionary, which nppciU'cd in l\ lithogmpbed form between the years 1871 and 187G.During n residence, which commenced in 1857 and.utended over n number ofyc:us, on the borders of Tibet nnd nmong Tibetan tribes, 1 and my colleagues gatheredthe mntcrinls for this DictiODlU'y.We lind to take primnrily into Mcount the needs of missionaries entering upon DcW and then of dIOse who might hereafter follow into the same field of enterprize.The chief moti\OC of nil our exertions lay always in the desire to facilitate nnd to hastenthe spreAd of the Christian religion nnd of Christian ci'"ilization, llmong the millions ofBuddhists, who inhabit Central Asia, nnd who spcnk nod telld in TibettUl idioms.A yet more definite objoot influenced my own personal linguistic researcbes., in asmucb as I ILad undertaken to make preparations for the translation of the Holy Scrip-tures into the Tibetan speech. 1 approached and curried forward tbis task by way ofa careful examination of the full sense and exact range of words in their ordinary andcommon usnge. For it seemed to me thnt, if Buddhist renders were to be brougbt intocontnet with Biblical and Christian idens, the introduction to so foreign nod strange atrain of tbought, and one making the largest demands npon the character and the imngi.nation, had best be ron.de through the medium of a phraseology and diction as simple,as clear, and as populAr as possible. .My instrument must be, lIS in the case of everysuccessful translator of tbe Bible, so to say, PDt a technical, but the vulgar tongue.Thus, in contrnst to tbe business of the European philologist, engllged in tho SAmedomain, who quite rightly occupies himself with the analysis and commentary of n lite-rary language, the vocnbul:uy and terminology of which he finds mainly deposited inIbe specub.tive writings of the Buddhist philosophers, it became my duty to embraceevery opportunity, with which my presence on the spot flwoUl'ed me, to tmee the livingpowers of words and of expressions through their consecuti,'e historicnl appliCfl,tions, tillI their Inst signification in their modern equh'alents, as these are embodied intbe provincial dialects of the nath'e tribes of our own time.These circumstnnces, it is hOlled, will excuse and explnin tlle system of mr work.As an inventory of the whole treasure of the language, as a finished ker to its lite-rature, this Dictionary, when judged by the high standnrd of modern lexieogrllphr, mayse\vns they mostgenerally possess inEuropean languages. (Thus z has itsiiMialforce, and does not stand for thepeculiar sound ts, whichbelongs to it in the Ger-manlanguage alone.) Sounds which lack exactrepresentation are indicatedliy ot gf-nertllly in Iaoguag , (Tllu, z bas ittusual (orce, and does lIot sluII for the peculiar sound is, ....bicb bdongt to it io the Ger-Olan Iinguage alone.) Sounds which lack e:uct rlll'refeotntioo Ire by Jiacritinll.Klth, placed .oo,e or below the letters .Ilieh lDost nearly eorrespood. Eyery .illll,le is rf'pre6C'uled by ODe and only olle simple mark. E:l"plO$iye .Dd fricative oooso-IIUts (tll_ termS ....ilI be explained Ire denoted by ditrerent let.te....Tbe follo..... ing marks or sigM In: (or tbe well kllown (or a Ibon, and(") for a long vo\\"el; the mark of a modified ,o.-el (-), Germao 1,6, G. is plaoed by Lep-siul. for practical reASOns, below, not abo,'e the "owe! a dot Andu the ,owe!deDOlcil close vowel-sound V - Ain fate, " in note); 3 horizoolalline undtr the ,oweldenolcla more open ,owel-souod (, in 'there', Q in 'or, com', wbich, indeed, supersedestlle c mt'otioned aOO"e); the llIark C) aoon tho 'owe! indiealcl a nM&! quality, thebreath passing, 'A'bile uuering tile sound, to a considerable extent through tbe n06e (theFreneh 'an, 1n, (111, 1m' _ tT, f, P. fj).fn DlM"king COlUQ1la7l/$, tbere is first tho distinction to be nOled, thAt lileYl'le partl)'uplotJil:tt, formed by a rapid process of closing nnd re-distinguish cOllsciollsl)' the pure tenucs from the medinej Oil the other hnnd they ignorethe Mjlimtae. Tibetan pronullcintioil makes room and requires n mark for all throe gmdations. Nay more, it nugments the class of C1plosive COnsolHUlts or mutDe by the ad-dition of the dental sibilants in ull t h ~ mnks or grades of :lSllirntion; \S, ~ E nnd is,.( e, or acc:ording to the Standard Alphabet: c, l, j nud h, r., d::.. At a Inter stllge ofthe language some further modificatioos v,erc introdoced, wbich we almll subsequentlyo.lIude to.Let us now, passing from thefe gencml obsetntions, dnnv attention to a few detailsof the Phonetic Table. which bas been drawn lip in deference to a 'Iril,h that reacbed mefrom seyeral quarters.The first column of the Table, now under review, gi,-cs the ancieut literal pronundation, as it ...as in vogue in the 6e1'entb eentlll)' of our era, nnd was sewed at the timeof tbe iO\'ention of the alphabet. Such n pronunciation relies, after all, for its jaslificatian011 "he hypothesis, tbat the in\'entors of tbe alpbabet had for their first object to re-produce, as uactly as possible, aD artistic reOectioll of tbe oatoral nlue of sounds asspoken by their contemporaries: tbat, therefore, II later prooUDciation is motil in COII-formity wilh tbe original genius of the lallgul\g6, if it g1\'es with the greatest distinctnessII. special power to eacb written character. A reference to tbe Tnllle will amply illustratetbe fnct, that n pronunciation, adopted on tllese llrinciples, hns netuwly maintained itselfin one or the otber provincial dialect, nnd it is very interesting to notice, thnt the purestand most striking fonns of this survival hare their homes in those districts, wllich nremost remote from aud least subject to the disintegratillg Ilond dissolving intluences of theactual centre of Tibetan ci,ilisa.tion, the catlital LhuSII. Thus the prefi:a:es and the super-scribed consonants, for the most part, DTe still sounded at each extremity of the wholeterritory, within which the language is spoken, both on the Western and the Easternfrontier, alike in Kbams, wbich borders on China, aud in BllIti, which merges into Kash-mere. Morco\'er, iu both localities the slt..llle millor irregularities oor, transgressionsaguinst an e:a:.act rendering of the pronuuciation lI.coording to the letters, tile same frequenttransformatiOliS of tbe lenues inl.O tbe aspimtae, g and d (cOInpnre lower down) becomingr or I, b becoming w. Now. about twenly degrees of loogiludc liepante Balti from Kbam.,XIIIand the former, embracing Islam, long since cut itself adrift from-piiitual andreligiousrolir.Mun \\itli Iil>(3t, and there, too, the dialect in otherrespects hasgreatly deteriorated,lias admitted many foreign elements and has fallenaltogether from theposition of a lite-ral vlanguage. The resemblances andcorrespondences noted can, therefore, scarcely beacruuntrd l''r inany otherway, thanby assuming that an old and strong instinct ofspeechlived on in oral tradition for more than ten centuries on the outskirts of the Tibetan do-main, which in the intermediateprovinces hasgradually surrendered and submitted totin-spirit ofchange.Columns 2 6 contain, on mostpages, theprovincial dialects in theirgeographicalsequence from West to East. The dialects ofLadak, Lahoul andSpiti correspond towhat inmy smaller Tibetandictionary I called the dialect of Western Tibet. The la.-tnamed, Spiti, represents in somerespects the transition to the dialects of Eastern Tibet,under whichheading Tsang and U are to be classed. At the date of thepublication ofmy formerdictionary 1 was unacquainted with the dialect of Khams. Where aspace isleft vacant in thecolumns, theprovincial pronunciation agrees with the modelprovidedunder column 1. Towards the end of theTable, where the anomalies become much morefrequent, I have for the sake of clearnessrepeated the word.Thesign -d(which does not occur in thisTable) waspronounced =Qji or ^ in thesubstantive terminations ba and bo(v. Diet.p. 362), viz. = theEnglish w, so that^soundedexactly like the French word rot.The Accent has seldom been marked, because, as in our Teutonic dialects, itgene-rally rests on the root of the word. In the case ofcompounds, it morefrequently falls onthe last than on the first of thecomponent parts. But accentuation, altogether, is not ofgreat significance in thislanguage.With regard toQuantity, vowels arepronounced shorter, even inopen syllables,than is the case for instance inEngland andGermany. Thisapplies particularly to theCentral Provinces.Absolutely long vowels occuronly as apeculiarity of dialect.Theyindicate that a consonant has beendropped, in mostprovinces, s, inU, gs, inTsang, 1.A long vowelmay also indicate theblending of vowels. But when in U and Tsang the d,(as ince'-pa) and when in Lahoul theg (as info',pu'-roii) ispartially dropped, the vowellikewise maintains a shortabrupt pronunciation. Moreover, theregion, to which I havejust referred, is that in which thespoken language has beengreatly affectedby aforeignlinguistic principle. A system of Tones has been introduced under manifestly Chineseauspices. I am toldby European students ofreputation, who have made the Tonic lan-guages of Eastern Asia theirspecial department, thatonly the firstprinciples of whatare known as thehigh and low Tones, have made theirway into Tibetan. Here, asin thelanguages of Farther India, generally, whichpossess analphabetic system of writ-ing, the Tone is determinedby the initial consonant of the word. This 1 havegenerallyindicated in column 7, which columnapplies only to theSpiti, Tsang and U dialects. Thesystem ofTones, as in Siam and elsewhere, has become ofparamount importance in de-termining distinctions between words. An inhabitant of Lhasa, forexample, finds thedistinction between *J and (3, or between $! and 3, not in the consonant, but in the Tone,pronouncing *A and $T with ahigh note(as my Tibetan authorities were wont to describeit -\vith a woman's voice', shrill andrapidly),(^and 3, on thecontrary with a low note,and, as itappeared tome,more breathed andfloating. This latter distinction is still moreapparent withregard to those low-tonedaspirates, that in the course of time were intro-duced in Central Tibet instead of the mediae, incontraposition to which now theoriginalaspirates are used ashigh-toned ; so moreparticularly in the dialect ofSpiti. The low-tonedaspirate I have indicatedby h, thehigh-toned by the mark of thespiritus asper .XIIInud tile former, embrncing IslftlD, long since cut itself IIdnft from spiritual ftnd reliJ;iouscohesion witl! Tibet, nnd there, too, the diRlect in other l'espectll has greatly deteriorated,hilS udmiltell mRIlY foreign elements Ilnd hIlS fttllen ftltogelhpr from the poIition of a lite-rnry Illnguage, The nllli correspondences noted cnu, tllerefoTt, scarcely litIlc('ouuted for ill nny otlJCr wny, tlmn by assuming that 1\11 old ulld strong instinct of sl.eeclllived on in ornl trndition for more tlJ:lO ten centuries on tile outskirtil or the Tibetan do-main, which in the intermedinte rro"inces has graclunlly surrendered and submitted t.othe spirit of change.Columns 2-6 contllin, on most pages, the rro"incinl dialects in their geograp}lic.1sequence from West to The dialects of I,adak, Lahoul and Spiti corresrib roo deep.l(,lIed (am I fanlCdd (alll-edd fam-eoo bilth-loned !#,"l(.)-pa gom-pa flllOm-"Pa !/OIII-po. detp-IOlIedIV, Words with diphthongs_Ilai E, J!ai, J!I'" E' hi(htonedW, U II" /I"hili bui, bjj hu(, hi} hlmi oM } deep-loD.dali do dlt.el dhii do'" o!) bil:b-tolledgda gM'"u gba. ga-1'9 uJ. aIld 10 forth rib) eN-YO)"" I It bXVIII1 234567West. Tibet Central Prov.x\'ur1 2 3 G 7West. Tibet Central Pro,..Ladak Lahoul Spiti Tsang, " Kh"""ri'} deepIoaM""', .."'"V. Words with !Ubscribed letters.kyan '!JOliyi.-/;yI''Y"-"'"i:'t }.... "l" II'!....'...gyi gAyi 9hyidfep-toMdg.,""p. hr. Bal; I.d. glt.!J'!"I"fXJ'"'ag tilf'glog lag

PIJ' I"" "*,,--pa g-Wg--pa "'g--pa log--pa""'po bilbIoDed1';1< !t.) po

." ." .",PIJ"9' log .... l60 log........ by- )a-}..... )Aa-mo ,... ...byi-ha, byi-tea , jhi_ , deep-topr.(\....... , ...... , p..-m ,.Y" , Joo-}ai, }< I .' ,1I1.Y4"""dft I ftytl-lidh ftj't\-fidft ftya-"f'l , 1I\gl1-toa_lTad-". , tad--pa !ad-pa If-pa .... ,..... ''''g lag lag ''1''''-pa0lag\.ag'n_ Ii"",) tim I'm I ... , lUI; (jc ?wj I. J ....--pa , 1"'1'" (,..,,,. (OlI"'Pagri Vri dd, i JAi"hi di} deep-tolltddr1J"",,"o 1...,... 11um-mo t/1wn-mo drm.-mopn.-ga iKU-fJ" (-""flU ("'-ghw fUof/hu !.... bra-bo, bra-teO bra- liB-tlha-lf:fJ l!JurU!O -1- "'" ..bran,"," (8. bla'14a) t!aH-IQ. I/hu.;Ha 'fan-ma ,tran-ma1 Jral'l-ma irhrl-ma,b"an-ma 'rtIlg.,um-ma.n/i-mo 'n-ma B. ,,"'Ii-Illo idn-mo'";';-1710'"lIII[. st'Ji-mollrul-po''''t-;- irul-po Arul-po irttl-po'rot-;- deeptonedklOfJ-pa b>g-p. b>g-p. {OfJ-pa} hlgb-Ioned"b>g {log 8.I" b>g b>g rb>gbta-IIIa I la-ma la-Ma u;1a.-IIIazla-ba, zia-wa l::a B. (l)da-Ica da-"" da-tea ldaofca ,rlatl.-pa (r)lmi(.)-pa la"'pa lari-pa rkri-paJblgb-toDed , la-mo ... Ila-maVI. Words with supentribed leHers.rkali-pa ,1'l""-P J:ali.pa kan-pa rktli-pu.tb_ aod all"!Ian-po '""po gad.". T!Jad-pothe re.t lUIni. I (r)lia" ,. ,. rriablgbtoaId"" , .u., Zl jt' )'",MX1 234567West. Tibet Central Prov.XI):2 3 , 5" 7Wt'SL. Tibet Ccnlral Prov,JJll,dak J.Ahoul Spiti TSlI.ng, 0 l{hamsrnyiit-pa (r)nyin"]XI lIyiit-pa nyiil-pa rnyi,;-pa", rtll, Ita, /4 ,. ,. ta".N",I do do do ....r_-po HCIIpo 00"1'" "!!"I'po "'" ba ba ba rICa?NI,ig-pa m'l/"po frllY-pa Wlig..ba ",i!l-p6 rmig-pa,.. w I .. , Pllr. a". .. .. , .. , rttod, u.odnl:a-ma ::a"W I do> lIltko.lfol-ba !hl-,ra J:ol-,ra 1'0/"'u' (t1-u'a T.. lifol-.raef11ll--ba gul-Ita gul-Iea .,gul-rca -:-(l-klhi offering-bowl; inkstandkodfor black ink, mfsdl-kon for red ink, ver-milion; *lug-kou* casting-mould C.kod('a gathering'?) 1.lag-kod Ld.an armful of corn, a sheaf. 2. affix&a, ko:*nyis-kod, -tta-kod* all thetwo, all the five Ld.'koball, Ld. col.'&or, root denoting anything roundor concave, hence: kor-kor 1.adj.round, circular 6'.(= *kyir-kyir* W.);roundish, globular C.; concave, deep, asasoup-plate (opp. to flat) W. 2. sbst. athick loaf of bread, (opp. to aflat, thincake) C.; a pan, saucepan W.; a hollowin theground, apit notvery deep W.;stod-kor a little circle above a letter, Ssk.anuswara; kldd-kor id., adot, zero, naught;ydub-kor bracelet 6s.; pdd-kor a certainway offolding thefingers, so as to re-present the form of a lotus-flower; ^6d-kor a radiant circle 6s. Of. skor-ba, Jlor-ba, ko-re.kor-do-ba boot LdJ'kol-todumb, muteSp.fkos-ko = ko-ko; kos-anyurt with apointed chin Sch.kya-sir-rlun v.kyiit.men* tyag, alsokyag-kydg, thick, run into^ 'clots 6s.tyag-kyog curved, crooked; *gokyag-kyog co-ce* W. to shakeone'shead, viz.slowly, inmeditating;*ri-mokyag-(ga-) kyog-(ge)* a flourish(inwriting) W. Cf.kyog-kyog.mp- kyan I.adj., alsokyait-kydn, kyait-^po, straight, slender, as a stick;*kyan-kyan rift-mo*tall, slender, as aman,a tree etc. W. --II. adv.ycii'i, too,also, always usedenclitically, after thelettersg, d, b, s.kyun-fydti) als*kyan-na-kyoh-ne*,indolent, lazy, idle W.; *kyan-kyouco-i-e* tolounge, to be idle W.kyar-kydr, alsokyar-po flat, notglobular 6s.'mx* kyar-kyor , also*kyar-ra-kyor-re*,^ ^ stillfeeble, as convalescents aftera disease.%a^'tt 1-joke, jest, in words (Lis.ku-reifmj). 2.jocular trick, ku-reda/'ikydl-kaipyir by way ofjest, for fun. -3.any worthless, foolish, indecent talkSty.rnnrrrnr kyal-kydl LCJS. w.e.; Sch.:kyal-^ ^kyal-ba togo round(?).kyal-kydl =kyar-kyor, dud-cgrokyal-kyol cga somepoor ill-con-ditionedbeast, speaking ofcattle, Mil. nt.m-kyi, affix I. to sbst.-roots, ending^ ind, b, s:sign of thegenitive case.-II. to verbalroots, after the samefinalletters, and then without an essen-tial difference fromkyis, to which weadd in thisplace alsoexamples of theother terminationsgi(s), ffyKs) > yi(s)ii(the sby itself is not used after ver-balroots): a. in the sense of a gerund,meaning by (doing something), because,dgos-kyis Od6u-no we come because it isnecessary . . ., or morefreq. though, dgaithough she isglad . . .DzL, in whichcase itmay often be rendered inEnglishby but: she isglad, but . . .;zasbzdn-pomivdod-kyis fa-mdl-pa zos he did not carefordainties, but atevulgar food Dzl. ; orit has to be omitted:bden-pa yin-gyisrdzun-pa ma yin it istrue, no fiction Dzl.b. as anadjective, forming, likekyin(q. v.), withjlug oryod aperiphrasticalpresent tense e.g. cgroi Odug he is wralk-ing, ^oit-gi yod he iscoming. c. atthe end of a sentence in the sense of afinite verb and moreparticularly in the1.pers. fat.:cgyod mi rmoi I shall notmakeyou suffer for itDzl., Stasgrogsbyd-yis I shallhelp Glr., bzag-gi, and:bzdg-gis I shallput Glr. This use ofkyi(s) is said to bequite common at thepresent time in6'., whereas in W. notonly the wholegerundial use, but eventhe distinction ofkyi, gyi, gi in thege-nitive case of a sbst. hasdisappeared fromcolloquial language, instead of which thelast consonant isrepeated and the vowelGfor black ink, for red ink, ,'cr-miliou; -lug-ko;"" casting-mould C. J.."Q(1 ('a gathering'?) ]. lag-l:M Ld.-'n an annful of corn, a sheaf. 2. affix... load, J.:a, J.yg "Tll/II-Md, ita-kM'" all thetwo, all the five Ld.ii?" l:ob all, lAo col.m.::. IYJ)', rool denoting nnything round'I' or concu\'c, hence: J..w-hJr 1. adj.round, circular C. (- *kyir-i.yir" lYJ;roundish, globular C.; conCllW, deep, asa soup-plate (O!Jp. to flat) 2. 8bst. athil;k loaf of hrelid, (OPI). 10 a Jlat, thincake) C.; a pan, sllilcepan W; a hollowin the ground, n pit not ,'cry decI) U':;st6d-J.'Qr a. little circle above a letter, &1.:.anuswara; Hdd-km" id., a dot, :tero, naught;j'(}u!J..!..w bracelet (8.; pdd.f.:or a CCl1ainway of folding the fingers, so as to re-present the form of a lotus-flower; J.w a radiant circle L'8. Cf. skdl'-ba, ,,1M/'-bu, ko-ri. Irol..,ro-lm boot 1.IL1 kol-to dumb, mute Sp. r kQsko - /,;o-ko; kQNII}/li,; with apointed chin Sd,.

J..'}/a-sir-l'li,,; Y. kgi,i.m::1r J..:;J:q, also kyug-ky,i!J, tllick, run into...;, I clots ['s. J..'}/U!!-J.."}JQg curved, crooked; -yok"}JufJ-J..:ljQg Co-t'yo- lV. to shakeone's bead, viz. slowly, in meditating'j-..r-mo kyug-(yu-) kYOfI-(!Je)- a nourish (inwriting) W Cf. J.."}JOfJ.I.."}JO disappeared fromcolloquial language, instead of wllich tllClast consonant is rel1catOO and the \"Owe!i added: .s ///-/;/ of the wood, *yftJ-A* of themind, */>/-//* of the wool.Note 1.Xy//(\) when combined withadjective roots, include- the verb to be,ninii-iii =in ///'//-I/I//.-2. IneolltM|iiial language and later literaturethegenitive of the verbal root often takestheplace of thegenit. infmitivi, whichseldom occurs in the old classicalstyle,e.g. mini /."/ Ix'ir-diilifelong. - -3.jinil*kyi(s), _// fi'f/>-ki/i()t) orvulg. *fub-bi*ja- much as(I, you etc.) can (could etc.)4./y//(^), when denoting an antithesis,is often followedby apleonastical ^'m-m*qj' Xy//-/!)t'-l>"-(pa') n- f an '^^ ' nLh., consisting like most of thepopular idols in those countries of a woodenstick or log decked withrags, but muchdreaded and revered; said to be identicalwith r- Iti/i-mi*,resp. *://-it-(t -e1 Mil.; b!Jid'JIa to do honour rrq.; tomake a to salute. - II. lif. of.)Nrr-ba to carry; in tile tenu "'H-JIO'bltifr-bGi 'yydl-po the legend combines tliissignificntion with the preceding one alt'.'1'Tf'rwith s\\'iftfootedness, a miraculous oint-ment imlll'rting this Wft Gll'., :I'm'. 67.- tJ.-fIIi-,g''(j a or 6uuject payinghis duty by serving liS "" messenger orU.Ifirkanporter 6s. --rkan-^gros or -bros I. walk-ing on foot. 2. domestic cattle; breeding-cattle,rkatl-rgiju Cs. : 'the hollow ofthe sole'. --rkan-ybig-pa one -footed. -rkati-rjen bare-footed.rkah-r)es footstep,trace. --rkan-ynyis-pa two-footed, a biped,po. forman, mankind. --rkaii-stigs foot-stool; trestle. --rkan-fdn on foot, rkan-fdn-pa pedestrian, foot-soldier, rkan-fdn-dugrul-ba (Sch. also:rkan-fdn-ba) towalk,togo on foot. rkan-mfil sole of the foot.-rka/t-Qfun(erron. also-fun) Ssk.tjT^TtT'drinking with the foot'po. for: tree Mil.-rkan-duntrumpet made of a humanthigh-bone (Hook. I173). --rkan-drvfj-pa, rkait-drug-ldan-pa six-footed;insect, po.rkan-ydubfoot-ring (ornament).rkan- dren(v. also zabs-drcn) disgrace,rkan Odren-pa c.genit, toget apersonintodisgrace, todeprive him of hishonour andgood name, to be adisgracetoanother, e.g. a son to his fatherbycriminal actions etc. rkan-rdum a maimedfoot; lame 6s. rkdn-snam trowsers,sndm-bui rkdn-snamycig onepair of cloth-trowsers. rkanpays Ihun S.g. fol. 9?rkan-pyin felt forcovering thelegs, v.rkan-dkri. --rkan-bolupper part of thefoot. - -rkanjbdm a disease in thefoot,Sch. :gout. rkah-Jbros or bros v.rkan-^gros.rkan-fsegs v.fsegs. rkan-mdzub-^dzer-pa Sch. : corn(on thetoe). rkan-mdzerironpricks fastened to the feet for climb-ing mountains. --rkan-bzi-pa four-footed;quadruped. rkan-ldg hands and feet,rkan-lag bsdl-baLt., Schr.: 'numbness orrheumaticpain in hands andfeet'; rkan-ldg ser-kar^on hands and feetchap Sch.-rkan-tdm foot-path, rkan-sintreadle, ofa loom. -rkan-subsstocking, sock. -rkan so> toe.7f[. xkom(*) to make dry. lean,meagre; todry up; exsiccate. -- JI.adj.,alsoskem-po, dry, driedup; meagre.skem-byed a demon that causesdroughtLt. skem-ndd Bhar.consumption.sko-ba, pf. (b)skos, ft. bsko, ini]>..s/'os 1. toappoint, nominate, com-mission, charge aperson, Ids-su with awork Dzl., much morefreq.: rgydl-por, .....yi-dorthe outer roundway, pyi-8kor (en-PO theoutermollL - "d-skor round-about way,by-way. J..-Ql-JJa pf. &. fto bal.:ol to boil (\'u.act.., d. JMl.fJa). aJ.-6t-pa 1. ". d:d-ba. - 2. &11.: 'toord!'r', but this is lJg6-ba.!!:r lAya 1. oar C., TllflY.; J.ya-/ib id.;'9 dya-mJug rudder; sl.ya rgyub--pa to row&/11'. - 2. spatula &A,.. - 3. potladle, _ 4. wall of stone or clay, bUr-M.:ya)pl\rtition-wall, bhd,._l:ya tf!'-pa.. 1.0 make0. pArtition-wail C.W1Tf dyci-ka, '!1/ci-ga n. of a bird,c,.: magpie. d:yu.fJa 1. vb. 1. pf. bu:ytu, ft. btl:ya:.:J 1. Lu.: _ to change place,cf. d:ya". - 2. to carry, convey to a place(A quantity of stones, wood, water etc.)Jv., v. aJ.'!Ild-pa. - 3. &h. to swim (?)II. sbst. 1. kettle &11. - 2. prob.- I. al.ya-bo,&k. 'G'lQ'l: lIod 'lfl"q, whitish:.:J gray, yellowish-white; Ucya tofry or toast n thing so that its whitisheolour turns partially inl.o brown Ld.;mi Ucya one clothed in light-gray, (nolin red or ,ellow, as monks are), a lay-man; light.blue, Oaii-Uct/d light.green, aud so of the other colours; there-fore w-8l.'!Ia ought to denote light-yellow,but it is also used as an equivalent of'II1trlf, D. of a snint, (Ser-skyai-ogron -Kapilavastu, nn ancient city in Oude, andBuddha's birth-place); originally: 'monkey-coloured', tawny, lfo-akyd 'pale' i. e. poor,insipid, miserable food Mil.nt.Comp. kya-J.'O-re, pale,white C - d.-ya-8k1/d id. &/1. - ,,1:yu-lIur,'G'l'Zf.. II. of a flower, Bignonia gra\'eoleos;Skyu-nur"f/'ji-lJu o. of a city of Old-Jndill.Piitaliputra, now Paloa. - d.'jJa-,/Id, ace.to Stg. the colour of the skin of the Indians,brown. - ,,1:t/a-l'lxlb 01.: a kind of dropsy,&"-: lL grayish oedematic swelling; u.:ya-rbab-3krdli" Lu. - 'dya-md," fresh (i.e. not ruelted) butter IV. - '"kya 'dd" lV.,d:ya-re,i" morningtwilight, dawn. - d'Yfl-ldm :: J..'!Id..fxJ ThgtJ., G: - I.n. of a. tree. 2. trn.oslation of PilIldu,J:,Ja-3/li-gi bu a Panda,,.. - "*'.Ja.-4k l.&1..: tawny, cf. w-8lo.ya. 2. 'white a:ndyellow' viz.: meo, lay-men and priestsMilnt. J..yd-nH'u II. of a drug Mm. M-ydg-l'a I. - rlryur.pa. - 2. pf.'9 ft. Imp. u,'!J09 tot " "26skyan-nul skyin-paspend, lay out, expend; skyag-sgo expenditure,skyag-fo account ofexpenses. 3. W.:*skyag tdn-ce* toslaughter, to murder.sfyan-nul pavement, clay-floor, mud-floorLex., Cs.; skan-nulbyed-patopave, toplaster (Sch. also; torub, polish).*M$y* skyabs (cf. skyob-pa) Ssk,ij^ljf pro-tection, defence, help, assistance; ///. 11 , ...:;:l' lection, defence, help. assistante; It- 1It!JUht is protection againSt 'fI'1.tulU1d fire; uJPlo. m/:d-d() I am (or: he isetc.) lost! sl:!j6lJt byid-pa, I!ydbs IU .nil,-611 gp. to prolect, help, save II per8OD,frq. with vON/i added; d:ydb..,u ;/.; husband(?//.; =skyes-bu aholy man?^j-q- skyt'a-bu, Ssk.q^f man, people;3ikyb-bugaA whosoever; manopp. tothe rest of nature Mcd. ; one(French :on),ski/f's-bu ld M/. '(it may denote apaste of meat as well asone of mushrooms). - -2.blame, slander,skyo-ma man-la when he slanders agreatdeal Mil.skyogs 1.scoop, ladle.'me-ky6g*coal-shovel 6'.; *zu-ky6g* melting-spoon, crucible C. W. 3.drinking-cup,bowl, goblet. yser-skyogs, dnul-skyogsgold, silvergoblet, zal-skyogs C.B., *dbn-skyogs* W.resp.: drinking-cup. Krag-skyogxbowl fordrinking blood, a skull used forthatpurpose l*th.; *kyog-zdb saf*may Iaskyour honour for the foot ofyour cup(viz the remnant ofyour drink)? W. -3.srab-skyogs Cs.: the rein of a bridle.skyogs-lto- bu snail W. *'ol-skydgs* id.sky6gs-pa to turn, mgrin-pa theneck, = to look round, back,Mil., also = to turnaway, aside C.f3r'n* skyon-ba, pf. bskyans, ft.bskya/i,imp. (b)skyon(s) Ssk. m, T7^ tguard ; tokeep, totend, cattle; to defend, thereligion; tosave, preserve, the life, thebody ; support, to take care of, poor people,e.g. drinbzdn-pos by benefits, favours, fdbs-kyis by various means; to attend to; to begiven io,fugs-ddm meditation,/a^r-/ eloquent(Cs.: fairwords?) --Ka-yc6d cover, lid;cork. Ka-bc6l Sch. idle talk, prattle. -Ka-cdg Mil., wasexplained: abuse, ill lan-guage. Ka-cdd, resp. Zul-cddagreement,convention, covenant, *R. zitm-ce* W. to con-clude a convention. --Ka-cdr Mil. snowandrain; Ka-nia-cdr bothfalling promis-cuously, sleet. --Ka-ciiis theappeasingof wild beasts etc.by witchcraft Mil. -Ka-cu \ .spittle Cs. 2. snow-water. Ka-ce 1. alarge mouth. 2. aperson that hasto command overmuch(cf. Ka-di-dg,Ka-zdn).3. n. of a mask in thereb'gious plays. 4.n. of acountry, Cashmere, v. below.Ka-cems lastwill, Ka-cemsd,' n cup made of dougll,used lIS It lAmp in 8ncrifieing. J:allv-bi,. (perh the Ar.-l/d_ , ..letloven) thick bread-cnkes 1"'llVened withllUtter-milk lA. J'am-im 1. apricot B., c., IMm-imi(si - flU the stone of nn npricot;falnbu--mdr the oil pressed out of nprieot-stones, smelling nnd tasting of bitter III-monds Mtd.; mna,.,', kdm-bu dried :lpri-cots, v. i'ti-fi,'. - 2. peach - 3.v. Atom_ J.'am-)'!Idg&ll. cherries, morels;these not bcing known in Ti-bet, the word must be either of KhottlJlor Chillese origin, or else the 8ignificntionof 'stones of apricots' is to be 3dopted,as given in WL1. Jlmm (&k. 'ff'O') I. ph)'sicAI con-lititution of the body, state 01health, ArUl/ll1 lxli ba henlthy constitution,good helllth; lje-bt4il.1l-Y!Ji l/a1//8 We Mys-sam1 is Jotlr l{e,-erence wem ASks 1\ Iny-mlln, and the Lll.IIU\ tl.DsI\'ers: Ii(J 30bile; l'YI!Ilfmll& bdt-(jml I am quite well;'arc ),ou well? Mil.; n: more frq.: -fum-::d,i-llO-, C. also fam .a" good health;A:amN'nI!Ja "'rd., :lCC. to Ct. nausea, feel-ing sick; rest, comfort, heulth,proh. more :lccurlltely: recreation, recovery,rcstorntion (of henlth), so: famf 3fh-plry!pII' Mil.; sometimes it seemll to be 3synonym of lIa, hody, dlib1Ja Wit-ba to tecrC:lte the exhausted body Mil.nf.fig.: rnod-'tms-mM-pi ;a6 ce thepeaceable predomiontes Sly. -2. (synan_ of yul) empire, realm, territory,domain; yulrtim, ('mpite, iD II- geogrnphi-cnl nnd politiCll.l sense, e.g. Nepo.ul Glr.;r!!yalfdmtJ I. for l'f}!Jdl-poi fall1. kingdom,A'a-ba-can gyi ''!Jyal-A'allltJ the kingdom ofTibet. 2. for 'yyti.lbai I.'ams dle empireof Duddha, the world; T'[Iyal-famtJ r!!''im-1Ja to ronm over the kingdoms, the coun-tries Mil.; region, dominion, bal'-tJntiil'"flyi tile lIerial regions, 'i'herc the nUlli"e H/,.; in physiology: 1lI1M.-/Jai famsthe dominion of bile .MM.; fums }'SIIIJIthe three worlds 3CC. to Buddhistic spe-culation, ,-i7-. the earth with the six hcn\'ensof thc gods, as the 'region of desire', "dOd-pai I!urru; aboye this is the 'rf'gion ofform', r::/igs-Jyi J.:arru, nnd ultimatel)" fol-lows the 'region of formlessness', r::uos-mM-pai - 3. element (syn_ "byuH-bu), Alums d"'IIY the six clements of somephilosophical systems, consisting, besidesthe four elements fnmilillr to us, II.lso ofndm-mJ.:a Ilnd ''1lam'';;', t1le ether IIIId thesubstnnce of tbe mind. In chronology, innnming the single }'enrs of the c)"ele, fiveclement.s nre Msumed, which (ReCordingto Chinese theory) nte wood, fire, ellrth,iron, water. - 4_ p.n. Khams, GreAt Ti-bet, the pnrts bctwoon 0 lind Chill"'; )'sum thc low-limd,the tlltec vro,-inccs Do, Khnm, lind Gong,er. J.lams.p' II mlln from KhIUUS.F"gc-llm'-r3tdil v. A'(i-rts(ili.F"Etjt, far-gth. steatite, soapstone, &h.,;} poop. C' tlJ.:ar-yoit.40\ffiCs*Kar-i'kydn Ku-tsurv.Ka-rkydn.Kar-rtsdh v. Ka-rtsdn.or Karsa-pa-ni or Ka-sar-pa-na n. of adeity Glr.\ Tar.p. 110gives a(ratherabsurd) legend concerning theorigin ofthe name.Kal 1.(cf. sgal) burden, load, HalcKycr-ba tocarry a burden; Kdl-gyisten-du on thetop of theluggage Glr.;Ji'alOgel-ba to load aburden, toput aloadupon, KalJbogs-pa to take off theburden, to unload ; load, freight; as a fixedquantity, lug-Kal asheep -load, bon-Kalload of an ass; Jbrui K'al a load of corn.2.bushel, adry measure = 20bre;therefore = a score or 20things of thesame kind; in W.*Kal-~fcig frq. fornyi-SM, also withrespect topersons; ysar-Kala'measuring-score', 20bre, actually mea-sured, as is usual withcorn; odegs-Kal a'weighing-score', theweight of 20pointson thesteel-yard (rgya-md), inweighingwood, hay, butter etc.J'P" Kdl-Ka n. of aMongol tribe, Khal-ka."Kal-K6lstunned, insensibleThgy.1 Kal-cdg the best sort of wool formanufacturing shawls, comingfromJang-thang.mom* Hal-pa 1.wether, castrated ram.-2.sow-thistle, Sonchus.Kdl-ma beast ofburden, sumpter-mule B.} C. Kdl-ma-mams bzdn-laskyel-ba to drive beasts of burden to thepasture, to turn them ongrass-land Glr.;Schr.; *mi tfalnyis-kyi la* C.paymentfor carriers and beasts ofburden; thoughin W. itmight be understood as:paymentfor twicetwenty men.nnQTX" rnoj*x wKal-ri, Kal-ru^ alsoKa-ri,Ka-rutwenty bushels.m^r Kas instr. of Ka; Kas-len-pa etc. v.Ka, 4 ; kas-sko/'t =Kd-skon, q.v. ; kas-stoii with anempty stomach; tias-dmdn,kas-zdn, weak, poor.Ki numericalfigure: 32.V Kiu C.:*Kyiu* acutting-out knife.m feu 1. numerical figure: 62. 2. for^ Ku-lu(?) Lil.Ku-gu Cs. '1 . uncle. 2. anaddress'(?)m~r Ku-tu a hut, cottage, constructed of^N^ branches Lh.m' x' Kii-nup. n. Kunawar, also Bissahar,NO NScountry on theupper Sutledj, bord-ering onTibet, and inhabited in the northernpart by Tibetans. Here are situated Ka-nani, amonastery with a considerablecollection of Tibetan books, and Poo, amissionary station of the Church of theUnited Brethren, founded 1865.Ku-ba 1.fluid, liquid, also(but lessfrq.) Ku-cu; Ihuii-bzedbkrus-pai Ku-ba, the fluid in which abeggar's bowlhas been washed Tar. ; Krus-Kudish-wash,swill Tar.; Jbrds-Ku Cs.:rice-soup, Schr.:rice-water; sin-Ku, rtsd-Ku thesap oftrees,ofplants Cs.; sd-Kubroth, gravy; mdr-Kumelted butter. 2. semen virile, Ku-babyin-pa emittere semen; Ku-Krdg the mix-ture of the semen with the uterineblood,by whichprocess, ace. to Indianphysio-logy, the fetus isformed, Med., Ssk.^f%^.Kii-bouncle, on the father's side B.and C.; pa-Ku father and uncle; ku-dbon and Ku-fsdn uncle andnephew. Butowing topolyandry, thedegrees of kindredlose theirprecision, in as far as all thebrothers that have become the husbandsof one wifemay be called 'father'by thechildren.Ku-byug B., alsoKu-gyug andyug.CUCkoo, calledbyd-yi rydl-po anddescribed as asweetly singing bird, whenceprob. Cs. hasconjectured nightingale,whichhowever isscarcely known in Tibet. -Ku-btjug-rtsd n. of a medicinal herb.Ku-mdg Lh.purse, money-bag, col.forKug-ma.m'x? Ku-fsur Cs. the clinched hand, fist,J^^Ku-fsiirsnun-pa (Sch. alsorgydb-pa) to strike with the fist. Thissignifi-i-''0I" Imts,i,

f' far-rkydll v. 1!a-I'k!j(M. K-aN'tsdli Y. I.'a-rtsdli. or lfarsO,-pa-ni l!a-sm'-pa-1lu D. of adeity Glr.; Tal'. p. ]10 ghcs a (ratherabsurd) legend concerning the origin ofthe name.Frlf /fal 1. (cf. sgal) burden, load, fald!Ji.,.-ba 1.0 carry n burden; {aI-WiMM-du 00 the top of the luggage Glr.;K-al get-lm to load a burden, to rut n.load Ililon, .bOys-pa to take off tbeburden, to unload; load, freight; as II. fixedquantity, lUg-Kal a sheep -JOlld, Mn-falload of nn ass; obrui n IO:ld of com.- 2. bllshel, n dry mcnsul-e - 20 brejtherefore - a score or 20 things of tbesame kind; in lV. frq. for 7l!Ji-.ill, also with respect to persons; riilJr-l.'ala 'measuring-score', 20 bre, actually mea-sured, as is u$ulIl witll corni u'weiglLing-score' > the weight of 20 pointson tho steel-yard in weigllingwood, hay, butter etc.fl':.l"f Ral-fa n. of aMongol tribe,KbnJ-kll.F"',.rf$.r fal-IMl stunned, insensible Thy!!.F\'l5Q]' fal-tag the best sort of wool formanufacturing shawls, comingfrom Jaog-t1Ul.ng.FP:r Rat-pa I. wether, castrated rala.- 2. sow-thIstle, Sonc1lua. J..'til-7Ilo, beast of burden, sumpter-mule B., C. J..'dl-mu-nlam, bztin-latiJ.'1Iel-ba to dri\'e beasts of burden to thepasture, to tum them on gmss-land Glr.;&h.r.; lIIi fal u!Jis-J.yi 10, C. paymentfor carriers and bcnsts of burden; thougbin Jv. it might be understood as; paymentfor twice twenty men. fat/"i, J..'al-loU, also I.'a-li,I ' " ., twenty bushels. 1!as iustr. of Ita; I..'ati-lltl-pa etc. v.fa, 4; kWJ-skO,i-I..'rl-sI..Q/I, q.v.; kas-stdn with IIJl empty stomach; kUti-zan, weak, poor.fir fi numerical figure: 32. fiu C.: 1!!Jlu a cutting-out knife.FIfu 1. numerical figure; 62. - 2. for...., lEu-lit ('?) 14l. I..'u-gu (..8. 'I. uncle. 2. an address'(?) F',' !;if-fll a hut, cottage, constructed of....,...., branches 111.. 1!u-mt p. n, Kunawar, also Bissnhnr,....,,,,,, country on the upper Sutleuj, bord-ering on Tibet, and inhabited in the northernpart by Tibel..'\ll5. Hero are sitlJl\ted Ka-nam, a monastery with a consideraulecollection of Til/eun books, ,and POD, amissionary station of the Church of theUnited Brethren, founded 1865.r:r.::r l'u-ba 1. fluid, liquid, also (but less...., frq.) I..'u-cu; l/,uli-b::b1 l:u-00, the fluid in which a beggar's bowlhas been washed Tal".; l..'rfu-k'U dish-wash,swill Tar.; obrus-I..'u riee-soull, Sci.,..:rice-water; sbi-l'lI, the SIll' of trees,of plants Cs.; Ad-J.''U broth, grayy; 111UI"-1..'umelted butter. - 2. semen virile, fll-baby(n-pa emittere semeo; Alt-fJ'(/Y the mix-ture of tile semen witll the uterine blood,by which process, ace. to Indinn physio-logy, the fetus is formeu, 1I/el1., Ssk. F'q:' uncle, on the father's side B....., and G.; pa-I:li rathel' aud unclo; ku-dbtm and uncle nnd nephew, Butowillg' to pol)'andry, the degrees of kindredlose their precision, in I\S far as all thebrothers that haye become the husbandsof one wife loay be cll-lled 'father' by thechildren.F'S=!,]' 1..1H..!Jli!J B., also 1..'u-g!Jug :lnu !JlIg....., cuckoo, called b!Ja-!Ji rydl-po anudescribed as a sweetly singing bird, whenceprall. 0.. has conjectured nightingale, whichhowever is scareely known in Tibet. -J.'u-b!Jflg-rt8fl n. of n medicinal herb.F'5:l::rr 4'U.-muy Lh. purse, money-bag, col....., for 4'Ufrma.F" A'U-(su" (.:'. the dindled hand, fist,...., I..'u-(sur tinun-pa (&11, also rg!Jub-1'a) to strike with the fist. This signifi-Ku-yu41Hurcation, however, seemed not to be knownto the Lamas consulted, whointerpretedthe word: areligious gesture, the fore-finger being raised, and the others drawnback. Some native dictionaries have afglist, others 1^3^ half-closed fist.m-y^t- /cu-yit, in C also*'a-yu*, hornless,^Nohaving no horns, used of cattle Sch.nq-qr K'u-lu 1. the shortwoolly hair of1^ theyak. 2. Lh.: venereal disease,syphilis.Ku-le Sch.:steel-yard and itsweight;but Dzl 9V> 17 the word refers toanordinary pair of scales and denotesthat scale of the two which contains theweights.corner, concaveangle, nook; ofrivers, lakesetc.:creek, bay, gulf, cove, alsocu-Kug;Kug-fu within arecess, on the farther sideof acavity.nqrn*c' H'ug-ta (or rta), a-li-Hug-ta, a kind^ 'of swallow 6s.; thelights (lungs)of this bird are used as aremedy againstpulmonary diseases, Med.men*?* Hug-rnd andHug-snd fog, mist, haze,1^ 'during a calm, esp. inspring-time.nqcn*r Hug-pa I sbst. 1. 6s.:"part of a^ 'long period of time"(?) - -2. acertainpart of thebody Med. - -II. vb.1 . alsoHugs-pa, to call =gug-pa Mil.(cf.alsoyyan). --2. tofind; get, earn; norKugs-ya-an srid there is apossibility thatwemay yet replenish our cash Mil. nt.;ynyid Hugs-pa toget sleep ; sranysum Hugs,it drew i.e.weighed three ounces.Hug-ma pouch, littlebag, me-lcags-kug-ma tinder-pouch Mil. ;dfdd-Kux)money-bag, purse; *rdzon-Hug* l*ur.knap-sack; rtsdm-Kug, resp. zib-Htig, littlebagforflour; nu-Hug sucking-bag, for babies.m^. Knithole, pit, hollow, cavity, originallyi^ usedonly of dark holes and cavities;sna-Hunnostril, ma-Hun theear-hole, mcan-kiinarm-hole, arm-pit; brag-Hun cleft inarock, cavern; byi-Kun mouse-hole; cab-asink; bso-Kunpeep-hole; mda-kui'tloop-hole; in 6'. *V-/.v//, //////-//>/;, ff-fc>'//i*are used ofany hole inwalls, clothesetc.,causedby decay ordaily wear,ytor-a sink, gutter; ////J-(//vy/ soot of an ovenorchimney Sch.; Kith-pa, Kuh-po ('. alarge hole, Kun-bu a small hole, e.g. *puiKun-bupore, passage ofperspiration Dzl.mryj' KU S 1- tneoriginal meaning perh.ismine, pit