Of Grand fOrks • East Grand fOrks

April 11, 2013 Issue # 814The Little Paper Ever Read®NeatestPublished by: Wick Publications • P.O. Box 12861, Grand Forks, ND 58208 • For Advertising Call: 701-772-8239 • wickpub@yahoo.com

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IRRIGATIONby Patricia L. Cook

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Flying over land, whether foreign or domestic, is quite an adventure. Observing the check-erboard designs, circles, curves, lines and the greens, browns, blues and other color varia-tions from above tells a lot about the land and water below. Irrigation causes many of the variations. • Irrigationisdefinedas“artificialapplicationofwatertolandtoassistintheproductionofcrops.” Some of the oldest civilizations onearthreliedonirrigationtokeeptheirpopu-lations alive.

• Inmanyclimatesthereissufficientrainfalltogrowcrops,howeverindryclimatesfarmersmust work out a way to get needed water to theirfields.Irrigationhasbeenasignificanttechnology underlying the major develop-ments of the world. Early uses of irrigation canbetracedbackto6000BCinEgyptandMesopotamia(presentdayIraqandIran).

• Flooding occurs along the Nile River in Egypt and theTigris and EuphratesRiversinMesopotamiaannuallyfromJulythroughDecember. Early farmers learned to divert thewater tofields for40-60days and thendrain it back into the river at just the right time in the growing season.

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• A Nilometerwasmost likely the first deviceused for measuring a river’s rise and fall. It consisted of a water chamber with a graduated pillartomeasurethedepthoftheriver’swaterandpredictwhenfloodswouldoccur.OneoftheoldeststructuresinCairo,EgyptisauniquehistoricalNilometeronRoda(Rawda)Island.While it has been rebuilt and restored numer-ous times, the basics of the structure date back to 715 AD.

• Many Nilometers were used in ancient times along the Nile and several others have also beenpreservedbuttheRodaIslandbuildingisoneofthemostpicturesque.TheuseofNilom-eters subsidedwhen thefirstmajor irrigationprojectwasundertakenaround3100BC.Thisprojectincludeddamsandcanalstomakethewateraccessibletothepeople.

• Other old methods of getting water where it was needed were used as well. An irrigation shadufisadeviceusedbyearlyEgyptians.Itwas a container made of clay or animal skins that was attached to a lever and counterbal-ancedbystones.Thecontainerwasdippedintotheriverandthenusuallydumpedintoacanalthatflowedtowhereitcouldbeused.

• Egyptians also used water wheels with claypotsorbuckets(calledNoria)attachedalongthe circumference.The river’s current turnedthewheel.As thebucketsorpotswerefilledthey turned around the wheel until they were emptiedbygravityintoanaqueductthattookthe water where it needed to go.

•Noriawerethefirstnon-humanoperatedliftingdevices.WhileEgyptiansdevelopedNoriawa-ter wheels there is a lot of historical evidence that the Chinese were using similar methods to move water in their country as well.

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IRRIGATION (continued):

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Whatarethethreetopcropsharvested using High Plains irrigation?What is the technique that allows forplantstogrowinwaterwithoutsoil?InwhatyearwereEastGermanyandWestGermanyunified?What kind of creature is a merganser?

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• Therewereotherancientdevicesthatwereusedtohelpgetwaterwhereitwasneededforcon-sumptionaswellasirrigationforcrops.Wind-millsandcanalsplayedagreatpartintheearlyyears. Canals and dams on rivers are the most important“big”introductionstoirrigationfromthe ancient days that are still used today.

• In the year 1800 AD there were 19.76 million acres(7,996,588ha)worldwidethatwereirri-gated.Todaythathasrisentoanestimated600millionacres(242,811,385ha).

• Irrigation is mostly used in areas with annual rainfalloflessthan20inches(51cm).

• There are also regions that “overwater” usingirrigationinordertogrowcropsthatneedlotsofwater.Thetwocropsthatusethemostwaterare cotton and rice; two of the most essential crops formany lesser developed countries. InsouthernChina, over 70% of the acres (hect-ares)beingcultivatedareforrice.

• InthearidwesternU.S.,wheredryweatherispersistent, water rights and water regulationsare big issues for landowners and anyone in-volvedingrowingcrops.Thefirstwaterregula-tions date back to King Hammurabi of Baby-lonin1792BC.Theregulationsthenandnowinclude: 1) distribution of water proportionalto acres (or hectares) farmed; 2) the farmer’sresponsibilities in maintaining canals that cutthrough his property; and 3) the administrativeresponsibilityofthecanalforallusersinitspath.

•Manypatentsrelatedtosprinklersforresiden-tial watering were issued starting in the late 1800s. As more homeowners, farmers and ranchers moved west and the need for irrigation oflawns,gardensandfieldsgrew,moreneedswere seen and more inventors got busy.

IRRIGATION (continued):

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•Most sprinklingand irrigation isused forag-riculture. In fact, 70% of all water use is for agriculture;landwithirrigationgrows40%ofthe world’s food.

• Aquifers are the main source for water for ir-rigation inNorthAmerica.An aquifer is “anunderground bed or layer of permeable rock,sedimentorsoilthatyieldswater.”

• TheHigh Plains aquifer is one of the largestaquifersintheworld.Itisunderapproximately175,000 squaremiles (453248 km_) of eightstates:Colorado,Kansas,Nebraska,SouthDa-kota, Texas, Wyoming, Oklahoma, and NewMexico.Thearea,consideredtheHighPlainsregion,usesthisimportantresourceforirriga-tionandsuppliesaboutone-fourthoftheagri-culturalproductionforthenation.

•Arecentdiscovery(2012)inNamibia,thedri-estcountryinAfrica,mayprovetobethemostsignificantdiscovery in thatcountry’shistory.The Ohangwena II aquifer flows under theboundary Namibia shares with Angola. Theaquifer’s areaunderNamibiacovers approxi-mately43milesby25miles(70kmx40km).Ifthewaterfromtheaquiferismanagedprop-erly, the country should see a huge increase in sustainable agriculture to help the residentssurvive.ResearchersfromGermanyandotherEuropeancountriesarehelpingtosetupproperwell usage for the locals.

•Whenyouhearthe“click,click,click”ortheswishing noises of modern center pivot irri-gation systems or see the canals opened andfields“floodirrigated,”bethankfulthatpeoplehave studied and invented these items to have sufficientfood to eat and crops that helpto provide uswith many other productsweusedaily.

IRRIGATION (continued):

If you discover an H&R Block error on your return that entitles you to a smaller tax liability, we’llrefund the tax prep fee for that return. Refund claims must be made during the calendar year in

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JaneAustenwasanovelist that appealed to fe-male readers at a time when female writers were very rare. No public acknowledgement of herwriting was made during her lifetime. • BornatSteventonRectoryinHampshire,Eng-landonDecember16,1775,Janewasthesev-enthchildofaclergymanandhiswife,Georgeand Cassandra Austen.

• Janeandhersiblingswereeducatedathomeandthenataboardingschool.Theybenefitedfromtheir father’s extensive library and the greatlearningatmospherethatwascreatedforthem.Austen’s closest friend was her only sister, Cas-sandra, three years her senior.

• The first writings of JaneAusten were comicstories in three notebooks that are now referred to as the Juvenilia.Shewroteherfirstnovellawhen she was 19, entitled Lady Susan. It was writteninepistolaryform,whichmeansasase-ries of letters. Itwas not published until longafterJane’sdeath.

• Austen lived a quiet life with her family but wasprovidedworldlyaccessviaLondonanditstheater, art exhibits, and social events throughher brothers. Two brothers were in the RoyalNavyandinvolvedintheNapoleonicWars.Onebrother became a clergyman like his father and another served in the militia and then worked in banking.Herbrother,Edward,wasadoptedbysome wealthy cousins, and became their heir.

• JaneandhersistervisitedEdward’sestate,God-mersham,inKent,forextendedperiodsoftime

and were able to be a part of theprivileged life ofthe wealthy. Thislifestyle is reflect-ed in her writings. She also spent agreat deal of time in Bath, which is the home of the very popular JaneAusten Centre to-day.

FAMOUS WOMEN OF THE WORLD:JANE AUSTEN

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cITY OF GrAnD FOrKS

May 6th - 10th

Take advantage of free garbage pickup (place items by 7:00 a.m. on yourregular garbage day, where you normally place it.)

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Presidential Quotes:

JANE AUSTEN (continued):•AnotherplacehonoringAusten’sBritish rootsis the JaneAustenMuseum atChawton,UK.Shespenteightofher lateryears in thehomethatherbrother,Francis,providedforJaneandhersister.Manyofherpopularbookswerewrit-ten at the Chawton Cottage.

•WhenAusten’snovelswerefirstpublishedshewasnotidentifiedastheauthor.AfterherdeathonJuly18,1817,twoofthenovels,Persuasion and Northanger Abbey,werepublishedtogetherby her brother, Henry, in December of the same year. He included a “Biographical Notice,”whereheidentifiedJaneastheauthorofthetwonovels as well as Sense and Sensibility, Pride and Prejudice, Emma and Mansfield Park.

• The number of books thatAusten authored islow, only six published, especially when youconsider the great following of her works. All of Austen’s books have been made into movies, with Pride and Prejudice being the book that hasbeenonfilmthemost(fivetimes).

• The Jane Austen Society of North America(JASNA) has over 4,500 members affiliatedwiththesocietyin70regionalgroupsinCanadaand theUnitedStates.Evidently themembersagreewithJane’squotefromherbook,Emma, “It is such ahappinesswhengoodpeoplegettogether–andtheyalwaysdo.”

• Austen wrote about an idyllic life, romance, financial considerations in marriage and usedsatire quite frequently. Unfortunately she never married and much about her private life waskeptprivate.Shediedwhenshewasonly41inWinchester, England and is buried at the cem-etery at Winchester Cathedral.

• JaneAusten’sgravesite,visitedbymanyadmir-ers annually, does not mention that she was an author.

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© 2013 King Features Synd., Inc.

piece of gauze in the centerof a piece of adhesive tape,which worked beautifully. None of this would have made any difference to us today, except that DicksonwasanemployeeofJohnson& Johnson. He took somesamples of his inventioninto work, where the owner, James Johnson, loved theidea.TheBand-Aidwentintoproductionshortlythereafter.• In the 1979 gubernato-rial election in Louisiana,a man named Luther Knoxwas fed up with the candi-dates on the ballot. In order to give like-minded Louisi-anans an option, he ran forthe office himself -- afterlegally changing his name to “None of the Above.”• You might be surprisedto learn that rock star El-vis Presley’s idol was Gen-eral Douglas MacArthur.* * *Thought for the Day: “Thehardest thing in the world to understand is income taxes.” -- Albert Einstein

• It was pioneering BritishdirectorofsuspensefilmsAl-fred Hitchcock who made the following sage observation:“Thelengthofafilmshouldbedirectly related to the endur-anceof thehumanbladder.”•Ifyou’reanarachnophobe,you probably don’t want toknow that a tarantula can liveforuptotwoyearswith-out eating a single thing. • If you’re like the average American man with a job, youspend8minutesperdaycooking. If you’re like the av-erage American woman who works, you spend 50 min-utes a day preparing meals.•There are four timesmoreastrologers than astrono-mers in the United States.•Youmaynotthinkitsignifi-cant that in 1921, Earle Dick-son’s wife had a tendency to injure herself while work-ing in the kitchen. He keptbandaging her wounds with gauzeandadhesivetape,butthe bandages always seemed tobeslippingoff.Finally,inexasperation, he put a small

If you discover an H&R Block error on your return that entitles you to a smaller tax liability, we’llrefund the tax prep fee for that return. Refund claims must be made during the calendar year in

which the return was prepared. OBTP# B13696 ©2012 HRB Tax Group, Inc.

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GETTING THE MOST BACKSTARTS WITH GETTINGTHE MOST EXPERTISE.

If you discover an H&R Block error on your return that entitles you to a smaller tax liability, we’llrefund the tax prep fee for that return. Refund claims must be made during the calendar year in

which the return was prepared. OBTP# B13696 ©2012 HRB Tax Group, Inc.

NEW LOCATION: 210 Gateway Dr NE, East Grand Forks , MN 56721 n 218-793-0035107 E 2ND St, Crookston , MN 56716 n 218-281-3658

GETTING THE MOST BACKSTARTS WITH GETTINGTHE MOST EXPERTISE.

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HOPPERSManytypesofbugsandanimalshop.Therearealsohoppersofothersorts:hoppercarsontrains,hoppersthatareusedonfarmsandpeoplewhohop(ormaybetheyjump)ontrampolines!•Usually when we think of insect “hoppers,”grasshoppersandcricketscometomind.TheseinsectsfromtheorderOrthopterahavepower-fulhindlegsthatallowthemtopropelthem-selves long distances. Also noteworthy about theorderOrthoptera(soundsalittlelikeopera,right?)isthattheseinsects“sing”byperform-ing“stridulation,”whichistheactionofrub-bingpartsoftheirbodiestogether.

•National Geographic named the weird frog-hopperbug the“World’sGreatestLeaper” in2003. The froghopper is a “sap-sucker” thatcoats plantswith foamy spittle – yuk! Frog-hoppersareabout1/5ofaninch(6mm)longandcanleapanamazing28inches(70mm).That equals140 times theirbody length.Forahumantoleapthisdistance,incomparison,wouldmean a long-jump record of 840 feet(256m)!

• According to neurobiologist, Malcolm Bur-rows, of the University of Cambridge, in the UnitedKingdom,thesecrettothelongjumpsof some insects is a “specialized catapultmechanism” that allows the insects to storeand then release energy.

•Kangaroos, the largest hopping animal, cancover a lot of groundwith their hops.Whenkangaroos need to go faster, they don’t increase the frequency of their hops, instead they in-

crease the dis-tance for each hop. Kanga-roos can bound 25 feet (7.6m)or more for-ward and 6 feet (1.8m)highinasinglehop.

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DEERE. JOHN DEERE. (continued): • It was while living in Illinois that John no-

ticed the problems that farmers faced when attempting to till soil. Because the area had formerly been woodland, the soil was rich with hummus, which clumped and clung to the blades of the plows farmers were accus-tomed to using. While repairing a broken cir-cular saw, Deere stumbled upon an idea. He employed his smith skills to fashion the steel blade into the shape of a plow. He affixed two wooden spokes, then hitched the device to a horse. It plowed the heavy Illinois soil like a charm. In fact, a farmer who happened to be observing the test run immediately put in an order for his own John Deere plow.

• In short order, Deere gave up his blacksmith shop and focused on making plows. The company grew steadily and added many em-ployees. In the late 1840s, John relocated the entire operation to Moline, Illinois. Ashamed of his own lack of education, John sent his children to the state’s finest schools. One of his proudest days occurred when son Charles earned the equivalent of an MBA from Bell’s Commercial College in Chicago.

• With his son Charles managing the company, John found time to pursue philanthropic in-terests. He co-founded both the First Nation-al Bank and the First Congregational Church. He was elected the mayor of Moline in 1873, where one of his first actions – the replace-ment of the city’s open drains with a sewer pipe system – saved countless lives by reduc-ing the spread of disease.

• The original John Deere logo, registered in 1876, depicted a deer that was native to Afri-ca. Thirty-six years later, in 1912, it was re-placed with the image of a North American white-tailed deer. In the decades that fol-lowed, the now-familiar “outline” logo took over as the symbol of the John Deere brand.

III?

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DIFFERENCES: 1. Tail is shorter. 2. Number is different. 3. Arm is moved. 4. Hair is different. 5. Sleeve is shorter. 6. Light switch is missing.

Find at least 6 differences in details between panels

• The back legs of kangaroos alwaysmove intandemexceptwhenswimming!

• Thegreatertherangeofakangaroo’shop,themore energy harnessed in their muscles and tendons when they touch down. Kangaroos have tremendous endurance with hearts twice the size of comparable animals and very ef-ficientrespiratorysystems.

• Wallabies are members of the kangaroo fam-ily,justinasmallerpackage.They,liketheirkangaroo cousins are only found naturally in AustraliaandPapuaNewGuinea.

• Besides their size, the biggest difference be-tween wallabies and kangaroos is in their mouths. Wallabies live in bushy forests and mostly dine on leaves; kangaroos live in more open treeless areas and mostly eat grasses.Kangaroos have high crowns of teeth that are curved in their mouths while wallabies have flatteethwithasinglecuttingtoothonthetopfront of their mouths.

• Rabbits are also fast hoppers, but kangarooscan go about twice as fast as a cottontail. An Australianredkangaroocanleapatabout35milesperhour(56kph);arabbitwouldbeleftinthedust!

• Rabbits,hares,andkangarooratsarehoppersthat can be found in the dry desert regions of thewestern and southwesternUnited States.Kangaroo rats are native to the desert south-westoftheUnitedStates.

• There aremore than 20 species of kangaroorats thathopon theirhind legsanduse theirtailsforbalancelikekangaroos.Theyarenotrelated to kangaroos though; in fact kangaroo rats are rodents that have more in common with camels than kangaroos. Camels and kan-garoo rats are the only mammals that can sur-vive with virtually no water to drink.

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