tile trial angolan laws notes .“ jiiering, dogs death the ... · supra note 3, at 415. therefore,...
TRANSCRIPT
1977
j32
3
NO
TE
SAl
/T
heL
aws
ofW
aran
d/
2,T
heA
ngol
anT
rial
ofM
erce
narie
s:
Dea
thto
the
Dog
sof
War
E!r
.LIO
TL
IEQ
UE
-C
ICR
AQ
7.i
AJ.
DE
LAPA
DB
ET
WE
EN
TH
E11
than
dth
e19
thof
June
,19
76,
the
Peop
le’s
2fl
GEN
EVE
Rev
olut
iona
ryC
ourt
of
Ang
ola
trie
dan
dco
nvic
ted
13w
hite
sold
iers
onth
ech
arge
of
bein
gm
erce
nari
es,
fina
llyse
nten
cing
nine
topr
ison
and
four
tode
ath.
1T
his
Not
een
tail
san
exam
ina—
tion
ofth
eci
rcum
stan
ces
ofth
attr
ial.
The
narr
owfo
cus
here
wil
lbe
tile
aspe
cts
ofpr
oced
ural
and
subs
tant
ive
fair
ness
inth
etr
ial,
whi
leth
ebr
oade
rco
ncer
nw
illbe
the
impa
ctof
this
tria
lon
the
deve
lopm
ent
of
the
law
sof
war
,pa
rtic
ular
lyas
rega
rds
tile
stat
usof
mer
cenar
ies
unde
rin
tern
atio
nal
law
.T
his
ison
lyth
ebe
ginn
ing
ofth
ela
rger
inqu
iry
whi
chth
ele
gal
com
munit
ym
ust
unde
rtak
e.E
vent
uall
yth
ere
shou
ldbe
ancx
—am
ifla
tiofl
of
the
prop
eren
dsof
the
law
sof
war
and
also
am
ore
curr
ent
det
erm
inat
ion
of
the
pro
pri
ety
ofth
em
eans
empl
oyed
inac
hiev
ing
thos
een
ds.
The
inte
rnat
ional
lega
lco
mm
unit
yev
enno
wis
real
izin
git
sobli
gat
ion
and
isbeg
innin
gto
test
the
apho
rism
:‘‘
The
end
of
the
law
ispe
ace.
The
mea
nsto
that
end
isw
ar.‘
‘2
The
wor
ldbe
hold
sth
eim
age
of
Just
ice
her
self
stru
ggli
ng,
one
upra
ised
arm
hold
ing
the
scal
esin
whi
chsh
ew
eigh
sth
eri
ght,
the
othe
rca
rryi
ngth
esw
ord
wit
hw
hich
she
exec
utes
it.
Wit
hin
the
cont
ext
of
the
Ang
ola
tria
lo
fm
erce
nari
es,
this
Not
eat
tem
pts
tode
term
ine
whe
ther
oppo
sing
righ
tsw
ere
fair
lyw
eigh
ed,
orw
heth
erth
ecl
oak
of
Just
ice
was
rent
asun
der
inth
eex
ecut
ion.
Inor
der
toun
ders
tand
the
tria
l,on
em
ust
know
the
peri
odan
dth
epl
ace
inw
hich
itoc
curr
ed.
The
foll
owin
gis
ab
rief
sum
—m
ary
of
the
poli
tica
lan
dm
ilit
ary
even
tsw
hich
prec
eded
the
tria
l? ‘AN
GO
LA
:D
eath
for
‘Dog
sof
War
’,N
EW
SWE
EK
,Ju
l.12
,19
76,
at32
.2
Dn
.R
UD
OL
PhV
ON
JIIE
RIN
G,
TIlE
STR
UG
GL
EV
OR
LAw
1-2
(2nd
ed.
J.L
abor
tran
sl.
1915
).T
heau
thor
lam
ents
:“S
olo
ng
asth
ela
wis
com
pelle
dto
hold
itsel
fin
readin
ess
tore
sist
the
att
acks
of
wro
ng
..
.it
cannot
dis
pense
with
war.
The
life
of
the
law
isa
stru
ggle
..
.o
fn
ati
on
s,of
the
state
po
wer,
of
clas
ses,
ofin
divi
dual
s.
..
.“
Id.
.,‘
..
..
IL-I
CfG
kU
L}J1)
Tw
ice
the
size
ofT
exas
,w
itha
popu
latio
nof
appr
oxim
atel
ysi
xm
illio
npe
ople
,A
ngol
ais
cons
ider
edto
bepo
tent
ially
one
ofth
eri
ches
tco
untr
ies
inso
uthw
este
rnA
fric
a.In
Apr
il19
74,
Port
ugal
’sar
med
forc
esov
erth
rew
the
gove
rnm
ent
ofM
arce
lloC
aeta
noan
dth
ene
wgo
vern
men
tm
oved
stea
dily
inth
ed
irec
tion
ofin
depe
nden
cefo
rA
ngol
a,w
hich
had
been
aPo
rtug
uese
colo
nyfo
r50
0ye
ars.
Inea
rly
1975
,th
ePo
rtug
uese
anno
unce
dth
eA
lvor
Acc
ord
tinde
rw
hich
the
thre
ena
tive
liber
atio
nm
ove
men
tsw
ould
part
icip
ate
with
the
Port
ugue
sein
atr
ansi
tiona
lgo
vern
men
tth
atw
ould
oper
ate
until
the
outr
ight
gran
tof
inde
pend
ence
onN
ovem
ber
11,
1975
.H
avin
gbe
enac
cord
edex
clus
ive
polit
ical
legi
timac
yby
Port
ugal
’sne
wm
ilita
ryre
gim
e,th
eth
ree
com
petin
gin
surg
ent
grou
psfo
ught
for
polit
ical
and
mili
tary
pow
er.
Each
ofA
ngol
a’s
thre
em
ajor
ethn
o-lin
guis
ticco
mm
uniti
esha
dpr
oduc
eda
maj
orlib
erat
ion
mov
emen
tw
itha
sepa
rate
arm
y,se
para
tepo
litic
alst
ruct
ure,
and
sepa
rate
sour
ces
ofex
tern
alsu
pp
ort
.6
The
Nat
iona
lFr
ont
for
the
Lib
erat
ion
ofA
ngol
a(F
NL
A)
isle
dby
Hoi
den
Rob
erto
and
draw
sits
popu
lar
supp
ort
from
the
600,
000
to70
0,00
0-st
rong
Bak
ongo
com
mun
ityof
nort
hern
Ang
ola,
whi
chco
mpr
ises
abou
t13
%of
the
popu
lati
on.
7R
obe
rto’
sbr
othe
r—in
—la
w,
Mob
utu
Sese
Seko
,is
Pres
iden
tof
Zai
rean
dth
ere
cepi
ent
ofsu
bsta
ntia
lm
ilita
ryan
dec
onom
icai
dfr
omth
eU
nite
dS
tate
s.8
The
FNLA
rece
ived
dire
ctm
ater
ial
assi
stan
cefr
omth
eC
hine
sean
dfin
anci
alas
sist
ance
from
the
Uni
ted
Sta
tes.
9Ju
stas
Port
ugal
was
tryi
ngto
arra
nge
the
Alv
orA
ccor
d,th
eN
atio
nal
Secu
rity
Cou
ncil’
s40
Com
mitt
eeau
thor
ized
a
Var
,20
OR
uls
669
(197
6).
See
also
INT
ER
NA
TIO
NA
LIN
ST
ITU
TE
FOR
ST
RA
TE
GIC
STU
DIE
S,S
TR
AT
EG
ICSU
RVEY
1975
27(1
976)
,an
dC
L-I’
sSe
cret
War
inA
ngol
a,1
INTE
LLIG
ENCE
REPO
RTI
(Cen
ter
for
Nat
ional
Sec
uri
tyS
tudi
es19
75).
STRA
TEG
ICSU
RVEY
and
INT
EL
LIG
EN
CE
REP
OR
T,su
pra
no
te3.
Ang
ola
pro
duce
sco
ffee
,su
gar
,co
tton,
tobac
coan
do
ther
food
stuf
fs,
and
has
larg
ere
sou
rces
of
oil,
diam
onds
and
iron
ore
.T
heco
un
try
isal
sost
rate
gic
ally
loca
ted
onth
eso
uth
wes
tco
ast
of
the
Afr
ican
con
tin
ent.
Its
maj
or
port
pro
vid
eth
epri
mar
yo
utl
etin
toth
eA
tlan
tic
Oce
anfo
rZ
ambi
aan
dZ
aire
,an
dit
sra
ilro
ads
pro
vid
etil
em
ajor
outl
etfo
rth
eir
copper
.
Mar
cum
,su
pra
note
3,at
412-
13.
6Id
.at
410.
INT
EL
LIG
EN
CE
RE
PO
RT
,su
pra
note
3,at
2.Id
.at
4.M
arc
um
,su
pra
note
3,at
410,
413.
cove
rtA
mer
ican
grtI
ltot
itiD
,UO
1)to
the
IIN
L!\
.”fl
.ilI
lovL
—
men
t,th
eFN
LAen
tere
dth
e19
75po
wer
stru
ggle
from
apo
sitio
nof
mili
tary
but
not
polit
ical
stre
ngth
.T
heN
atio
nal
Uni
onfo
rth
eT
otal
Inde
pend
ence
ofA
ngol
a(U
NIT
A)
resu
lted
from
a19
64sp
litw
ithin
the
FNLA
and
isdi
rect
edby
Jona
sSa
vim
bi,
afo
rmer
Rob
erto
aide.
11
Itsba
seis
amon
gth
etw
om
illio
nO
vim
bund
uof
the
cent
ral
Ben
guel
apl
atea
u,w
hoco
mpr
ise
38%
ofth
epo
pula
tion
ofA
ngola
.12
Ado
pt
ing
ase
lf-r
elia
ntst
rate
gyem
ulat
ing
the
Chi
nese
,U
NIT
Afo
rces
unde
rtoo
kto
seiz
eth
eir
wea
pons
loca
lly.1
3U
NIT
Adi
dno
t
rece
ive
sign
ific
ant
outs
ide
help
until
earl
yin
1976
,w
hen
Savi
mbi
culti
vate
dsu
ppor
tfr
omth
eU
nite
dSt
ates
,B
rita
in,
Zam
bia
and
Sout
hA
fric
a.14
The
Popu
lar
Mov
emen
tfo
rth
eL
iber
atio
nof
Ang
ola
(MPL
A)
isle
dby
Dr.
Ago
stin
hoN
eto,
aPo
rtug
uese
-edu
cate
dph
ysic
ian.
The
MPL
Adr
aws
itspr
imar
ysu
ppor
tfr
omth
e1.
3m
illio
nM
bund
upe
ople
ofce
ntra
lan
dea
ster
nA
ngol
a,w
hom
ake
upab
out
23%
ofth
eco
untr
y’s
popu
lati
on.’
5B
ased
inth
eca
pita
lci
tyof
Lua
nda,
whe
reit
decl
ared
itsel
fth
ele
gitim
ate
gove
rnm
ent
ofth
eco
untr
yon
inde
pend
ence
Day
,th
eM
PLA
lead
ersh
ipis
mor
eur
ban,
inte
llect
ual,
soci
alis
t,an
dra
cial
lym
ixed
than
that
ofth
eot
her
two
mov
emen
ts.’
6T
heM
PLA
rece
ived
mas
sive
arm
ssu
ppor
tfr
omth
eSo
viet
Uni
onan
dla
rge
num
bers
ofco
mba
ttr
oops
from
Cub
a17
The
inte
rnal
conf
lict
amon
gth
ese
grou
psth
usbe
cam
eth
eim
petu
sfo
ra
supe
rpow
erco
llisi
on,
asfo
reig
nin
terv
entio
nch
ange
dth
edo
mes
ticci
vil
war
into
apo
tent
ially
expl
osiv
eco
ld
war
conf
ront
atio
n.In
Janu
ary
1976
,Se
cret
ary
ofSt
ate
Kis
sing
erre
calle
dho
wth
esi
tuat
ion
had
appe
ared
toth
ead
min
istr
atio
n
inm
id—
1975
.’8
The
mili
tary
situ
atio
nfa
vore
dth
eM
PLA
anti,
10Id
.at
414;
ST
RA
TE
GIC
SU
RV
EY
,su
pra
no
te3,
at
31.
IIM
arc
um
,st
lpra
no
te3,
at
410—
11;
INT
EL
lIG
EN
CE
RE
PO
RT
,su
pra
note
3,at
2,
ST
RA
TE
GIC
SU
RV
EY
,su
pra
no
te3,
at
29.
IlId
.°
Mar
cum
,su
pra
note
3,at
411.
14IN
TE
LL
IGE
NC
ER
EP
OR
T,
supra
no
te3,
at2.
l5M
arc
uin
,su
pra
no
te3,
at41
1;IN
TE
LL
IGE
NC
ER
EP
OR
T,
siip
ra!n
otc
3,at
2.
•16
Id.;
ST
RA
TE
GIC
SU
RV
EY
,su
pra
no
te3,
at
28.
•°
Marc
um
,id.
at
413;
INT
EL
LIG
EN
CE
RE
PO
RT
,id
.at
2;S
TR
AT
EG
ICS
UR
VE
Y,
id.
at
31.
III
Pesu
nlon
yof
Secr
etar
yof
Sta
leK
issi
nger
befo
reth
eSu
bcom
mitt
eeon
Afr
icai
i
Aff
airs
ofth
eSe
nate
Fore
ign
Rel
atio
nsC
omm
ittee
,12
2C
ON
G.
RE
C.
S81
5—81
8
(dai
lyed
.Ja
n.29
,19
76).
See
also
Mar
cum
,su
pra
note
3,at
415.
ther
efor
e,Z
aire
and
Zam
bia
turn
edto
the
Uni
ted
Stat
esfo
ras
sist
ance
inpr
even
ting
the
Sovi
etU
nion
and
Cub
afr
om(1
)im
posi
nga
solu
tion
ofth
eir
own
inA
ngol
a,(2
)be
com
ing
ado
min
ant
inH
uenc
ein
sout
h—ce
ntra
lA
fric
a,an
d(3
)th
reat
enin
gth
est
abili
tyof
tue
area
.”5
The
Uni
ted
Stat
esre
spon
ded
cove
rtly
bysu
pply
ing
$32.
3m
illi
on
inm
ilit
ary
hard
war
eto
the
FNL
Aan
dto
UN
ITA
byth
een
dof
1975
.A
sof
late
Febr
uary
1976
,th
ere
were
over
11,0
0()
Cub
antr
oops
inA
ngol
a,an
dSo
viet
mil
itar
ysI
jUN
CI1
tSO
Ver
tile
prev
ious
11m
onth
sto
tale
d$3
0()
liii
IIio
nIn
earl
yF
ebru
ary,
oste
nsib
lyle
arin
gan
othe
rV
ietn
am—
type
involv
em
ent,
the
Uni
ted
Stat
esC
ongr
ess
vote
dov
erw
helm
ingl
yto
halt
1irt
her
cov
ert
U.S
.a1
4.lto
Ang
ola’
spr
o—W
este
rnfo
rces.2
2T
heFN
LAa p
pare
iitly
used
the
rem
aini
ngfi
nanc
ial
aid
from
the
Uni
ted
Stat
esto
buy
arm
san
dto
recr
uit
sold
iers
inE
urop
e.In
inm
p,irt
s.of
the
wor
ld,
self—
styl
ed‘‘
sold
iers
offo
rtun
e’’
wer
eIl
Lik
ilig
torr
tici
pat
ein
the
stru
ggle
inA
ngol
a.23
An
Eng
lish
orga
niz
aio
ncalle
d‘‘
Secu
rity
Adv
isor
ySe
rvic
es’’
was
otic
riiig
recr
uits
a$3
00ad
van
ce
and
asa
lary
of$3
00a
wee
kto
figh
tfo
rU
NIF
Aan
dth
eFN
LA.2
4T
hefi
rst
batc
hof
25le
ftL
ondo
nfo
rZ
aire
onJa
nuar
y18
;a
mon
thla
ter
128
mor
ere
crui
tsdc
part
ed.2
5T
hem
oney
topa
yth
emre
port
edly
cam
efr
omb
un
dles
ofcr
isp,
cons
ecut
ivel
ynu
mbe
red
Am
eric
an$1
00bil
ls.
On
Febr
uary
6,ei
ght
Am
eri
can
sde
part
edfo
rK
insh
asa.
27A
fter
4da
ysth
ere,
Hol
den
Rob
erto
him
self
led
the
Am
eric
ans
into
Ang
ola,
from
whi
chst
orie
sha
dbe
enfi
lteri
ngba
ckth
atM
PLA
and
Cub
anfo
rces
had
push
edth
eFN
LA
fact
ion
alm
ost
com
plet
ely
out
ofA
ngol
a28
Bym
id—
Febr
uary
,13
ofth
em
erce
nari
esha
dbe
enca
ptur
edw
hile
on
patr
ol.
Subs
eque
ntly
l)r.
Net
oan
noun
ced
triu
mph
antl
yth
atth
eM
PLA
had
won
the
Ang
olan
civi
lw
ar,
follo
win
gw
hich
the
Sovi
etU
nion
and
26m
embe
rsof
the
Mar
cuni
,id.
at41
6.Id
.21
JJat
417;
STR
ATE
GIC
SUR
VEY
,su
pra
note
3,at
32.
The
tota
lnu
mbe
rof
troo
psm
ayha
vebe
enas
high
as25
,000
then
,as
itw
asin
June,
acco
rdin
gto
Jere
mia
sC
hitu
ncja
,U
NIT
AR
epre
sent
ativ
ein
the
Uni
ted
Stat
es.
N.Y
.T
imes
,Ju
n.22
,19
76,
at34
,co
l.3.
22M
arcu
ni,
idat
419;
STR
ATF
GIC
SuR
vIiy
,id.
at32
.23
A1
erc
e,,arj
:‘A
Woo
dy.S
hbI
5’,
lIM
E,
Feb.
23,
1976
,at
21—
22.
24Th
eM
erce
nary
Life
,N
EW
SW
EE
K,
Feb.
9,19
76,
at30
.Ia’
.Id
.21
Am
eric
anG
uns
for
I-li
re,
radio
inte
rvie
wby
Ch
arle
sC
obb
for
Nat
iona
lP
ubli
cR
adio
,A
ug.
2-4,
1976
.
Org
aniz
atio
nof
Afr
ican
Uni
tyex
tend
edre
cogn
itio
nto
the
MPL
Agover
nm
ent.
29
Abo
ut3
mon
ths
late
r,th
eju
dici
alpr
oces
sbe
gan.
On
May
26,
1976
,on
eIr
ish,
nine
Bri
tish
and
thre
eA
mer
ican
sold
iers
wer
ein
dict
edby
the
Peop
le’s
Rev
olut
iona
ryC
ourt
ofA
ng
ola
.
Sim
ulta
neou
sly,
the
gove
rnm
ent
ofA
ngol
abe
aded
by1)
r.N
eto
calle
dfo
ran
Inte
rnat
iona
lC
omm
issi
onof
Enq
uiry
,on
Mer
cena
ries
(IC
EM
)to
obse
rve
the
tria
lan
dto
mak
ere
com
men
dati
ons
for
inte
rnat
iona
lac
tion
tode
alw
ith
the
prol
)lem
ofm
erce
nar
ies.
31
On
June
5,Lu
isde
Aln
3eid
a,th
eD
irec
tor
of
Info
rmat
ion
and
Secu
rity
ofA
ngol
a,an
noun
ced
that
the
mer
cena
ries
wer
egu
ilty
,
that
the
Ang
olan
gove
rnm
ent
had
only
tode
cide
how
muc
hto
puni
shth
em,
and
that
Bri
tish
and
Am
eric
anim
peri
alis
mw
ere
real
lyon
tria
l,no
tth
e13
mer
cen
arie
s.32
On
June
7,th
eA
ngol
an
Min
iste
rof
Just
ice,
Dio
gene
sB
oavi
da,
open
edan
exhi
bit
inth
eM
useu
mof
Ang
ola
disp
layi
ngw
areq
uipm
ent,
phot
ogra
phs
of
casu
altie
san
dde
stru
ctio
n,ph
otog
raph
sof
capt
ured
docu
men
ts
and
othe
rev
iden
ce(i
nclu
ding
capt
ured
Am
eric
an$1
00bi
lls),
as
wel
las
film
edin
terv
iew
sw
ith
som
eof
the
mer
cenar
ies.
33
On
June
9,te
lls
ofth
ousa
nds
ofA
ngol
ans
mar
ched
thro
ugh
Lua
nda
carr
ying
bann
ers
whi
chde
man
ded
deat
hfo
rth
em
erce
nari
es.
The
rew
ere
nodi
ssid
ents
and
nopl
eas
for
clem
ency
from
tile
gove
rnm
ent
empl
oyee
san
dM
PLA
mil
itan
ts,
nor
from
the
youn
gsc
hool
chil
dren
who
carr
ied
plac
ards
urgi
ngth
atth
em
erce
nari
es
bek
ille
d.
The
tria
lbe
gan
onFr
iday
,Ju
ne11
,co
ntin
ue(I
thro
ugh
the
wee
kend
,an
dw
asco
mpl
eted
onth
eev
enin
gof
the
16th
.T
he
sem
icir
cula
rco
urtr
oom
for
the
tria
lw
asa
new
lyre
nova
ted
ball
inth
eC
ham
ber
ofC
omm
erce
Bui
ldin
g.T
hetr
ial
was
cond
ucte
d
inPo
rtug
uese
,an
dth
ere
was
sim
ulta
neou
str
ansl
atio
nin
toE
nglis
h,
Fren
ch,
Span
ish
and
Rus
sian
.M
ore
than
100
fore
ign
jour
nali
sts
wer
epr
esen
tin
the
uppe
rba
lcon
y,an
dth
etr
ial
was
reco
rded
offi
cial
lyon
vide
otap
e.T
heC
ourt
was
com
pose
dof
five
judg
es,
two
ofw
hom
are
requ
ired
tobe
grad
uate
sin
law
,an
dal
lof
who
m
are
appo
inte
dfo
r6
mo
nth
s.3
5T
heA
ttor
ney
Gen
eral
ofA
n
An
Eas
yR
out
—an
dan
Olip
eB
ranc
h,T
IME
,Fe
b.23
,19,6
,at
18.
Indic
tmen
t,se
eA
ppen
dix
Iin
fra.
‘N
.Y.
Tim
es,
Jun.
6,19
76,
at13
,C
o1.
I.32
Id.;
Chri
stia
nS
cien
ceM
onit
or,
Jun
.8,
1976
,at
3,co
l.3.
N.Y
.T
imes
,Ju
n.9,
1976
,at
7,co
l.3.
Id.,
Jun.
10,
1976
,at
9,co
t.1.
Art
icle
4,LA
WN
o.7/
76O
FIs
rO
FM
s.v
[her
eina
fter
cite
das
RU
LE
SO
F
PRoc
Enu
isE
l,se
eA
ppen
dix
Ill
infr
a.2
gola
,E
rnes
to]‘
eixe
ira
ciaSi
lva,
was
the
Pres
idin
gJu
dge.
36T
heot
her
lega
llyqu
alif
ied
judg
ew
asth
eD
irec
tor
ofA
ngol
anT
eiev
isio
n.37
Tw
oof
the
othe
rju
dges
wer
eoic
ers
ofFA
PLA
(the
mil
itar
yar
mof
the
MPL
A)
and
the
fift
hju
dge
was
am
embe
rof
the
Nat
iona
lC
ounc
ilo
fW
omen
inA
ng
oia
.Fi
nal
pros
ecut
ion
argu
men
tsoc
curr
edon
Thu
rsda
y,Ju
ne17
.P
rocu
rato
rM
anue
lR
uiA
lves
Mon
tejr
o’s
3-ho
ursu
mm
atio
nw
asgr
eete
dby
appl
ause
from
the
cour
tan
dth
epr
ess
gall
ery
and
bysh
outs
of“d
eath
.‘‘3
He
calle
don
the
Cou
rtto
‘‘pu
nish
seve
rely
”th
em
erce
nari
esas
aw
arni
ngag
ains
tfu
rthe
rm
erce
nary
atta
cks
inso
uthe
rnA
fric
a.40
The
next
day,
defe
nse
atto
rney
sm
acic
thei
rfi
nal
argum
ents
.C
hief
Am
eric
anco
unse
lR
ober
tC
esne
r,Jr
.,pl
eade
dth
atth
e13
mer
cena
ries
betr
eate
das
pri
son
ers
ofw
aran
dar
gued
that
they
coul
dno
tbe
puni
shed
for
anac
tw
hich
did
not
viol
ate
any
law
.’T
heco
urt—
appo
inte
dA
ngol
andc
fens
ela
wye
rsem
phas
ized
that
the
dc
fenc
lan
tsw
ere
“too
lsof
impe
rial
ist
aggr
essi
on.‘
‘42
The
thre
eB
ritis
hla
wye
rspu
tth
ebl
ame
onth
eA
mer
ican
and
I3rit
ish
gove
rnm
ents
for
perm
ittin
gth
ere
cru
itm
ent
ofm
erc
enari
es.
On
Satu
rday
,Ju
ne19
,ea
chof
tile
zlle
rcen
arie
sm
ade
clo
sin
gst
ate
ments
.44
Mos
tde
nied
coln
mni
ttil
igan
ycr
imes
and
sorr
owfu
lly
aske
dfo
rle
nien
cy.
On
June
28,
the
verd
icts
wer
ean
noun
ced.
45T
wo
Am
eric
ans
and
seve
nll
riti
shna
tion
als
wer
ese
nten
ced
topr
ison
term
sra
ngin
gfr
om16
to30
year
s.T
hreel3ri
tisl
,na
tiona
lsan
don
eA
mer
ican
wer
ese
nten
ced
todi
el)
efor
ea
firi
ngsq
uad.
The
reis
noap
peal
from
the
Peo
ple’
sR
evolu
tionar
yC
ourt
,46
but
deat
hse
nten
ces
mus
tbe
rev
iew
edby
Pre
siden
tN
eto
.7
Say
ing
that
the
‘‘pr
acti
ce
Geo
rge
I-f.
Loc
kwoo
d,R
i’oir
oN
FIl
IAL
ofM
ER
CE
NA
RIE
S7
(197
6).
Mr.
Loc
kwoo
dw
asa
mem
ber
ofth
eIn
tern
ano
nal
Com
mis
sion
of
Enuir
yon
Mer
cena
ries
whi
chw
asco
nven
edby
the
gove
rnm
ent
of
Ang
ola.
Flis
obse
rva
tion
sof
and
com
ments
upon
the
tria
lar
ese
tfo
rth
inhi
sR
epor
t.3
Id.
34l€l. N
.Y.
Tim
es,
jun.
18,
1976
,1,
at6,
ccl.
4.40
Id41
Id.
Jun.
19,
at
7,co
l.3.
42ld
.
Sli
d.
Id.,
juti.
2)),
1976
,at
8,ee
l.1;
Chr
istia
nS
cie
nce
Monit
or,
jun.
21,
1976
,ii
3,ol
.I
N.Y
.Fl
iiics
,Ju
n.29
,19
76,
at1,
cot.
6.A
rtJe
27,
RU
LE
SO
FP
RO
CE
DU
RE
,su
pra
note
35.
I’ll
SI)
LN
I(A
LS
ER
VIC
EO
RD
ERo
12TH
OF
SE
PT
EM
BE
R19
7)),
see
App
endi
xI V
ui/
ri.
ofm
erce
nari
smm
ust
befi
nish
edon
this
plan
et”,
beco
nfir
med
tile
deat
hse
nten
ces
onJu
ly948
The
follo
win
gda
yC
ahla
n,M
cKen
zie,
Bar
ker
and
Gea
rbar
tw
ere
exec
ute
d.
9
PR
OC
ED
UR
AL
AN
AL
YS
IS
Proc
edur
alA
ngol
anla
ww
asin
heri
ted
from
the
Port
ugue
seci
vil
law
syst
emus
eddu
ring
colo
nial
times
.T
his
syst
emof
civi
lor
stat
utor
yla
wis
char
acte
rize
dby
spec
ific
legi
slat
ive
enac
tmen
ts,
asw
ell
asex
ecut
ive
adm
inis
trat
ive
decr
ees
and
ordi
nanc
es,
trea
ties
and
prot
ocol
s,al
lof
whi
chha
vebe
enco
difie
d.50
Intil
lssy
stem
,ju
dges
part
icip
ilte
activ
ely
inth
eco
urtr
oom
proc
edur
e,w
hich
isan
inqu
isito
rial
proc
ess.
The
pres
umpt
ion
isim
plic
itly
one
ofth
eac
cuse
d’s
guil
t,an
dth
een
tire
met
hod
isde
sign
edto
det
erm
ine
the
trut
h.C
ontr
olof
the
proc
eedi
ngs
isno
tco
nced
edto
the
pu
es
but
rest
sin
stea
dw
ith
the
pres
idin
gju
dge.
The
tria
lth
usbe
com
esth
ecu
lmin
atio
no
fa
long
and
thoro
ugh
inves
tigat
ion
byth
eco
urt
,ra
ther
than
aco
nte
stbe
twee
nop
posi
ngco
wis
e Is.
By
way
ofco
ntr
ast,
com
nl()
nla
wis
pred
lom
it1m
11tly
judg
e—m
ade
law
,an
dth
esig
nif
ican
tch
arac
teri
stic
isth
edoct
rine
of
pre
ceden
t,by
whi
chth
eju
dges
refe
rto
prev
ious
deci
sion
sin
ord
erto
adju
di
cate
the
case
atis
sue.
Com
mon
law
tria
lsar
eba
sica
lly
anad
versary
orac
cusa
tori
alpro
cedure
,un
der
whic
hth
eac
cuse
dis
pres
umed
innoce
nt
unti
lpr
oved
guil
tybe
yond
are
ason
able
dd)U
l)t.
Am
ong
the
safe
guar
dsfo
rth
eac
cuse
dun
der
this
phil
osop
hyof
law
.rc
the
priv
ilege
agai
nst
self
—in
crim
inat
ion,
tile
rig
ht
tocro
ss—
exam
ine
wit
nes
ses
and
the
wri
tof
habe
asco
rpus
.A
nim
port
ant
feat
ure
of
tile
accu
sato
rial
piO
cedi
Lir
eis
that
tile
judge
ison
lyan
impar
tial
arb
iter
bet
wee
isth
eli
tig
atin
gp
arti
es.
On
lyra
rely
does
the
judge
exer
cise
dis
cret
ion
toin
terv
ene
inti
lesu
bsta
nti
ve
ques
tionin
g,
and
then
only
toav
ert
gra
ve
inju
stic
ean
dn
ot
toad
van
ce
the
case
for
eith
ersi
de.
On
Nov
embe
r11
,19
75,
the
MIL
Afo
rmed
ago
vern
men
tan
dad
opte
da
const
ituti
on.
5’Su
bseq
uent
legi
slat
ion
was
enac
ted
toen
able
the
vari
ous
gove
rnm
enta
lbr
anch
esto
disc
harg
eth
eir
fun
ctio
ns.
The
prim
eex
ampl
eof
this
isL
awN
c.7/
76of
May
1st,
1976
—“T
heL
awC
onst
itut
ing
the
Peop
le’s
Rev
olut
iona
ryC
ourt
”
N.Y
.T
imes
,Ju
t.10
,19
76,
at
6,co
l.4.
Id.,
Jut.
II,
1976
,at
1,co
l.5.
SOFo
ra
gene
ral
disc
ussi
ono
fth
etw
osy
stem
s,see
AB
RA
HA
M,
THE
JUD
ICIA
L
PRoc
Ess
12—
17,
98-1
02(1
975)
.SI
‘5.,
.‘5
,4.
SA
.....—
...-.
-..-...,.,
‘5..,
.4t7
(her
eina
fter
cite
das
the
Rul
esof
Proc
edur
e).5
2A
sau
thor
ity
for
enac
ting
this
law
,th
eC
ounc
ilof
the
Rev
olut
ion
cite
sA
rtic
les
32(e
)an
d38
(a)
ofth
eC
onst
itut
iona
lL
aw.
The
seA
rtic
les
deal
,re
spec
tive
ly,
with
the
righ
tsof
the
Pres
iden
tto
prom
ulga
teth
ela
ws
ofth
eC
ounc
ilof
the
Rev
olut
ion,
and
ofth
eC
ounc
ilto
disc
harg
ele
gisl
ativ
efu
nct
ions.
The
law
also
men
tions
Art
icle
44,
whi
chco
ncer
nstil
edi
scha
rge
ofju
ridi
cal
func
tions
and
the
orga
niza
tion
,co
mpo
sitio
n,an
dco
mpe
tenc
eof
the
court
s.54
Ar
ticle
3of
the
Rul
esof
Proc
edur
est
ates
that
the
Cou
rtis
com
pete
ntto
hear
:(1
)C
rim
esag
ains
tth
eA
ngol
anpe
ople
,te
rri
tory
and
gove
rnm
ent;
(2)
acts
and
activ
ities
whi
chth
reat
enth
efu
ndam
enta
lri
ghts
stip
ulat
edin
the
Con
stit
utio
nal
Law
;an
d(3
)var
criln
esan
dcr
imes
agai
nst
huin
anity
.55
Dec
ree
No.
3/75
oftu
e29
thof
Nov
embe
r,19
75,
auth
oriz
esth
eD
irec
tora
teof
Info
rmati
on
and
Secu
rity
ofA
ngol
ato
prep
are
a“C
ase’
’fo
rtr
ial.
Thi
sis
sim
ilar
toth
eFr
ench
doss
ier
pre
pare
dby
anex
amin
ing
mag
istr
ate
(jug
ed’
inst
ruct
ion)
orto
agr
and
jury
indi
ctm
ent
atco
mm
on
law
.In
esse
nce,
the
proc
ess
enta
ilsth
edi
scov
ery
and
pre
senta
tion
of
all
know
nfa
cts
conc
erni
nga
poss
ible
Vio
latio
nof
the
law
.O
nce
prep
ared
,th
eC
ase
may
be“f
iled
away
”an
dno
tac
ted
upon
eith
erby
the
pros
ecut
oror
the
Cou
rtor
besu
bmit
ted
for
tria
l.A
ctio
nup
onth
eC
ase
depe
nds
onw
heth
erth
eC
ourt
orth
eP
rocu
rato
r(t
heeq
uiva
lent
ofpr
osec
utor
)fin
dsth
atth
eC
ase
show
ssu
ffic
ient
evid
ence
of(1
)a
puni
shab
leof
fens
e,(2
)th
eid
enti
tyof
the
offe
nder
s,an
d(3
)th
eir
resp
onsi
bil
ity.
7if
the
Cas
eis
acce
pted
,th
eP
rocu
rato
rpr
epar
esan
dpr
esen
tsan
indi
ctm
ent
toth
eC
ourt
.A
rtic
le10
(c)
ofth
eR
ules
ofP
roce
dure
spec
ifie
sth
atth
eIn
dict
men
tm
ust
indi
cate
the
law
san
dru
les
infr
inge
d.58
The
Pres
iden
tof
the
Cou
rtm
aydi
smis
sth
eIn
dict
men
t,or
acce
ptit
and
issu
ea
“Not
ice
ofC
harg
es”
and
set
the
tria
lda
te.
As
prov
ided
unde
rA
rtic
le12
,th
eN
otic
eof
Cha
rges
inco
rpor
ates
the
Indi
ctm
ent,
iden
tifie
sde
fens
eco
unse
lfo
rea
chde
fend
ant,
and
notif
ies
the
defe
ndan
tsof
thei
rpr
oced
ural
rights
.52
RU
LES
OF
PR
OC
ED
UR
E,
supr
ano
te35
.C
ON
ST
ITU
TIO
NA
LL
AW
OF
TH
EP
EO
PL
E’S
RE
PU
BL
ICo
vA
NG
OL
A[h
ere
inaft
er
cite
das
CO
NS
TIT
UT
ION
AL
LA
W),
see
Appendix
Vinf
ra.Id
.55
Id.
Loc
kwoo
d,su
pra
note
36,
at
9.Id
.R
UL
ES
OF
PR
OC
ED
UR
E,
supr
anote
35.
The
case
proc
eeds
totr
ial
if,
afte
rth
eC
ourt
exam
ines
the
file,
itfin
ds“t
hat
ther
eis
suff
icie
ntsu
bsta
ntiv
eev
iden
ceto
show
the
crim
inal
resp
onsi
bilit
yof
the
defe
ndan
t.”60
Thi
spr
oced
ure
unde
rA
rtic
le11
issi
mila
rto
are
quir
emen
tun
der
com
mon
law
that
anac
cuse
dst
and
tria
lif
ther
eis
prob
able
caus
eto
belie
veth
eac—
cuse
dco
mm
itte
dth
ecr
ime.
Mem
bers
ofIC
EM
,re
pres
enti
ngtw
odi
ffer
ent
juri
dica
lsy
stem
s—
com
mon
law
and
civi
lla
w—
iden
tifie
dse
ven
univ
ersa
lpr
inci
ples
guar
ante
eing
resp
ect
for
defe
ndan
ts’
rights
.6’
a)R
ight
tok’
now
the
ciia
rges
—A
rtic
les
10an
d12
(a)
ofth
eR
ules
ofPr
oced
ure
man
date
that
the
defe
ndan
tbe
notif
ied
ofth
ech
arge
sag
ains
thi
m.
The
offi
cial
Not
ice
ofC
harg
esin
clud
esa
brie
fst
atem
ent
ofth
epu
nish
able
acts
,th
ela
ws
and
rule
sal
lege
dly
viol
ated
and
the
corr
espo
ndin
gpe
nalti
esfo
rth
ose
viol
atio
ns.
b)Ri
ght
toex
amin
eth
eca
sefil
e—
Eac
hde
fend
ant
has
the
righ
t,th
roug
hhi
sde
fens
eco
unse
l,to
cons
ult
the
Cas
eag
ains
tbi
nsdur
ing
ape
riod
of8
days
from
the
time
each
isno
tifie
dof
the
char
ges.
c)R
ight
toconfr
ont
one’s
accusers
—A
rtic
le23
(2)
ofth
eR
ules
ofP
roce
dure
allo
ws
the
defe
ndan
tto
cros
s—ex
amin
epr
osec
utio
nw
itne
sses
.d)
Rig
htto
behe
ard
—T
his
righ
tis
guar
ante
edby
Art
icle
s20
,22
(1)
and
(2),
24,
and
25(1
)of
the
Rul
esof
Pro
cedu
re.
e)Ri
ght
topr
esen
tw
itnes
ses
—E
ach
defe
ndan
tm
aypr
esen
thi
sor
her
own
witn
esse
s,an
dth
eC
ourt
mus
the
arth
ete
stim
ony
ofth
ese
witn
esse
s,ac
cord
ing
toA
rtic
les
12(d
)an
d23
(1)
ofth
eR
ules
0fP
roce
dure
.1)
Rig
htto
Cou
nsel
—T
heC
ourt
isob
liged
toap
poin
tan
ouli
cial
defe
nse
coun
sel
for
each
accu
sed
inth
eN
otic
eof
Cha
rges
.In
addi
tion
,ea
chde
fend
ant
may
subs
titu
tede
fens
eco
unse
lof
his
own
choi
ceup
toth
eda
yof
the
tria
l.T
hese
righ
tsar
egu
aran
teed
inA
rtic
les
12(b
)an
d13
.D
urin
gth
eac
tual
tria
lof
the
mer
cena
ries
,in
fact
,th
epr
ocee
ding
sw
ere
post
pone
d3
days
atth
ebe
ginn
ing
toal
low
Am
eric
ande
fens
eat
torn
eys,
Ces
ner
and
Wil
son,
topr
epar
efo
rth
etr
ial.
Gri
llo
chos
eto
reta
inhi
sA
ngol
anco
unse
l,w
hile
Ack
eran
dG
earh
art
subs
titu
ted
the
Am
eric
anla
wye
rsfo
rth
eir
appo
inte
dde
fens
e.A
gain
,w
hen
Bri
tish
bar
rist
rsar
rive
don
the
thir
dda
yof
the
tria
l,su
bstit
utio
nof
coun
sel
was
allo
wed
.O
nly
thre
eB
ritis
hde
fend
ants
subs
titu
ted
thes
efo
rth
eir
Ang
olan
law—
°Id
61D
ecla
rati
onon
the
Com
plia
nce
ofA
ngol
anPr
oced
ural
Law
wit
hth
eU
ni
vers
alPr
inci
ples
Gua
rant
eein
gR
espe
ctfo
rth
eR
ight
toD
efen
ce,
ICE
M,
[her
eina
fter
cite
das
Dec
lara
tion
onC
oinp
lianc
el.
see
App
endi
xV
Iin
Ira.
Id.
yers
.Pr
esid
ing
Judg
eE
rnes
toT
eixe
ira
daSi
lva
anno
unce
dth
atth
eC
ourt
agre
edto
perm
itth
eB
ritis
hla
wye
rsto
ente
rth
etr
ial
late
as“a
nac
tof
gene
rosi
ty,’
’an
dto
give
“eve
ryfa
cilit
y’’
toth
eti
efe
nse
62
g)R
tglit
topu
blic
Iril
—A
rtic
le15
(1)
ofth
eR
ules
ofP
roce
dure
pres
crib
esth
atth
etr
ial
mus
tbe
publ
ic.
Inad
ditio
nto
these
righ
ts,
Art
icle
21of
the
Rul
esof
Proc
edur
epe
rmits
the
defe
ndan
tsto
rem
ain
sile
ntat
the
tria
l.N
otal
lw
itne
sses
need
test
ify,
and
thei
rte
stim
ony
iieed
not
bebe
lieve
d.In
fact
,on
lyte
nof
the
21lis
ted
witn
esse
sw
ere
calle
dan
done
of
thos
ew
asdi
smis
sed
for
perj
urin
ghi
mse
lf.
The
accu
sed
need
only
repl
yto
the
char
ges
ina
wri
tten
stat
emen
tof
defe
nse
.63
The
actu
alco
urse
ofth
etr
ial
was
som
ewha
tle
ssst
ruct
ured
than
thes
efo
rmal
guar
ante
esof
proc
edur
aldu
epr
oces
s.E
vent
sap
pear
edto
furt
her
the
ptir
pose
ofth
ein
quis
itori
alsy
stem
ofju
stic
e,de
sign
edto
‘‘re
veal
the
trut
h’’
asre
quir
edby
Art
icle
s19
and
23of
the
Rul
esof
Pro
cedure
.D
urin
gth
etr
ial,
defe
ndan
tsw
ere
not
sw
orn
,al
thou
ghw
itn
esses
wer
e.T
heun
derl
ying
as
sum
ptio
nhe
rese
ems
tobe
that
the
exte
nsiv
epr
e—tri
alin
vest
iga
tion
ofth
eca
seob
viat
esth
ene
edfo
ral
lte
stim
ony
attr
ial
tobe
swor
n.D
efen
dant
sw
ere
ques
tione
dfir
stby
the
Judg
es,
then
byth
eP
rocu
rato
r,an
dth
enby
defe
nse
coun
sel.
Hea
rsay
evid
ence
from
witn
esse
sw
asno
tex
clud
ed.
Man
yof
the
flam
boya
ntP
roc
urat
or‘s
stat
emen
tsw
ere
polit
ical
,or
hear
say,
orle
adin
gqu
estio
nsw
hich
are
proh
ibit
edby
Art
icle
22of
the
Rul
esof
Pro
cedure
.T
his
was
not
cons
ider
edde
trim
enta
lby
the
defe
nse
atto
rney
s,w
hoqu
ickl
yle
arne
dto
use
lead
ing
ques
tions
also
,el
icit
ing
sim
ple
sp
on
ses
fro
mth
ew
itnes
ses
and
defe
ndan
ts.
The
atto
rney
sus
edth
esa
me
met
hods
asth
epr
osec
utio
nto
expl
ain
the
mot
ives
ofth
eir
defe
ndan
tsan
dto
illu
stra
tetil
epa
ucity
ofco
mba
tea
chha
dse
enin
Ang
ola.
Alth
ough
man
ym
erce
nari
este
stif
ied
agai
nst
each
othe
r,th
eac
cuse
dde
fend
ants
wer
eno
tpr
esen
tw
hile
thei
rac
cuse
rsw
ere
test
ifyi
ng.
Onc
eag
ain,
this
seem
spe
culia
rto
the
inqu
isito
rial
syst
em,
rath
erth
anth
ead
vers
ary
syst
em.
The
onus
ison
the
Cou
rt,
onth
eon
eha
nd,
tode
term
ine
‘‘th
etr
uth,
’’an
don
the
othe
rha
nd,
topr
eser
veth
epr
oced
ural
righ
tsof
the
def
enda
nts.
The
ICE
M,
havi
ngat
tend
edan
dob
serv
edal
lse
ssio
nsof
the
tria
lof
the
mer
cena
ries
befo
reth
ePe
ople
’sR
evol
utio
nary
62N
.Y.
Tim
es,
Jun.
14,
1976
,at
9,co
l.1.
RU
LE
SO
FP
RO
cED
UR
E,
sllp
r.1U
OtC
35.
64Id
.65
JJ
Cou
rt,
was
satis
fied
that
the
tria
lw
asfa
iran
dw
asco
nduc
ted
wit
hdi
gnit
yan
dso
lem
nity
.It
was
furt
her
conv
ince
dth
atal
lru
les
ofpr
oced
ure
wer
ein
terp
rete
din
favo
rof
the
defc
ndan
ts.6
6
Til
EIN
DIC
TM
EN
T
On
May
26,
1976
,P
rocu
rato
rM
onte
iro
subm
itte
dto
the
Peo
ple’
sR
evol
utio
nary
Cou
rta
33-p
age
Indi
ctm
ent,
whi
chha
dbe
enpr
epar
edby
the
Dir
ecto
rate
ofIn
form
atio
nan
dSe
curi
tyof
Ang
ola,
inac
cord
ance
wit
hD
ecre
eN
o.3/
75of
Nov
embe
r20
,19
75.
Thi
sw
asdu
lyac
cept
edby
die
Cou
rt,
whi
chis
sued
aN
otic
eof
Cha
rges
and
sche
dule
dth
etr
ial
for
June
8,19
76.
Firs
t,th
eIn
dict
men
t(f
orte
xtse
eA
ppen
dix
I)ch
arge
dal
l13
defe
ndan
tsge
nera
lly
wit
hth
ecr
ime
ofbe
ing
mer
cenar
ies,
67
invi
olat
ion
oftw
oO
rgan
izat
ion
ofA
fric
anU
nity
Res
olut
ions
—
AH
G/R
es.
49(I
V),
ofSe
ptem
ber
11-1
4,19
67,
inK
insh
asa,
Con
go,
and
CM
/St.
6(X
VII
)of
June
21-2
3,19
71,
inA
ddis
Aba
ba,
Eth
iopi
a;an
dfo
urU
nite
dN
atio
nsR
esol
utio
ns—
2395
(XX
lIl)
,68
2465
(XX
III)
,69
2548
(XX
IV)
and
3103
(XX
VII
).71
Seco
nd,
all
the
defe
ndan
tsw
ere
char
ged
wit
hcr
imes
agai
nst
peac
e,in
viol
atio
nof
the
Stat
ute
ofth
eN
Urn
berg
Inte
rnat
iona
lM
ilit
ary
Tri
bunal
,co
nfir
med
byU
nite
dN
atio
nsR
esol
utio
n95
(1)
ofD
ecem
ber
11,
1946
.7W
itho
utsp
ecif
ying
whe
re,
the
Indi
ctm
ent
stat
esth
atth
ese
crim
esar
eal
soci
ted
incu
rren
tA
ngol
anla
w. T
hird
,al
lth
ede
fend
ants
are
accu
sed
of“m
urde
rs,
mal
trea
tm
ent,
insu
ltsan
dha
rass
men
tof
mem
bers
ofth
eci
vilia
np
op
ula
tion;
mur
der
ofM
PLA
mem
bers
;of
othe
rm
erce
nari
esan
dof
othe
rFN
LA
sold
iers
;ki
dnap
ping
ofci
vilia
nsan
dst
ealin
gof
thei
rpr
oper
ty.
..“
No
prov
isio
nsof
the
Rev
olut
iona
ryPe
nal
Cod
ear
eci
ted
asbe
ing
viol
ated
.
Dec
lara
tion
onC
ompl
ianc
e,su
pra
note
60.
67In
dict
men
t,su
pra
note
30,
atIn
trod
ucti
onan
dpa
ra.
134.
‘G
A.
Ras
.23
95,
23U
.N.
GA
OR
,Su
pp.
18,
at59
,U
.N.
1)oc
.A
/721
8(1
968)
.69
G.A
.R
ES.
2465
,23
U.N
.G
AO
R,
Supp
.18
,at
5U
.N.
Doc
.A
/721
8(1
968)
. G.A
.RE
S.25
48,
24U
.N.
GA
OR
,S
upp.
30.
at5,
U.N
.D
oe.
A/7
630
(196
9). G
.A.
RE
s.31
03,
28U
.N.
GA
OR
,S
upp.
30,
at14
2,U
.N.
Do
c.A
/903
0(1
973)
.72
Indi
ctm
ent,
supr
ano
te30
,at
Intr
oduc
tion
and
para
.13
6.G
.A.
RES.
95(1
),1
GA
OR
,Pt
.11
(194
6).
74i,
,,1;.
-.,.
,-..
,,,
141
._
Last
,th
eIn
dict
men
tch
arge
dca
cti
defe
ndan
tse
para
tely
,ag
ain
wit
hout
men
tioni
ngsp
ecif
icC
ode
viol
atio
ns.
The
alle
ged
crim
esof
Cos
tas
Geo
rgio
u,al
ias
“Ton
yC
alla
n,”
incl
uded
the
mur
ders
ofci
vilia
ns,
FAPL
Aso
ldie
rs,
and
othe
rm
erce
nari
es.
The
de—
fenc
lant
McK
enzi
ew
asch
arge
dw
ith
stea
ling
and
dest
ruct
ion
ofm
ilit
ary
and
civi
lian
equi
pmen
tan
dpr
oper
ty,
wit
hm
altr
eatm
ent
and
kidn
appi
ngof
civi
lians
and
wit
has
sist
ing
Cal
lan
inm
urde
ring
13B
ritis
hm
erce
nari
eson
Febr
uary
1,19
76,
who
wan
ted
tore
turn
hom
eto
Eng
land
agai
nst
his
wis
hes.
The
defe
ndan
tsM
cint
yre,
Mar
chan
t,Ev
ans
and
Wis
eman
wer
ech
arge
dw
ith
bein
gm
ciii—
hers
ofC
alla
n‘s
con
tin
gen
t,kn
own
as‘‘
Kill
erG
roup
,’’
and
wit
hki
lling
FA1L
Aso
ldie
rsin
com
bat
onth
efir
stan
dth
ird
ofF
ebru
ary.
The
othe
rl3
ritoi
is—
Law
lor,
Fort
uin,
Bar
ker
and
Nam
—m
ock
—an
dth
eth
ree
Am
eric
ans
—G
rillo
,G
earl
iart
and
Ack
er—
wer
eac
cuse
dge
nera
llyof
part
icip
atin
gin
arm
edac
tions
agai
nst
FAPL
Afo
rces
.G
earh
art
alon
ew
assp
ecif
ical
lych
arge
dw
ith
solic
iting
his
role
asa
nier
cena
ryby
plac
ing
an‘a
dver
tisem
ent
inSo
ldie
roj
lort
iute
mag
azin
e.
The
Cou
rtal
soto
okno
teof
‘‘th
est
able
and
orga
nize
dgr
oups
’’w
hose
mem
bers
‘‘w
ere
all
cons
ciou
s’’
that
the
grou
p‘‘
had
been
cons
titut
edto
cohn
nhit
crim
esw
ithin
the
bord
ers
ofth
el>
eopl
e ‘S
Rep
ublic
of
Ang
ola.
‘‘76
Alth
ough
the
Indi
ctm
ent
did
not
spec
ifi—
cally
accu
seth
ede
fend
ants
of
crim
inal
cons
pira
cy,
the
Ver
dict
(for
text
see
App
endi
xII
)fo
und
that
the
defe
ndan
tsha
dfo
rmed
aco
nspi
racy
invi
olat
ion
ofA
rtic
le26
3of
the
Rev
olut
iona
ryPe
nal
Cod
e.A
sno
ted
prev
ious
ly,
Art
icle
10(c
)of
the
Proc
edur
alC
ode
spec
ifie
sth
atth
eIn
dic
tmen
tm
ust
indic
ate
the
law
san
dru
les
infr
inge
d.T
heIn
dic
tmen
tdo
esno
tm
entio
nA
rtic
le26
3,no
rdo
esit
appe
arin
the
publ
icco
nsol
idat
ion
ofth
eR
evol
utio
nary
Pena
lC
ode
mad
eav
aila
ble
toth
ede
fens
eat
torn
eys
and
toth
eIC
EM
.A
spr
oof
ofth
ech
arge
sth
ein
dict
men
tlis
ts:
a)C
onfe
ssio
nsof
the
defe
ndan
ts,
b)21
witn
esse
s,an
dc)
repo
rts
from
psyc
hia
tric
,cl
inic
alan
dfo
rens
icd
oct
ors
.7
7In
addit
ion,
atth
een
dof
the
oral
evid
ence
attr
ial,
the
Pro
cura
tor
pres
ente
da
film
show
ing
an
So
ioii
iis
oi
FOR
TUN
E.S
prin
g,19
76,
at75
,co
l.2.
The
adve
rtis
emen
tre
ads:
“WA
NT
ED
:E
MP
LO
YM
EN
TA
SM
ER
CE
NA
RY
onFu
ll-Ti
me
orJo
bC
ontr
act
basi
s.P
refe
rabl
yii
iSo
uth
orC
entr
alA
mer
ica,
but
anyw
here
inth
ew
orld
,if
you
pay
tran
spor
tati
on.
Co
nta
ctG
earh
art,
Box
1457
,W
hea
ton,
Ml)
2090
2.’
The
se33
wor
ds,
at1.
20pe
rw
ord
,m
ayul
timat
ely
have
cost
Gea
rhar
thi
slif
e. Indi
ctm
ent,
supr
ano
te30
,at
Con
clus
ion
para
.1.
“Id
.at
nara
14(1
inte
rvie
ww
ithU
.S.
Pres
iden
tFo
rd,
inte
rspe
rsed
wit
hsc
enes
ofm
ilit
ary
troo
psan
deq
uipm
ent
inA
ngol
a,m
ass
grav
es,
aT1d
loca
lde
stru
ctio
n.T
his
isre
min
isce
ntof
the
capt
ured
Naz
ifil
ms
show
nby
the
Pros
ecut
ion
inso
me
ofth
eN
iirn
berg
war
crim
estr
ials
.T
heIn
(lic
tmen
tde
man
dsth
atth
ede
fend
ants
bepu
nish
edfo
rth
ese
crim
esun
der
the
MPL
AC
omba
tant
sD
isci
plin
ary
Law
ofJu
ly10
,19
66(f
orte
xtse
eA
ppen
dix
IV).
The
deat
hpe
nalty
isal
soso
ught
,un
der
the
auth
orit
yof
Pres
iden
tial
Serv
ice
Ord
erof
Sept
embe
r12
,19
70,
sign
edby
Dr.
Net
o(f
orte
xtse
eA
ppen
dix
IV).
Itis
clai
med
that
thes
ear
ein
corp
orat
edin
Ang
olan
law
byvi
rtue
ofA
rtic
le58
ofth
eA
ngol
anC
onst
itut
iona
lL
aw,
whi
chst
ates
that
law
san
dre
gula
tions
info
rce
onin
depe
nden
ceD
ay(N
ovem
ber
11,
1975
)sh
all
beva
lidun
less
repe
aled
oram
ende
dan
dso
long
asth
eydo
not
conf
lict
wit
hth
esp
irit
oftil
ecu
rren
tla
w7B The
Com
bata
nts
Dis
cipl
inar
yL
aww
asde
sign
edfo
ran
dus
edby
the
MPL
Afo
rces
(lur
ing
the
long
civi
lw
ar.
itlis
tsof
fens
es,
rew
ards
,pe
nalti
esan
dde
cora
tion
sfo
rM
PLA
sold
iers
.T
here
are
nine
cate
gori
esof
offe
nses
,ra
ngin
gfr
om“o
ffen
ses
agai
nst
the
dign
ityof
the
stru
ggle
’’to
‘‘of
fenc
ew
ith
rega
rdto
law
s,au
thor
itie
s,an
dpe
ople
.‘‘
Am
ong
the
cate
gori
esof
pena
litie
sar
ese
vere
impr
ison
men
tan
dth
ede
ath
pena
lty.
Seve
reim
pris
onm
ent
isav
aila
ble
for
“Eve
ryon
ean
dde
sert
ers
ordi
sarn
ied
enem
ies.
”T
hede
ath
pen
alty
isre
serv
edex
clus
ivel
yfo
r“E
very
one
and
enem
ies.
”T
heC
ourt
impo
sed
the
deat
hse
nten
ceon
four
ofth
em
erce
nari
esbe
caus
e,am
ong
othe
rre
ason
s,“m
erce
nari
esar
eun
cont
esta
bly
ene
mie
s.‘‘
SU
BS
TA
NT
IVE
AN
AL
YS
IS
The
proc
edur
alfa
irne
ssac
cord
edto
the
defe
ndan
tsha
sbe
enex
amin
edal
read
y.T
hesu
bsta
ntiv
efa
irne
ssof
the
proc
eedi
ngs
will
now
beco
nsid
ered
.T
here
are
seve
ral
key
ques
tions
:W
asa
crim
eco
mm
itte
dby
the
defe
ndan
ts?
Ifso
,w
hat
law
was
vio
late
d?W
asth
eso
urce
ofth
ela
wa
dom
estic
civi
lco
de,
ora
rec
ogni
zed
prin
cipl
eof
inte
rnat
iona
lla
w,
ora
trea
tyor
conv
enti
onra
tifi
edby
anu
mbe
rof
Stat
es?
lith
eac
tivi
ty,
isco
nsid
ered
uni—
CO
NS
TIT
UT
ION
AL
LAW
,su
pra
note
53.
CO
MB
AT
AN
TS
DIs
cIP
LIN
AR
yL
AW
OF
10TH
OF
Jury
1966
,se
eA
ppen
dix
IVil
lfra
.
Id.
vers
ally
abho
rren
tto
the
cons
cien
ceof
wor
ldn
ati
on
s,
isit
imm
ater
ial
whe
ther
such
anoH
nse
has
been
codi
fied
inpe
nal
law
orre
duce
dto
trea
tyfo
rm?82
Wha
tfo
llow
she
reis
ad
iscu
ssio
n
ofth
ese
aspe
cts
ofth
eju
dici
alpr
oces
sat
the
Ang
ola
tria
l.U
lti
mat
ely
itis
ase
arch
for
prec
eden
t,if
not
inth
eco
mm
on—
law
sens
eof
prio
rju
dici
alde
cisi
ons,
then
atle
ast
inth
eli
tera
lse
nse
ofa
sim
ilar
even
t.In
tert
win
edin
this
disc
ussi
onis
the
uniq
uepr
oble
mof
the
stat
usof
the
mer
cena
ries
.Fi
rst
ofal
l,w
ere
the
defe
ndan
tsm
er
cena
ries
,an
dif
soby
wha
tde
fini
tion?
Ass
umin
gth
atth
eyw
ere,
an
dfu
rth
er
assum
ing
artie
ndo
that
they
com
mit
ted
som
ecri
me
or
crim
es,
shou
ldth
eir
sta
tus
asm
erc
enari
es
eX
etl
ipt
them
from
pros
e—or
alte
rth
eir
trea
tmen
t?In
term
sof
itsle
gacy
toth
ela
ws
ofw
ar,
this
tria
lm
aybe
rem
embe
red
less
for
wha
tw
ascl
one
than
for
how
itw
as
done
.T
his
tria
lis
aco
ntin
uati
onof
the
pro
cess
ofde
velo
ping
the
law
sof
war
,on
the
one
band
.O
nth
eot
her
hand
,vi
ewed
mor
epr
ovin
cial
ly,
itis
only
ado
mes
tictr
ial
oflo
cally
—si
tuat
edcr
imin
als.
As
indi
cate
dpr
evio
usly
,th
ere
wer
efo
urca
tego
ries
ofof
fens
esan
dse
vera
lso
urce
sof
law
men
tione
din
the
Indic
tmen
t:8
AL
LE
GE
DS
OU
RC
E
—2
OA
UR
esol
utio
ns—
4U
.N.
Res
olut
ions
—N
iirnb
erg
Cha
rter
—A
ngol
anR
evol
utio
nary
Pena
lC
ode
—A
ngol
anR
evol
utio
nary
Pena
lC
ode
The
next
secti
on
deal
sse
para
tely
wit
hdo
mes
ticA
ngol
anla
w,
the
Nti
rnbe
rgC
hart
eran
din
tern
atio
nal
law
asso
urce
s.
AN
GO
LA
NLA
W
The
Ang
ola
tria
lw
asno
tth
efir
stpu
blic
tria
lof
aw
hite
mer
cena
ryin
Afr
ica.
Tha
thi
stor
icdi
stin
ctio
nbe
long
sto
the
tria
lof
RoI
fSt
eine
rby
the
gove
rnm
ent
ofth
eSu
dan
inA
ugus
t19
71M
82A
ccor
ding
toon
ecom
menta
tor,
one
cann
otbe
puni
shed
unju
stly
unde
rth
ete
rms
of
inte
rnati
on
al
law
1fth
epr
inci
ple
orla
wis
reco
gniz
edby
most
sta
tes
and
isn
ot
subj
ect
toqu
ick
mu
tati
on
.Se
eJ.
AP
PL
EM
AN
,M
ILIT
AR
YT
RIb
UN
AL
sA
Nt)
INT
ER
NA
TIO
NA
LC
RIM
ES
48(1
954)
.
Indi
ctm
ent,
supr
ano
te30
.Se
eIn
tile
Tri
alf
F.F.
Stei
ner
—A
Cou
rtM
arti
al,
SUD
AN
I.A
WJO
UR
NA
LA
ND
RE
PO
RT
S14
7el
seq.
(197
1).
Inpu
tting
the
Ger
man
—bo
rnso
ldie
ron
tria
lfo
rw
agin
gw
arag
ains
tth
eSu
dan,
the
gove
rnm
ent
stag
edw
hat
itte
rmed
“the
Nure
mbe
rgtr
ial
ofA
fric
a.”
The
rew
ere
othe
rpa
ralle
lsw
ith
the
Ang
ola
tria
las
wel
l.T
hesix
—m
anm
ilit
ary
trib
unal
hear
dpro
secu
tor
Saye
dK
hala
falla
elR
ashi
dco
ndem
nth
em
erce
nari
es’
ruth
less
acti
vity
asan
inte
rnat
iona
lcr
ime
plag
uing
the
Thi
rdW
orl
d.
Stei
ner
deni
edhe
was
am
erce
nary
,de
pict
ing
him
self
asan
idea
lis
tw
hoha
dso
ught
tohe
lpth
eso
uthe
rnSu
dan’
sop
pres
sed
blac
ksfr
eeth
emse
lves
from
the
dom
inat
ion
ofth
eA
rab
nort
h.
Inhi
s“c
onfe
ssio
nhe
adm
itte
dhi
sro
lein
the
Any
anya
rebe
llion
and
impl
icat
eda
host
ofgo
vern
men
tsan
dag
enci
es.
88
Ina
leng
thy
sum
mat
ion
toth
eK
hart
oum
Peop
le’s
Cou
rt,
Judg
e—A
dvoc
ate
Daf
alla
elRa
chi
Sidc
hig
revi
ewed
the
Cou
rt’s
juri
sdic
tion,
the
accu
sed’
spr
esen
cew
ithi
nth
eC
ourt
’spo
wer
,an
dth
ecr
imin
alla
ws
alle
gedl
yvi
olat
edby
Ste
iner
.89
Unl
ike
the
Peop
le’s
Rev
olut
iona
ryC
ourt
inL
uand
a,ho
wev
er,
this
cour
tch
arge
dSt
eine
ron
lyw
ithvi
olat
ions
ofdo
mes
ticla
w.
Spe
cifi
cally
,th
eco
urt
cite
dSe
ctio
n98
ofth
eSu
dan
Pena
lC
ode,
whi
ch“s
eeks
topu
nish
who
ever
colle
cts
arm
s,m
en
oram
nuin
itio
nor
othe
rwis
epr
epar
esto
wag
ew
arag
ains
tth
eS
udin
Gover
nm
ent.“
Oth
eral
lege
dcr
imes
incl
uded
viol
atio
nsof
Sect
ion
7of
Rep
ublic
anO
rder
IV,
91
Sect
ion
21of
Rep
ublic
anO
rder
IV,
92
and
Sect
ion
203
ofth
eC
usto
ms
Ord
inan
ce.
93
Reco
gn
izin
gth
atSt
eine
r’s
acts
byth
eir
natu
reco
nsti
tute
da
polit
ical
crim
e,th
eco
urt
soug
htto
defi
neth
evi
olat
ion
mor
epr
ecis
ely.
The
cour
tth
enre
ject
edin
tern
atio
nal
law
asa
pote
ntia
lso
urce
beca
use
ther
e
SU
DA
N:
Afr
ica’
s‘N
urem
berg
Tria
l’,N
twsw
mc,
Sept
.6,
1971
,at
31.
86JJ Id
.St
eine
r’s
first
mil
itar
yex
peri
ence
had
been
with
abr
anch
of
the
Flitl
crY
outh
mov
emen
tkn
owis
asth
eN
azi
“Wol
fC
ubs.
”L
ater
hesa
wac
tion
with
the
Fren
chFo
reig
nL
egio
nan
din
Kor
ea,
Indo
chin
a,th
eM
iddl
eEa
st,
Alg
eria
and
Bia
fra,
whe
rehe
cons
ider
edhi
mse
lfan
arm
edm
issi
onar
ybr
ingi
ngs.
ilvat
ion
toth
ena
tives
.Tu
eA
rmed
Mis
sion
ary,
TIM
E,
Nov
.22
,19
71.
at53
.
r,
supr
ano
te87
.A
mon
gth
ose
men
tione
dw
ere
the
Cen
tral
In—te
llige
nce
Age
ncy,
Peac
eC
orps
,B
ritis
hIn
telli
genc
e,th
eR
oman
Cat
bobc
Chu
rch,
Isra
el,
Eth
iopi
aan
dU
gand
a.Id
.89
SuD
AN
LAW
JOU
RN
AL
AN
DR
EP
OR
TS
,su
pra
note
84.
/
Id.
at15
5.S
iId
.at
154—
155.
Rep
ublic
anO
rder
IVco
ncer
nsac
tsw
hich
are
likel
yto
prej
udic
eth
eun
ityor
peac
eof
the
Suda
n,an
dSe
ctio
n7
deal
sw
ith
effo
rts
toob
tain
assi
stan
cefr
omot
her
Stat
esin
wor
king
toov
erth
row
tlse
Suda
n.Id
.at
157.
Sect
ion
21pr
ohib
its“i
njur
ious
fals
ehoo
d”di
rect
edag
ains
tth
ego
vern
men
tof
the
Suda
n.Id
.D
efen
seco
unse
lar
gued
that
the
drug
sw
ere
used
for
trea
ting
lepe
rsnn
(lflt
i,rrv
AL
LE
GE
!)O
FF
EN
SE
1.l3
eing
am
erc
en
ary
2.C
rimes
agai
nst
peac
e3.
Mur
der,
robb
ery,
de
str
ucti
on
of
4.C
onsp
irac
y
was
no“u
nequ
ivoc
alan
dun
ifor
mya
rd—
stic
k[s
icj
asto
wha
tis
and
wha
tis
not
apo
liti
cal
offe
nse
tom
ake
ita
rule
ofin
tern
ati
onal
law
.”Fi
nally
,th
eJu
dge—
Adv
ocat
eex
hort
edth
eco
urt
that
: the
sect
ions
ofth
ela
wun
der
whi
chth
eac
cuse
dis
bein
gtr
ied
all
star
tw
ithth
cw
ord
who
soev
erw
hich
coul
dm
ean
afli
er—ce
nary
oran
ybo
dy[s
ic]
else
.Y
our
conc
ern
wou
ldbe
tolo
okin
toti
lede
eds
ofEls
eac
cuse
dan
dth
ein
tere
sts
ofth
eso
ciet
ysa
fegu
arde
dby
law
whi
chth
ese
deed
sth
reat
en.
Itis
the
grav
ityor
nogr
avity
ofsu
chac
tsw
hich
shou
ldm
otiv
ate
you
tom
itiga
tepu
nish
men
tor
otbe
rwis
e.
Ult
imat
ely
the
Cou
rtfo
und
Roi
fSt
eine
rgu
ilty
and
sent
ence
dhi
mto
deat
h,bu
tPr
esid
ent
Jaaf
arN
umei
ryim
med
iate
lyco
mm
uted
the
sent
ence
to20
year
sim
pris
onm
ent.
No
prov
isio
nof
the
Ang
olan
Con
stit
utio
n,or
ofth
eR
ules
ofP
roce
dure
,or
ofth
e19
66M
PLA
Com
bata
nts
Cod
esp
ecif
ical
lypr
ohib
itscr
imes
agai
nst
peac
eor
tile
crim
eof
bein
ga
mer
cena
ry.
The
Rev
olut
iona
ryPe
nal
Cod
epr
esum
ably
forb
ids
mur
der,
rob
bery
,as
saul
tan
dth
elik
e,as
wel
las
cons
pira
cy,
but
itm
ust
mai
non
lya
pres
umpt
ion
sinc
esp
ecif
icC
ode
sect
ions
are
not
cite
dan
dSe
ctio
n26
3,w
hich
isci
ted,
isno
tpu
blic
ally
avai
labl
e.T
heC
omba
tant
sC
ode,
onit
sfa
ce,
appl
ies
toth
epr
e—in
depe
nden
ceM
PLA
arm
edfo
rces
and
not
toth
ege
nera
lpo
pula
tion.
One
can
argu
eth
atal
lla
ws
exis
ting
inA
ngol
aon
Inde
pend
ence
Day
wer
eas
sum
edby
the
flC
WM
PLA
gove
rnm
ent.
This
wou
ldac
cord
wit
hac
cept
edcu
stom
and
prac
tice
amon
gSt
ates
intil
ein
ter
natio
nal
com
mun
ity.
Infa
ct,
Art
icle
58of
the
Con
stit
utio
nal
Law
does
inco
rpor
ate
“law
san
dre
gula
tions
atpr
esen
tin
forc
e“
Eve
nif
the
Cod
eis
curr
entl
yva
lid,
how
ever
,th
ela
ngua
gest
illre
fers
only
toA
ngol
anco
mba
tant
san
dno
tto
citiz
ens
orev
ento
mer
cena
ries
.Fi
nally
the
Cod
edo
esno
tm
enti
onin
any
way
the
crim
esal
lege
din
the
Indi
ctm
ent.
Itis
are
cogn
ized
prin
cipl
eof
inte
rnat
iona
lla
wth
atpr
esen
cew
ithi
nth
ete
rrit
ory
ofa
Stat
egi
ves
the
Stat
eju
risd
icti
onto
legi
slat
ean
dto
enfo
rce
itsow
nla
ws
upon
thos
ew
ithi
nits
bord
ers.
Thi
sw
asno
tth
ere
ason
ing
ofth
eC
ourt
here
,at
leas
tno
tex
plic
itly
.A
sfo
rth
eC
onst
itut
iona
lL
aw,
Art
icle
17sp
eaks
toce
rtai
nfu
ndam
enta
lri
ghts
and
dutie
sof
citiz
ens
of
the
Peop
le’s
Re—
Id.
at15
2.Id
.at
172.
Tn.i€
,su
pra
note
87.
‘C
ON
ST
ITU
TIO
NA
LL
AW
,su
pra
note
53.
publ
icof
Angola
.A
rtic
le17
disa
llow
sth
ein
stal
lati
onof
foreig
nm
ilit
ary
base
sw
ithi
nth
ete
rrit
ory
;99
pres
umab
lyth
isap
plie
sto
Cub
anfo
rces
asw
ell
asto
UN
ITA
and
the
FNL
A.
Art
icle
23en
sure
sth
atci
tize
nssh
all
bebr
ough
tto
tria
lon
lyti
nder
the
term
sof
the
law
.100
Tak
enas
aw
hole
,th
eC
onst
itut
iona
lL
awap
pear
sto
appl
yon
lyto
the
citi
zens
of
the
Sta
te,
alth
ough
afo
reig
nSt
ate
coul
dpr
otes
tif
itsna
tion
als
wer
eno
tbe
ing
acco
rded
the
sam
etr
eatm
ent
asci
tize
nsof
the
firs
tS
tate
.A
ccor
ding
toth
eC
onst
itutio
nal
Law
itsel
f,le
gisl
ativ
efu
nctio
nsar
eto
bedi
scha
rged
byth
eC
ounc
ilof
the
Rev
olut
ion
inth
esp
irit
ofth
atdo
cum
ent)
°1
The
Cou
ncil
coul
dan
dpe
rhap
ssh
ould
have
enac
ted
spec
ific
legi
slat
ion
deal
ing
with
crim
esag
ains
tpe
ace
and
crim
esof
cena
rism
,in
orde
rto
puni
shth
atac
tivity
.T
heR
ules
ofPr
oced
ure
purp
ort
tocr
eate
aC
ourt
com
pete
ntto
hear
cert
ain
crim
esan
dto
esta
blis
hpr
oced
ural
norm
sw
hich
will
gove
rnits
func
tion.
102
Non
eof
the
Art
icle
spu
rpor
tsto
legi
slat
ecr
imin
alor
civi
lst
atut
es.
Art
icle
3on
lyes
tabl
ishe
sth
eC
ourt
’sco
mpe
tenc
eto
judg
ece
rtai
ncr
imes
,no
ted
earli
er.b
03So
me
othe
rla
wm
ust
esta
blis
hth
ebe
havi
oras
crim
inal
,si
nce
this
ison
lya
proc
edur
alst
atut
e.A
ssum
ing
argu
endo
that
Law
No.
7/76
ofth
e1s
tof
May
did
pros
crib
em
erce
nari
sman
dcr
imes
agai
nst
peac
e,th
isla
ww
asen
acte
d10
orm
ore
wee
ksaf
ter
the
defe
ndan
tsw
ere
capt
ured
.A
tth
etim
eof
thei
rar
rest
s,th
ed
efe
ndan
tsha
dno
tvi
olat
edex
istin
gA
ngol
anla
wex
cept
argu
ably
law
sfo
rbid
ding
illeg
alen
try,
kidn
appi
ng,
mur
der,
and
robb
ery.
Cal
lan
and
McK
enzi
ew
ere
the
only
two
char
ged
with
mur
der.
Non
eof
tile
othe
rsw
asev
ench
arge
dw
ithth
ese
crim
es.
The
yw
ere
indi
cted
for
cert
ain
char
acte
rist
icm
ilita
rybe
havi
or,
such
asam
bush
es,
dest
ruct
ion
ofpr
oper
ty,
killi
ngso
ldie
rsin
com
bat
and
part
icip
atin
gin
arm
edac
tions
agai
nst
FAPL
Afo
rces
.’°
The
defe
ndan
tsw
ere
not
inno
cent
byst
ande
rsin
the
conf
lagr
atio
n.Fr
oma
pure
lyle
gal
view
poin
t,th
ough
,th
eyw
ere
not
spec
ific
ally
char
ged
with
com
mitt
ing
som
ecr
imes
and
they
viol
ated
nosp
ecifi
cla
ws
conc
erni
ngot
her
crim
es.
Wha
tth
ePe
ople
’sR
evol
utio
nary
Cou
rtco
uld
have
trie
dan
dco
nvic
ted
the
defe
ndan
tsfo
ris
am
atte
r
Id.
Id,
li 101
Id.
atart
.38
(a).
102
RU
L5
oP
RO
CE
DU
RE
,su
pra
note
35.
103
Id.
104
Indi
ctm
ent.
surir
ano
te30
.at
nara
.15
.
ofco
njec
ture
.Il
ieco
nseq
uenc
eof
the
ailu
reto
prov
ide
doni
esti
cle
gisl
atio
nto
pros
crib
eac
tivi
tyla
ter
deem
edto
becr
imin
alis
ade
nial
of
subs
tant
ive
due
proc
ess.
The
Cou
rtbe
com
esth
eul
timat
ear
bite
rof
wha
tco
nsti
tute
sa
crim
e,nO
tth
ele
gisl
ativ
ebo
dy.
Pot
enti
alL
rans
grcs
sors
have
noad
vanc
eno
tice
of
what
acts
are
puni
shab
lean
dco
urts
are
atli
bert
yto
disp
ense
adho
cju
stic
ear
bitr
aril
y.T
hecx
past
fact
ona
ture
of
Law
No.
7/76
rend
ers
itin
vali
das
ast
atut
ory
proh
ibit
ion
of
any
acts
com
mit
ted
byth
e(l
efen
dant
s.
IN’I
ER
NA
TIO
NA
LL
AJV
As
exam
ples
of
inte
rnat
iona
lla
w,
the
Peop
le’s
Rev
olut
iona
ryC
ourt
cite
dth
eC
har
ter
of
the
Ni.i
rnbe
rgM
ilit
ary
Tri
bu
naP
°an
dR
esol
utio
nsof
the
Uni
ted
Nati
oti
s106
and
of
the
Org
aniz
atio
nof
Afr
ican
Un
ity
.’°
7T
heC
har
ter
was
used
assu
ppor
tfo
rth
ech
arge
of
crim
esag
ains
tpe
ace
leve
led
agai
nst
all
the
mer
cena
ries
,w
hile
the
Res
olut
ions
wer
eus
edto
docu
men
tth
ecr
ime
of
iner
—ce
nari
sni.
For
ob
vo
ssu
ppor
tva
lue,
itis
appa
rent
why
the
Cou
rtus
edth
ese
docu
men
ts.
Wha
tre
mai
nsun
clea
ris
why
this
dom
esti
cco
urt
both
ered
atal
lw
ith
inte
rnat
iona
lde
clar
atio
nsof
ques
tion
able
rele
vanc
eto
itsow
npr
ocee
ding
s.‘I’
hefo
llow
ing
sect
ions
will
atte
mpt
tofi
ndth
ean
swer
,w
hich
intu
rnw
ill
de
pend
onth
ere
leva
nce
of
anot
her
issu
e—
the
stat
usof
mer
cena
ries
unde
rin
tern
atio
nal
law
.T
hedi
scus
sion
isno
tm
eant
tobe
exha
usti
veon
this
latt
erto
pic,
but
clai
ms
only
tobe
anov
ervi
ewof
ava
gue
and
com
plic
ated
prov
ince
of
inte
rnat
iona
lla
w.
ST
AT
US
OF
ME
RC
EN
AR
IES
Any
disc
ussi
ono
fm
erce
nari
sm,
part
icul
arly
inth
eco
nte
xt
of
itsbe
ing
acr
ime,
isco
nfus
edby
the
diff
icul
tyof
defi
ning
prec
isel
yw
hat
am
erce
nary
is.
To
som
eth
ete
rmco
njur
esup
the
rom
anti
cim
age
of
a“s
oldi
erof
fort
une”
whi
leto
othe
rsth
ete
rmca
uses
revu
lsio
n.Is
am
erce
nary
atr
ibes
man
figh
ting
wit
han
othe
rtr
ibe,
oran
idea
list
icyo
uth
who
join
edth
eIn
tern
atio
nal
Bri
gade
inSp
ain;
oris
hea
mem
ber
of
the
Pope
’sSw
iss
Gua
rdat
the
Vat
ican
?Is
mer
cena
rism
rest
rict
edon
lyto
mil
itar
yac
tivi
ty,
asop
pose
dto
that
of
apo
liti
cal,
reli
giou
sor
phil
osop
hica
lna
ture
?In
his
hist
ory
of
mer
cena
ries
,A
ntho
nyM
ockl
ercon
05Id
.at
par
a.13
6.lo
bId
.at
par
a.13
4.
clud
esth
atit
isno
ten
ough
toba
seth
ede
fini
tion
eith
eron
stat
usor
mot
ive,
orev
enon
aco
mbi
natio
nof
the
two.
The
real
mar
kof
the
mer
cena
ry,
hesa
ys,
is“a
devo
tion
tow
arfo
rits
own
sake
.”bom
This
defi
nitio
n,el
egan
tin
itssi
mpl
icity
,se
ems
toap
ply
toth
ele
gend
ary
Col
onel
Mik
eH
oare
’s“W
ild
Gee
se”
and
his
Five
Com
man
do,
whi
chfo
ught
inth
eC
ongo
rebe
llion
duri
ngth
e19
60’s
.It
isru
mor
edth
atth
eyki
lled
Patr
ice
Lum
umba
,an
dth
atth
eyca
nas
sem
ble
asm
all
prof
essi
onal
arm
yof
200-
300
men
with
in72
hour
sev
ento
day.
109
Doe
sth
atde
fini
tion
appl
yal
soto
Dan
iel
Gea
rhar
t,w
hone
ver
fire
da
sing
lesh
otd
ur
ing
4da
ysin
Ang
ola
but
who
hire
dhim
self
out
asa
mer
cena
ry?
Alt
houg
hth
eco
urt
inth
eS
tein
erca
sedi
dno
tboth
erw
ith
such
atr
ifli
ngm
atte
ras
the
defi
niti
onof
am
erce
nary
beca
use
the
law
was
all—
incl
usiv
e,th
eA
ngol
anco
urt
labo
red
over
the
prob
lem
inits
verd
ict.
One
sect
ion
stat
esth
atm
erce
nari
sm“w
asno
tun
know
nin
trad
ition
alpe
nal
law
,w
here
itw
asal
way
sde
alt
with
inre
latio
nto
hom
icid
e.”i
lOTh
isre
fere
nce
isto
paid
assa
ssin
atio
n,of
cour
se,
toth
ehi
red
kille
r.L
ater
the
verd
ict
stat
esth
atin
mod
ern
pena
lla
w,
asw
ell
asin
com
para
tive
law
,“t
hem
erce
nary
crim
eslo
stal
lau
tono
mou
sex
iste
nce
and
was
seen
asa
com
mon
crim
e,.
..
aggr
avat
edby
the
prof
itm
otiv
e.
““i
The
verd
ict
begi
nsby
cons
ider
ing
mer
cena
rism
anin
tern
atio
nal
crim
e,ov
erw
hich
cour
tsof
ever
ySt
ate
wou
ldha
veju
risd
ictio
nac
cord
ing
toth
epr
inci
ple
ofuni
vers
ality
.T
hese
ctio
nen
dsby
sayi
ngm
ercc
nari
smha
sag
ain
beco
me
aco
mm
oncr
ime,
one
that
issp
ecif
ical
ly“p
rovi
ded
for
inA
rtic
le20
No.
4of
the
Pena
lC
ode
info
rce.
”n2
Unf
ortu
nate
lyfo
rth
ede
fend
ants
,th
isla
ww
asno
tci
ted
inth
eIn
dict
men
t,no
rw
asit
mad
eav
aila
ble
toth
ede
fens
eat
torn
eys
orto
the
ICE
M.
Und
aunt
edth
eC
ourt
decl
ared
,“T
his
annu
lsth
eob
ject
ion
ofth
ede
fens
eth
atth
ecr
ime
ofm
erce
nari
smha
sno
tbe
ende
fine
dan
dth
atth
ere
isno
pena
ltyfo
rjt
.””
The
Cou
rtse
ems
toco
nsi
der
that
mer
cena
rism
isan
aggl
omer
atio
nof
spec
ific
com
mon
crim
eslik
em
urde
r,ra
pe,
larc
eny
orw
anto
nde
stru
ctio
n,ra
ther
than
aun
ique
crim
ese
para
tely
puni
shab
le.
Ifth
atis
the
prop
erun
ders
tand
ing
then
oniy
Cal
lan
and
McK
eiiz
iew
ere
prop
erly
108
See
A.
MO
CK
LE
R,
TH
EM
ER
CE
NA
RIE
S13
—24
(197
0).
NE
WSW
EE
K,
supr
an
ote
24,
at
31.
110
Ver
dict
,su
pra
no
te81
,at
pars
.46
.II
IId.
atpa
ra.
53.
112
Id.
atpa
ra.
5411
311
,.rn,r
,
07Id
conv
icte
d,be
caus
esu
chco
mm
oncri
mes
were
alle
ged
on
lyagain
stth
ese
two.
The
othe
rsal
sow
ere
char
ged
with
mer
cena
rism
but
com
mit
ted
none
ofth
ose
crim
esan
dth
usw
ere
not
just
lyco
nvic
ted.
The
ICE
Mal
soev
olve
da
defi
nitio
nof
mer
cena
rism
.T
heC
omm
issi
oner
sde
clar
edth
at‘‘
new
form
s.
..
are
cont
inua
lly
bein
gcr
eate
din
resp
onse
ton
ewne
eds
tore
pres
sw
orke
rs’
stru
ggl
esor
mov
enie
nts
for
natio
nal
inde
pend
ence
thro
ugho
utth
ew
orld
.‘‘p
4In
itsL
uaiid
aC
onve
ntio
non
the
prev
enti
onof
tner
—ce
nari
sin,
°5
the
ICE
Mat
tem
pted
toco
dify
inte
rnat
iona
lru
les
ina
sing
lete
xt.
Art
icle
One
lists
the
ICE
Mpr
opos
als
for
elem
ents
of
the
crim
eof
mer
cena
rism
:
a)an
yii
id,v
idua
l,gr
oup
or
stat
eb)
inar
med
oppo
sitio
nto
sell—
dete
rmin
atio
nc)
whi
ch1.
orga
nize
s,fin
ance
s,tra
ins,
empl
oys,
supp
orts
am
ilita
ryfo
rce
ofno
n—na
tiona
lsto
act
for
pers
onal
gain
,or
2.en
lists
insu
cha
forc
e,or
3.al
low
ssu
chac
tivity
inits
terr
itor
y.’
16
The
Dra
ftC
onve
ntio
nde
nies
mer
cena
ries
the
prot
ecti
onof
pri
sone
rof
war
stat
usan
dex
hort
sco
ntra
ctin
gpa
rtie
sto
enac
tdo
mes
ticle
gisl
atio
nto
impl
emen
tth
ese
prov
isio
ns.
The
seva
riou
s“d
efin
itio
ns”
are
nom
ore
than
atte
mpt
sto
appl
yst
atic
labe
lsto
ady
nam
icar
eaof
the
law
sof
war
.T
wo
basi
cis
sues
sugg
est
them
selv
esin
this
rega
rd.
Firs
t,w
hat
dist
ingu
ishe
sth
ety
pes
ofco
nflic
tin
whi
chm
erce
nari
esar
een
gage
d?Se
cond
,w
hat
righ
tsan
dre
spon
sibi
litie
sar
epl
aced
upon
mer
cena
ries
inea
chty
peof
conf
lict?
As
will
bese
en,
the
righ
tsan
dob
ligat
ions
ofm
erce
nari
esdo
not
depe
ndup
onw
heth
erth
eco
nflic
tin
whi
chth
eypa
rtic
ipat
eis
decl
ared
orun
decl
ared
.T
he19
49G
enev
aC
onve
ntio
nsap
ply
not
only
tode
clar
edw
arbu
tal
soto
“any
othe
rar
med
conf
lict
whi
chm
ayar
ise
betw
een
two
orm
ore
ofth
eH
igh
Con
trac
ting
Part
ies,
even
ifti
lest
ate
ofw
aris
not
reco
gniz
edby
one
ofth
em.”
”7
Not
edco
mm
enta
tor
Ric
hard
Falk
has
poin
ted
out
that
“war
fare
betw
een
state
snow
most
frequentl
yta
kes
plac
ew
ithin
asi
ngle
nati
onal
soci
ety
..
.S
ignif
icant
mult
inati
onal
part
icip
ati
on
tran
sfor
ms
anin
tern
alw
arin
toa
spec
ies
of
itit
erna
tion
alla
w.”
18T
his
asse
rtio
nis
the
basi
sof
his
argu
men
tth
atth
etr
adit
iona
lcr
iter
iafo
rdi
stin
guis
hing
inte
rnat
iona
lfr
omna
tion
alco
nfli
cts
are
inad
equa
tefo
rm
oder
niie
eds.
He
furt
her
cont
ends
that
now
itis
esse
ntia
lth
atsu
bsta
ntia
lpa
rtic
ipat
ion
inth
ein
tern
alw
arby
priv
ate
orpu
blic
grou
psex
tern
alto
the
soci
ety
expe
rien
cing
viol
ence
serv
eas
aba
sis
for
inte
rnat
iona
lizi
ngci
vil
stri
fe.’
”U
nive
rsal
acce
ptan
ceof
this
idea
wou
ldun
doub
tedl
yhe
lpto
brin
gin
tern
atio
nal
law
into
clos
erto
uch
wit
hth
ere
alit
ies
of
wor
ldpo
liti
cs.
Alr
eady
ther
eis
ast
eady
pres
sure
both
wit
hin
and
wit
hout
the
Uni
ted
Nat
ions
Gen
eral
Ass
embl
yfo
ran
exte
nsio
no
fco
mba
tant
stat
usto
incl
ude
new
form
san
dcl
asse
san
dto
excl
ude
othe
rs.
Inth
eco
ntex
tof
guer
rill
aw
arfa
re,
Dra
per
indi
cate
sth
ere
ispr
essu
reto
rem
ove
the
dist
inct
ion
asto
law
ful
stat
usas
coin
—ba
tant
sfo
rth
ose
enga
ged
inin
tern
atio
nal
and
non—
inte
rnat
iona
lco
nfl
icts
.’T
his
ison
eof
tile
mai
nar
eas
ofco
nfro
ntat
ion,
liebe
liev
es,
inw
hich
the
futu
resh
ape
ofa
cruc
ial
part
ofth
ela
wof
war
will
have
tobe
reso
lved
bygo
vern
men
ts.
1)ra
per
sees
two
tren
dsin
the
legi
tim
atio
npr
oces
s:
Firs
t,th
eac
cept
edvi
ewth
atco
mm
oncr
imin
als
wh
ore
sort
toar
med
forc
eto
achi
eve
thei
ren
ds,
are
tobe
excl
uded
from
auy
attr
ibut
ion
of
law
ful
coni
bata
ncy.
Seco
nd,
we
are
seei
nga
wid
enin
gof
the
idea
of
apo
litic
alst
rugg
leca
rrie
dou
tby
arm
edfo
rce
bein
gw
ithin
the
cont
rol
ofth
eex
istin
gla
wof
war
.Th
isha
sth
eco
rolla
ryth
atth
ose
who
part
icip
ate
insu
cha
stru
ggle
,w
heth
erop
enly
orcl
ande
stin
ely
and
spor
adic
ally
,sh
ould
hetr
eate
das
law
ful
com
bata
nts
entit
led
toth
efu
llst
atus
ofpr
ison
ers
ofw
arup
onca
ptur
e.’
2’
114
Dec
lara
tion
of
Lua
nda,
10th
June
1976
,IC
EM
,se
eA
ppen
dix
VII
infr
a.11
5D
raft
Con
vent
ion
onth
eP
reve
ntio
nan
dS
uppr
essi
onof
Mer
cena
rism
,IC
EM
,se
eA
ppen
dix
VII
Iin
fra.
116
Id.
at
art.
One
.11
5A
rtic
le2,
from
whi
chth
isst
atem
ent
isdr
awn,
isco
mm
onto
all
four
Conventi
ons.
See
Gen
eva
Con
vent
ion
For
the
Am
elio
rati
onof
the
Con
diti
onof
the
Wou
nded
and
Sick
inA
rmed
Forc
esin
the
Fiel
d,A
ug.
12,
1949
,[1
956]
6U
.S.T
.31
14,
T.I
.A.S
.N
o.33
62;
Gen
eva
Con
vent
ion
for
the
Am
erli
ora
tio
nof
tile
Con
diti
ono
fW
ound
ed,
Sick
and
Shi
pwre
cked
Mem
bers
of
Arm
edF
orce
sat
Sea,
Aug
.12
,19
49,
[195
6]6
U.S
.T.
3217
,T
.I.A
.S.
No.
3363
;G
enev
aC
onven
tion
Rel
eati
veto
the
Tre
atm
ent
of
Pri
sone
rsof
War
,A
ug.
12,
1949
,[1
956]
6
U.S
.T.
3316
,T
.I.A
.S.
No.
3364
;G
enev
aC
onve
ntio
nR
elat
ive
toth
ePr
otec
tion
of
Civ
ilia
nPe
rson
sin
Tim
eo
fW
ar,
Aug
.12
,19
49,
[195
616
U.S
.T.
3516
,T
.I.A
.S.
No.
3365
.11
8Fa
lk,
The
Inte
rnat
iona
lLa
wof
Inte
rnal
War
,in
INT
EI1
NA
TIO
NA
LA
SP
EC
TS
OF
CIv
ILST
RIFE
218
fJ.R
osen
aued
.19
64).
“Id
.at
223.
‘D
raper
,Th
eSt
atus
ofC
omba
tant
san
dth
eQ
uest
ion
ofG
uerr
illa
War
fare
,45
BEl
T.Y
.B
.IN
T’L
L.17
3,18
4(1
971)
[her
eina
fter
cite
das
Dra
per]
.F
ora
dis
cus
sion
of
the
rule
sof
war
fare
asth
eyre
late
togu
erril
law
arfa
rean
dre
volu
tion
ary
war
,es
peci
ally
thos
eru
les
deal
ing
wit
hth
est
atus
and
trea
tmen
tof
capt
ured
com
bata
nts,
see
Kin
g,R
evol
utio
nary
War
,G
uerri
llaW
arfa
re,
and
Inte
rnat
iona
lLa
w,
4C
AsE
W.
RES.
J.IN
T’L
L.91
ctse
q.(1
972)
.Il
lId
.
The
Inte
rnat
iona
lC
omm
itte
eof
the
Red
Cro
ssre
ache
da
sim
ilar
conc
lusi
on.
Itsre
port
note
dth
atw
hen
ther
eis
fore
ign
mil
itar
yin
terv
enti
onon
the
insu
rgen
ts’
side
,“t
here
wou
ldse
emno
doub
tth
atth
ela
ws
and
cust
oms
[of
war
]sh
ould
beap
plie
das
aw
hole
toth
eco
nflic
t,w
hich
thus
beco
mes
ofan
inte
rnat
iona
lna
ture
.“It
isun
clea
rw
heth
er“i
nter
vent
ion”
incl
udes
troo
ps,
arm
sor
supp
lies
and
how
subs
tant
ial
such
assi
stan
cew
ould
have
tobe
. For
the
purp
ose
ofde
term
inin
gth
ege
nera
lst
atus
ofm
erce
nari
esun
der
the
cust
omar
yin
tern
atio
nal
law
sof
war
,on
eca
nre
fer
toA
rtic
leI
ofth
eH
ague
Res
olut
ions
of19
0712
3an
dto
Art
icle
4A(1
)an
d(2
)of
the
1949
Gen
eva
Pris
oner
sof
War
Convcnti
on.I
MT
uela
tter
inco
rpor
ates
and
exte
nds
the
clas
sifi
catio
nof
pris
oner
ofw
arw
hile
pres
ervi
ngth
efo
urba
sic
cond
itio
nsof
the
Hag
ueR
esol
utio
ns.
Thi
sst
atus
isfa
rfr
omcl
ear,
but
toqu
alif
yas
ala
wfu
lco
mba
tant
,a
mer
cena
ryw
ould
have
tom
eet
the
follo
win
gco
nditi
ons:
1A(1
)I-I
cm
ust
bea
mem
ber
ofan
“org
aniz
ed”
grou
p—
arm
edfo
rces
,m
ilit
ia,
volu
ntee
rco
rps,
orga
nize
dre
sist
ance
nrnv
emen
t.(2
)H
em
ust
belo
ngto
“aPa
rty
toth
eco
nfli
ct”
—ev
enii
ther
eis
anor
gani
zed
grou
pw
ith
itsow
nco
mm
ande
r,th
em
embe
rsw
illno
tha
veco
mba
tant
stat
usif
itla
cks
the
nec
essa
ryco
nnec
tion
with
aPa
rty
toth
eco
nflic
t.(3
)H
em
ust
be“c
omm
ande
dby
ape
rson
resp
onsi
ble
for
his
subo
rdin
ates
”—
the
com
man
der
mus
tha
vean
ac
know
ledg
edpo
sitio
nof
auth
orit
ysu
chth
atth
eco
nditi
ons
requ
ired
for
law
ful
com
bata
ncy
may
bese
cure
din
prac
tice
.(4
)H
em
ust
have
a“f
ixed
dist
inct
ive
sign
reco
gniz
able
ata
dist
ance
”—
—th
ete
stno
rmal
lyac
cept
edis
that
the
indiv
idua
lm
ust
bepe
rman
entl
ym
arke
dso
that
heis
dist
ingu
ish—
able
from
anor
dina
rype
acef
ulci
vilia
nat
adi
stan
ceat
whi
chw
eapo
nsca
nbe
used
byor
onth
em.
(5)
He
mus
tca
rry
arm
s‘‘
open
ly’’
—th
isis
sim
ilar
to(4
)in
scop
ean
ddi
ffic
ulty
ofen
forc
emen
t.(6
)H
em
ust
cond
uct
oper
atio
ns“i
nac
cord
ance
wit
hth
ela
ws
and
cust
oms
ofw
ar”
—th
ism
eans
unac
cept
able
beha
vior
,su
chas
mur
deri
ngor
tort
urin
gpr
ison
ers.
‘uit
hth
epo
ssib
leex
cept
ion
of(6
)ab
ove,
thes
eco
nditi
ons
ap
ply
toth
eA
ngol
ande
fend
ants
.So
licite
d,gr
eete
dan
des
cort
edby
Hol
den
Rob
erto
,th
eyen
tere
dA
ngol
aar
med
anti
inti
mfo
rm.
Itw
ascl
ear
that
Cal
lan
was
the
field
com
man
der,
and
atth
etr
ial
heac
cept
edre
spon
sibi
lity
for
thei
rac
tions
.By
and
larg
e,th
eyob
serv
edth
ela
ws
and
cust
oms
ofw
ar,
alth
ough
the
exec
utio
nof
13ho
mes
ick
Bri
tons
byC
ahla
nan
dM
cKen
zie
mig
htar
guab
lyvi
olat
eth
atco
ndit
ion.
Inan
yev
ent,
Art
icle
5of
thw
Pris
oner
sof
War
Con
vent
ion
prov
ides
:“S
houl
dan
ydo
ubt
aris
eas
tow
heth
erpe
rson
s,ha
ving
com
mit
ted
abe
llig
eren
tac
tan
dhav
ing
falle
nin
toth
eha
nds
ofth
een
emy,
belo
ngto
any
ofth
eca
tego
ries
enum
erat
edin
Art
icle
4,su
chpe
rson
ssh
all
enjo
yth
epro
tect
ion
of
the
pres
ent
Con
vetit
ion
until
such
time
asth
eir
stat
usha
sbe
ende
term
ined
bya
com
pete
nttr
ibun
al.”
12?
Fur
ther
mor
e,if
anin
cum
bent
gove
rnm
ent
show
sli
ttle
mer
cyin
its
cond
uct
tow
ard
capt
ured
rebe
ls,
itca
nm
ost
assu
redl
yan
tici
pate
like
treat—
rnen
tin
the
even
tth
ere
bels
are
ulti
mat
ely
vict
orio
us.
Sinc
eth
eou
tcom
eof
inte
rnal
revo
luti
onar
yw
ars
isse
ldom
cert
ain,
itis
toev
ery
part
y’s
adva
ntag
eto
act
inac
cord
wit
hth
ese
gene
ral
hu
man
itar
ian
prin
cipl
es.
NiJ
RN
BE
RG
CH
AR
TE
R
Itha
slo
ngbe
enes
tabl
ishe
din
cust
omar
yin
tern
atio
nal
law
that
abe
llig
eren
tha
sau
thor
ity
totr
yan
dto
puni
shin
divi
dual
sfo
rcr
imes
whi
chco
nsti
tute
viol
atio
nsof
the
law
san
dcu
stom
sof
war
,as
wel
las
the
law
sof
hum
anit
y,w
hen
such
pers
ons
fall
wit
hin
itspow
er.
128
The
mer
cena
ries
havi
ngbe
enbr
ough
tw
ithi
nits
juri
sdic
tion
,th
ePe
ople
’sR
evol
utio
nary
Cou
rtso
ught
out
inte
rna
tiona
lla
ws
byw
hich
totr
yan
dto
puni
shth
ese
defe
ndan
ts.
As
the
sour
ceof
itsch
arge
ofcr
imes
agai
nst
peac
e,th
eC
ourt
note
dth
e
Indi
ctm
ent,
supr
ano
te30
.12
7G
enev
aC
onve
ntio
nR
elat
ive
toth
eT
reat
men
tof
Pri
sone
rsof
War
,su
pra
note
117.
‘Fi
nch,
The
Nur
einb
eig
Tria
lan
dIn
tern
atio
nal
Law
,41
AM
.J.
INT’
LL
.20
,21
(194
7).
See
also
Bid
dle,
The
Nur
embe
rpTr
ial.
31V
AIfl
17
O.,.....
(iC
4
122
RE
PO
RT
OF
TH
EIN
TE
RN
AT
ION
AL
CO
MM
ITT
EE
OF
TIl
ERE
DC
Ros
s:R
EA
FF
IRM
AT
ION
AN
DD
EV
EL
OP
ME
NT
OF
TH
EL
AW
SA
ND
CU
ST
OM
SA
PP
LIC
AU
LE
INA
RM
ED
CO
NF
LIC
TS
,2IS
TIN
TE
RN
AT
ION
AL
CON
FERE
NCE
OF
TH
ER
ED
CR
oss
.100
(196
9).
‘H
ague
Conven
tion
(IV
)R
espec
ting
the
Law
san
dC
usto
ms
of
War
onL
and,
Oct
.18
,19
07;
[191
0]36
ST
AT
.22
77.
2295
;se
eal
soF
RIE
DM
AN
,T
HE
LA
WO
FW
AR
308,
313
(197
2),
and
SC
HIN
DL
ER
AN
DT
OM
AN
,TI
lEL
AW
SO
FA
RM
ED
CO
NF
LIC
TS
57C
tse
q.(1
973)
.‘
Gen
eva
Conven
tion
Rel
ativ
eto
the
Tre
atm
ent
of
Pri
sone
rsof
War
,su
pra
note
117.
IId
.Se
eal
soM
alil
son
and
Mal
liso
n,Th
eJu
ridic
alSt
atus
ofIrr
egul
arC
oin
bat
1znts
tinde
rth
eIn
tern
atio
nal
I-Il
una,
Iita
rlar
IL
awof
Arm
edC
onfl
ict,
9C
AS
EW
.R
E5.
J.IN
T’L
L.(1
977)
.
Cha
rter
ofth
eN
iirn
berg
Mili
tary
Trib
unal
.129
As
the
sour
ceof
the
char
geof
mer
cena
rism
,th
eC
ourt
sele
cted
cert
ain
U.N
.an
dO
AU
Res
olut
ions
.’T
his
sect
ion
conc
erns
the
use
ofth
eN
urnb
erg
Cha
rter
asau
thor
ity
inth
etr
ial
ofth
em
erce
nari
es.
On
Aug
ust
8,19
45,
repr
esen
tati
ves
ofth
eU
nite
dSt
ates
,Fr
ance
,G
reat
Bri
tain
and
the
Sovi
etU
nion
sign
edan
agre
emen
tto
esta
blis
han
Inte
rnat
iona
lM
ilit
ary
Tri
buna
lfo
rth
etr
ial
ofw
arcr
imin
als
who
seof
fens
esha
dno
part
icul
arge
ogra
phic
allo
cati
on.’
3’A
nnex
edto
and
form
ing
anin
tegr
alpa
rtof
this
Agr
ee—
men
tw
asth
eC
hart
erof
the
Inte
rnat
iona
lM
ilit
ary
Tri
buna
l,w
hich
cons
titu
ted
the
Cou
rtan
dits
juri
sdic
tion
,de
tail
edth
ena
—tu
reof
part
icul
arcr
imes
,an
dse
tou
tpr
oced
ural
rule
sto
ensu
refa
irtr
ials
for
the
clef
enda
,sts
.i32
Indi
ctm
ent
Num
ber
One
con—
sist
eci
ofth
efo
llow
ing
four
Cou
nts:
Cou
ntO
ne:
The
com
mon
plan
orco
nspi
racy
;C
ount
Tw
o:C
rim
esag
ains
tpe
ace;
Cou
ntT
hree
:W
arcr
imes
;C
ount
Four
:C
rim
esag
ains
tliu
man
ity.’3
3A
rtic
le6
ofth
eC
hart
erdi
stin
guis
hes
betw
een
two
cate
gori
esof
crim
esag
ains
tpe
ace
whi
char
ere
flec
ted
inth
eIn
dict
men
tas
Cou
rts
One
and
Tw
o.C
rim
esag
ains
tpe
ace
are
defi
ned
as“p
lann
ing,
prep
arat
ion,
init
iati
ngor
wag
ing
ofa
war
ofag
gres
sion
,or
aw
arh
ivi
olat
ion
ofin
tern
atio
nal
trea
ties
,ag
reem
ents
oras
sura
nces
,or
part
icip
atio
nin
aco
mm
onpl
anor
cons
pira
cyfo
rth
eac
com
plis
hmen
tof
any
ofth
efo
rego
ing.
..
.“
The
Cha
rter
does
not
defi
neth
ete
rm“a
ggre
ssiv
ew
ar.”
The
dete
rmin
atio
nof
the
Cou
rtas
toth
eex
iste
nce
ofag
gres
sive
war
was
foun
ded
onan
elab
orat
ehi
stor
ical
revi
ewof
the
even
tsbe
fore
and
duri
ngth
ew
ar
129
Indi
ctm
ent,
supr
ano
te30
,at
para
.13
6.In
dict
men
t,su
pra
none
30,
atpa
ra.
134;
Agr
eem
ent
byth
eG
over
nmen
tof
the
Uni
ted
Stat
esof
Am
eric
a,th
ePr
ovis
iona
lG
over
nmen
tof
the
Fren
chR
epub
lic,
the
Gov
ernm
ent
ofth
eU
nite
dK
ingd
omof
Gre
atB
rita
inan
dN
orth
ern
Irel
and
and
the
Gov
ernm
ent
ofth
eU
nion
ofSo
viet
Soci
alis
tR
epub
lics
for
the
Pros
ecut
ion
and
Puni
shm
ent
ofth
eM
ajor
War
Cri
min
als
ofth
eE
urop
ean
Axi
s,1
Naz
iC
ON
SP
IRA
CY
AN
DA
GG
RE
SSIO
N1
(194
6).
132
Id.
at4—
11.
°Id
.at
13—
56.
134
Id.
at5.
Alth
ough
not
cite
dby
the
Ang
olai
sC
ourt
,A
rtic
le6
also
defi
nes
two
othe
rca
tego
ries
ofcr
imes
.W
arC
rim
esar
cvi
olat
ions
ofth
ela
ws
orcu
sto
ms
ofw
ar,
such
asm
urde
r,pl
unde
rof
publ
icor
priv
ate
prop
erty
,.w
anto
nde
stru
ctio
nof
citie
sor
deva
stat
ion
not
just
ifie
dby
mil
itar
yne
cess
ity.
Cri
mes
agai
nst
Hum
anity
are
defi
ned
asm
urde
r,ex
term
inat
ion,
ensl
avem
ent,
orper
secu
tion
onpo
litic
al,
raci
alor
relig
ious
grou
nds.
peri
odan
dw
asa
resu
ltof
itsev
alua
tion
ofth
ese
fact
s.’
Itis
clea
rth
atno
tev
ery
atta
ckor
inva
sion
byar
med
forc
esw
asco
nsi
cler
edas
aw
arof
aggr
essi
on.’
The
coun
tof
cons
pira
cyw
asin
terp
rete
dst
rict
lyby
the
Cou
rtas
the
sign
ific
ant
cont
ribu
tion
,w
ith
know
ledg
eof
itspu
rpos
e,to
the
elab
orat
ion
ofa
conc
rete
plan
tow
age
war.
i3
7T
hedi
stin
ctiv
efe
atur
eof
the
seco
ndC
ount
was
that
the
crim
esag
ains
tpe
ace
beco
nnec
ted
wit
hpa
rtic
ular
war
sof
aggr
essi
on,
asop
pose
dto
age
nera
lpo
licy
ofag
gres
sive
war
sas
inC
ount
One
.H
ere
the
Cou
rtad
opte
dth
epr
inci
ple
that
only
acts
ofw
arfa
reco
nsti
tuti
nga
wag
ing
ofcr
imin
alw
arar
ecr
imes
agai
nst
pea
ce.’
3T
hese
acts
wer
eco
nsid
ered
crim
inal
only
inas
muc
has
they
wer
eun
dert
aken
bym
ilit
ary
and
adm
inis
trat
ive
oflic
ials
itshi
ghly
infl
uent
ial
po
siti
on
s.’
39
The
Cou
rtdi
dno
tad
opt
the
extr
eme
theo
ryth
atev
ery
act
ofw
arfa
reco
mm
itte
din
the
pros
ecut
ion
ofa
crim
inal
war
isan
inte
rnat
iona
lcr
ime.
i40
By
com
pari
son
wit
hth
eN
Urn
berg
Tri
buna
l,th
ePe
ople
’sR
evol
utio
nary
Cou
rtof
Ang
ola
cast
apa
ltry
shad
ow.
Whe
reas
the
Tri
buna
lw
asan
inte
rnat
iona
lco
urt
esta
blis
hed
byin
tern
atio
nal
agre
emen
t,th
ePe
ople
’sR
evol
utio
nary
Cou
rtw
asa
dom
estic
trib
unal
esta
blis
hed
bydo
mes
ticla
w.
The
NU
rnbe
rgC
hart
erco
nsti
tute
da
cour
t(w
hose
mem
bers
all
wer
ele
gally
qual
ifie
d)w
hich
defi
ned
the
proc
edur
alru
les
and
esta
blis
hed
the
spec
ific
subs
tant
ive
law
tobe
appl
ied.
The
Rul
esof
Pro
cedu
re,
byco
ntr
ast,
set
upa
Cou
rtre
quir
ing
that
only
two
mem
bers
bele
gally
qi.ia
lific
dan
dth
eyes
tabl
ishe
dth
eju
risd
icti
onof
the
Cou
rtov
erce
rtai
nge
nera
lize
dcr
imes
not
cove
red
bydo
mes
ticst
atut
ory
law
.T
heN
Urn
berg
Tri
buna
lin
dict
edth
em
ilit
ary
and
adm
inis
trat
ive
lead
ers
of
the
Thi
rdR
eich
,w
hile
the
Ang
ola
cour
tch
arge
don
lyor
dina
ryco
mba
tso
ldie
rs,
the
titu
lar
lead
erof
who
m(C
alla
n)w
asno
ta
fiel
dco
mm
ande
rin
the
sens
eof
the
Cha
rter
.T
hese
mer
cena
ries
argu
ably
coul
dha
vebe
enco
nvic
ted
ofw
arcr
imes
for
IT
heC
hart
eran
dJu
dgm
ent
ofth
eN
urnb
erg
Tri
buna
l:H
isto
ryan
dA
naly
sis,
Mem
oran
dum
subm
itted
byU
nite
dN
atio
nsS
ecre
tary
-Gen
eral
47-4
8(1
949)
.°
Id.
at49
.‘
Id.
at53
.13
41Id
.at
61.
139
Id.
an58
—60
.T
hus
Adm
iral
Doe
ninz
was
expr
essl
yco
nvic
ted
ofw
agin
gw
ar,
for
his
role
asC
omm
ande
rin
Chi
efof
the
Nav
yan
dpr
evio
usly
asle
ader
ofth
esu
bmar
ine
forc
e.T
heci
vilia
nSe
yss-
Inqu
art
was
foun
dgL
lilty
also
,fo
rg
ov
erni
ngte
rrit
ory
whi
chw
asof
vita
lim
port
ance
inth
eag
gres
sive
war
bein
gw
aged
byG
erm
any.
But
Alb
ert
Spee
r’s
role
asdi
rect
orof
the
arm
amen
tin
dust
ryw
asno
tco
nsid
ered
tobe
wag
ing
war
.14
0Jj
vio
lati
ons
oftil
ela
ws
and
cu
sto
ms
ofw
ar
not
justi
hed
bym
ilit
ary
necessit
y.
Not
even
Flol
den
Rob
erto
orJo
nas
Savi
mbi
,th
ede
—dar
edle
ader
sof
the
FNLA
and
UN
ITA
,re
spec
tive
ly,
wer
ein—
dict
ed,
iion
lyin
abse
ntia
.C
iith
eot
her
hand
,th
ele
ader
sof
the
Ani
eric
ati
and
Bri
t isit
gove
rnm
ents
,as
wel
las
thei
rin
telli
genc
eag
enci
es,
wer
eim
plic
ate
dby
innu
endo
.Il
iese
over
sigh
tsno
twit
hsta
ndin
g,th
ePe
ople
’sR
evol
utio
nary
Cou
rt51
1011
1(1be
judg
edpe
rhap
sin
tile
ligh
tof
the
open
ing
state
—nl
ent
byju
stic
eR
ober
t11
.Ja
ckso
n,th
eC
hiel
U.S
.P
rose
cuto
rat
tlìe
Nur
nber
gtr
ial:
Flie
real
coln
plai
iiing
part
yat
your
bar
isC
ivili
zatio
n[i
t]as
ks
whe
ther
law
isso
lagg
ard
as
tobe
utte
rly
help
less
tode
alw
ith
crim
esoh
this
niag
iliru
cle
bycr
imin
als
ofth
isor
der
ofim
port
ance
.It
does
hot
expe
ctth
atyo
uca
nm
ake
war
iill—
poss
ible
.It
does
ex
pect
that
your
juri
dica
lac
tion
wiii
put
the
fiirc
esoh
Inte
rnat
ioii.
illa
w,
Itspre
cepts
,it
spro
hib
itio
ns
and,
most
of
all
its
S.i
neti
om
ls,
on
the
side
of
peac
e,so
that
mcmi
and
wo
men
ofgo
odw
ill,
inal
lco
untr
ies,
may
have
“lea
veto
live
byno
nia
mi
‘sle
ave,
unde
rnea
thth
ela
w.
‘‘14
1
flic
spir
itof
this
eloc
luen
tsta
tem
ent
call
sfor
the
plin
islin
lent
ofin
divi
dual
sw
hoha
dbr
ough
tciv
iliz
ati
on
nearl
yto
the
brin
kof
disa
ster
,w
hile
itpe
rmit
sth
ose
sam
ein
divi
dual
sth
epr
ivil
ege
ofde
fend
ing
thie
nise
l yes
and
assert
ing
thei
rin
noce
nce.
Jack
son’
svi
ewof
the
tria
lex
pres
ses
both
the
culm
inat
ion
om
od
ern
idea
lsof
cult
ure
,to
lera
nce
and
just
ice,
asw
ell
asth
ene
edto
vind
icat
eth
eri
ghts
ofth
ose
oppr
esse
dan
dpe
rsec
uted
.I-
usdi
alle
nge
toth
ei’
ribu
iial
was
that
tile
spir
itan
ddi
ele
tter
ohth
ela
wbe
appl
ied
so
that
just
ice
mig
ht
not
bede
nied
eith
erto
tile
vic
tors
or
toth
eaii
—
quis
hed.
Vie
wed
inth
isli
ght,
the
Ang
ola
mer
cenar
ies
tria
lbe
co
mes
an
attem
pt
top
rev
en
tth
esp
read
ofm
erce
narm
smth
rough
out
Bla
ckA
fric
a,to
rid
the
cont
inen
tof
anun
wel
com
epl
ague
,an
dby
this
judi
cial
act
toth
row
otI
the
shac
kles
of
colo
nial
ism
.T
hePe
ople
’sR
evol
utio
nary
Court
wou
ldha
vebe
enw
ell
ad
vise
dto
heed
the
com
ments
of
anot
her
part
icip
ant
iii
the
war
crim
estr
ials
.Ju
dge
Rad
hahi
nod
Pal
ofIn
dia
was
am
ember
of
the
Inte
r—N
atio
nal
Mil
itar
yT
ribu
nal
for
the
Far
Eas
t,co
mm
only
kn
ow
nas
the
toky
oW
arC
rim
esT
rial
.In
his
dis
senti
ng
opin
ion
toth
eju
dgm
ent,
hein
dict
edth
eW
este
rnpoli
cie
sof
explo
ita
tion
asth
eba
sis
ofW
orld
War
IIan
dth
ereb
yan
tici
pate
dti
le
anti—
colo
nial
moo
dw
hich
flou
rish
edin
the
post
—w
arpe
riod
.
fhse
so—
calle
dtr
ial
heid
acco
rdin
gto
tile
defi
niti
onof
crim
eis
ow
giv
en
by
the
vic
tors
obli
tera
tes
tile
cent
urie
sof
Civ
iliZ
atiO
n
whi
chst
retc
hbe
twee
nus
and
the
sum
mar
ysl
ayin
gof
the
de
feat
edin
aw
ar.
Atr
ial
with
law
thus
pres
crib
edw
illon
lybe
ash
amei
nplo
ymei
ltof
lega
lpr
oces
sfo
rth
esa
tisf
acti
on
ofth
irst
for
reve
nge.
itdo
esno
tco
rres
pond
toan
yse
nse
ofjim
s—
tice.
Such
atr
ial
may
just
lycr
eate
the
feel
ing
that
the
setti
ngup
ofa
trib
unal
like
the
pres
ent
ism
uch
mor
ea
polit
ical
than
ale
gal
affa
ir,
anes
sent
iallyp°
11
obje
ctiv
eha
ving
thus
been
cloa
ked
bya
judi
cial
appe
aran
ce.
Form
aliz
edve
ngea
nce
can
brin
gon
lyan
ephe
mer
alsa
tisf
acti
on,
wit
hev
ery
prob
abil
ity
oful
tim
ate
regr
et;
but
vind
icat
ion
ofla
wth
roug
hge
nuin
ele
gal
proc
ess
alon
em
ayco
ntri
bute
subs
tant
iall
yto
the
re—
esta
blis
hm
ent
ofor
der
and
dece
ncy
inin
tern
atio
nal
rela
tioiis
.
Inm
yju
dgm
ent,
tlier
efia
re,
itis
beyo
ndth
eco
mpe
tenc
eof
any
vict
orna
tion
togo
beyo
ndth
eru
les
ofin
tern
atio
nal
law
asth
eyex
ist,
give
new
defi
nitio
nsof
crim
esan
dth
enpu
nish
the
pris
oner
sfo
rha
ving
com
mit
ted
offe
nses
acco
rdin
gto
this
new
dc
hini
tion
i42
Vie
wed
inth
elig
htof
Judg
ePa
l’sre
mar
ks,
the
Rev
olut
iona
ryPe
ople
’sC
ourt
exce
eded
the
scop
eo
fits
char
ter
and
succ
eede
dO
fll
inco
nduc
ting
apo
liti
cal
hara
ngue
.T
here
sults
may
not
have
been
any
diff
eren
tha
dtil
etr
ial
been
mor
ecl
osel
yta
ilor
edto
spe
cifi
cde
fini
tion
sof
part
icul
arac
tsde
emed
otht
isiv
eby
the
Cou
rt.
As
only
the
seco
ndtr
ial
ofw
hite
mer
cena
ries
byan
Afr
ican
na
tion
,th
etr
ial
cert
ainl
yba
dsi
gnif
ican
tpo
liti
cal
over
tone
s,en
hanc
edev
ell
mor
eby
the
infl
amm
ator
yrh
etor
icac
com
pany
ing
it.
I-ha
ving
endu
red
the
part
icip
atio
nby
whi
tem
erce
nari
esin
thei
rst
rugg
les
for
inde
pend
ence
,B
lack
Afr
ican
coun
trie
sw
ere
ripe
to
make
an
exam
ple
of
them
.‘[
‘lien
too,
the
Ml>
[.A
soug
htfu
rther
mea
nsof
legi
tim
izin
git
self
asth
eof
hcia
lgo
vern
men
tof
the
new
lycr
eate
dPe
ople
’sR
epub
lic
ofA
ngol
a.A
publ
icw
arcr
imes
tria
lco
uld
beth
eve
hicl
eby
whi
chth
eM
PLA
proc
laim
edits
supr
emac
yto
the
wor
ldan
dto
the
Ang
olan
peop
ieth
emse
lves
.T
hepo
litic
alci
rcum
stan
ces
ofth
etr
ial
thus
wer
ein
esca
pabl
c.14
3T
hefa
ctre
mai
ns,
how
ever
,th
attil
epu
rpos
eof
atr
ial
isto
render
just
ice.
Aisy
othe
rpu
rpos
e—
such
aspr
ovid
ing
poli
tica
lfo
dder
orre
cord
ing
even
tsfo
rpo
ster
ity
—de
tric
tsfr
omth
em
aiti
busi
ness
esof
the
law
:T
ow
eigh
the
char
ges
fair
ly,
tore
nder
judg
men
tan
dth
ento
carr
you
tju
stp
un
isil
rn
ert
whe
rene
cess
ary.
142
[)is
sent
ing
Opi
nion
ofJu
dge
Pal,
repo
rted
inFA
LK
,K
0LK
0A
ND
LmFr
oN,
CR
IME
sO
FW
ar12
4—12
5(1
971)
.14
3So
ldier
sof
?s!is
Jortm
.,me,
Nrw
sw
rrg,
Jun.
21,
1976
,at
42.
Just
mce
nim
miis
tcr
Dio
gene
sIl
oavi
dade
clar
edth
at“i
tis
not
thes
ecri
min
als
who
will
iicon
tria
l,bu
tim
peri
alis
m.”
Ang
olan
Info
rmat
ion
Min
iste
rLu
isde
Alm
eida
pron
ounc
ed:
“The
reis
nodo
ubt
inth
eA
ngol
anG
over
nmen
t’s
mmmm
dth
atth
eyar
eg
uil
ty.”
144
WY
ZA
NS
K1,
WH
ER
EA
S—
AJh
Ji)G
F’S
PR
EM
iSE
s17
5(1
965)
.14
1N
AZ
IC
oN
sPIr
AcY
AN
I)A
GG
RE
SS
iON
,su
pra
hiO
ti12
9,at
173.
Judg
eC
harl
esE.
Wyz
ansk
i,Jr
.,ha
sst
ated
the
sam
eth
ough
tin
few
erw
ords
:“.
..
[T]o
rega
rda
tria
las
apr
opag
anda
devi
ceis
tode
base
just
ice.
‘‘14
4
RE
SO
LU
TIO
NS
OF
TH
EU
NIT
EDN
ATI
ON
SA
ND
OF
TIlE
OR
GA
NIZ
AT
ION
OF
AFR
ICA
NU
NIT
Y
As
its
final
sour
ceof
law
condem
nin
gth
ecr
ime
of
mer
ce—
nari
sm,
the
Peop
le’s
Rev
olut
iona
ryC
ourt
cite
dse
vera
lR
esol
utio
nsof
the
Uni
ted
Nat
ions
and
of
the
OA
U.
The
new
Peo
ple’
sR
epu
blic
of
Ang
ola
has
been
reco
gniz
edby
the
OA
U,’
45
but
itis
not
am
embe
rof
the
U.N
.M
ore
over
,th
ese
reso
luti
ons
donot
have
the
bind
ing
forc
eof
law
,ev
enon
mem
ber
nati
ons,
unle
ssth
em
embe
rssp
ecif
ical
lyag
ree
tobe
sobo
und.
The
reso
luti
ons
mer
ely
call
onm
embe
rS
tate
sto
enac
tle
gisl
atio
nin
toth
eir
ow
npe
nal
code
sw
hich
proh
ibit
sth
ecr
ime
of
mer
cenar
ism
.S
ince
the
Cou
ncil
of
the
Rev
olut
ion
pass
edno
such
stat
ute
whi
chm
anif
este
dan
inte
nt,
expr
ess
oroth
erw
ise,
toin
corp
ora
teth
iscr
ime
into
cur
rent
Ang
olan
law
,th
ere
coul
dha
vebe
enno
such
crim
eat
the
time
the
defe
ndan
tsw
ere
captu
red.
The
Gen
eva—
base
dIn
tern
atio
nal
Com
mis
sion
ofJu
rist
sha
snote
dth
atin
erce
nar
ism
shou
ldbe
but
isno
tye
ta
crim
ein
inte
rnat
ional
Iaw
.’T
hese
reso
luti
ons
dore
pre
sent
acu
rren
ttr
end
toco
ndem
nth
eac
tivit
yof
ierc
enar
ies.
Man
yS
tate
sar
ere
cogniz
ing
mer
cenar
ism
—li
kem
urd
er,
pir
acy,
geno
cide
—as
aun
iver
sal
crim
e,on
ew
hic
hso
offe
nds
trad
itio
nal
and
univ
ersa
lno
tion
sof
just
ice,
hum
ande
cenc
yan
dpro
per
con
duct
that
all
Sta
tes
may
exer
cise
legi
slat
ive
and
enfo
rcem
ent
juri
sdic
tion
over
vio
lato
rs.
Spe
cifi
call
y,U
.N.
Res
olut
ion
2395
147
call
sfo
rm
easu
res
topre
vent
the
recr
uit
men
tor
trai
nin
gof
mer
cenar
ies
inP
ort
ugues
eco
loni
es.
Res
olut
ion
2465,1
48
adopte
din
the
sam
eyea
r(1
968)
,de
clar
esth
atus
ing
mer
cenar
ies
agai
nst
mov
emen
tsfo
rnat
ional
liber
atio
nis
puni
shab
le,
that
mer
cenar
ies
are
outl
aws,
and
that
countr
ies
shou
ldle
gisl
ate
agai
nst
such
acti
vit
ies.
Res
olut
ion
2548’
in19
69,
and
Res
olut
ion
31O
3’°
in19
73re
affi
rmed
the
earl
ier
dec
lara
tions.
145
TIM
t,su
pra
note
29,
at21
.‘
N.Y
.T
imes
,Ju
L,
10,
1976
,at
6,co
l.4.
Supr
an
ote
68.
Sup
ran
ote
69.
149
Supr
an
ote
70.
150
Siip
ran
ote
71.
OA
UR
esol
utio
nA
HG
/Res
.49
(IV)1
51ur
ged
all
wor
ldna
tions
toen
act
law
sde
clar
ing
the
recr
uitm
ent
and
trai
ning
offie
rce—
nari
esin
thei
rte
rrit
orie
sa
puni
shab
lecr
ime
and
dete
rrin
gth
eir
citiz
ens
from
enli
stin
gas
mer
cena
ries
.R
esol
utio
nC
M/S
t.6
(XV
II)
152
inA
ddis
Aba
bast
rong
lyre
affi
rmed
the
dete
rmin
atio
nof
Afr
ican
peop
les
and
Stat
esto
take
all
nece
ssar
ym
easu
res
“to
erad
icat
efr
om
the
Afr
ican
cont
inen
tth
esc
ourg
eth
atth
em
erce
nary
syst
emre
pres
ents
”an
dca
lled
for
the
mob
iliza
tion
ofw
orld
opin
ion
toen
sure
adopti
on
of
anti
-mer
cenar
yle
gis
lati
on.
All
ofth
ese
Res
olut
ions
espo
use
gene
ral
prin
cipl
esan
dai
ms
sinc
ece
rtai
nco
ncep
tsva
rygr
eatl
yam
ong
diff
eren
tle
gal
syst
ems
and
mig
htno
tbe
univ
ersa
llyap
plic
able
.In
stea
d,th
epr
ecis
esc
ope
and
subs
tanc
eof
each
righ
tor
crim
eis
left
tona
tion
alle
gis
latio
n.St
ates
rati
fyin
gth
ese
Res
olut
ions
unde
rtak
eto
prot
ect
thei
rpe
ople
byla
wag
ains
tth
eac
tivi
tyou
tline
din
the
part
icul
arde
clar
atio
n.R
atif
ying
Stat
esw
hich
viol
ate
thes
eR
esol
utio
nsar
eno
tifie
dby
the
resp
ectiv
eor
gani
zati
ons
ofth
evi
olat
ions
,bu
tne
ithe
rth
eO
AU
orth
eU
nite
dN
atio
nsha
veef
fect
ive
enfo
rce
men
tm
achi
nery
,ot
her
than
ofos
trac
ism
byot
her
mem
ber
Stat
es.
Inits
sear
chfo
rin
tern
atio
nal
auth
orit
y,th
ePe
ople
’sR
evol
uti
onar
yC
ourt
appa
rent
lyig
nore
dce
rtai
npr
ovis
ions
of
the
Inte
rna
tiona
lC
oven
ant
onC
ivil
and
Polit
ical
Rig
hts
.’53
For
exai
liple
,A
rtic
le14
(5)
pres
crib
esth
atev
eryo
neco
nvic
ted
ofa
crim
eha
sth
eri
ght
toha
vehi
sco
nvic
tion
revi
ewed
bya
high
erco
urt
.’54
Ih,e
Rev
olut
iona
ryPe
nal
Cod
epr
ovid
edfo
rno
such
appe
al.
Art
icle
15(1
)155
prov
ides
that
noon
esh
all
behe
ldgu
ilty
ofan
offe
nse
onac
coun
tof
any
act
or
omis
sion
whi
chdi
dno
tco
nstit
ute
acr
ime
unde
rna
tion
alor
inte
rnat
iona
lla
wat
the
time
whe
nit
was
com
mit
ted.
As
note
dea
rlie
r,th
ela
wes
tabl
ishi
ngth
eC
ourt
and
pur
port
ing
topr
escr
ibe
the
puni
shab
leof
fens
esw
ithi
nth
eju
risd
ictio
nof
the
Cou
rtw
asen
acte
dlo
ngaf
ter
the
defe
ndan
tsha
dbe
enca
ptu
red.
151
Org
aniz
atio
nof
Afr
ican
Uni
tyR
esol
utio
n49
of
the
Ass
embl
yof
1Iea
ilsof
Sta
tean
dG
over
nmen
tm
eeti
ngin
itsF
ourt
hO
rdin
ary
Sess
ion
inK
,nsh
asa,
Con
go,
from
11to
14S
ept.
1967
.15
2O
rgan
izat
ion
of
Afr
ican
Uni
tyS
tate
men
t6
of
the
Cou
ncil
of
Min
iste
rsm
eeti
ng
inits
Sev
ente
enth
Ord
inar
yS
essi
onin
Add
isA
baba
,E
thio
pia,
from
21to
23Ju
ne,
1971
.‘‘
Inte
rnat
iona
lC
oven
ant
onC
ivil
and
Pol
itic
alR
ight
s,21
U.N
.G
AO
RS
upp.
16,
at49
,U
.N.
Do
c.A
/631
6(1
976)
.15
4JJ
155
II
CO
NC
LU
SIO
N
The
Ang
ola
tria
lof
mer
cenar
ies
leav
esm
uch
tobe
desi
red
inte
rms
of
wha
tco
nst
itute
spr
esen
tin
tern
atio
nal
pena
lju
risp
rud
ence
.T
heju
dg
men
tof
the
Peo
ple’
sR
evolu
tionar
yC
ou
rtca
lled
att
en
tion
toa
poli
tica
lpr
oble
man
dto
the
need
for
efle
ctiv
ele
gisl
atio
n.T
hepr
oced
ural
fair
ness
of
the
tria
lw
asco
mm
enda
ble,
but
the
cou
nte
rvai
lin
gsu
bsta
ntiv
eun
fair
ness
resu
lted
ina
mis
carr
iage
of
just
ice.
Wit
hth
istr
ial
ason
epo
orex
ampl
e,it
wou
ldse
emse
istia
lth
atfu
ture
L)o
dleS
atl
irni
inad
vanc
eth
ela
ws
tobe
appl
ied,
the
rule
so
fpro
cedure
tobe
foll
owed
and
the
nat
ure
ofev
iden
ceto
bepr
esen
ted.
As
inen
iber
sof
the
wor
ldco
isil
uh
lnit
y,
all
Sta
tes
mus
tre
cog—
isiz
eth
eir
mut
ual
oblig
atio
nto
each
oth
erto
upho
ldun
iver
sal
stan
dard
sof
dign
ity,
resp
ect,
equal
ity
and
just
ice
and
not
mer
ely
toac
tin
thei
row
nsd
f—in
tere
st.
All
Sta
tes
mus
tli
kew
ise
requir
eo
fea
cho
ther
that
thes
eco
ncep
tsof
tru
than
dju
stic
ean
ddu
epro
cess
of
law
beobse
rved
,to
the
end
of
elim
inat
ing
the
need
for
law
sof
war
.E
mer
ging
natio
nsan
des
tabl
ishe
don
esal
ike
mus
tbe
rem
inde
dth
atth
eir
real
self
—in
tere
stis
inth
eht
iinan
etr
eatm
ent
of
all
pers
ons.
Onl
yif
the
inte
rnat
ion
alle
gal
mac
hine
ryst
rive
sto
this
end
can
ther
ebe
any
hope
of
achi
evin
gth
ego
alof
peac
ew
ithout
reso
rtin
gto
the
means
of
war
.
AP
PE
ND
ICE
S
MIK
EJ.
Hoo
vEn*
The
foll
ow
ing
are
accu
rate
rep
rese
nta
tio
ns
of
ori
gin
ald
ocu
men
tsre
pro
duce
dby
Len
nox
S.H
inds
,m
ember
of
Inte
rnat
ion
alC
om
mis
sio
no
fE
nquir
yon
Mer
cenar
ies,
inTh
eT
rial
ofth
eM
e,ce
narie
s Jun
e7-
19,
1976
,A
SPEC
IAL
REP
OR
T.
AP
PE
ND
IXI
IND
ICT
ME
NT
The
PEO
PLE
’SP
RO
SE
CU
TO
Rof
the
IEO
PL
E’S
RE
VO
LU
TIO
NA
RY
CO
UR
T,
—in
the
nam
eof
the
AN
GO
LA
NPE
OPL
Ean
dth
ePE
OPL
E’S
RE
PU
BL
ICO
FA
NG
OL
A,
mak
esth
efo
llo
win
gIN
DIC
TM
EN
Tag
ains
t:C
OS
TA
SG
EO
RG
IOU
,kn
own
as“C
AL
LA
N”;
AN
DR
EW
GO
RD
ON
McK
EN
ZIE
,M
AL
CO
LM
McI
NT
YR
E,
KE
VIN
jOl-
INM
AR
CI-
IAN
T,
JOH
NL
AW
LO
R,
CO
LIN
CL
IFF
OR
I)E
VA
NS
,M
ICH
AE
LD
OU
GL
AS
WIS
E-
MA
N,
CE
CIL
MA
RT
INF
OR
TU
IN,
DE
RE
KJO
[IN
I3A
RK
ER
,JO
l-IN
JAM
ES
NA
MM
OC
K,
GU
ST
AV
OM
AR
CE
LO
GR
ILL
O,
know
nas
“GU
S”,
DA
NIE
LF
RA
NC
ISG
EA
RH
AR
Tan
dG
AR
YM
AR
TIN
AC
KE
R,
—al
ldu
lyid
enti
fied
inth
est
atem
ents
,fo
rth
eC
RIM
EO
FB
EIN
GM
ER
CE
NA
RIE
San
dfo
rC
RIM
ES
AG
AIN
ST
I5EA
CE
,co
mm
itte
dby
enem
ies
of
the
AN
GO
LA
NP
EO
PL
Ean
dth
eP
EO
PL
E’S
RE
PU
BL
ICO
FA
NG
OL
A,
ina
mer
cena
ryw
arof
aggr
essi
onca
rrie
dou
tw
ith
the
aim
of
exti
ngui
shin
gth
ein
depe
nden
ceo
fth
eco
un
try,
ensl
avin
g,op
pres
sing
,[s
ici
alit!
divi
ding
the
AN
GO
LA
NIE
OP
LE
and
pill
agin
gth
ena
tura
lre
sour
ces
of
the
terr
itory
for
the
bene
fit
of
fore
ign,
neoc
olon
iali
st[s
ic]
and
impe
rial
ist
inte
rest
s.
FIR
ST
Ico
nsid
erth
epr
elim
inar
yin
vest
igat
ion
ofth
eca
seto
beco
mpl
ete,
cont
aini
ngsu
Hic
ient
evid
ence
ofth
epu
nish
able
acts
,an
dth
eid
entit
yan
dre
spon
sibi
lity
of
the
auth
ors,
for
the
case
tobe
the
subj
ect
of
atr
ial
byth
eP
EO
PL
E’S
RE
VO
LU
TIO
NA
RY
CO
UR
T,
the
cour
tco
inp
cte
ntto
try
this
mat
ter.
SE
CO
ND
At
the
end
of
1975
,fa
ced
wit
hth
evi
ctor
ious
adva
nce
of
FAPL
A,
the
Nat
iona
lA
rmy
ofth
ePE
OPL
E’S
RE
PU
BL
ICO
FA
NG
OL
A,
whi
chw
asde
feat
ing
the
sim
ulta
neou
san
dco
ncer
ted
atta
ckof
the
raci
stS
outh
Afr
ican
arm
y,
and
tile
impe
rial
ist
pupp
ets
FNL
Aan
dU
NIT
Aon
all
fron
ts,
the
coll
udin
gfo
rces
of
Am
eric
anim
peri
alis
m,
raci
stS
outh
Afr
ican
fasc
isni
,ba
nkru
ptco
loni
alis
man
dth
etr
aito
rous
FNL
Aan
dU
NIT
Aba
nds,
wit
hth
esu
ppor
tan
dco
mpl
icit
yof
gove
rnm
ents
subj
ect
toth
edi
ctat
esof
impe
rial
ism
,de
cide
dto
inte
nsif
yth
eus
eof
use
rce
nari
es.
Thi
sne
wan
dcr
imin
alw
arli
keag
gres
sion
was
ava
inat
tem
ptto
prev
ent
the
inex
orab
levi
ctor
yof
the
AN
GO
LA
NP
EO
PL
E,
unit
edin
the
esta
blis
hmen
t,m
aint
enan
cean
dpr
ogre
ssof
the
PE
OP
LE
’SR
EP
UB
LIC
OF
AN
GO
LA
.
TI-
IIR
D
To
this
end
thes
efo
rces
unde
rtoo
ka
sham
eful
publ
icre
crui
tmen
tcam
paig
nin
the
UN
ITE
DS
TA
TE
SO
FA
ME
RIC
Aan
dB
RIT
AIN
,th
roug
hth
em
ass
med
ia,
tobr
ing
toge
ther
ex-s
oldi
ers
wit
hm
ilit
ary
expe
rien
cein
othe
rw
ars
of
aggr
essi
on.
FO
UR
TH
The
irfr
ont
men
,w
orki
ngas
recr
uite
rs,
wer
ein
terv
iew
edby
tele
visi
onan
dth
epr
ess
for
publ
icit
ypu
rpos
es,
asis
conf
irm
edin
rela
tion
toJO
HN
BA
NK
San
dN
ICH
OL
AS
HA
LL
,ca
lled
“NIC
K”
HA
LL
inB
RIT
AIN
,an
dD
AV
EB
UF
KIN
,G
AR
YM
AR
TIN
AC
KE
Ran
dL
OB
OD
EL
SaL
inth
eU
NIT
ED
ST
AT
ES
OF
AM
ER
ICA
.J.
[).
Can
dida
te,
Cas
eW
este
rnR
eser
veU
nive
rsity
,19
78.
FIFT
H
OtE
ces
wer
eop
ened
and
func
tion
edin
NE
WY
OR
Kan
dL
ON
DO
Nin
whi
chth
ein
terv
iew
s,co
ntra
ctin
g,cl
assi
fica
tion
and
as
sem
blin
gof
mer
cena
ries
wer
edo
ne,
toau
gmen
tth
ecr
imin
algr
oup
that
wer
eco
min
gto
atta
ckth
ePE
OPL
E’S
RE
PU
BL
ICO
FA
NG
OL
Aan
dth
eA
NG
OL
AN
PEO
PLE
.
SIX
TH
The
seor
gani
sed
offi
ces
allo
cate
dth
een
list
edm
erce
nari
es,
som
ew
ith
expe
rien
cega
ined
inth
ecr
imin
alV
IET
NA
Mw
aran
dw
ith
trai
ning
inin
fant
ry,
para
troo
ps,
tran
spor
t,et
c.,
todi
ffer
ent
serv
ices
acco
rdin
gto
thei
rsp
ecia
lties
.
SE
VE
NT
H
lucy
cont
ract
edth
eir
crim
inal
serv
ices
agai
nst
paym
ent
of
asu
min
doll
ars
orpo
unds
ster
ling
,as
wel
las
othe
rpe
cuni
ary
adva
ntag
es.
EIG
I-IT
H
The
yne
goti
ated
the
air
tran
spor
tof
AFR
ICA
ofth
ere
crui
ted
mer
cena
ries
,th
eyde
alt
wit
hal
lem
igra
tion
and
cust
oms
form
alit
ies,
such
aspa
sspo
rts,
visa
s,et
c.,
(in
whi
chth
edi
lige
ntac
tivi
ties
ofth
eS
EC
UR
ITY
AD
VIS
OR
YSE
RV
ICE
S(S
AS)
orga
nisa
tion
inB
RIT
AIN
isno
tabl
e),
they
asse
mbl
edth
em
erce
nari
esin
prev
ious
lyar
rang
edpl
aces
,su
chas
the
Lon
don
hote
lsPA
RK
CO
UR
TH
OT
EL
and
TO
WE
RH
OT
EL
,se
ndin
gth
emin
diff
eren
tgr
oups
,so
me
ofm
ore
than
ahu
ndre
dpe
ople
,to
KIN
SHA
SAvi
aB
RU
SSE
LS,
PAR
ISor
AT
I-IE
NS,
usin
gSA
BE
NA
AIR
WA
YS
and
AIR
FR
AN
CE
plan
es.
NIN
TH
Sham
eful
ly,
all
this
took
plac
ew
ith
ever
yfa
cili
tyin
broa
dda
ylig
ht,
wit
hout
any
prev
enti
veor
,at
leas
t,re
stra
inin
gac
tion
bein
gta
ken
byth
eau
thor
itie
sof
the
coun
trie
sw
here
mer
cena
ryrecru
itm
en
tw
as
goin
gon
.T
his
stri
king
lyde
mon
stra
tes
the
acqu
iesc
ence
and
coin
plic
ity
ofth
eva
riou
sgo
vern
men
tspa
rtic
ular
lyth
ose
of
Bri
tain
and
Am
eric
a,in
the
prep
arat
ion
and
deve
lopm
ent
of
the
crim
inal
con
spir
acy.
TE
NT
H
Inpa
rtic
ular
,so
far
asth
eU
NIT
ED
STA
TE
SO
FA
ME
RIC
Ais
conc
erne
d,it
was
clea
rly
prov
edth
atth
eFE
DE
RA
LB
UR
EA
UO
FIN
VE
ST
IGA
TIO
N(F
BI)
had
full
know
ledg
ean
dco
ntro
lov
erth
ede
velo
pmen
tof
the
mer
cena
ryre
crui
tmen
top
erat
ion.
EL
EV
EN
TH
Whe
nth
eyha
dar
rive
din
KIN
SH
AS
A,
ZA
IRE
,th
em
erce
nari
esw
ere
sear
ched
bycu
stom
sof
fici
als
atK
INS
HA
SA
airp
ort,
and
wer
e
inte
rvie
wed
byFN
LA
lead
ers
of
vary
ing
rank
s,ac
cord
ing
toth
eir
po
tent
ial
crim
inal
capa
bili
ty.
Lat
erso
me
of
thet
nw
ere
mov
edto
the
INT
ER
CO
NT
INE
NT
AL
HO
TE
L.
TW
EL
FT
H
The
yne
xtfo
rmed
them
selv
esin
todi
ffer
ent
grou
ps,
entr
usti
ngle
ader
ship
toce
rtai
nof
the
mer
cena
ries
,an
dpl
acin
gFN
LA
troo
ps,
who
mth
eype
jora
tive
lyca
lled
“nat
ives
”,un
der
thei
rco
mm
and.
TH
IRT
EE
NT
H
The
mer
cena
ries
wer
eal
lar
med
and
equi
pped
with
war
mat
eria
lof
Am
eric
an,
Bri
tish,
Fren
ch,
Bel
gian
,P
ortu
gues
ean
dC
hine
seor
igin
.by
whi
chis
also
show
nth
ena
ture
ofth
ein
tern
atio
nal
‘‘ho
lyal
lian
ce”
whi
chcr
imin
ally
arm
edth
ese
enem
ies
ofth
eA
NG
OL
AN
PEO
PLE
.
FO
UR
TE
EN
TH
Fina
llycr
ossi
ngth
ebo
rder
from
ZA
IRE
,w
here
all
faci
litie
sw
ere
give
nto
them
byth
ebo
rder
polic
e,th
em
erce
nari
esin
vade
dth
ete
rrit
ory
ofth
eIE
OP
LE
’SR
E1U
BL
ICO
FA
NG
OL
A,
whe
reth
eyca
rrie
dou
tth
eta
sks
whi
chth
eyha
dun
dert
aken
.
FIF
TE
EN
TH
The
ypl
ante
dm
ines
,m
ade
ambu
shes
,ca
used
the
deat
hsof
mem
bers
ofth
ena
tion
alar
my
and
com
mit
ted
num
erou
sm
urde
rsof
civi
lians
,w
hom
they
also
mal
trea
ted,
insu
lted
and
hara
ssed
byth
eir
wor
dsan
dde
eds.
Usi
ngex
plos
ives
,th
eyde
stro
yed
brid
ges,
build
ings
,m
ilit
ary
and
civi
lian
equi
pmen
tan
dpr
oper
ty.
The
yse
tm
ines
and
trap
sal
ong
the
road
s,an
dth
etr
acks
lead
ing
toth
epe
asan
ts’
fiel
ds.
The
yro
bbed
and
loot
ed.
SIX
TE
EN
TH
But
they
wer
ede
feat
edan
dca
ptur
edby
FAPL
Aw
ith
the
help
and
coll
abor
atio
nof
the
peop
le.
Som
any
crim
esan
dac
tsof
dest
ruct
ion
cann
otgo
unpu
nish
ed.
We
will
pass
onto
ade
scri
ptio
nof
the
crim
inal
acti
vity
of
each
defe
ndan
t.
SE
VE
NT
EE
NT
H
CO
ST
AS
GE
OR
GIO
IJ,
also
know
nas
“CA
LL
AN
”an
d“C
OL
ON
EL
CA
LL
AN
”,so
nof
GE
OR
GE
GE
OR
GIO
Uan
dH
EL
EN
GE
OR
GIO
U,
sing
le,
twen
ty-f
ive
year
sol
d,bo
rnin
CY
PR
US
on21
stD
ece
mbe
r19
51,
ana
tura
lize
dB
riti
shci
tize
n,re
side
ntof
66K
enda
lH
ouse
,P
rior
yG
reen
Est
ate,
I.on
don
NI,
Bri
tain
,w
ith
seco
ndar
yed
ucat
ion
leve
l,ex
—B
ritis
hA
rmy
para
troo
per,
wit
hpr
evio
usco
nvic
tion
sfo
rro
b—be
rv.
EIG
IIT
EE
NT
[1
IIc
was
recr
uite
din
LO
NI)
ON
iii
Nov
embe
r19
75by
two
peop
leknow
nas
BE
LF
OR
I)an
tiT
AY
LO
R,
fr
the
task
oile
adin
gth
econ—
trac
ted
mer
cena
rytr
oops
toin
vade
the
PEO
PLE
’SR
EPU
IIL
ICO
FA
N(0
LA
and
subj
ugat
eits
peop
le.
NIN
ET
EE
NT
H
lie
cros
sed
the
bord
erin
toth
eP
EO
PL
E’S
RE
PU
BL
ICO
FA
NG
OL
Aar
med
and
mun
ifor
m,
and
inD
ecem
ber
1975
hew
asin
the
NE
GA
GE
and
CA
RM
ON
Aar
eas
inth
eno
rth
ofA
ngol
ante
rrit
ory
.
TW
EN
TI
LII
I
Inth
e10
01) t
hol
janu
ary
1976
,th
etr
aito
rIl
Ol_
I)E
NR
OB
EW
IO.ip
poim
edhi
mas
head
ofth
em
erce
nary
sold
iers
serv
ing
the
FNLA
pupp
ethan
d,
alt
er
whi
chhe
orga
nise
dhj
str
oops
into
smal
lgr
oups
,to
heab
leto
carr
you
tsu
rpri
seat
tack
s.
TW
EN
lY-F
IR
S1
As
part
of
his
crii
iiin
alm
erce
nary
acti
vity
the
dcfe
iidei
itC
OS
LAS
(;E
OR
GIO
U,
ashe
adof
agr
oup
ofm
erce
nari
esan
dof
grou
psol
the
jfli
pC
tIN
I.A
oig
aiii
sati
on
,ca
rrie
dou
tnu
mer
ous
crii
uini
lac
tssu
chas
:a)
Arm
edco
mba
tag
ains
tFA
PLA
,th
eN
atio
nal
arm
yo
fth
ePE
OPL
E’S
RE
PU
BlI
CO
FA
NG
OL
A;
1))
Pla
ntin
gof
min
elie
lds;
c)l)
estr
uct
ion,
byus
eof
expl
osiv
es,
of
brid
ges,
buil
ding
s,m
ilit
ary
and
civi
lian
eilm
ipm
neilt
and
pro
per
ty;
d)M
urde
r(II
defe
ntel
ess
[sic
)ci
vili
ans,
asw
ell
asth
en
ialt
reat
iuen
t,in
sult
ing
and
liar
assn
ient
ofci
vili
ans;
e)M
urd
er,
inal
trca
tiii
ent,
insu
ltin
gan
dha
rass
men
tof
MPL
Am
embe
rsan
dFA
PLA
figh
ters
take
npr
ison
er;
I)L
ooti
ngof
goods
and
subs
iste
nce
need
so
fth
eci
vili
anpo
pula
tioii;
g)M
inin
gan
dse
ttin
gtr
aps
onth
eac
cess
rout
esto
the
peop
le’s
fiel
ds; h)
Mur
der
ofFN
LA
mem
ber
s;i)
Mu
rder
of
oth
erm
erce
nari
es.
TW
EN
TY
-SE
CO
NI)
Am
ong
the
man
yar
med
acti
ons
that
heco
mm
ande
dan
dpa
rtic
ipat
edin
wit
hhi
sgr
oup,
the
atta
ckon
DA
MB
Aon
1st
Feb
ruar
y19
76C
fl
besi
ngle
dou
t,as
wel
las
the
ambu
shca
rrie
dou
tag
ains
ta
FAIL
Aco
lum
non
3rd
Feb
ruar
y,nea
rQ
LJI
IIO
CO
LO
.
TW
EN
TY
-TI-
lIR
E)
As
are
sult
of
the
latt
erac
tion
anum
ber
ofF
AIL
Aso
ldie
rsw
ere
kill
edan
dw
ound
ed,
and
itw
asin
the
cour
seo
fth
isac
tion
that
the
.1
1..)
.
inth
ele
ftle
gw
hen
hew
asca
ught
inth
eex
plos
ion
whi
chhe
him
self
had
caus
edby
firi
ngon
aFA
PLA
truc
klo
aded
wit
hex
plos
ives
,w
hic
hhe
had
take
nfo
ra
tank
.
TW
EN
TY
-FO
UR
TH
The
defe
ndan
tC
OS
TA
SG
EO
RG
IOU
,ac
ting
with
furi
ous
ange
r.ki
lled
defe
ncel
ess
[sic
]pe
ople
dail
yso
asto
incu
lcat
ete
rror
,su
bjug
ate,
and
take
adva
ntag
eof
the
peop
leth
roug
hw
hose
area
she
and
his
grou
ppa
ssed
.H
eim
pose
dhi
sde
spot
icpo
wer
byfo
rce
and
viol
ence
,an
dso
wed
pani
can
dte
rror
amon
gth
eci
vili
anpo
pula
tion
.
TW
EN
TY
-Fl F
’I’H
On
7th
Janu
ary
1976
heki
lled
aci
vili
anin
SAO
SA
LV
AD
OR
.
TW
EN
TY
-SIX
TH
He
kille
dau
FNL
Aso
ldie
rin
the
SAO
SA
LV
AD
OR
barr
acks
.
TW
EN
TY
-SE
VE
NT
H
Inth
esa
me
tow
nlie
stru
ckfiv
epe
ople
dres
sed
inci
vili
ancl
othe
s,an
dac
cuse
dth
emof
bein
gso
ldie
rsbe
caus
eth
eyw
ere
wea
ring
boot
s.T
hese
peop
lew
ere
take
nto
the
barr
acks
whe
reth
eydi
sapp
eare
d.
TW
EN
TY
-FIG
IIT
H
InQ
UIH
OC
CO
LO
heor
dere
dth
em
erce
nary
CH
AR
LIE
toel
iin
ina
teph
ysic
ally
two
FNL
Aso
ldie
rs,
just
beca
use
they
appe
ared
onpa
rade
,w
ithout
mil
itar
yun
ifor
m.
TW
EN
TY
-NIN
TH
Inan
adva
nced
mer
cena
rytr
oop
posi
tion
near
MA
QU
EL
A1)
0Z
OM
BO
,be
tort
ured
and
mur
dere
dan
MPL
Am
esse
nger
and
anot
her
mem
ber
of
the
civi
lian
popu
lati
on.
TI-
IlR
TI E
T1-I
Inth
esa
me
plac
ehe
robb
edan
FNL
Aso
ldie
rof
his
wat
chan
dm
oney
and
orde
red
CH
AR
LIE
toki
llhi
mim
med
iate
ly.
He
repr
iman
ded
the
latt
erfo
rha
ving
used
two
bulle
tsto
kill
the
vict
imin
stea
dof
one.
TH
IRT
Y-F
IRS
T
Still
inth
esa
me
plac
e,w
itho
utpr
evio
usdi
scus
sion
,he
orde
red
CH
AR
LIE
toki
llan
othe
rFN
LA
sold
ier
who
cam
eto
whe
rehe
was
.
TH
IRT
Y-S
EC
ON
D
Inth
eM
AQ
UE
LA
DO
ZO
MB
Oar
ea,
onli
tF
ebru
ary
1976
,he
mur
dere
dan
Eng
lish
mer
cena
ryw
ith
thre
esh
ots,
shou
ting
atth
esa
me
TFI
I RT
Y-E
IGI-
ITH
SAM
CO
PE
LA
N[)
toex
ecut
eth
irte
enot
her
Bri
tish
nier
—ce
nari
esW
how
ante
dto
retu
rnto
EN
GL
AN
D,
beca
use
ofth
evic
tori
ous
adva
nce
ofF
AIL
A.
Thi
sm
ass
mur
der
occu
rred
inth
epr
esen
ceof
som
eo
fth
ere
stof
the
mer
cena
ryso
ldie
rsan
dits
obje
ctiv
ew
ascl
earl
yto
inti
mid
ate
them
and
com
pel
them
toco
ntin
ueth
eir
mer
cena
ryac
tivi
ty.
TH
IRT
Y-T
l-II
RI)
lime
dcfe
ml,I
Ilt
iii
Ins
brie
fca
reer
as“h
ired
kille
r’’,
asth
ein
tern
atio
nal
pres
sju
stly
desc
ribe
dhi
m,
was
show
nby
his
acti
viti
esto
have
ade
epha
tred
ofth
epe
ople
and
tobe
extr
emel
yra
cist
.T
his
show
edin
his
crim
inal
beha
viou
r,w
hich
also
reve
aled
his
extr
eme
cont
empt
for
hum
anlif
e.Iu
sfa
scis
tm
enta
lity
com
bine
dw
ith
his
unco
ntro
lled
lust
for
ma
teri
alw
ealt
h,m
ade1um
iiki
llm
en,
wom
enan
dch
ildr
enfo
rsa
dism
and
mon
ey.
Tl-
IIR
TY
-FO
UR
TH
The
defe
ndan
ttr
ied
toju
stif
yhi
scr
imes
bysa
ying
that
his
vict
ims
wer
eun
desi
rabl
eel
emen
ts,
whe
ther
‘‘na
tives
’’,
who
mhe
cons
ider
edan
‘‘in
feri
orra
ce’’
,th
ieve
san
dop
port
unis
ts;
orth
eot
her
mer
cena
ries
who
mhe
cons
ider
edto
heco
war
dsbe
caus
eth
eydi
dno
tda
reto
carr
you
thi
scr
imin
alor
ders
.
TH
IRT
Y-F
lFT
H
AN
DR
EW
GO
RI)
ON
McK
EN
ZIE
,so
no
fG
OR
DO
NF
IND
LA
YM
cKE
NZ
IEan
dST
EL
LA
McK
EN
ZIE
,si
ngle
,tw
enty
-fiv
eye
ars
old,
born
ill
NO
RT
HG
RIM
SBY
,E
NG
LA
ND
on4t
hJu
ly19
50,
Bri
tish
citi
zen,
resi
dent
at47
,A
lexa
nder
Roa
d,A
lder
shot
,E
ngla
nd,
wit
hse
cond
ary
leve
led
ucat
ion,
ex—
llriti
shA
rmy
para
troo
per.
TH
IRT
Y-S
IXT
H
He
was
recr
uite
dby
JOH
NI3
AN
KS
inth
em
iddl
eof
Janu
ary
1976
,in
apu
bto
geth
erw
ith
othe
rm
erce
nari
es,
the
job
arra
ngem
ents
late
rbe
ing
conf
irm
edat
the
TO
WE
RH
OT
EL
,L
ON
DO
N.
Acc
ordi
ngto
his
cont
ract
,th
ede
fend
ant
McK
EN
ZIE
wou
ldre
ceiv
e60
0po
unds
ster
ling
per
mon
thto
part
icip
ate
asa
mer
cena
ryin
the
war
of
agg
res
sion
agai
nst
the
PEO
PLE
’SR
EP
UB
LIC
OF
AN
GO
LA
.H
ere
ceiv
edan
adva
nce
of
500
dolla
rsw
hile
hew
asst
illin
LO
NI)
ON
.
TH
IRT
Y-S
EV
EN
TI
1
On
the
day
foll
owin
ghi
sin
terv
iew
inth
eab
ove—
men
tione
dho
tel
heto
oka
plan
e,w
ith
othe
rm
erce
nari
es,
toB
RU
SSE
LS
and
then
onto
KIN
SHA
SAvi
aA
TH
EN
S.
InK
INSI
-IA
SAH
EW
AS
SU
PPL
IED
WIT
Ha
unif
orm
and
mil
itar
yeq
uipm
ent.
1-le
cros
sed
time
bord
erfr
omZ
AIR
Ein
toth
eP
EO
PL
E’S
RE
PU
BL
ICO
FA
NG
OL
A,
arm
edan
din
unif
orm
,an
dw
ent
toSA
OSA
LV
AD
OR
with
othe
rm
erce
nari
es,
arou
nd20
thJa
nuar
y19
76.
Inth
isto
wn
the
grou
pw
asdi
vide
d,on
ese
ctio
nof
die
mer
cena
ries
cont
inui
ngto
SA
NT
OA
NT
ON
IOD
OZ
AIR
Ean
dth
ere
stre
mai
ning
inS
AO
SA
LV
AIX
)Ran
dM
AQ
UE
LA
1)0
ZO
MII
Ow
ith
the
defe
ndan
tC
AL
LA
N.
Tl-
IIR
TY
—N
INT
II
The
defe
ndan
tw
aspa
rtof
the
grou
pna
med
“kil
ler
gro
up”,
com
man
ded
byth
ede
fend
ant
CA
LL
AN
and
of
whi
ch,
toge
ther
wit
hot
her
dead
ordi
sapp
eare
dm
erce
nari
es,
the
defe
ndan
tsM
cIN
TY
RE
,M
AR
CH
AN
[’,
EV
AN
San
dW
ISE
MA
Nw
ere
also
a
FOR
T!
ET
H
Inhi
sm
erce
nary
acti
vity
the
defe
ndan
tM
cKE
NZ
IE,
bein
ga
righ
tha
ndm
anof
the
defe
ndan
tC
AL
LA
N,
carr
ied
out
num
erou
scr
imin
alac
ts,
such
as:
a)—
_—A
rmed
acti
onag
ains
tF
AIL
A,
the
nati
onal
arm
yof
the
PEO
—PL
E’S
RE
PU
BL
ICO
FA
NG
OL
A;
b)—
Pla
ntin
gof
niin
elie
lds;
c)—
Des
truc
tion
,by
the
use
of
expl
osiv
es,
ofbr
idge
s,bu
ildin
gsan
dm
ilit
ary
and
civi
lian
equi
pmen
tan
dpr
oper
ty;
d)—
Mal
trea
tmen
t,in
sult
san
dha
rass
men
tof
the
civi
lian
popu
lmtio
mi;
e)—
Vio
lati
onof
hom
esan
dki
dnap
ping
of
civi
lian
s,an
dth
eir
use
asho
stag
es;
f)-..
.—St
ealin
gof
prop
erty
and
subs
iste
nce
need
sof
the
civi
lian
popu
la—
tion
; g)—
Mur
der
of
othe
rm
erce
nari
es.
FO
RT
Y-F
IRS
T
Am
ong
the
man
yot
her
arm
edac
tions
agai
nst
the
nati
onal
Ang
olan
arm
yin
whi
chhe
part
icip
ated
the
atta
ckon
DA
MB
Aon
1st
Feb
ruar
yca
nhe
sing
led
out,
asw
ell
asth
eam
bush
carr
ied
out
agai
nst
aFA
PLA
colu
mn
on3r
dF
ebru
ary
inQ
UIB
OC
OL
O,
asa
resu
ltof
whi
chse
vera
lw
ound
edan
dde
adw
ere
caus
edam
ong
figh
ters
of
the
nati
onal
arm
y.
FO
RT
Y-S
EC
ON
D
Wit
hot
her
mer
cena
ries
,an
dby
usin
gde
ath
thre
ats,
heoc
cupi
edth
eho
use
of
the
peas
ants
JAO
AN
TO
NIO
and
SE
ND
AIS
AB
EL
.H
eex
erci
sed
phys
ical
and
men
tal
viol
ence
agai
nst
SE
ND
AIS
AB
EL
,w
how
aspr
egna
ntat
the
time.
He
kept
the
peas
ant
coup
lepr
ison
eran
dw
ith
othe
roc
cupa
nts,
took
unw
arra
nted
adva
ntag
eoi
them
,th
eir
pro
per
tyan
dth
efo
odin
the
hous
e.
FO
RT
Y-T
HIR
D
Usi
ngth
epe
asan
tco
uple
asho
stag
eshe
forc
edth
em,
agai
nst
thei
rpa
trio
tic
cons
cien
cean
dby
thre
aten
ing
tosh
oot
them
,to
show
him
the
way
toth
ene
ares
tvi
llage
,so
that
heco
uld
ensu
reth
ere
trea
tof
his
grou
p,th
eco
mm
ande
rof
whi
ch,
CA
LL
AN
,w
asw
ound
ed.
FO
RT
Y-F
OU
RT
H
As
ari
ght
hand
man
ofC
AL
LA
N,
the
defe
ndan
tM
cKE
NZ
IEw
aspre
sen
tan
ddi
rect
lypa
rtic
ipat
edin
the
mur
der
ofth
eth
irte
enB
ritis
hm
er
cena
ries
on1s
tF
ebru
ary
1976
,in
the
MA
QU
EL
AD
OZ
OM
BO
area
,al
read
yde
scri
bed
inth
epr
evio
usar
ticl
e32
.
FO
RT
Y-F
l FT
H
MA
LC
OL
MM
cIN
TY
RE
,so
nof
MO
NT
AG
UE
WR
IGH
Tan
dD
OR
ISW
RIG
HT
,w
idow
er,
twen
ty-s
ixye
ars
old,
born
inP
ER
TH
,S
CO
TL
AN
D,
on22
June
1949
,B
ritis
hci
tize
n,re
side
ntat
37,
Nor
wic
kW
alk,
Bas
ildon
,E
ssex
,E
ngla
nd,
wit
hse
cond
ary
leve
led
ucat
ion
and
anu
rsin
gqu
alif
icat
ion.
FO
RT
Y-S
IXT
H
He
was
recr
uite
dby
JOH
NB
AN
KS
and
on27
thJa
nuar
y19
76w
asin
terv
iew
edan
dst
ayed
inth
ePA
RK
CO
UR
TH
OT
EL
,w
here
hew
asco
ntra
cted
for
the
sum
of15
0(o
nehu
ndre
dan
dfi
fty)
poun
dsst
erli
ngpe
rw
eek
soth
at,
asa
mer
cena
ry,
heco
uld
prov
ide
nurs
ing
care
fir
the
mer
cena
ries
inA
NG
OL
A.
He
rece
ived
anad
vanc
eof
150
poun
dsw
hile
liew
asst
illin
LO
ND
ON
.
FO
RT
Y-S
EV
EN
TH
He
left
LO
ND
ON
with
agr
oup
ofei
ghty
mer
cena
ries
,by
pass
ing
all
emig
rati
onan
dcu
stom
sfo
rmal
itie
sby
pres
enti
nga
sim
ple
form
wit
hhi
sph
otog
raph
,th
atlie
had
take
nin
the
hote
l,at
tach
edto
it.H
em
acic
ast
opin
I3R
USS
EL
San
dar
rive
din
KIN
SHA
SAon
28th
Janu
ary
1976
,w
here
bew
assu
pplie
dw
ith
aun
ifor
man
dan
FNri
fle,
mad
ein
Bel
gium
.
FO
RT
Y-E
IGH
TH
He
cros
sed
the
bord
erof
the
PEO
PLE
’SR
EP
UB
LIC
OF
AN
GO
LA
from
ZA
IRE
,ar
med
and
inun
ifor
m,
on30
thJa
nuar
y19
76,
goin
gw
ith
othe
rm
erce
nari
esto
SAO
SA
LV
AD
OR
.
FO
RT
Y-N
INT
H
The
defe
ndan
tw
aspa
rtof
the
grou
pca
lled
“kil
ler
grou
p,”
dire
ctly
un
der
the
orde
rsof
CA
LL
AN
.
FIF
TIE
TH
He
part
icip
ated
inar
med
com
bats
agai
nst
FAPL
A,
nati
onal
arm
yof
the
PEO
PLE
’SR
EP
UB
LIC
OF
AN
GO
LA
,in
part
icul
arth
eal
read
y
ElF’
I’Y
-Fl R
ST
He
also
part
icip
ated
,as
am
embe
rof
the
grou
pal
read
ym
enti
oned
,in
the
plan
ting
ofm
ine
fiel
ds,
inde
stru
ctio
nby
usc
oi
expl
osiv
es,
ofbr
idge
s,bu
ildin
gs,
mil
itar
y,an
dci
vilia
neq
uipm
ent
and
prop
erty
.
FIF
TY
-SE
CO
ND
i-Ic
was
part
of
the
grou
pw
hich
occu
pied
the
hous
eof
the
peas
ants
JOA
OA
NT
ON
IOan
dSE
N1)
AIS
AB
EL
,in
the
circ
umst
ance
sm
enti
oned
prev
ious
ly.
FlF
TY
-TH
I RI)
KE
VIN
JOH
NM
AR
CH
AN
T,
son
ofL
ESL
IEM
AR
CH
AN
Tan
dM
AY
HIL
I)A
MA
RC
HA
NT
,m
arri
ed,
twen
ty—
five
year
sof
age,
born
inE
1)G
EW
AR
E,
MIl
)l)L
ES
EX
,E
NG
LA
ND
on15
thN
ovem
ber
1950
,B
ritis
hci
tize
n,re
side
ntii
iI I
AM
I1S
HIR
E,
EN
GL
AN
I)w
ith
sec
onda
ryle
vel
of
educ
atio
n,ex
—B
ritis
liar
my
sold
ier.
FIF
TY
-FO
UR
TH
I-ic
was
recru
ited
at
the
end
ofJa
nuar
y19
76by
the
“SE
CU
RIT
YA
l)V
ISO
RY
SER
VIC
ES
(SA
S),
”by
tile
recr
uiti
ngag
ent
JOl
INB
AN
KS.
wit
ha
cont
ract
of£1
50pe
rw
eek,
topa
rtic
ipat
eas
am
erce
nary
iii
tile
war
ofaggressio
nag
ain
st
the
I>E
OPL
E’S
RE
PU
BL
ICO
FA
NG
OL
A.
FIF
TY
-Fl F
TH
He
left
LO
NI)
ON
,as
part
ofth
egroup
of
80
mercenarie
sreferred
toab
ove.
He
made
asto
pin
BR
US
SE
LS
an
darriv
ed
inK
INS
FIA
SA
on28
thJa
nuar
y19
76w
here
hew
as
suppli
ed
wit
huii
ifia
rni
and
mil
itary
equi
pmen
t.
FIF
TY
-SIX
TH
He
cros
sed
the
bord
erin
toth
ePE
OPL
E’S
RE
PU
BL
ICO
FA
NG
OL
Afr
omZ
AIR
Eon
30th
Janu
ary
1976
,goin
gw
ith
the
othe
rm
erce
nari
esto
SAO
SA
LV
AD
OR
.
FIF
TY
-SE
VE
NT
H
The
defe
nden
tw
aspa
rtof
the
grou
pkn
own
asth
e“K
ille
rgr
oup”
dire
ctly
unde
rth
eor
ders
of
“CA
LL
AN
.”
FIF
TY
-EIG
HT
H
I-Ic
part
icip
ated
inar
med
com
bat
agai
nst
FAPL
A,
the
nati
onal
arm
yof
the
PE
OP
LE
SR
EP
UB
LIC
OF
AN
GO
LA
,an
din
part
icul
arin
the
com
bats
alre
ady
desc
ribe
d,D
AM
BA
and
OU
IBO
CO
IOn
n1
cnI
men
tion
edco
mba
tsin
DA
MB
Aan
dQ
UIB
OC
OL
O,
on1s
tan
d3r
dF
ebru
ary
1976
,in
whi
chth
efo
rces
of
the
nati
onal
arm
ysu
ffer
edse
vera
lde
adan
dw
ound
ed.
3rd
Feb
ruar
y19
76w
hich
caus
edth
ede
aths
and
wou
ndin
gof
sold
iers
of
the
nati
onal
arm
y.
FIF
TY
-NIN
TI-1
I-Ic
also
part
icip
ated
,w
ith
the
grou
pm
enti
oned
earl
ier,
inth
epl
anti
ngof
min
efi
elds
,an
din
the
dest
ruct
ion
byus
eof
expl
osiv
es,
ofbr
idge
s,bu
ildin
gs,
mil
itar
yan
tici
vilia
neq
uipm
ent
and
prop
erty
.
SIX
TIE
TI-
I
He
was
part
ofth
egr
oup
whi
choc
cupi
edth
eho
use
ofth
epe
asan
tsJO
AO
AN
TO
NIO
anti
SE
ND
AIS
AB
EL
,in
the
circ
umst
ance
sal
read
yde
scri
bed.
SIX
TY
-FIR
ST
JOH
NL
AW
LO
R,
son
ofJO
HN
JOS
EP
HL
A\V
LO
Ran
dC
AT
HE
RIN
EA
GN
ES
LA
WL
OR
,si
ngle
,tw
enty
—th
ree
year
sof
age,
born
inFA
RN
BO
RO
UG
II,
EN
GLA
ND
onth
e11
diJa
nuar
y19
53,
LIri
tisli
cit
ize
nre
side
ntat
76,
BR
OO
MI1
ILL
RO
AD
,C
OV
E,
HA
MP
SH
IRE
,E
NG
LA
NI)
,w
ith
seco
ndar
yle
vel
ofed
uca
tion,
ex—
Bri
tisl
ina
val
fusi
lier.
SIX
TY
-SE
CO
ND
He
was
recr
uite
dby
JOE-
INB
AN
KS,
on15
thja
nuar
y19
76,
afte
rhe
had
been
calle
don
the
tele
phon
eat
hom
e.H
ew
asco
ntra
cted
for
the
sum
of15
0(o
nehu
ndre
dan
dfi
fty)
poun
dsst
erli
ngpe
rw
eek
topa
rtic
ipat
eas
am
erce
nary
inth
ew
arof
aggr
essi
onag
ains
tth
ePE
OPL
E’S
RE
PU
BL
ICO
FA
NG
OL
A.
[Ic
rece
ived
150
poun
dsas
anad
vanc
ew
hile
liew
asst
illin
LO
N[)
ON
.
SIX
TY
-TH
IRD
He
left
LO
ND
ON
,as
part
of
the
grou
pof
80m
erce
nari
esal
read
ym
en—
tione
cion
28th
Janu
ary
1976
,tr
ansi
ttin
gth
roug
hB
RU
SSE
LS
and
ar
rive
din
KIN
SH
AS
Aon
29th
Janu
ary
1976
,w
here
hew
assu
pplie
dw
ith
unif
orm
and
mil
itar
yeq
uipm
ent.
SIX
TY
-FO
UR
TH
At
the
end
of
Janu
ary
1976
hecr
osse
dth
ebo
rder
into
the
PEO
PLE
’SR
EP
UB
LIC
OF
AN
GO
LA
from
ZA
IRE
,ar
med
and
inun
ifor
mg
oin
gto
SAO
SA
LV
AD
OR
wit
hot
her
mer
cena
ries
and
stay
ing
ther
eu
nde
rth
eor
ders
of
the
co-d
efen
dant
“CA
LL
AN
.”
SIX
TY
-FIF
TH
He
part
icip
ated
inar
med
actio
nsag
ains
tFA
PLA
,th
ena
tion
alar
my
of
the
PEO
PLE
’SR
EP
UB
LIC
OF
AN
GO
LA
,an
din
part
icul
arin
the
com
bats
atD
AM
BA
and
QU
IBO
CO
LO
on1s
tan
d3r
dF
ebru
ary
1976
from
whi
chth
ena
tion
alar
my
suff
ered
dead
and
wou
nded
.
SIX
TY
-SIX
TH
He
also
,w
ith
othe
rm
erce
nari
es,
part
icip
ated
inth
epl
anti
ngof
min
e—fi
elds
and
used
exp
losi
ves
todes
troy
brid
ges,
build
ings
and
mil
itar
yan
dci
vilia
neq
uipm
ent
and
prop
erty
.
SIX
TY
-SE
VE
NT
HH
ew
asa
mem
ber
ofth
egr
oup
that
occu
pied
the
hous
eof
the
peas
ants
JOA
OA
NT
ON
IOan
dS
EN
DA
ISA
BE
L,
inth
eab
ov
em
enti
oned
circ
umst
ance
s.
SIX
TY
-EIG
HT
H
CO
LIN
CL
IFF
OR
DE
VA
NS,
son
ofR
OB
ER
TE
VA
NS
and
El)
lFhI
EV
AN
S,le
gally
sepa
rate
d,tw
enty
-eig
htye
ars
of
age,
borm
iin
HEM
S—W
OR
TH
,Y
OR
KS
HIR
E,
EN
GL
AN
I)on
17th
Febr
uary
1948
,B
ritis
hci
tizen
resi
dent
atII
,C
EI)
AR
RO
AD
,C
FIIC
KE
NL
EY
,l)
EW
SB
UR
Y,
EN
GL
AN
I),
wit
hse
cond
ary
leve
lof
educ
atio
n,ex
—llr
icis
hiA
rmy
sold
ier.
SIX
TY
-NIN
TH
He
was
recr
uite
din
LO
ND
ON
on27
thJa
nuar
y19
76by
JOIl
NB
AN
KS
,th
roug
hS
EC
UR
ITY
AD
VIS
OR
YSE
RV
ICE
S(S
AS)
,be
ing
cont
ract
edat
150
(one
hund
red
and
fift
y)po
unds
ster
ling
pci-
wee
kto
part
icip
ate
asa
mer
cena
ryin
the
war
ofag
gres
sion
agai
nst
the
PE
OPL
E’S
RE
PU
BL
ICO
FA
NG
OL
A.
He
rece
ived
anad
vanc
eof
150
poun
dsin
LO
ND
ON
.
SE
VE
NT
IET
HI-i
cle
ftL
ON
I)O
Nin
the
grou
pof
80m
erce
nari
esre
ferr
edto
abov
e,tr
ansi
ttin
gth
roug
hB
RU
SSE
LS
and
arri
ving
atK
INSI
-IA
SAon
29th
Janu
ary
1976
,w
here
hew
asgi
ven
aun
ifor
man
dm
ilit
ary
equi
pmen
t.
SE
VE
NT
Y-F
IRS
TA
tth
een
dof
Janu
ary
1976
hecr
osse
dth
ebo
rder
into
the
PEO
PLE
’SR
EP
UB
LIC
OF
AN
GO
LA
from
ZA
IRE
,go
ing
toSA
OS
AL
VA
DO
Rw
ith
othe
rm
erce
nari
es.
SE
VE
NT
Y-S
EC
ON
DT
hede
fend
ant
was
am
embe
rof
the
spec
ial
com
man
dogr
oup
nam
ed“K
ILL
ER
GR
OU
P”
unde
rth
edi
rect
orde
rsof
“CA
LL
AN
.”
SE
VE
NT
Y-T
HIR
DH
epa
rtic
ipat
edin
arm
edac
tions
agai
nst
FAPL
A,
the
nati
onal
arm
yof
the
PEO
PLE
’SR
EP
UB
LIC
OF
AN
GO
LA
,an
din
part
icul
arin
the
actio
nson
1st
and
3rd
Feb
ruar
y19
76,
atD
AM
BA
and
QU
IBO
CO
LO
from
whi
chth
ena
tion
alar
my
suff
ered
dead
and
wou
nded
.
SE
VE
NT
Y-F
OU
RT
HE
IGH
TY
-SE
CO
ND
He
also
,w
ith
othe
rm
erce
nari
es,
part
icip
ated
inth
epl
anti
ngof
min
e—fi
elds
and
used
expl
osiv
esto
dest
roy
brid
ges,
build
ings
and
mil
itar
yan
dci
vilia
neq
uipm
ent
and
prop
erty
.
SE
VE
NT
Y-F
IFT
H
1-le
was
am
embe
rof
the
grou
pth
atoc
cupi
edth
eho
use
ofth
epe
asan
tsJO
AO
AN
TO
NIO
and
SEN
DA
ISA
BE
L,
inth
eci
rcum
stan
ces
abov
em
enti
oned
.
SE
VE
NT
Y-S
IXT
H
MIC
HA
EL
1)O
UG
LA
SW
ISE
MA
N,
son
ofPE
RC
YD
OU
GL
AS
WIS
EM
AN
and
MA
RY
GL
YN
,m
arri
ed,
twen
ty.s
even
year
sof
age,
born
inF
INC
HL
EY
,L
ON
DO
N,
EN
GL
AN
I)on
8th
Apr
il19
49,
Bri
tish
citi
zen,
resi
dent
at87
Flam
stea
dEn
dR
oad,
Che
shun
t,H
ertf
ord—
shir
e,E
ngla
nd,
wit
hse
cond
ary
leve
led
ucat
ion,
ex-B
riti
shA
rmy
sold
ier.
SE
VE
NT
Y-S
EV
EN
TH
He
was
recr
uite
din
LO
ND
ON
on27
thJa
nuar
y19
76by
JOH
NB
AN
KS,
bein
gco
ntra
cted
at15
0(o
nehu
ndre
dan
dfi
fty)
poun
dsst
erl
ing
per
wee
kto
part
icip
ate
asa
mer
cena
ryin
the
war
ofag
gres
sion
agai
nst
the
PEO
PLE
’SR
EP
UB
LIC
OF
AN
GO
LA
.
SE
VE
NT
Y-E
IGI-
ITH
I-Ic
left
LO
NI)
ON
inth
egr
oup
of80
mer
cena
ries
refe
rred
toab
ove,
tran
sitt
ing
thro
ugh
BR
USS
EL
San
dar
rivi
ngat
KIN
SHA
SAon
29th
Janu
ary
1976
,w
here
1ew
assu
pplie
dw
ith
aunif
orm
and
mil
itar
yeq
uipm
ent.
SE
VE
NT
Y-N
INT
H
At
the
end
of
Janu
ary
1976
hecr
osse
dth
ebo
rder
byro
adin
toth
eP
EO
PLE
’SR
EP
UB
LIC
OF
AN
GO
LA
from
ZA
IRE
,ar
med
and
inuni
form
,go
ing
toSA
OS
AL
VA
DO
Rw
ith
the
othe
rm
erce
nari
es.
EIG
HT
IET
H
The
defe
ndan
tw
asa
mem
ber
ofth
esp
ecia
lco
mm
ando
grou
pkn
own
as“K
ILL
ER
GR
OU
P,”
unde
rth
edi
rect
orde
rsof
“CA
LL
AN
.”
EIG
HT
Y-F
IRS
T
He
part
icip
ated
inar
med
actio
nsag
ains
tFA
PLA
,th
ena
tion
alar
my
ofth
ePE
OPL
E’S
RE
PU
BL
ICO
FA
NG
OL
A,
and
inpa
rtic
ular
inth
eco
mba
tsat
DA
MB
Aan
dQ
UIB
OC
OL
Oon
1st
and
3rd
Febr
uary
1976
alre
ady
desc
ribe
d,fr
omw
hich
the
nati
onal
arm
ysu
ffer
edde
adan
dw
ound
ed.
He
also
,w
ith
othe
rm
erce
nari
es,
part
icip
ated
inth
epl
anti
ngof
min
e-fi
elds
and
used
expl
osiv
esto
dest
roy
brid
ges,
build
ings
and
mil
itar
yan
dci
vilia
neq
uipm
ent
and
prop
erty
.
EIG
HT
Y-T
HIR
D
He
was
am
embe
rof
the
grou
pth
atoc
cupi
edth
eho
use
of
the
peas
ants
JOA
OA
NT
ON
IOan
dS
EN
DA
ISA
BE
L,
inth
eci
rcum
stan
ces
abov
em
enti
oned
.
EIG
HT
Y-F
OU
RT
EI
CE
CIL
MA
RT
INF
OR
TU
IN,
know
nas
‘SC
OT
CH
’,so
nof
JOH
NF
OR
TU
INan
dD
OR
ISF
OR
TU
IN,
divo
rced
,th
irty
-one
year
sof
age,
born
inC
AP
ET
OW
N,
SO
UT
HA
FRIC
A,
on25
thJu
ne19
44,
nat
ur
aliz
edB
ritis
hci
tize
n,re
side
ntat
23N
aseb
yR
oad,
Ket
teri
ng,
Nor
than
ts,
Eng
land
,ex
-Bri
tish
Arm
ypa
ratr
oope
r.
EIG
HT
Y-F
IFT
I-J
He
was
recr
uite
din
LO
ND
ON
on23
rdJa
nuar
y19
76by
JOH
NB
AN
KS
tobe
his
body
guar
d,at
300
(thr
eehu
ndre
d)po
unds
ster
ling
.H
edi
dth
isjo
bat
the
time
the
mer
cena
ries
wer
ebe
ing
calle
dto
geth
erat
the
PAR
KC
OU
RT
HO
TE
Lin
LO
ND
ON
on27
thJa
nuar
y19
76.
EIG
HT
Y-S
I XTI
-1H
ele
ftL
ON
DO
Nin
the
grou
pof
80m
erce
nari
eson
28th
Janu
ary
1976
,tr
ansi
ttin
gth
roug
hB
RU
SSE
LS
and
arri
ving
atK
INSH
ASA
on29
thJa
nuar
y19
76,
whe
rehe
was
supp
lied
wit
ha
unif
orm
and
mil
itar
yeq
uip—
men
t.
EIG
HT
Y-S
EV
EN
TH
On
the
sam
eda
y,29
thJa
nuar
y19
76,
acco
mpa
nyin
gJO
HN
BA
NK
S,he
join
edan
esco
rtfo
rce
for
the
trai
tor
HO
LD
EN
RO
BE
RT
Ow
how
asgo
ing
toSA
OS
AL
VA
DO
R.
EIG
HT
Y-E
IGH
TH
At
the
end
of
Janu
ary
1976
hecr
osse
dth
ebo
rder
from
ZA
IRE
into
the
PEO
PLE
’SR
EP
UB
LIC
OF
AN
GO
LA
,ar
med
and
inun
ifor
m.
EIG
HT
Y-N
INT
HIn
SAO
SA
LV
AD
OR
hejo
ined
the
mer
cena
ryfo
rces
and
was
sent
toth
ead
vanc
edpo
stes
tabl
ishe
dby
CA
LL
AN
onth
eM
AQ
UE
LA
QU
IB
OC
OL
Oro
ad.
NIN
EI
IE’I
’FI
NIN
ET
Y-E
IGH
’rl-
Ili
epa
rtic
ipat
edin
arm
edac
tions
agai
nst
FAPL
A,
the
nati
onal
arm
yof
the
PEO
PLE’
SR
EPU
BL
ICO
FA
NG
OL
A,
inpa
rtic
ular
inth
eat
tack
on1)
AM
IIA
on1s
tFe
brua
ry19
76,
alre
ady
desc
ribe
d,fr
omw
hich
the
iia
Lion
alar
iny
su1e
red
dead
and
wou
nded
.
NIN
ET
Y-F
IRS
T
I-Ic
also
part
icip
ated
inth
epl
anti
ngof
min
efie
lds
and
used
expl
osiv
esto
dest
roy
bndg
es,
build
ings
and
mil
itar
yan
dci
vilia
neq
uip
men
tan
dpr
oper
ty’.
NIN
ET
Y-S
EC
ON
I)
I)E
RE
KjO
lIN
BA
RK
ER
,so
nof
GE
OR
GE
BA
RK
ER
and
AN
NB
AR
KE
R,
divo
rced
,th
irty
—fo
urye
ars
old,
born
inB
IRM
ING
HA
M,
EN
GL
AN
1)on
1st
Aug
ust
1941
,B
ritis
hci
tize
n,re
side
ntat
47A
lexan
der
Roa
dA
lder
slio
t,E
ngla
nd,
wit
hse
cond
ary
leve
led
ucat
ion,
ex—
llriti
shA
rmy
para
troo
j)C
r.w
itha
long
crim
inal
reco
rd.
NIN
ET
Y-T
NIR
I)
lie
was
recr
uite
dby
JOH
NB
AN
KS
on16
thja
nuar
y19
76,
inth
eba
rof
the
QU
EE
N’S
IIO
TE
L,
inA
LD
ER
SFIO
T,
EN
GL
AN
I),
bein
gco
ntr
acte
dfo
rth
esu
mof
15(1
(one
hund
red
and
fift
y)po
unds
ster
ling
aw
eek
topa
rtic
ipat
eas
am
erce
nary
iii
the
war
ofag
gres
sion
agai
nst
the
PEO
PLE
’SR
EP
UB
LIC
OF
AN
GO
LA
.
NIN
EL
’Y-F
OU
RT
H
He
left
LO
N[)
ON
wit
ha
grou
pof
mer
cena
ries
bypa
ssin
gem
igra
tion
and
cust
oms
form
alit
ies
bym
eans
ofpr
esen
ting
asi
mpl
efo
rmw
ith
his
phot
ogra
phon
it,
take
nin
the
hote
l,th
anks
toth
ein
terv
enti
onof
“SE
CU
RIT
YA
DV
ISO
RY
SER
VIC
ES
(SA
S).
”H
ear
rive
dat
KIN
SHA
SAon
19th
janu
ary
1976
,ha
ving
tran
sitt
edth
roug
hB
RU
SSE
LS
and
AT
HE
NS
.
NIN
ET
Y-F
IFT
H
At
KIN
SHA
SAhe
had
niee
ting
sw
ith
the
trai
tor
FIO
LD
EN
RO
BE
RT
O,
and
was
supp
lied
wit
ha
unif
orm
and
mil
itar
yeq
uipm
ent.
NIN
ET
Y-S
IXT
H
On
20th
Janu
ary
1976
hecr
osse
dth
ela
ndbo
rder
into
the
PEO
PLE
’SR
EIU
BL
ICO
FA
NG
OL
A,
and
wen
tw
ith
othe
rm
erce
nari
esto
SAO
SA
LV
AD
OR
,w
here
liew
asap
poin
ted
“Cap
tain
”an
dst
atio
ned
inS
AN
TO
AN
TO
NIO
1)0
ZA
IRE
.L
ater
heto
okon
com
man
dof
this
zone
.
He
was
inch
arge
of
mai
ntai
ning
the
occu
pati
onoi
that
mar
tyre
dto
wn
bym
erce
nary
and
pupp
ettr
oops
,w
hoop
pres
sed,
coer
ced
and
hum
ili
ated
the
civi
lian
popu
lati
on.
NiN
ET
Y-N
INT
H
He
plan
ned,
orga
nise
dan
dex
ecut
eda
num
ber
ofm
ilit
ary
acti
ons,
wit
hre
conn
aiss
ance
mis
sion
s,pl
anti
ngof
min
es,
dest
ruct
ion
of
brid
ges
and
com
mun
icat
ion
rout
esai
med
atpr
even
ting
the
libe
rati
onof
the
tow
ilby
FA
ILA
.
HU
NI)
RE
l)T
[I
Thi
sst
ubbo
rnre
sist
ance
resu
lted
inde
adan
dw
ound
edfo
rth
ena
tion
alar
my
forc
es,
and
the
dest
ruct
ion
of
mil
itar
yan
dci
vili
aneq
uipm
ent
and
HU
ND
RE
DA
ND
FIR
ST
JOH
NJA
ME
SN
AM
MO
CK
,so
nof
WIL
LIA
MN
AM
MO
CK
and
NO
RE
EN
NA
MM
OC
K,
bach
elor
,tw
enty
year
sol
d,bo
rnin
LO
NI)
ON
on6t
hN
ovem
ber
1955
,Iri
shci
tize
n,re
side
ntat
183
Hom
efic
ld[l
ouse
,H
azel
woo
dC
resc
ent,
I.on
don
W10
,E
ngla
nd,
with
seco
ndar
yle
vel
edu
cati
on,
rese
rve
para
troo
per.
I-IU
NI)
RE
I)A
ND
SE
CO
NI)
He
was
recr
uite
din
LO
ND
ON
inJa
nuar
y19
76by
JOhN
BA
NK
S,be
ing
cont
ract
edfo
rth
esu
mof
150
(one
hund
red
and
fift
y)po
tit1
sst
erli
nga
wee
kto
part
icip
ate
asa
mer
cena
ryin
the
war
of
aggr
essi
onag
ains
tth
ePE
OPL
E’S
RE
PU
BL
ICO
FA
NG
OL
A.
He
rece
ived
anad
vanc
ein
LO
ND
ON
of15
0(o
nehu
ndre
dan
dfi
fty)
poun
dsst
erli
ng.
HU
ND
RE
DA
ND
T[I
1RD
He
left
LO
ND
ON
on8t
hF
ebru
ary,
part
ofa
grou
pof
twen
ty-f
ive
mer
cena
ries
who
had
gath
ered
on4t
hF
ebru
ary
1976
atth
eP
OS
TH
OU
SE
HO
TE
L,
and
tran
sitt
ing
thro
ugh
BR
USS
EL
San
dA
TH
EN
Sar
rive
dat
KIN
SHA
SAon
the
foll
owin
gda
y,w
here
hew
asgi
ven
aun
ifor
man
dm
ilit
ary
equi
pmen
t.
HU
ND
RE
DA
ND
FO
UR
TH
On
9th
Feb
ruar
yhe
cros
sed
the
bord
erin
toth
e’PE
OPL
E’S
RE
PU
BL
ICO
FA
NG
OL
Afr
omZ
AIR
E,
wit
hot
her
mer
cena
ries
goin
gto
SAO
SA
LV
AD
OR
onbo
ard
apl
ane
belo
ngin
gto
the
Ang
olan
airl
ine
TA
AG
,il
lega
lly
inth
epo
sses
sion
ofFN
LA
.
HU
ND
RE
DA
ND
FIFT
H
He
part
icip
ated
inar
med
actio
nsag
ains
tFA
PLA
,th
ena
tion
alar
my
of
the
PEO
PLE
’SR
EPT
JEH
ICfl
FA
NT
flC
irA
c.-...
.1.:
tI
NIN
ET
Y-S
EV
EN
TH
At
SA
NT
OA
NT
ON
IOD
OZ
AIR
Ehe
gave
mil
itar
ytr
anin
gto
HU
ND
RE
DA
ND
SIX
TH
HU
ND
RE
DA
ND
FO
UR
TE
EN
TH
Inpa
rtic
ular
heto
okpa
rtin
reco
nnai
ssan
cepa
trol
s,as
radi
oop
erat
or,
and
part
icip
ated
inan
acti
onag
ains
tFA
PLA
on13
thF
ebru
ary
1976
inw
hich
hew
asw
ound
edan
dca
ptur
ed.
-
IIU
ND
RE
DA
ND
SE
VE
NT
H
GU
ST
AV
OM
AR
CE
LO
GR
ILL
O,
also
know
nas
“GU
S,”
son
of
LU
ISG
RIL
LO
and
LA
UR
AP
OL
LE
CH
IG
RIL
LO
,ba
chel
or,
twen
ty-
seve
nye
ars
old,
born
atB
UE
NO
SA
IRE
S,A
RG
EN
TIN
Aon
2nd
Aug
ust
1949
,na
tura
lise
dN
orth
Am
eric
an,
resi
dent
at93
5,G
arfi
eld
Ave
nue,
Jers
eyC
ity,
New
Jers
ey,
Uni
ted
Stat
esof
Am
eric
a,w
ith
seco
ndar
yle
vel
educ
atio
n,ex
-”m
arin
e,”
Vie
tnam
war
vete
ran,
with
pre
viou
sco
nvic
tions
for
“rac
kete
erin
g.”
HU
NI)
RE
I)A
ND
EIG
HT
H
Follo
win
gth
epu
blic
ity
cam
paig
npr
omot
edon
Cha
nnel
7of
the
Am
eri
can
tele
visi
onne
twor
kA
BC
byD
avid
BU
FKIN
,al
soa
Vie
tnam
war
vete
ran,
liew
asco
ntra
cted
inJa
nuar
y19
76fo
rth
esu
mof
2,00
0(t
wo
thou
sand
)do
llar
sa
mon
thto
rart
icip
ate
asa
mer
cena
ryin
the
war
of
ag
gres
sion
agai
nst
the
PE
OP
LE
’SR
EP
UB
LIC
OF
AN
GO
LA
.H
ere
ceiv
ed1,
000
(one
thou
sand
)do
llar
sas
anad
vanc
eon
his
arri
val
inK
INS
IIA
SA
.
HU
ND
RE
DA
NI)
NIN
TH
Wit
hsi
xot
her
mer
cena
ries
who
gath
eron
5th
Febr
uary
1976
attIl
eSK
YV
IEW
FIO
TE
L,
NE
WY
OR
K,
liele
ftN
EW
YO
RK
on6t
hF
ebru
ary,
arri
ving
atK
INSI
IASA
the
foll
owin
gda
yvi
aPA
RIS
.
IIU
ND
RE
DA
ND
TE
NT
H
On
10th
Feb
ruar
y19
76lie
cros
sed
the
land
bord
erin
toth
eP
EO
PL
E’S
RE
PU
BL
ICO
FA
NG
OL
Afr
omZ
AIR
E,
arm
edan
din
unif
orm
,go
ing
toS
AO
SA
LV
AI)
OR
. HU
ND
RE
DA
ND
EL
EV
EN
TH
InS
AO
SA
LV
AI)
OR
lieor
gani
sed
the
secu
rity
posi
tion
sat
the
mer
cena
ryhe
adqu
arte
rs.
I-IU
ND
RE
DA
NI)
TW
EL
FT
H
I-ic
com
man
ded
aco
mba
tun
itco
mpo
sed
ofA
mer
ican
s,B
riti
shan
daI
)out
thre
ehu
iidr
cdan
dsi
xty
Ang
olan
s,m
embe
rsof
the
pupp
etFN
LA
orga
nisa
tion
,ha
ving
give
nth
ela
tter
mil
itar
ytr
aini
ng.
HU
NI)
RE
[)A
NI)
Tl-
IIR
TE
EN
TH
lie1)artici
1)ated
inar
med
acti
ons
agai
nst
FAPL
A,
the
nati
onal
arm
yo
ftil
eP
EO
PL
E’S
RE
PU
BL
ICO
FA
NG
OL
A.
I-ic
orga
nise
dth
ede
fenc
eof
SA
OS
AL
VA
DO
R,
min
ing
and
sett
ing
trap
son
the
acce
ssro
utes
toth
eto
wn,
and
com
man
ded
reco
nn
ais
san
ce
patr
ols.
HU
ND
RE
DA
ND
FIF
TE
EN
TH
On
13th
Feb
ruar
y19
76he
was
capt
ured
duri
nga
com
bat
wit
hFA
PLA
,ha
ving
offe
red
resi
stan
ceby
firi
ngon
the
nati
onal
arm
yfo
rces
,w
hich
suff
ered
loss
es.
HU
ND
RE
DA
NI)
SIX
TE
EN
TH
The
defe
ndan
tre
calls
wit
hpr
ide
havi
ngpi
rtic
ipat
edin
the
crim
inal
Vie
tnam
war
and
havi
ngco
miii
iiitte
dw
arcr
itmie
sth
ere,
such
asth
ede
stru
ctio
nof
villa
ges,
cult
ivat
edla
ndan
dth
em
eans
ofsu
bsis
tenc
e,an
dth
ede
port
atio
nof
the
civi
lian
popu
lati
on.
i-Ic
plan
ned
tous
eth
ese
crim
inal
met
hods
inA
NG
OL
A.
HU
ND
RE
DA
ND
SE
VE
NT
EE
NT
H
I)A
NIE
LFR
AN
CIS
GE
AR
I-IA
RT
,so
ilof
DA
NIE
LM
ON
TG
OM
ER
YG
EA
RH
AR
Tan
dI5A
UL
INE
EL
IZA
BE
TH
GE
AR
HA
RT
,m
arri
ed,
thir
ty—
four
year
sol
d,ho
rnin
WA
SH
ING
TO
N,
I)C
,IJ
NIF
IEI)
ST
AT
ES
OF
AM
ER
ICA
on9t
hN
ovem
ber
1941
,N
orth
Aim
ieric
anN
atio
nali
ty,
resi
dent
at30
21,
Fay
ette
Roa
d,K
essi
ngro
n[s
ic],
Mar
ylan
d,U
rnte
ilS
tate
sof
Am
eric
a,w
ith
seco
ndar
yle
vel
educ
atio
n,V
ietn
amw
arV
eter
an
HU
NI)
RE
I)A
NI)
EIG
HT
EE
NT
HH
eof
fere
dhi
mse
lfas
am
erce
nary
,pl
acin
gan
adve
rtis
emen
tto
this
ef
fect
inva
riou
sne
wsp
aper
san
djo
urna
ls,
amon
gw
hich
was
‘‘T
IlE
SOL—
I)IE
RO
FF
OR
TU
NE
,”a
mag
azin
esp
ecia
lisi
ngii
im
erce
nary
afEm
irs,
publ
ishe
din
the
Uni
ted
Sta
tes
of
Am
eric
a.
HU
ND
RE
DA
ND
NIN
ET
EE
NT
H
lie
was
recr
uite
din
the
UN
ITE
DS
TA
TE
SO
FA
ME
RIC
Aby
DA
VII
)B
UF
KIN
,be
ing
cont
ract
edat
1,20
0(o
neth
ousa
ndtw
ohu
ndre
d)do
llar
sa
mon
thto
part
icip
ate
asa
mer
cena
ryin
the
war
of
aggr
essi
onag
ains
tth
eP
EO
PL
E’S
RE
PU
BL
ICO
FA
NG
OL
A.
HU
ND
RE
DA
ND
TW
EN
TIE
TF
I
He
left
NE
WY
OR
Kfo
rK
INS
HA
SA
atth
eti
me
and
inth
eci
rcum
stan
ces
desc
ribe
din
rela
tion
toth
ede
fend
ant
GR
ILL
O.
HU
ND
RE
DA
ND
TW
EN
TY
-FIR
ST
[OJn
10th
Feb
ruar
y19
76he
cros
sed
the
land
bord
erin
toth
eP
EO
PL
E’S
RE
PU
BL
ICO
FA
NG
OL
Afr
omZ
AIR
E,
arm
edan
din
unif
orm
,go
ing
toS
AO
SA
LV
AD
OR
.
i-IU
NI)
RE
I)A
ND
TW
EN
TY
-SE
CO
NI)
[1U
N1)
RE
I)A
ND
TI
IIR
TY
-FII
tST
1-Ic
coii
inia
nded
acom
bat
sect
ion,
and
gave
mil
itar
ytr
ain
ing
toIN
LAtr
oops.
IIU
NI)
RE
I)A
ND
TW
EN
TY
-’F
FII
RD
He
part
icip
ated
inar
med
acti
ons
agai
nst
FAPL
A,
the
nati
onal
arm
yo
fth
eP
EO
PL
E’S
RE
PU
BL
ICO
FA
NG
OL
A.
HU
NI)
RE
DA
ND
TW
EN
TY
-FO
UR
TH
He
part
icip
ated
inth
ede
fenc
eo
fS
AO
SA
LV
AD
OR
,m
ifli
flg
and
set
ting
trap
son
the
acce
ssroute
s,
and
taki
ngpa
rtin
reco
nnai
ssan
cepa
trol
s.
HU
ND
RE
DA
NI)
TW
EN
TY
-FIF
TH
Ois
13th
Feb
ruar
y19
76,
hew
asca
ptur
eddu
ring
aco
mba
tsv
idi
LAPL
A,
afte
roIe
ring
resi
stan
ceby
firi
ng
onth
ena
tiona
lar
my
forc
es,
whi
chsu
fler
edlo
sses
.
1-IU
ND
RE
I)A
ND
TW
EN
TY
-SIX
TH
GA
RY
MA
RT
INA
CK
ER
,so
no
fC
AR
LM
AR
TIN
AC
KE
Ran
dJO
YC
EA
CK
ER
,ba
chel
or,
twen
ty—
one
year
sol
d,bo
rnat
SA
CR
AM
EN
TO
,C
AL
IFO
RN
IAon
25th
Oct
ober
1954
,N
orth
Am
eric
anna
tion
alit
y,re
side
ntat
2342
,C
ork
Cir
cle,
Sac
ram
ento
,C
aIif
rnia
9582
2U
SA
,se
cond
ary
leve
led
ucat
ion,
ex—
”mar
ine’
’V
ietn
amw
arve
tera
n.
lIU
ND
RE
I)A
NI)
TW
EN
TY
-SE
VE
NT
H
1-Ic
was
recr
uite
din
CA
LIF
OR
NIA
inN
ovem
ber
1975
,by
l)A
VID
BU
LK
IN,
bein
gco
ntra
cted
for
1,20
0(o
neth
ousa
ndtw
ohu
ndre
d)do
!—la
rsa
mon
thto
parti
cip
ate
as
am
erce
nary
inth
ew
arof
aggr
essi
onag
ains
tth
eP
EO
PL
E’S
RE
PU
BL
ICO
FA
NG
OL
A.
IIU
NI)
RE
I)A
ND
TW
EN
TY
—E
IGH
Th
I-Ic
coll
abor
ated
dire
ctly
inth
ere
crui
tmen
to
fot
her
mer
cena
ries
,by
part
icip
atin
gin
the
publ
icit
yca
mpa
ign
thro
ugh
tele
visi
onin
terv
iew
s,an
dby
orga
nisi
ngre
gist
rati
onca
rds
for
the
mer
cena
ryap
plic
ants
.
HU
ND
RE
DA
ND
TW
EN
TY
-NIN
TH
He
left
NE
WY
OR
Kfo
rK
INSI
-IA
SA,
atth
eti
me
and
inth
eci
rcuni
stan
ces
alre
ady
desc
ribe
din
rela
tion
toth
ede
fend
ants
GR
II,L
Oan
dG
EAR
HA
RT
.
1-IU
ND
RE
I)A
ND
T1-
IIR
TIE
TI-
I
On
10th
Feb
ruar
y19
76he
cros
sed
the
land
bord
erin
toth
eP
EO
PL
E’S
RE
PU
BL
ICO
FA
NG
OL
Afr
omZ
AIR
E,
arm
edan
din
un
ifo
rm
,goin
g
toS
AO
SA
LV
AD
OR
.
lie
p.i
rtii
p.i
tlin
nio
uli
tin
gth
ese
curi
typo
siti
ons
atth
eInerccii
aly
head
quar
ters
inS
AO
SA
LV
AI.
)OR
,an
dga
vem
ilit
ary
tral
luli
gto
FNL
Atr
oops
.
IIU
NI)
RE
l)A
ND
Ti
I1R
TY
-SE
CO
NI)
lie
part
icip
ated
iii
arm
edac
tion
sag
ains
tFA
PLA
,th
ena
tion
alar
my
of
the
PE
OP
LE
’SR
EPU
ILL
CO
FA
NG
OL
A,
inpa
rtic
ular
inre
coii—
nais
sanc
eac
tion
s,an
dm
ount
edth
ese
curi
typo
siti
ons
for
the
grou
po
fm
erce
nari
esw
how
ent
tom
ine
abr
idge
over
CU
IMB
A.
I1U
NI)
RE
I)A
NI)
.1.1
llRT
Y—
Tl
IIR
I)
()n
I 4th
Feb
ruar
ylie
was
wou
nded
.uid
capt
ured
ina
com
bat
wit
hLA
PLA
,ah
ter
otte
riii
gre
sist
ance
byti
ring
oii
the
n.iti
oiia
lar
my
forc
es,
who
stid
red
loss
es. 1 IU
NI
)RE
I)A
NI)
TI
lhl&
FY—
FOU
R’F
lI
ilie
fict
sde
scri
bed
inth
efi
rst
part
ofth5
indi
ctm
ent
cons
ista
ntly
show
volu
inir
yen
list
men
t,fo
ra
suni
ofiii
oiie
yin
wag
es,
apar
tfr
oman
yot
her
pecu
niar
yad
vant
ages
,to
p11ipiw
iH.i
war
ofag
gres
sion
agai
nst
the
sove
reig
nty,
terr
itor
ial
inte
grit
yali
t1
inde
pend
ence
ofth
ePE
OPL
E’S
IUP
UB
LiC
OF
AN
(;O
LA
,ii
ith
ese
rvic
eof
Iieo—
colo
iii.tl
—si
nan
dim
peri
alis
m,
and
wit
htil
eai
mol
sube
ctm
ngth
eA
NG
O[A
NiI
()II
1II
)a
regm
nie
ofex
ploi
tati
on,
oppr
essi
onan
dde
grad
atio
n.i’
iiefa
cts
cons
titu
teth
eC
I&IM
FO
FB
LIN
GA
Mil
WL
NA
I1.Y
,as
issp
ecif
ical
lyse
tou
tiii
the
Sl’
AT
EM
EN
1’O
FIi
I Fii
FA
DS
OF
ST
AT
ES
AN
I)G
OV
ER
NM
EN
TS
OF
ME
MB
ER
CO
UN
TR
IES
OF
TH
EO
AU
OI&
GA
NIS
AT
ION
OF
AF
RIC
AN
UN
ITY
—he
ldin
KIN
SL
IAS
A,
in19
67;
inth
eS
’FA
FE
ME
N’I
ON
ME
RC
EN
AR
YA
C‘F
IVi’
FIE
SIN
AF
RIC
A,
AI)
L)I
SA
BE
BA
[sicl
1971
,an
dR
ES
OL
U[I
ON
SN
O.
2395
(Xxii
i),
2465
(XX
III)
,25
48(X
XIV
),an
d31
03(X
XV
II)
OF
TIL
EU
NIT
EI)
NA
TIO
NS
GE
NE
RA
LA
SS
EM
BL
Y.
HU
ND
RE
I)A
NI)
Ti-
IIR
TY
—FL
FTH
All
of
the
defe
ndan
tsare
auth
ors
of
Ellis
crim
eby
thei
rdi
rect
acti
onan
dfu
llC
onsc
ious
ness
of
itsil
lega
lity
,an
dbe
caus
eof
thei
rco
nduc
t.
HU
ND
RE
DA
ND
TH
IRT
Y-S
IXT
H
Tue
fact
sde
scri
be(I
intil
efi
rst
part
oi
this
indi
cfm
enc
inad
diti
onto
bein
ga
part
of
aw
arof
aggr
essi
onpr
omot
edby
impe
rial
ism
agai
nst
the
PE
OP
LE
’SR
EP
UB
LIC
OF
AN
GO
LA
also
can
cons
titu
teC
RIM
ES
AG
AIN
ST
PE
AC
E,
asde
scri
bed
inth
eS
TA
TU
TE
OF
NU
RE
MB
ER
GIN
TE
RN
AT
ION
AL
MIL
ITA
RY
TR
IBU
NA
L,
and
conf
irm
edby
UN
ITE
DN
AT
ION
SR
ES
OL
UT
ION
NO
.95
(1)
of
the
11th
Dec
embe
r19
46an
dby
the
UN
ITE
DN
AT
ION
SG
EN
ER
AL
AS
SE
MB
LY
RE
SO
LU
TIO
NO
F19
74.
I IU
NI
)I&E
l)A
NI)
‘II
I IW
IY—
SEV
EN
’II
I
All
die
del
iidi
,its
are
actu
alau
thor
sof
this
crim
e,si
nce
they
volu
iitar
—ily
antI
Con
Scio
usly
carr
ied
itou
t.
IIU
Nl)
RE
l)A
N1)
IIII
WF
Y—
EIG
[lIi
I
‘I’he
crim
eof
lwin
gm
erce
nari
esan
dcr
imes
agai
nst
peac
ew
ere
extr
eme—
I yse
riou
sii
ilie
way
they
wer
eco
inin
itte
d:ar
med
viol
atio
nof
tile
bor
der;
coii
iba
tac
tion
agai
list
the
FAPL
A,
the
iiati
onal
arm
yof
Ang
ola,
win
chre
sult
edii
ide
adan
dw
ound
ed;
the
dest
ruct
ion
ofbr
idge
s,com
mun
icat
ion
rout
es,
mil
itar
yan
dci
vilia
net
luip
men
tan
dpr
oper
ty;
sett
ing
ofm
ines
and
trap
sin
trac
ksle
adin
gto
peas
ants
fiel
ds;
mur
ders
,m
al
trea
tmen
t,in
sult
san
dha
rass
men
tof
mem
bers
ofth
eci
vili
anpo
pu—
Ialio
n;m
urde
rof
MPL
Am
embe
rs;
ofot
her
mer
cena
ries
and
ofFN
LA
sold
iers
;ki
dnap
ping
ofci
vilia
nsal
it!st
ealin
gof
thei
rpr
oper
ty,
all
ofw
hich
are
clet
.iile
clin
rela
tion
toea
chof
the
accu
sed
indi
efi
rst
part
ofth
eii
itli
ctii
icii
t.
HU
NI)
P.E
l)A
NI)
TI
I IR
TY—
NIN
ElI
I[s
ic)
‘Ilie
crim
esco
mm
itte
dby
die
defi
ndat
tts
and
prev
ious
lyat
trib
ute
dto
each
and
ever
yoi
ieol
them
are
clia
r.ic
teri
seth
iii
the
iiit
erii
atio
nal
priil
ci—
pIes
cite
dan
din
curr
ent
pena
lla
w,
asex
trem
ely
grie
vous
Cri
mes
and,
1)0t
hby
thei
rch
arac
ter
asw
arcr
imes
amid
byth
eir
bein
gco
mm
itte
dby
enem
ies
ofti
me
PEO
PLE
’SR
EP
UB
LIC
OF
AN
GO
LA
and
the
AN
GO
LA
NR
EV
OL
UT
ION
rile
ysh
ould
bepu
nish
edw
ithi
nth
ete
rms
ofth
eC
OM
BA
1’A
NT
SD
ISC
IPL
INA
RY
LA
W,
10th
July
1966
,C
lIA
VL
ER
III,
SE
CT
ION
CN
O.
9,an
dS
EC
TIO
N1)
NO
.10
,L
INE
I I,
wit
hth
eI)
EA
1’l
IP
EN
AL
IY.
HU
NI)
RE
I)A
NI)
FO
RT
IET
H
As
proo
fof
the
Isre
sin
dict
men
tth
efo
llow
ing
agen
cies
are
used
:A
)C
ON
FE
SS
ION
SO
FT
HE
1)E
FE
ND
AN
TS
B)
WIT
NE
SS
ES
Man
uel
Fer
nand
esB
arro
s2.
Mis
éria
Joio
3.Jo
ioA
nton
io4.
Gar
cia
juam
aK
enen
eG
iang
ue5.
José
Afo
nso
Car
los
6.A
fons
oli
eriq
ues
Moi
sés
7.A
nton
ioJoaquim
Suni
ba8.
Rai
dll
alac
a9.
Nel
son
Gus
tavo
dos
San
tos
Cas
par
10.
Ani
hal
Rod
rigu
esM
orei
raPa
ihar
es,
J6ni
or11
Send
aIs
abel
12.
Pedr
oN
o&K
edia
mos
iko
13.
Joaq
uiin
Pin
toJu
nior
14.
Mig
uel
I)av
id15
.Lt
iisC
aiic
lmdo
Cor
deir
o16
.V
asco
Arn
aldo
Guii
nar
esde
Cas
tro
17.
Ako
Jose
phN
ai18
.V
ennci
oda
Silv
aL
imbo
19.
Ang
usto
Man
uel
20.
José
doE
spir
ito
Sant
oJo
rdao
21.
Rtii
Gui
lher
me
Car
mIo
sode
Mat
osC
.E
XP
ER
TS
EV
IDE
NC
E:
1.R
epor
tof
Psy
chia
tric
doct
ors:
1.1.
Ant
Oni
oJo
séP
erei
raA
fric
ano
Net
o1.
2.R
eina
ldo
Cor
reia
Frin
uino
Gre
g6ri
o2.
Rep
ort
of
Clin
ical
doct
ors:
2.1.
Mar
iado
Ros
5rio
Rod
rigu
ez2.
2.R
aid
Ped
ro[l
endr
ikda
Silv
a3.
Rep
ort
ofth
eF
oren
sic
doct
ors:
3.1.
Car
ios
Alb
erto
daSi
lva
Lop
es3.
2.R
aid
Ped
roH
endr
iktla
Silv
aD
.O
TH
ER
PR
OO
FS
AR
ISiN
GF
RO
MT
HE
CA
SE
.
CO
NC
LU
SIO
N
On
the
twen
ty—
sixt
hda
yof
May
nine
teen
hund
red
and
seve
nty—
six
Im
ake
the
conc
ludi
ngreport.
Cle
rk
1—A
sa
resu
ltof
the
evid
ence
show
nin
the
repo
rts,
Ide
cide
that
the
case
shou
ldpr
ocee
dso
that
the
defe
ndan
ts:
CO
ST
A(;
EO
RG
IOU
,A
NI)
RE
WG
OR
DO
NM
cKE
NZ
IE,
MA
LC
OL
MM
cIN
TY
RE
,K
EV
INJO
HN
MA
RC
HA
NT
,JO
HN
LA
WL
OR
,C
OL
INC
LIF
FO
R!)
EV
AN
S,
MIC
FIA
EL
DO
UG
LA
SW
ISE
MA
N,
CE
CIL
MA
RT
INF
OR
TU
IN,
DE
RE
KJO
HN
BA
RK
ER
,JO
HN
JAM
ES
NA
MM
OC
K,
GU
ST
AV
OM
AR
CE
LO
GR
ILL
O,
1)A
NIE
LF
RA
NC
ISG
EA
RH
AR
Tan
dG
AR
YM
AR
TIN
AC
KE
R,
shal
lbe
brou
ght
totr
ial,
for
anin
quir
yin
toth
eir
crim
inal
resp
onsi
bili
ty.
Ith
eref
ore
char
geth
emw
ith
the
fact
sna
med
intil
ein
dict
men
tm
ade
bytil
eC
omra
dePe
ople
’sP
rose
cuto
r,w
hich
are
asif
repr
oduc
edhe
re,
and
whi
chI
offe
ras
anin
tegr
alpa
rtof
this
noti
ceof
char
ges,
and
asfa
cts
that
prin
cipa
lly
com
pris
eth
ecr
ime
of
bein
ga
mer
cena
ryan
dcr
imes
agai
nst
peac
e.T
heC
ourt
also
take
sno
teth
atth
ede
fend
ants
wer
epa
rtof
ast
able
and
orga
nize
dgr
oup
and
wer
eal
lco
nsci
ous
of
the
fact
that
this
grou
pha
dbe
enco
nsti
tute
dto
com
mit
crim
esw
ithi
ntim
ebo
rder
sof
tile
Peop
le’s
Rep
ublic
of
Ang
ola.
2—A
sof
ticia
lde
fens
eco
unse
lFo
rth
ede
fend
ants
CA
LL
AN
,C
EC
ILM
AR
TIN
AN
DD
ER
EK
BA
RK
ER
Ide
sign
ate
com
rade
EI)
GA
RF
RA
NC
ISC
OV
AL
ES:
for
the
leIe
-n,l
,nA
,.W
CV
7lC
‘“C
”
/5/
TIl
EP
EO
PL
E’S
PR
OS
EC
UT
OR
Mat
iuci
Rui
Alv
esM
onte
i ro
siA
N,
MA
RC
IIA
NC
and
NA
Mtv
IOC
K,
coiu
r,id
eM
AR
IATE
RE—
SIN
IIA
LOPE
S;an
dfo
rth
ede
lend
ants
Mci
NT
YR
E,
EV
AN
San
dL
AW
LO
R,
com
r,tcI
eF
ER
NA
ND
OL
UIS
I)A
SIL
VA
,th
atis
JOS
ES
OA
RE
Sl)
ASI
LV
A.
3—Ih
ede
len
dait
tssi
laII
he
no
tlie
d:—
ofth
ete
xtof
the
indi
ctm
ent
and
ofth
isno
tice
ofC
harg
es,
Cop
ies
ofW
lll(
lili
Sli
St
hegi
ven
toth
em—
--oi
tIle
iden
toy
ofth
eir
:Ij)
poili
te(l
defe
nse
—th
uth
eyir
etr
eeto
appo
int
ala
wye
ror
defe
nder
ofth
eir
choi
ceup
toth
eda
yof
tria
l
—th
atth
eca
setil
eca
nbe
cons
ulte
dfr
eely
byth
eir
defe
nse
law
yers
,no
min
ated
orch
osen
,du
ring
ape
riod
ofei
ght
days
—th
at,
duri
ngth
eei
ght
day
peri
od,
they
can
pres
ent
thei
rde
fens
ein
wri
ting
,in
dica
ting
,if
they
wis
h,th
ew
itne
sses
and
othe
rm
eans
of1)r
OO
fth
atw
iii
bepr
esen
ted
atdi
etr
ial,
asw
ell
asra
isin
gan
yot
her
rele
vant
(htie
stio
tis
Lua
nda,
26th
May
1976
AP
PE
NI)
IXII
VE
RD
ICT
PR
ES
II)F
NT
OF
11IE
CO
UR
T
[1]
The
hono
rabl
ePe
ople
’sP
rose
cuto
rin
this
Tri
buna
lha
spre
sent
edth
eca
seag
ains
tth
ede
fend
ants
(OS
•l’A
SG
EO
RG
IOU
,kn
own
as“C
AL
LA
N”,
AN
I)R
EW
GO
RI)
ON
McK
EN
ZIE
,M
AL
CO
LM
McI
NT
YR
E,
KE
VIN
JOH
NM
AR
CH
AN
T,
JOhN
LA
WL
OR
,C
OL
INC
LIF
FO
RD
EV
AN
S,
MIC
I-IA
EL
I)O
UG
LA
SW
ISE
-M
AN
,C
EC
ILM
AR
TIN
FO
RT
UIN
,D
ER
EK
JOl-
INB
AR
KE
R,
JOI-
1NJA
ME
SN
AM
MO
CK
,al
lo
fB
riti
shna
tion
alit
y,an
dG
US
TA
VO
MA
RC
EL
OG
RIL
LO
,kn
own
as“G
US
”,l)
AN
IE[.
FR
AN
CIS
GE
AR
HE
AR
T[s
ic]
and
GA
RY
MA
RT
INA
CK
ER
,ci
tizen
sof
the
Uni
ted
Stat
esof
Am
eric
aan
dal
l,to
geth
erw
ith
the
othe
rs,
sig
na
tori
esof
thei
rst
atem
ents
,ha
ving
char
ged
them
with
com
mit
ting
crim
esof
iner
cena
rism
and
agai
nst
peac
e,be
caus
e,an
din
his
view
,th
ede
fend
ants
,to
geth
erw
ith
man
yot
hers
,w
ere
recr
uite
das
mer
cena
ries
inG
reat
Bri
tain
and
the
Uni
ted
Stat
esof
Am
eric
a,th
roug
hsp
ecia
lised
agen
cies
whi
chop
erat
edth
ere
free
lyan
dw
ith
tile
coiis
eiit
oftil
eau
thor
itie
sof
thes
etw
oco
untr
ies,
havi
ngbe
entr
ansp
orte
dby
air
toth
eca
pita
lof
Zai
re,
whe
re,
wit
hth
eco
mpl
icit
yof
the
gove
rnm
ent
ofth
atco
untr
y,th
eyw
ere
outf
itte
dvi t
hun
ifor
ms
and
mil
itar
yeq
uipm
eiit
.[2
]O
nce
they
had
been
thus
outf
itte
d,th
ede
fend
ants
,in
the
com
pany
ofot
hers
,cr
osse
dth
eA
ngoi
anbo
rder
ille
gall
y,an
d,pu
ttin
gth
emse
lves
atth
esi
deof
the
pupp
etF.
N.L
.A.
grou
p,w
hose
troo
ps
they
com
man
ded,
they
laid
min
es,
mad
eam
bush
es,
dest
roye
dbr
idge
s,bu
ildin
gs,
prop
erty
and
mil
itar
yeq
uip
men
t,ca
use
dlo
sses
inth
ena
tiona
lar
my
and
ill—
trea
ted,
hara
ssed
and
carr
ied
out
mas
stn
urde
rsof
the
civi
lian
popu
lati
on.
[3]
i-hen
ce,
still
iii
his
view
,th
eyha
dto
bebr
ough
tto
tria
lto
hesu
bjec
ted
toth
eri
gour
ofth
ela
w.
[4]
The
indi
ctm
ent
havi
ngbe
enhe
ard,
the
lega
lpr
ocee
ding
s,w
ith
out
oiiii
ssio
usor
null
ity,
Ialio
wcc
lth
eir
lega
lco
urse
,th
e(IC
fem
idan
ts,
thro
ugh
thei
rde
fenc
eco
unse
l,ha
ving
pres
ente
dth
eir
defe
nce
and
put
forw
ard
thei
rev
iden
ce,
all
ofw
hich
was
note
dby
time
Tri
buna
l.[5
]A
ndth
etr
ial
havi
ngbe
enhe
ld,
wit
hfu
ilre
spec
tfo
rth
efo
rms
ofle
gal
proc
edur
e,it
isno
wth
edu
tyof
the
Tri
buna
lto
pron
ounc
eits
elf. [6
]C
ON
SE
QU
EN
TL
Y:
1.Fr
ont
acr
itic
alas
sess
men
tof
the
evid
ence
,it
has
been
foun
dthi
,mt
inC
ambe
rley
,S
urre
y,G
reat
Bri
tain
,th
ere
isa
lega
llyex
isti
ngag
en
cy
,
regi
ster
edon
14A
ugus
t19
75,
whi
chop
erat
esun
der
the
regi
ster
edna
me
of‘‘
Secu
rity
Adv
isor
ySe
rvic
es’’
,ai
idw
hich
uses
time
:mbi
)rev
iatio
ilS.
A.S
.,w
inch
initi
als,
byca
lcul
ated
coin
cide
nce,
are
abso
lute
lyid
enti
cal
toth
ose
ofth
e‘‘
Spec
ial
Air
Serv
ice’
’,a
opse
ctio
nof
the
Bri
tish
arm
edfo
rces
.[7
]T
hesa
idag
ency
isru
nby
John
flan
ks,
anex
—pa
ratr
oope
r,l.e
slie
Asp
in,
agu
n—ru
nner
and
Bri
tish
secr
etse
rvic
eag
ent,
and
Fran
kP
erre
n,an
ex—
mn;i
rine,
assis
ted
byT
eren
ce1—
laig,
aso
—ca
hie(
IF.
N.L
.A.
spok
esm
anin
Eng
land
.It
was
Ilai
gw
hoad
mit
ted
that
tue
agen
cyha
ndle
din
cred
ible
sum
sof
mon
eyco
min
gIr
ons
the
Urn
ted
Stat
esof
Am
eric
a,
‘‘hut
no
tfrom
any
priv
ate
co
mp
an
yin
that
coun
try,
—se
ep.
1093
—an
dfu
nds
chan
nele
dth
roug
hP
resi
dent
Mob
utu
of
Zair
e—
see
pp.
1103
,11
29an
dal
soth
e“S
unda
yT
imes
’’of
25—
1—76
and
“The
‘l’im
es‘‘
of4—
2—76
.Ja
mes
Ilil
ton,
anot
her
pers
onha
ving
links
wit
h(li
eor
ganl
satl
oii,
corr
obor
ate(
lth
atth
eag
ency
had
atits
disp
osal
42nm
iilio
ndo
llar
sco
min
gfr
omth
eU
nite
dSt
ates
ofA
mer
ica
—se
ep.
110(
1an
dal
soth
eB
ritis
hpa
per
‘‘T
heM
orni
ngSt
ar’’
of
29—
1—76
.i’
hem
oney
reac
hed
the
coff
ers
ofS.
A.S
.th
roug
hm
esse
nger
sfr
omZ
aire
,fr
oma
doct
orii
i
Lee
ds,
thro
ugh
bank
tran
sfer
sm
ade
inB
elgi
umth
roug
hth
eZ
aire
emba
ssy
inL
ondo
n—
see
p.11
20an
d“T
heO
bser
ver”
0f1—
2—76
.A
tth
esa
me
tim
e,G
eral
dFo
rd,
pres
iden
tof
the
Uni
ted
Stat
es,
ina
film
edin
terv
iew
give
nto
Tom
Bro
kaw
,an
NB
Cre
port
er,
on3
Janu
ary
1976
,co
nfir
med
that
Am
eric
anfe
dera
lgo
vern
men
tfu
nds
wer
ebe
ing
dive
rted
toth
ew
arin
Ang
ola,
sinc
eth
eU
nite
dSt
ates
was
co—
oper
atin
gw
ith
frie
ndly
coun
trie
sen
gage
din
the
Ang
olan
conf
lict
—se
ep.
1020
.[8
]F
urth
erm
ore,
ase
cret
repo
rtdr
awn
upby
.the
Nat
iona
lSe
curi
tySt
udie
sC
entr
ein
Was
hing
ton
1).C
.[s
ic]
Vol
.I,
No.
I,re
port
edth
atth
eC
IA,
com
ing
toIl
oide
nR
oher
tos
help
,ha
dju
stin
vest
eda
furt
her
50ni
iilio
ndo
ilar
sin
the
Ang
olan
conf
lagr
atio
n,an
dth
isw
ithi
nth
efr
ame
wor
kof
dire
ctU
nite
dSt
ates
invo
lvem
ent
inth
atco
nflic
t.[9
]T
his
open
inte
rven
tion
inth
etr
agic
even
tsin
Ang
ola
had
been
reco
mm
ende
dby
the
top
secr
et“4
0C
omm
itte
e”,
head
ed,
amon
got
hers
,by
Kis
sing
eran
dW
illi
amC
olby
,C
IAdi
rect
or,
and
was
apa
rtof
the
“New
Loo
k”of
Am
eric
anfo
reig
npo
licy,
whi
ch,
asa
resu
ltof
the
deb.
ice
iii
Vie
tn.i
iii,
was
iiit
eid.d
toch
ange
the
colo
urof
thu
corp
ses
—se
ep.
996.
[I0]
TIt
us,
the
fuct
sin
dica
teth
atth
eS.
A.S
.w
asa
(IA
subs
idia
rym
( ;ri
tB
rita
in[I
I]I)
i1th
eB
ritis
ligo
vern
men
tkn
owth
is?
S.A
. S.
did
itsm
er
cena
ry.ig
eiic
yad
vert
isin
gii
ine
wsp
aper
san
ti()
VC
F(li
ei.i
tlio.
liii
ep.ir
ture
ofth
ere
crui
ted
mer
cena
ries
was
give
nse
nsat
iona
lco
vera
geby
the
pres
s.I’
IwLA
indo
npo
hee
orga
nise
dan
dpr
otec
ted
am
eeti
ngof
itier
cena
rics
intu
eba
sem
ent
ofa
chur
cha
Tow
erIl
anile
ts,
East
Lon
don,
onth
eam
iabl
epr
etex
tth
atri
ley
wer
ea
film
team
.A
rL
ondo
nA
irpo
rtth
ere
was
noco
ntro
lof
any
kind
itl)
eing
sufl
icie
rit
for
the
me
r—ce
riar
ies
svi t
ltout
pass
port
sm
erel
yto
show
apa
per
with
the
S.A
. S.
initi
als
onit
tobe
able
topa
ssfr
eely
thro
ugh
die
exit
door
s.[1
2]\V
hiat
ism
ore,
Ilar
old
‘/il
son
mad
eit
clea
rdii
ilie
knew
abou
t(li
ere
crti
nili
gof
mer
cena
ries
and
that
itni
volv
eil
‘‘va
stsu
nis’
’of
mon
eyan
dco
rrec
tlis
tsof
Bri
tish
mil
itar
yun
its,
alth
ough
liere
fuse
dto
answ
erth
equ
estio
nas
tow
heth
eror
not
lieth
ough
tth
eC
IAw
asin
volv
edin
the
1)1151
lieS5
[13]
How
ever
,th
e(I
Ain
volv
enie
nt
had
been
ptib
lel
yre
veal
edby
John
Ban
ksln
iuse
lf,
who
had
poin
ted
out
that
(lie
liais
onag
ent
was
one
Maj
orJa
mes
F.L
eona
rd,
assi
stan
tm
ilit
ary
attic
hic
attil
eA
mer
ican
emba
ssy
inL
ondo
nsi
nce
june
1973
—se
epp
.11
42an
d11
20,
‘‘T
heT
imes
’’of
23—
2—76
iiil
‘Ili
eO
bser
ver’
’of
1—2—
76.
[14]
The
refo
re,
how
can
ther
ebe
any
doub
tab
out
the
acti
veco
mpl
icit
yof
die
lInt
isis
Gov
enis
men
t,at
atim
e,m
oreo
ver,
whe
nth
atgo
vern
ilie
ntw
asof
hici
ally
call
ing
for
die
recr
uitm
ent
offo
rces
for
Isra
el?
[15]
Itis
ther
efor
ecl
ear
that
die
maj
orC
apita
list
pow
ers
were
agre
eing
amon
gtli
eiiis
elve
son
ia
pro
gr;
iIll
nle
for
the
over
diro
wof
ihie
Peop
le’s
Rep
ublic
ofA
ngol
aan
dth
at,
havi
ngre
alis
edth
atdi
rect
mil
ita
ryin
terv
elit
ioii
was
uiiv
iabh
e,
they
reso
rted
topr
ivat
ear
iiiie
s.W
hich
they
regi
men
ted,
arm
edan
dpa
id.
And
rite
tlefe
ndai
itsw
ere
infa
ctth
ein
stru
men
tsfo
rth
eac
tion
ofth
ispo
litic
alor
ches
tra
non
[16]
But
itw
asth
eS.
A.S
.ag
ency
that
proc
eede
dto
recr
uit
liter
—ce
nari
esfo
rR
hode
sia
and
mer
cena
ries
for
Ang
ola.
The
latt
ernum
bere
d12
8an
d,di
vide
din
totw
ogr
oups
,th
eyw
ere
sent
toK
insh
asa
via
Bru
ssel
s.[1
7]A
ndtil
eag
ency
was
prep
arin
gto
send
5(X)
mor
em
erce
nari
esth
efo
llow
ing
fort
nigh
t.[1
8]T
hese
mer
cena
ries
wer
eco
ntra
cted
for
ape
riod
ofsi
xm
onth
sat
ara
teof
pay
of15
0po
unds
aw
eek
paid
inA
mer
ican
doll
ars,
and
thei
rjo
b,on
the
batt
lefr
onts
oras
mem
bers
ofm
ilit
ary
supp
ort
grou
ps,
was
tojo
inth
efo
rces
oftil
ean
ti—na
tiona
list
F.N
.L.A
.gr
oup
for
the
PU
I3O
Sof
help
ing
toov
erth
row
the
legi
tim
ate
gove
rnm
ent
ofrit
eyo
ung
Peop
le’s
Rep
ublic
ofA
ngol
a,th
atis
,to
ensu
reth
atth
eF.
N. L
.A.,
usin
gvi
olen
tm
eans
therefore,
shou
ldga
inpo
litic
alco
ntro
lof
the
coun
try.
[19]
All
the
defe
ndan
tsw
ere
perf
ectl
yco
nsci
ous
ofth
atm
issi
on!
[20]
2—
Inth
eU
nite
dSt
ates
ofA
nier
ica,
the
mer
cena
ryag
ency
wor
kfo
rA
ngol
aan
dR
hode
sia
was
done
mai
nly
byon
eD
avid
Buf
kin,
am
anin
volv
edw
ith
anil
lust
rate
dpu
blic
atio
nde
vote
dto
prom
otin
g
the
myt
hof
mer
cena
risn
itan
dca
lled
“Sol
dier
of’
l’or
tuiie
‘‘.
And
tIle
adve
rtis
ing
for
the
aget
icy
wor
kw
asdo
neii
ith
atin
.lgaz
inc
assv
ehl
asin
new
spap
ers
and
onte
levi
sion
.A
ppro
ved
cand
idat
esw
ere
sent
toK
insh
iisa,
via
Pari
sor
Bru
ssel
s,.ii
idtin
der
the
tute
lage
ol’
the
Z.ii
reem
bass
yii
iW
ashi
ngto
n—
see
p.51
7.[2
1]A
tth
esa
itie
nine
,th
eF.
B.I.
had
prec
ise
know
ledg
e.ib
oiit
thus
traf
fic
inw
arpr
osti
tute
s—
see
p.11
4—
anti
did
noth
ing
todi
stur
bit
.[2
2)‘[
liedc
G.it
tlaiit
sw
ithA
mer
ican
pass
port
sw
ere
titus
cont
ract
edby
Bui
kin
,fo
ra
mon
thly
pay
of12
00do
llar
s,La
xfr
eean
dsu
pple
men
ted
byva
riou
sca
shbo
nuse
s,[2
3]‘[
hey
wer
equ
iteco
nsci
ous
that
they
wer
eco
min
gto
Ang
ola
tojo
inth
em
ilit
ary
forc
esof
the
F.N
.L.A
.,w
hose
desi
gnan
dve
ntur
ew
asdi
rect
edto
war
dsth
esa
ngui
nary
seiz
ure
ofpo
litic
alpo
wer
.[2
4]3
—In
side
the
boid
ers
of’
Ang
ola,
the
mer
cena
ries
dest
roye
dbr
idge
s,bu
ihiii
igs
and
coni
iiini
iicat
ioii
lines
,.si
iiash
ie,l
prop
erty
,ind
iii—
dust
rial
equi
piiie
iit,
and
plun
dere
dve
hicl
es,
mon
eyan
dcr
ops.
1he
ym
ined
field
sau
thpa
ths,
sepa
rate
dfa
mili
esan
dsp
read
Iiir
,sh
ame
and
outr
age.
The
irle
gend
was
svro
tigl
itw
ithra
pe,
sack
ing,
wro
ngfu
lre
sts,
burn
ings
,to
rtur
ean
dun
war
r,ui
tecl
killi
ng.
Alo
ngth
epa
ths
(lie)
’us
ed,
inth
evi
llage
sth
eyoc
cupi
ed,
rile
yle
ftlse
hiinit
hth
em.i
trai
lof
dead
wit
hiw
ide
open
eyes,
char
red
hope
s,st
omac
hscu
rop
ensv
nli
bayo
nets
,ch
ildr
enm
angl
edby
shel
lsan
dth
ehi
ving
fille
dw
ith
dre.
id.
[25]
Itw
asan
orgy
0fct
tiite
nipi
[26)
But
itis
ach
aris
itiat
icpr
inci
ple
ofso
cial
ist
law
,.ii
idiio
tof
ital
one,
that
pena
lre
spon
sibi
lity
mus
tbe
indi
vidu
ahis
edii
ite
rms
of
guilt
.[2
7]M
oreo
ver,
thus
prin
cipl
eis
expr
essl
y.it
Iini
tiei
inth
eIn
ter
natio
nal
Pact
onC
ivil
and
Polit
ical
Rig
hts.
[281
Then
ceth
ein
lpor
taii
ceof
’sp
ecif
ying
wha
tch
eiiie
ritth
ere
hi,ts
iii
foct
been
in(li
eac
tivi
tyof
each
ofih
icde
f’ei
idai
its,
[29)
All
of’
the
inpa
ton
rut
uri
its.t
usd
e.i r
rted
aw
eap
t iii
toti g
lut
the
legi
tiun.
itego
veri
iiiie
iitof
’a
I’ree
and
sove
reig
nfo
reig
nco
untr
yre
cogn
ised
byth
eco
nuiti
tuut
ityof
’na
tions
,[3
1)]
All
ofth
emco
nsci
ousl
yan
dde
libe
rate
lyvi
olat
eddi
ebo
rder
of’
Ang
ola
iiid
took
part
inco
iiib.
itac
tions
with
iiudi
en.
itiou
iai
terr
itor
y.[3
1]A
llth
ede
fend
ants
sver
eal
soco
nsci
ous
that
they
wer
epa
rtof
’a
stab
lean
dor
gani
sed
grou
psv
hich
was
onth
efr
inge
oftil
ela
wan
dge
ared
toac
hiev
ea
polit
ical
plan
tobe
carr
ied
out
bycr
imin
alm
eans
,[3
2]‘[
hey
ther
efor
eco
nsti
tute
da
cons
pira
cy,
whi
chis
pmui
sln;
ble
tinde
ral
lev
olve
die
utii
syst
ems
—se
eA
rc.
263
ofrit
ePe
nal
Cod
ein
forc
e,[3
3]W
ith
rega
rdto
def’
enda
ntC
alia
n,
anex
—pa
ratr
oopc
rii
ith
eB
ritis
har
my
who
was
sent
ence
dto
iluip
riso
nine
nt!i
thi
sco
untr
yfo
rii
uas
saul
ton
apo
stof
fice
,lie
had
tlic’
unih
itary
eoui
iman
dof
all
the
anti—
nati
onal
forc
esst
atio
ned
inno
rthe
rnA
ngol
aan
dw
orke
dve
rycl
osel
yw
ith
the
pres
iden
tof
the
so—
calle
dF.
N.L
.A.
And
1)ec
aUse
soni
cof
his
had
tired
ata
vehi
cle
onth
em
ista
ken
supp
ositi
onth
atit
was
anen
emy
vehi
cle,
defe
ndan
tC
alla
n,af
ter
havi
ngre
liev
edth
ienu
ofth
eir
wea
pons
and
clot
hing
,sh
oton
eof
’rh
ent
aiid
orde
red
the
e xcc
utio
izot
the
rein
.un—
ing
thir
teen
.‘F
lue
mas
sex
ecut
ion
took
plac
eat
11an
n.ou
t1
Febr
uary
1976
,an
dde
fend
ant
McK
enzi
eto
okpa
rtin
it,
as.in
auth
orof
’it.
[34]
lint
itis
wor
thw
hile
know
ing
how
rIte
slau
ghte
rto
okpl
ace:
“I-I
clin
eddi
emup
onth
eed
geof
ava
lley,
alit
tletin
yva
lley,
told
them
toru
ndo
wn
into
the
valle
y.H
eor
dere
dth
eEn
glis
htr
oops
toop
enfir
ean
dth
eyal
lm
asse
dab
out
with
thei
rw
eapo
nsan
dhe
cut
the
lot
ofth
emus
ing
asu
b—m
achi
negu
n.H
edi
dn’t
kill
any
ofth
embu
tbl
ewa
lot
ofpe
ople
,an
das
..
.yo
ukn
ow.
..
ashe
open
edup
all
thei
rst
omac
hs,
blew
thei
rar
ms
off,
and
with
all
ofth
atel
even
guys
wer
elit
eral
lybl
own
topi
eces
but
still
aliv
e,an
dC
opel
and
agai
nw
asw
alki
ngup
toth
emsa
ying
..
you
know
..
.a
guy
was
sayi
ngki
llm
eki
llm
ean
dC
opel
and
was
sayi
ng:
‘wan
tto
die?
’,so
hesa
id:
‘yea
’,an
dhe
said
:‘A
irig
ht,
sosh
oot
bins
’.
..
you
know
.’’—
testi
mo
ny
of
mercen
ary
Chr
isI)
emps
ter
P.68
5.[3
5]A
part
from
the
14B
ritis
hm
erce
nari
es,
Cal
lan
also
kille
dtw
oA
ngol
ans,
both
ofth
empr
ison
ers,
aslie
him
self
conf
esse
d.[3
6]A
ndhe
also
kille
da
thir
d,w
itha
shot
inth
em
outh
,fo
rha
ving
c(>t
siiiii
tceLl
rape
,ac
cord
ing
toth
ete
stin
iony
ofJo
hnlla
iiks,
who
said
liew
aspr
esen
t.M
ost
ofth
ew
itnes
ses
calle
dat
the
tria
lsp
oke
ofth
ew
ave
ofm
urde
rsca
rrie
dou
tby
Cal
lan,
and
itw
asth
eBr
itish
mer
cena
ries
them
selv
es,
his
com
pani
ons
inar
ms,
who
clas
sifie
dhi
mas
‘‘aho
mic
idal
man
iac,
who
spen
ta
lot
oftim
eki
lling
blac
ksju
stfo
rin
n’’
—se
ep.
1142
.[3
7]D
efen
dant
McK
enzi
e,on
eof
the
mai
npe
rson
sw
hoca
rrie
dou
tw
hat
Cal
lan
will
ed,
took
anac
tive
part
inth
em
assa
cre
ofth
eB
ritis
hm
erce
nari
es,
who
mhe
shot
inco
ldbl
ood,
with
out
any
conc
ern
for
givi
ngth
ema
quic
kde
ath.
He
isal
sogu
ilty
ofth
reat
enin
gan
dbe
atin
gci
vilia
ns.
[38]
I.)ef
enda
ntD
erek
Bar
ker
was
the
head
ofth
em
ilita
ryga
rris
onat
Sant
oA
nton
ioda
Zai
re.
[39]
And
defe
ndan
tG
earh
eart
[sic
],a
vete
ran
Iron
sV
ietn
am,
whe
relie
serv
edin
the
Am
eric
anar
my
secu
rity
sect
ion,
offe
red
him
self
asa
mer
cena
ryin
ast
rang
ead
vert
isem
ent
publ
ishe
din
“Sol
dier
ofFo
rtun
e”,
and
sent
10do
llars
toth
e‘‘
7ild
Gee
seC
lub’
’,a
club
ofm
erce
nari
esw
hich
has
asits
high
prie
stth
eno
tori
ous
Mik
e1-
bare
,re
spon
sibl
efo
rti
lem
ass
slau
ghte
rsin
tile
Con
go.
Con
trar
yto
wha
tis
clai
med
byth
ede
fend
ant,
the
‘‘W
ildG
eese
Clu
b’’
isno
ran
info
rma
tion
agen
cyalit
1,as
can
bega
ther
edfr
omp.
450
ofth
eca
sefil
e,th
ete
ndo
llars
hese
ntw
ere
inte
nded
for
his
adm
issi
onas
am
embe
rof
that
sin
iste
rorganis
ati
on
.
[40]
/lia
tis
mor
e,th
ede
fend
ant
ente
red
Kin
shas
aid
entif
ying
him
self
asa
busi
ness
man
,an
dlie
had
aso
lidpo
litic
aled
ucat
ion
and
good
gene
ral
cultu
ral
leve
l.D
urin
gth
em
edic
alex
amin
atio
n,do
cum
ente
don
p.[i
llegi
ble]
the
defe
ndan
tde
scri
bed
him
self
asa
stud
ent
ofp
sych
olog
yan
dhi
stor
y.[4
1]A
ndal
thou
ghth
ere
still
rem
ain
doub
tsas
toth
etr
uere
ason
sfo
rth
epr
esen
cein
the
nort
hof
the
coun
try,
ther
ear
eno
doub
tsth
athe
isa
high
lyda
nger
ous
char
acte
r.[4
2]D
efen
dant
Gru
b,a
Vie
tnam
war
vete
ran,
has
ago
odcu
ltura
lle
vel
and
beha
ved
with
inte
nse
mal
ice.
Acc
entu
ated
mal
ice
was
also
note
din
[ille
gibl
e]of
defe
ndan
ts:
Mar
chan
tan
dW
isem
an[4
3]W
ithre
gard
tode
fend
ants
Nam
nmoc
k,A
cker
and
Mci
ntyr
e,th
eir
[ille
gibl
e]le
vels
ofda
nger
ousn
ess
and
thei
rag
eha
vebe
enno
ted
inth
eir
favo
ur.
[44]
Som
eof
the
defe
ndan
tsal
som
ined
brid
ges
and
road
san
dde
stro
yed
prop
erty
and
equi
pmen
t.It
isun
ders
tood
,ho
wev
er,
that
such
acts
cam
ew
ithin
the
conc
ept
ofm
ilita
ryop
erat
ions
,so
that
they
are
not
inth
emse
lves
sufl
icie
ntto
char
acte
rise
orfu
lfil
the
lega
lpro
visi
ons
for
acr
ime
agai
nst
the
peac
e.[4
5]A
sre
gard
sth
eho
ldin
gun
der
dure
ssof
the
peas
ants
Ant
onio
and
Send
aIs
abel
,w
ithw
hich
som
eof
the
defe
ndan
tsar
ech
arge
d,it
istr
ueth
atth
ede
fend
ants
offe
red
them
aw
atch
and
ace
rtai
nsu
mof
mon
eyto
com
pens
ate
for
the
loss
esth
eyha
dsu
stai
ned.
Such
anof
fer
dim
inis
hes
mal
ice,
whi
chis
anes
sent
ial
elem
ent
inth
ecr
ime
ofpr
ivat
ede
nten
tion.
Eve
nha
dth
isno
tbe
enso
,ho
wev
er,
the
epis
ode
happ
ened
inth
edi
sord
erof
the
mili
tary
retr
eat,
and
the
defe
ndan
tsef
fect
edth
ede
tent
ion.
Even
had
this
not
been
so,
how
ever
,th
eep
isod
eha
ppen
edin
shor
t,th
eyco
uld
alw
ays
have
used
the
excu
seof
nece
ssity
.
13.—
But
itis
now
impo
rtan
tto
look
into
the
appl
icab
lela
w.
[46]
Mer
cena
risn
sw
asno
ttin
know
nin
trad
ition
alpe
nal
law
,w
here
itw
asal
way
sde
alt
with
inre
latio
nto
hom
icid
e.[4
7]It
was
said
,ii
ia
brie
fde
fini
tion,
that
am
erce
nary
was
anag
ent
who
com
mitt
eda
crim
efo
rw
ages
.T
hepr
ime
mot
ive
for
the
crim
ew
asth
eref
ore
alw
ays
the
feel
ing
ofgr
eed,
whi
chis
mor
eove
rth
ere
ason
for
the
seve
rem
oral
cond
emna
tion
this
type
ofcr
ime
has
alw
ays
incu
rred
.[4
8]A
ndm
erce
nary
hom
icid
e,th
enkn
own
asas
sass
inat
ion,
was
trea
ted
asa
spec
ial
crim
ein
som
ele
gisl
atio
n,w
hile
inot
hers
itw
asse
enas
afo
rmof
prem
edita
ted
hom
icid
e.[4
9]In
all
case
s,ho
wev
er,
seve
repu
nish
men
tw
asal
way
sat
tach
edto
mer
cena
ryho
mic
ide,
[50]
And
cert
ainl
yth
roug
hout
the
19th
cent
ury,
ther
ew
asm
uch
deba
teon
whe
ther
the
mos
tse
riou
spe
nalty
shou
ldfa
llon
the
head
ofth
em
erce
nary
,th
atis
onhe
who
carr
ied
out
the
crim
e,or
onth
atof
the
pers
onin
tere
sted
intim
eca
rryi
ngou
tof
the
crim
e,th
atis,
onhe
who
paid
for
itto
beco
mm
itted
.[5
1]T
hede
bate
ende
din
pari
ty.
Infa
ct,
the
view
prev
aile
dth
atth
em
oral
auth
orof
the
crim
ew
asas
resp
onsi
ble
asth
eph
ysic
alau
thor
.[5
2]T
here
fore
,th
isT
ribu
nal
does
not
heed
the
note
ofte
nst
ruck
byth
ede
fenc
eth
atit
was
not
the
defe
ndan
tsw
how
ere
thos
em
ost
resp
onsi
ble
for
the
crim
esth
eyco
mm
itted
,bu
tgo
vern
men
tsan
dor
gani
satio
nsw
hich
,fo
rpe
cuni
ary
com
pens
atio
n,m
ade
ther
mi
com
mit
such
offe
nces
.[5
3]Y
etit
isim
port
ant
that
inm
oder
npe
nal
law
,an
din
the
field
ofco
mpa
rativ
ela
w,
the
mer
cena
rycr
ime
lost
llau
tono
mou
sex
iste
nce
and
was
seen
asa
com
mon
crim
e,ge
nera
llysp
eaki
ngag
grav
ated
byth
epr
ofit
mot
ive
whi
chpr
ompt
sit
.A
ndth
ism
erce
nary
crim
e,w
hich
iskn
own
toda
yas
“pai
dcr
ime
toor
der”
,co
mes
with
inth
ela
ws
oncr
imin
alco
mpl
icity
,it
bein
gth
roug
hth
emth
atth
ere
spon
sibi
lity
ofhe
who
orde
rsan
dlie
who
isor
dere
dis
eval
uate
d.[5
4]In
our
case
,m
erce
nari
smis
prov
ided
for
inA
rt.
20N
o.4
ofth
ePe
nal
Cod
ein
forc
e.
[55]
Thi
san
nuls
the
obje
ctio
nof
the
defe
nce
that
the
crim
eof
mer
cena
rism
has
not
been
defi
ned
and
that
ther
eis
nope
nalt
yfo
rit.
[56]
Itis
infa
ctpr
ovid
edfo
rw
ith
pena
lty
inm
ost
evol
ved
pena
lsy
stem
s.A
sa
mat
eria
lcr
inie
,of
cour
se!
[57]
Prev
ious
lyin
Con
goan
dB
iafr
a.O
nly
yest
erd
ay
inA
ngol
a.T
oday
inR
hode
sia.
[58]
Inth
eco
nvul
sed
hist
ory
ofth
epa
st20
years
,an
dal
way
sse
rvin
gne
o-co
loni
alpl
ans,
ther
eha
veal
way
sbe
enpa
cks
oi
dogs
ofw
arw
ithbl
ood-
stai
ned
muz
zles
,en
gage
din
acts
of
aggr
essi
on,
incr
imes
agai
nst
peac
ean
dag
ains
thu
man
ity,
deca
pita
ting
ortr
ying
tode
capi
tate
revo
luti
ons,
wre
ckin
gor
tryi
ngto
wre
ckth
efr
eedo
mof
peop
les
The
refo
re,
they
have
been
syst
emat
ical
lyin
volv
edin
the
com
mis
sion
ofin
tern
atio
nal
crim
es.
[59]
And
mis
unde
rsta
ndin
gar
ises
whe
nit
ispr
opos
edan
dde
—ni
ande
dth
atha
bitu
alcr
imin
als
inth
eco
mm
issi
onof
inte
rnat
iona
lcr
ime
bepu
nish
edun
der
inte
rnal
law
.[6
0]L
ooki
ngba
ckat
itsw
ound
sof
yest
erda
y,A
fric
afe
els
that
mer
cena
ries
are
ada
nger
tope
ace
for
itsch
ildr
enan
dto
the
secu
rity
of
itsst
ates
.[6
1]A
ndsi
nce
thes
eva
lues
undo
ubte
dly
mer
itle
gal
prot
ecti
on,
the
only
real
isti
cw
ayto
prot
ect
them
isto
rega
rdm
erce
nari
sm,
war
toor
der,
asa
form
alcr
ime.
[62]
Hen
ceth
ose
who
com
mit
the
crim
eof
mer
cena
rism
,in
itsco
nsum
mat
efo
rm,
arc
all
thos
ew
ho,
for
pers
onal
prol
it,
enli
stin
agr
oup
orin
forc
esin
tend
ing,
bym
ilit
ary
mea
ns,
toco
unte
rth
eac
hiev
e—m
cnt
of
afo
reig
npe
ople
’sse
lf—
dete
rmin
atio
nor
,by
the
sam
em
eans
,tO
impose
neo—
colo
niai
dleS
igflS
Oil
then
i.[6
3]F
iiia
liy,
rner
cen;
iris
mis
cons
ider
eda
cri
me
inth
evi
ewof
nati
ons,
and
isex
pres
sly
stat
edto
beon
ein
reso
lutio
ns23
95(X
XII
I),
2465
(XX
III)
,25
4$(X
XIV
).in
cl31
03(X
XV
II)
ofth
eG
ener
alA
ssem
bly
ofti
leU
nite
dN
atio
nsO
rgan
isat
ion,
and
inO
AU
stat
emen
ts—
Kin
shas
a19
67,
and
Add
isA
haba
1971
.[6
4]A
ndac
cept
ance
isgiv
en
toti
leall
egati
on
of
the
defe
nce
that
the
defe
ndan
tsar
eno
tso
lely
guil
ty.
Als
og
uil
ty,
alon
gsid
eth
em
,arc
the
govern
ments
of
tile
countr
ies
of
whi
chth
ey
are
nati
onal
s,w
hich
enco
urag
edth
eir
recr
uitm
ent,
arm
edth
eman
dpai
dth
emw
ages
.G
over
nmen
tspe
rsis
ting
inth
eir
raci
stph
iloso
phie
san
dbl
inde
dby
impe
rial
deli
rium
,w
hich
have
disr
egar
ded
UN
reso
luti
on24
65,
and
agai
nsh
own
them
selv
esto
beagain
stpeace
for
the
people
san
du
nw
orth
yof
shar
ing
the
com
pany
of
tile
com
mun
ity
of
civi
lise
dna
tion
s.[6
5]F
urth
erm
ore,
the
Cod
eo
fD
isci
plin
eof
the
Com
bata
ntst
ates
expr
essl
yth
atca
pita
lpu
nish
men
tis
appl
icab
leto
“ene
mie
s”.
And
mer
cena
ries
are
unco
ntes
tabl
yen
emie
s![6
6]A
rt.
58of
tile
Ang
olan
Con
stit
utio
nal
Law
says
that
law
san
dre
gula
tion
sin
forc
eon
11N
ovem
ber
1975
,th
eda
teof
nati
onal
inde
pend
ence
,w
illco
ntin
ueto
beap
plic
able
solo
ngas
they
are
not
revo
ked.
And
the
Cod
eof
tile
Com
bata
ntha
sno
tbe
enre
voke
d.[6
7]Fi
nally
,it
shou
ldbe
poin
ted
out
that
the
defe
ndan
tsca
nnot
clai
mtil
est
atus
of
pris
oner
sof
war
,fo
rth
ede
fini
tive
reas
onth
atth
ey
are
irre
gula
rm
embe
rsoi
anar
my.
And
itis
alre
ady
onre
cord
that
inU
.N.
reso
luti
ons
am
erce
nary
isre
gard
edas
aco
mm
on
cri
min
al.
[68]
Itis
inth
ese
tern
lsth
atal
lth
ede
fend
ants
are
cons
ider
edgu
ilty
of
the
crim
esof
mer
cena
rism
and
cons
pira
cy.
1)ef
enda
nts
CaI
lan
and
McK
enzi
e,in
addi
tion
toth
ose
crim
es,
are
guil
tyof
that
of
ho
mo
cid
e.
[69]
Itis
unde
rsto
odth
atha
ving
had
am
ilit
ary
com
man
dco
nst
itu
tes
anag
grav
atin
gci
rcum
stan
ce.
[70]
To
judg
eis
,fu
ndam
enta
lly,
tote
stif
yin
favo
urof
man
.[7
1]T
here
fore
,fr
omam
idth
etu
rmoi
lof
imm
edia
tefe
elin
gs,
the
tum
ult
of
idea
s,th
ere
dem
ptio
npr
opos
edby
both
chur
ches
and
gen
darm
es[s
ic],
over
and
abov
etil
ecr
ests
oi
this
agit
ated
sea
swel
l,it
isne
cess
ary,
insh
ort,
tofin
dag
ain
ace
rtai
nco
ncep
tof
the
dign
ity
of
man
and
of
the
cont
inge
ncie
sw
hich
can
effe
ctit
.[7
2]A
tth
esa
me
tim
e,pe
ace
isno
tth
eab
senc
eof
war
,bu
tth
epr
esen
ceof
just
ice.
[73]
And
just
ice
ends
whe
rein
volv
emen
tin
cont
empt
and
op
pre
ssio
nbe
gins
[74]
Str
ange
rsw
ith
kniv
esbe
twee
nth
eir
teet
h,th
em
erce
nari
es,
cam
eto
carv
eda
rkw
ound
sal
ong
the
face
ofth
isco
untr
y.S
prea
ding
tile
irsa
ngui
nary
calc
ulat
ions
,th
eyvi
olat
edch
ildr
en,
plun
dere
dcr
ops,
burn
edsc
hool
s,ru
ined
hope
san
dsi
lenc
edw
itil
bulle
tsth
ecl
ear
laug
hter
of
tile
yout
h.[7
5]A
ndth
eir
purp
ose
was
tom
ake
anen
tire
peop
lere
turn
toth
efr
otlt
iers
of
fear
and
sham
e.A
nin
vinc
ible
and
unva
nqui
shed
peop
le,
for
who
mtil
egr
eate
stw
ealt
hlie
son
the
path
sof
frat
ernit
yan
din
tile
grav
eho
nour
of
bein
gup
righ
t.
Thi
sis
the
crin
lepu
tto
the
cons
cien
ceof
Ellis
Tri
buna
l!
[76]
Con
sequ
entl
y,th
eju
dges
of
this
Tri
buna
lag
ree
onth
eju
dgem
ent
of
the
.guil
tym
erce
nari
es,
and
inth
ena
me
of
tile
Peop
ie’s
Rep
ublic
of
Ang
ola,
sent
ence
asfo
llow
s;—
[77]
The
defe
ndan
tsN
amm
ock,
Ack
eran
dM
cint
yre
to16
year
sim
pris
onm
ent.
[78]
The
defe
ndan
tsL
awio
r,E
vans
and
For
tuin
to24
year
sim
ispr
ison
men
t.[7
9]T
hede
fend
ants
Wis
eman
,M
arch
ant
and
Gru
bto
30ye
ars
impr
ison
men
t.[8
0]T
hede
fend
ants
McK
enzi
e,B
arke
r,G
earh
eart
[sic
]an
dC
osta
sG
eorg
iou,
know
nas
Cal
lan,
toth
ede
ath
pena
lty.
[811
Und
erth
ete
rms
ofth
eSe
rvic
eO
rder
of12
thS
epte
mbe
rth
eca
sedo
cum
ents
,w
ith
all
the
evid
ence
,in
clud
ing
the
audi
ovis
ual
reco
rdof
the
tria
l,w
illbe
subm
itte
dth
roug
hth
eM
inis
try
of
Just
ice
toC
omra
deP
resi
dent
ofth
ePe
ople
’sM
ovem
ent
for
the
Lib
erat
ion
ofA
ngol
aan
dth
ePe
ople
’sR
epub
licof
Ang
ola,
soth
athe
may
conf
irm
orot
herw
ise
the
deat
hpe
nalt
ies
impo
sed.
The
proc
eedi
ngs
of
the
Tri
buna
lar
ecl
osed
.
AP
PE
NI)
IXill
LA
WN
O.
7/76
OF
1ST
OF
MA
Y
Wit
hth
ees
tabl
ishm
ent
ofth
ePe
ople
’sR
epub
licof
Ang
ola,
frui
tof
cent
urie
sof
resi
stan
ceby
the
Ang
olan
Peop
lean
dof
thei
rhe
roic
stru
ggle
,un
der
the
lead
ersh
ipof
MPL
A,
agai
nst
fore
ign
dom
inat
ion
and
oppr
essi
on,
wit
hth
eac
hiev
emen
tof
vict
ory
inth
eli
bera
tion
ofth
eco
untr
yag
ains
tth
eag
gres
sion
byth
efo
rces
ofin
tern
atio
nal
impe
rial
ism
and
itsin
tern
alag
ents
,it
beco
mes
impe
rati
veth
atth
eR
evol
utio
ncr
eate
san
dpu
tsin
toeI
hct
the
nece
ssar
ym
eans
for
itsow
nde
fenc
e.It
isth
eri
ght
and
the
sacr
eddu
tyof
the
Rev
olut
ion
tode
fend
itse
lfst
rong
lyan
dsu
rely
agai
nst
itsen
emie
s,bo
thin
tern
alan
dex
tern
al.
Wit
hth
ein
stit
utio
nof
the
Dir
ecto
rate
ofIn
form
atio
nan
dSe
curi
tyof
Ang
ola,
byl)
ecre
eN
o.3/
75,
of29
thof
Nov
embe
r,th
ere
isno
wne
eded
the
crea
tion
ofa
Tri
buna
lw
hich
,w
ith
ape
rman
ent
char
acte
r,w
illpr
ocee
dw
ith
the
judg
nsei
itof
crim
inal
and
coun
ter—
revo
lutio
nary
acts
byen
emie
sof
the
Rev
olut
ion.
Thi
sis
the
purp
ose
of
the
pres
ent
law
whi
ch,
byvi
rtue
ofar
ticl
e44
ofth
eC
onst
itut
iona
lL
aw,
inst
itut
estIl
ePe
ople
’sR
evol
utio
nary
Cou
rt,
esta
blis
hing
atth
esa
me
time
the
proc
edur
alno
rms
whi
chw
illgo
vern
itsfu
ncti
onin
gan
dw
ork.
Inde
cidi
ngth
epr
oced
ural
met
hods
,th
ere
was
conc
ern
tolin
kh
ar
mon
ious
lyth
ein
tere
sts
of
sini
plic
ity
and
spee
dof
proc
ess,
avoi
ding
exce
ssiv
eor
dela
ying
form
alit
ies,
wit
hth
ein
tere
sts
ofdi
gnit
yan
dgr
avit
yof
just
ice,
perm
itti
ngto
the
accu
sed
full
guar
anti
esof
defe
nce
inco
nfo
rmit
yw
ith
the
cons
titu
tion
alru
ling
whi
chso
dem
ands
.T
hePe
ople
’sR
evol
utio
nary
Cou
rt,
deal
ing
just
ice
seve
rebu
tin
ca—
sure
d,to
the
enem
ies
ofth
eR
evol
utio
n,w
illac
tw
ith
all
the
legi
tim
acy
whi
chac
crue
sto
itas
the
prod
uct
ofth
esu
prem
ein
stan
ceof
Stat
ein
the
Peop
le’s
Rep
ublic
ofA
ngol
aan
dof
the
vang
uard
ofth
eA
ngol
anPe
ople
,th
eM
PLA
.G
uide
dby
unco
mpr
omis
ing
defe
nce
ofth
ein
tere
sts
ofth
eA
isgo
lan
Peop
lean
d,pa
rtic
ular
ly,
ofits
mos
tex
ploi
ted
clas
ses,
the
Peop
le’s
Rev
olut
iona
ryC
ourt
will
effe
ctiv
ely
wat
chov
erth
em
aint
enan
cean
dco
ntin
uati
onof
the
revo
luti
onar
ypr
oces
sin
trai
n,w
ith
the
obje
cto
fth
ein
stal
lati
onof
Peop
le’s
Pow
eran
dof
the
crea
tion
of
aju
stso
ciet
yan
da
new
pers
onal
ity,
asth
esu
prem
eta
rget
and
reas
onfo
rbe
ing
ofou
rst
rugg
le.
Inth
iste
nor
byvi
rtue
of
sub-
para
grap
ha)
ofar
ticl
e38
of
the
Co
nst
itut
iona
lL
awan
dby
righ
tof
the
pow
ergi
ven
insu
b-pa
ragr
aph
e)of
arti
cle
32of
the
sam
eL
aw,
the
Cou
ncil
ofth
eR
evol
utio
nde
cree
san
dI
prom
ulga
teth
efo
llow
ing:
TH
EL
AW
CO
NS
TIT
UT
iNG
TH
EP
EO
PL
E’S
RE
VO
LU
TIO
NA
RY
CO
UR
T
Art
icle
I(C
onst
itutio
n,Ju
risd
ictio
nan
dSe
at)
1.T
hePe
ople
’sR
evol
utio
nary
Cou
rtis
cons
titu
ted,
wit
hits
seat
inth
eca
pita
lof
the
Peop
le’s
Rep
ublic
of
Ang
ola
and
wit
hju
risd
icti
ono
ver
the
who
lena
tion
alte
rrit
ory
.
2.‘F
hePe
ople
’sR
evol
utio
nary
Cou
rtca
nac
tin
any
part
ofth
ena
tion
alte
rrit
ory,
ifth
isis
thou
ght
tobe
mor
eco
nven
ient
for
the
prop
erad
mni
nist
ratio
tsof
just
ice.
Art
icle
2
Ihe
Peop
le’s
Rev
olut
iona
ryC
ourt
isgo
vern
edby
the
disp
ositi
ons
ofth
epr
esen
tdo
cum
ent
and
byth
ele
gal
regu
lati
ons
that
will
bepu
b—lis
hed
byth
ego
vern
men
t.
Arti
cle
3(C
ompe
tenc
e)
I.!l
sePe
ople
’sR
evol
utio
iiary
(A)u
rtis
com
pete
ntto
brin
gto
juilg
—ni
ent
crim
esca
rrie
dou
tag
ains
tth
eA
tigol
anpe
ople
and
thei
rtim
iiy,
agai
nst
the
sove
reig
nty
of(li
ePe
ople
’sR
epub
licof
Ang
ola
ali
t1
itste
rri
tori
alin
tegr
ity,
ofac
tsan
dac
tivi
ties
whi
chth
reat
enth
epr
inci
ples
and
fund
amen
tal
righ
tsst
ipul
ated
iii
the
(oil
stit
utio
llal
Law
,of
thos
ew
hoth
reat
endi
eor
gans
the
Stat
eor
(lie
MIL
Aor
thei
rtit
til.lr
s,as
wel
las
war
crim
esan
dcr
imes
agai
nst
laum
aisi
t y2.
The
I>eo
ple
‘5R
evol
utio
nary
(ourt
isfu
rthe
rco
mpe
tent
totr
yan
yot
her
crim
esif
due
toth
eir
natu
re,
perp
etr.
ator
orpu
blic
repe
rcus
sion
s.th
eC
ourt
itse
lfsh
ould
sode
cide
.
:lflic
le4
(Con
ipos
ition
)
The
Peop
le’s
Rev
olut
iona
ryC
ourt
isco
mpo
sed
ofIv
eju
dges
—
apr
esid
ing
judg
ean
dfo
urot
hers
nam
edby
disp
atch
byti
lePr
esid
ent
of
the
Rep
ubli
c,af
ter
cons
ulta
tion
wit
hth
eC
ounc
ilof
the
Rev
olu
tio
n.
Tw
oof
the
judg
essh
ould
begr
adua
tes
inL
aw.
2.T
heju
dges
are
appo
inte
don
ase
rvic
eco
mm
issi
onfu
rsi
xiii
onth
s,an
dm
ayco
mbi
neth
is[w
ith]
othe
rfu
nctio
ns.
3.If
ther
eis
ale
gal
oL)je
ctiO
flto
any
of
tile
judg
es,
tIle
Pres
iden
tof
the
Rep
ublic
shal
lm
ake
asu
bsti
tuti
onaf
ter
cons
ulta
tion
with
the
Cou
ncil
of
the
Rev
olut
ion.
Art
icle
5(T
hePe
ople
’sPr
osec
utor
)
1.A
Peop
le’s
Pro
secu
tor
acts
inco
njun
ctio
nw
ith
the
Cou
rtan
dre
pres
ents
the
Peop
le’s
Rep
ublic
of
Ang
ola
and
the
Ang
olan
peop
le.
He
has
the
duty
of
pres
enti
ngth
ein
dict
men
t.2.
The
Peop
le’s
Pro
secu
tor
isna
med
inth
esa
me
way
asde
scri
bed
inpo
ints
Ian
d2
of
the
prev
ious
arti
cle.
3.In
the
exer
cise
of
his
func
tion
s,he
may
ise
coun
sello
rsif
heco
nsid
ers
this
tobe
appr
opri
ate.
Arti
cle
6(O
ffic
ial
Def
rnce
)
The
Cou
rtw
ill
orga
nise
alis
tof
offi
cial
defe
nce
coun
sel
chos
enby
the
pres
idin
gju
dge,
who
will
beca
lled
topr
epar
eth
ede
fenc
eon
lyin
case
sw
here
node
fenc
ela
wye
rha
sbe
enin
dica
ted
byth
ede
fend
ant.
Arti
cle
7(S
ecre
tary
)
1.A
Sec
reta
ryw
illw
ork
wit
hth
eC
ourt
,an
dw
illbe
resp
onsi
ble
for
prep
arin
gth
ere
port
san
ddo
cum
ents
ofth
eca
se,
asw
ell
asth
ew
hole
repo
rtco
ncer
ning
the
Cou
rt,
the
Peop
le’s
Pro
secu
tor
and
the
offi
cial
defe
nce.
2.T
hego
vern
men
tw
illor
gani
sea
Lear
nof
pers
ons
asne
cess
ary
toen
able
the
secr
etar
yto
func
tion
asre
quir
ed.
Arti
cle
8(P
repa
ratio
nof
the
case
)
The
prep
arat
ion
ofth
eca
seis
secr
etan
dw
illbe
carr
ied
out
byth
eau
thor
ities
towh
omsi
the
law
attr
ibut
esth
isco
mpe
tenc
e.
Arti
cle
9(P
rese
ntat
ion
ofth
eca
se)
1.A
fter
the
prep
arat
ion
oftil
eca
se,
itis
pres
ente
dto
the
Peop
le’s
Pro
secu
tor
who
,if
hefin
dsth
atit
show
ssu
ffic
ient
evid
ence
ofa
punis
hab
leof
fenc
e,th
eid
en
tity
ofth
eof
fend
ers
and
thei
rre
spon
sibi
lity
,fo
rum
—la
tes
the
char
gein
the
term
sof
the
foll
owin
gar
ticl
ean
dse
nds
the
case
toth
eC
ourt
.2.
11th
ePe
ople
’sP
rose
cuto
rco
nsid
ers
that
the
case
does
not
show
sufl
icie
ntev
iden
ceas
men
tion
edus
tile
01
11t
abov
e,no
char
geis
mad
e.H
esh
all
stat
ein
the
repo
rtth
eju
stif
ying
reas
ons
offa
ctan
dla
w,
and
shal
lse
ndth
eca
seto
the
Cou
rt.
3.T
heC
ourt
,if
itco
nsid
ers
tile
reas
ons
invo
ked
tobe
pert
inen
t,w
illor
der
tile
case
tobe
defi
niti
vely
file
d.if
itdo
esno
t,it
will
retu
rnth
eca
seto
the
Peop
le’s
Pro
secu
tor,
reco
mm
endi
nghim
topr
ocee
dw
ith
tile
char
ges.
Tue
Peop
le’s
Pro
secu
tor
will
follo
wth
isre
com
men
dati
on,
orno
t,as
hebe
lieve
sto
beri
ght.
Ifno
tto
befo
llow
ed,
hehi
mse
lfw
illor
der
the
case
tobe
defm
itiv
ely
file
d.4.
If,
how
ever
,til
ePe
ople
’sP
rose
cuto
rco
nsid
ers
that
furt
her
investi
gati
on
isne
cess
ary
tore
veal
the
trut
h,he
will
soSt
ate
ifl
the
repo
rts;
and
send
them
totil
eau
thor
itie
spr
epar
ing
the
case
.
Arti
cle
10(C
harg
es)
The
char
ges
are
set
out
poin
tby
poin
t,an
dsh
ould
spec
ify:
a)T
hena
me
and
all
the
fact
sw
hich
help
tode
term
ine
the
iden
tity
of
the
defe
ndan
t;b)
Asu
mm
ary
ofth
epu
nish
able
fact
orfa
cts,
wit
han
indi
cati
onof
tile
time
and
plac
ew
here
they
wer
eco
mm
itte
dan
dal
lth
eci
rcum
stan
ces
tllat
can
help
tode
fine
then
-ior
help
tow
ards
anun
ders
tand
ing
ofth
ecu
lpab
ilit
yof
tile
defe
ndan
t;c)
Indi
cati
onof
the
law
san
dru
les
infr
inge
d;d)
Req
uest
that
the
corr
espo
ndin
gpu
nish
men
tsh
ould
beap
plie
dto
the
defe
ndan
t;
e)Li
stof
witn
esse
sw
ithw
hich
itis
inte
nded
topr
ove
tile
char
ge,
and
indi
cati
onof
othe
rpr
oofs
.
Arti
cle
11(D
ecis
ion
ofth
eco
urt)
Whe
ntil
eea
seis
rece
ived
byth
eC
ourt
,it
will
proc
eed
toex
amili
neit
and
afte
rwar
dsw
illm
ake
adi
spat
chin
on
eo
fth
efo
llow
ing
way
s:a)
Tim
ede
cisi
onth
atti
leca
sesh
ould
beth
eob
ject
of
atr
ial,
ifit
isfo
und
that
tiler
eis
sufb
cien
tsu
bsta
ntiv
eev
iden
ceto
show
time
crim
illal
resp
onsi
biii
tyof
tile
defe
ndan
t;b)
The
deci
sion
tofil
eth
eca
seif
itis
cons
ider
edth
atsu
chsu
bst
anti
veev
iden
cedo
esno
tex
ist;
c)T
hede
cisi
onth
atth
eca
sesh
ould
bere
turn
edto
the
auth
orit
ies
who
prep
ared
it,
ifit
isco
nsid
ered
that
furt
her
inve
stig
atlo
tsis
nece
ssar
yto
reve
alth
etr
uth.
Arti
cle
12(N
otic
eof
char
ges)
ifti
me
deci
sion
wer
eto
beth
atof
po
int
(a)
of
tile
pre
vio
us
arti
cle
the
judg
ew
illis
sue
ais
otic
eof
char
ges,
the
dtip
lica
teof
whi
chw
illbe
give
nto
the
defe
ndan
tan
dw
hich
mus
tne
cess
arily
cont
aiii:
a)T
heco
mst
ent
of
the
char
ges;
b)T
hena
me
of
anof
fici
alde
fenc
eco
unse
i,w
ith
tile
indi
cati
onth
atth
ede
fend
ant
may
call
upon
the
defe
nce
coun
sel
of
his
choi
ceup
toth
ecl
ayof
tile
tria
l;c)
Indi
catio
nth
attu
eca
seca
nbe
seen
inth
eC
ourt
oflic
edu
ring
ape
riod
of
eigh
tda
ys,
and
may
befr
eely
cons
ulte
dby
the
defe
nce
coun
sel;
d)In
dica
tion
that
(lur
ing
this
peri
odof
eig
ht
days
the
defe
nce
cou
nse
lca
npr
esen
thi
sca
sefo
rtil
ede
fenc
e,in
wri
ting
;m
enti
onin
gal
lth
epr
evio
usqu
estio
nsra
ised
,in
dica
ting
the
defe
nce
witn
esse
san
tiot
her
proo
fsto
bepr
oduc
edat
the
tria
l. Arti
cle
13(C
onst
itutin
gof
the
Def
ence
Cou
nsel
)
1.In
orde
rto
cons
titu
teti
led
efe
nce,
offi
cial
docu
men
tsar
eno
tne
cess
ary;
the
sim
ple
nam
ing
of
such
byth
ede
fend
ant
inw
rit
ing
or
verb
ally
,an
dth
eco
rres
pond
ing
acce
ptan
ceby
the
defe
nce
coun
sel
issu
ffic
ient
.2.
As
soon
asde
fenc
eco
unse
lis
chos
enby
the
defe
ndan
t,til
ein
terv
enti
onof
the
offi
cial
defe
nce
coun
sel
prev
ious
lyna
med
ceas
es.
Arti
cle
14(R
ecei
ptof
the
Def
rnce
and
Setti
ngof
the
trial
date
)
1.A
fter
the
peri
odof
eigh
tda
ys,
the
Cou
rtw
illex
am
ine
the
De
fenc
ere
quir
emen
ts,
reso
lvin
gal
lth
equ
estio
nsra
ised
and
sett
ing
ada
tefo
rth
etr
ial.
2.T
hePe
ople
’sP
rose
cuto
r,th
ede
fend
atits
and
defe
nce
coun
sel
are
notif
ied
ofth
edi
spat
chfi
xin
gth
etr
ial
date
atle
ast
48ho
urs
befo
reth
ese
tda
te.
3.O
nly
the
witn
esse
sliv
ing
inth
eC
ourt
seat
area
will
beno
tifi
ed,
the
othe
rsm
ust
bepr
esen
ted
atth
ehe
arin
gby
the
part
yth
atha
sen
list
edth
em.
Arti
cle
15(P
ublic
natu
reof
the
trial
)
1.T
hetr
ial
ispu
blic
.2.
The
pres
idin
gju
dge
isre
spon
sibl
efo
rm
aint
aini
ngth
eor
der
and
dign
ity
ofth
epr
ocee
ding
s.H
em
ayta
kesu
chm
easu
res
asm
aybe
appr
opri
ate.
Arti
cle
16(C
ourt
sessio
ns)
Ihie
Cou
rtsh
all
beco
nsid
ered
tobe
inse
ssio
nw
hen
all
the
judg
es,
tile
Peop
le’s
Pro
secu
tor
and
the
defe
ndan
tar
epr
esen
t,ap
art
Iron
sth
ela
tter
,in
the
case
ofa
pers
onbe
ing
trie
din
abse
ntia
.
Arti
cle
17(l
)utic
sof
defe
nce
cuun
sel)
ifdi
i rin
gtil
ehe
arin
gth
ede
fenc
eco
unse
ldo
not
hold
the
Court
indu
ere
spec
t,or
bycl
ear
abus
etr
yto
dela
yor
obst
ruct
the
norm
alpr
oced
ure
of
the
wor
k,us
ein
juri
ous,
viol
ent
orag
gres
sive
lang
uage
agai
nst
the
publ
icau
thor
itie
sor
any
othe
rpe
rson
s,or
mak
eex
pla
na
tions
or
cois
mie
nts
onm
atte
rsex
tran
eous
toth
etr
ial
md
that
coul
dno
tse
rve
tocl
arif
yit
,th
eyw
illbe
war
ned
byti
lepre
sidin
gju
dge.
If,
afte
rw
arn
ing
s,th
isbe
havi
our
isre
peat
ed,
the
pre
sidin
gju
dg
eca
nw
ithd
raw
thei
rri
ght
tosp
eak,
cilt
rust
ilsg
the
def
ence
toan
othe
rco
unse
lch
ose
nby
him
,w
itho
utpre
judic
eto
crim
inal
and
dis
cip
lin
ary
pro
ceed
ings
ifth
ese
shou
ldta
kepl
ace
agai
nst
the
coun
sel.
Arti
cle
18(L
ack
ofre
spec
tby
the
defe
ndan
t)
Ifth
ede
fend
ant
show
sla
ckof
resp
ect
for
the
Cou
rt,
liew
illbe
war
ned
and
ifhe
cont
inue
s,he
will
beor
dere
dto
beta
ken
unde
rgu
ard
toso
me
Cou
rtw
aiti
ngro
ons
orto
the
pris
on,
whi
chlie
will
only
leav
eto
hear
the
sent
ence
.
Arti
cle
19
1.T
hetr
ial
isor
al,
wit
hth
eex
cept
ion
ofth
ese
nten
cew
hich
isw
ritt
en.
All
the
thin
gsw
hich
happ
endu
ring
the
hear
ing
shal
lbe
form
ulat
edin
toa
conc
ise
cour
tre
cord
byon
eof
the
secr
etar
iat
offi
cial
s,bu
tin
this
the
stat
emen
tsar
eno
tin
clud
ed.
2.T
hepr
esid
ing
judg
em
ay,
how
ever
,de
cide
to.
mak
ea
tape
reco
rdin
gof
all
orso
me
ofth
est
atem
ents
.
3.T
hefo
rmal
itie
sw
illbe
the
mos
tsi
mpl
ean
dad
equa
teth
atre
veal
the
trut
h,w
itho
utpr
ejud
ice
toth
egu
aran
tee
ofde
fenc
eal
low
edto
the
defe
ndan
t.
Arti
cle
20(R
eadi
nqof
file
char
ges
and
chic
dr’fe
mice
)
Whe
nth
ehe
arin
gopen
s,an
dth
ede
fend
ant
orde
fend
ants
have
bec
tibr
ough
tin
toth
eco
urt
room
the
pres
idin
gju
dge
will
orde
ron
eof
tile
Cou
rtse
cret
aria
tof
fici
als
tore
adth
ech
arge
san
dth
ew
ritt
ende
fenc
e,w
hich
the
defe
ndan
tsh
ould
have
pres
ente
d.
Arti
cle
21(I
dent
ifIca
tion
ofti
lede
fend
ant)
The
pres
idin
gju
dge
will
follo
wby
iden
tify
ing
tile
defe
ndan
t,as
king
him
for
his
nam
e,m
arit
alst
atus
,pa
rent
age,
prof
essi
on,
nati
onal
ity,
resi
denc
e,w
heth
eror
not
lieha
sev
erbe
ets
foun
dgu
ilty
orde
tain
edin
pris
on,
and
will
advi
seth
ede
fend
ant
that
heis
not
oblig
edto
answ
erqu
estio
nsth
atar
eas
ked
ofhi
iiiab
out
the
fact
sof
whi
chhe
isac
cuse
d.
Art
icle
22(E
xam
inat
ion
ofth
ede
fend
ant)
The
exam
inat
ion
ofth
ede
fend
ant
abou
tth
eIi
cts
ofw
hich
heis
accu
sed
isdo
neby
any
ofth
eju
dges
.2.
Thi
sis
foll
owed
byco
mpl
emen
tary
ques
tions
toti
lede
fend
ant
byth
epr
osec
utio
nan
dde
fenc
e.3.
ifth
ere
arc
co—
defe
ndan
tsin
the
sam
ecase,
the
e xai
llin.
ition
ofea
chon
ew
illbe
mad
ese
para
tely
,at
the
end
ofw
hich
they
will
beco
nfro
nted
with
each
othe
rif
this
isne
cess
ary
inor
der
tore
veal
tile
trut
h. 4.T
heques
tions
shal
lno
tbe
lead
ing,
orde
ceit
ful,
orac
com
pani
edby
frau
dule
ntpe
rsua
sion
,fa
lse
prom
ises
orth
reat
s.5.
Ifth
ede
fend
ant
plea
dsgu
ilty
,lie
will
bepa
rtic
ular
lyqu
estio
ned
onhi
sm
otiv
es,
and
onth
eti
me,
plac
e,m
anne
ran
dm
etho
dsus
edin
com
mit
ing
it.
6.If
the
defe
ndan
tde
nies
fact
sth
atar
eal
read
yin
his
stat
emen
t,or
inot
her
stat
emen
tsor
docu
men
tsw
hich
have
been
intr
oduc
edin
toth
eco
urt,
the
pres
idin
gju
dge
can
read
him
the
rele
vant
extr
acts
and
pres
shi
mot
ith
ose
fact
s.
Arti
cle
23(P
rese
ntat
ion
ofev
iden
ce)
1.T
hepr
esen
tati
onof
evid
ence
bypr
osec
utio
nan
dde
fenc
efo
llo
ws,
thro
ugh
the
inve
stig
atio
nof
stat
emen
ts,
calli
ngof
witn
esse
s,te
chni
cal
evid
ence
,in
spec
tions
and
the
exhi
biti
onof
docu
men
ts.
2.T
hew
itn
esses
and
the
expe
rts
can
bequ
estio
ned
byan
yoi
the
judg
es,
wit
hth
epr
osec
utio
nan
dde
fenc
eab
leto
put
any
com
plem
enta
ryqu
estio
nsne
cess
ary
for
impr
oved
clar
ific
atio
nof
the
trut
h
AP
PE
ND
IXIV
Arti
cle
24(C
losi
ntsp
eech
es)
1.T
his
isfo
llow
edby
the
clos
ing
spee
ches
,gi
ven
firs
tby
the
Peop
le’s
Pro
secu
tor
and
then
byth
ede
fenc
e.R
eplie
sar
eno
tpe
r—nl
itte
d.
Art
icle
25(C
losi
ngof
cite
hear
ing)
1.A
tth
een
dof
the
clos
ing
spee
ches
the
pres
idin
gju
dge
will
ask
the
defe
ndan
tif
heha
san
ythi
ngfu
rthe
rto
add
inhi
sde
fenc
e,he
arin
gev
eryt
hing
that
lieha
sto
say
tow
ards
it.
2.Fo
llow
ing
this
the
pres
idin
gju
dge
will
decl
are
the
hear
ing
clos
ed,
and
the
Con
rIw
illre
tire
tode
cide
onth
em
atte
isof
fact
san
dof
law
and
form
ulat
ea
sente
nce
.
“TE
XT
SF
OR
TH
EA
NG
OL
AN
CO
MB
AT
AN
T”
LA
WO
FD
ISC
IPL
INE
CH
AP
TE
RII
I—
RE
WA
RD
S,
DE
CO
RA
TIO
NS
,P
EN
AL
TIE
S1—
Rew
ards
and
pena
lties
are
inte
nded
not
oniy
tore
info
rce
the
mea
nsw
hich
disc
iplin
ean
ded
ucat
ion
give
toth
ose
with
resp
onsi
bilit
yin
the
dire
ctio
nof
thei
rsu
bord
inat
es,
but
also
togi
veef
fect
toeq
uita
ble
jus
tice. R
ewar
dsen
cour
age
zeal
,de
dica
tion,
punc
tual
ityan
dre
spec
t.Pe
nalti
esre
gula
teco
nduc
t,co
mba
tan
dpr
even
tla
pses
indu
tyan
dla
w.
1—R
EW
AR
DS
Art
icle
26(S
ente
nce)
1.[h
ese
nten
ceis
give
nii
ith
enam
eof
rite
Pcop
lc’s
Rep
ubli
cof
Ang
ola
and
ofth
eA
tigo
lan
Peo
ple
aJ
shal
lhe
wri
tten
and
bepe
rson
ally
sign
edby
each
judge.
‘[lie
vote
sof
diss
ente
rs,
ifth
ere
shou
ldbe
any,
vil
lap
pear
only
iii
ase
cret
reco
rd.
2.T
hese
nten
ceis
publ
icly
read
bytil
ePr
esid
ing
Judg
e,th
ep’
—en
ceof
the
defe
ndan
t,til
ePe
ople
’sP
rose
cuto
ran
dde
fenc
eco
unse
lbei
ng
obli
gat
ory
.
Arti
cle
27(A
ppea
l)
I.T
here
isno
appe
alag
ains
tth
ede
cisi
ons
ofth
eco
urt,
whe
ther
final
orin
teri
m.
2.T
heon
lyki
ndof
appea
lper
mit
ted
isto
the
Cou
rt,
itsel
f,ag
ains
tfa
iling
s,am
bigu
ity
orla
ckof
clar
ity
inth
ese
nte
nce
ordi
spat
ches
.T
hecourt
wil
lim
niec
hiat
ely
and
defi
niti
vely
deci
deon
it.
Arti
cle
28(T
rial
inab
sent
ia)
An
abse
ntde
fend
ant
will
betr
ied
inab
sent
iaan
dri
sepre
sidin
gju
dge
will
desi
gnat
ean
offi
cial
defe
nce
coun
sel
for
him
.
Art
icle
29(V
alid
ity)
Thi
sla
wco
mes
into
forc
eim
med
iate
ly.
Rea
dan
dap
prov
edby
the
Cou
ncil
ofth
eR
evol
utio
nPr
omul
gate
don
1st
May
1976
Publ
ish
it.
2—R
ewar
dsar
eof
the
foll
owin
gki
nds:
a)C
itat
ions
inservic
eord
ers
for
acts
of
coura
ge
and
self
—de
nial
.h)
Ora
lco
ngra
tula
tions,
atte
stin
gto
sati
sfac
tion
for
beh
avio
ur
or
hs—
cipl
inar
ysp
irit
.c)
Lea
vepe
rmis
sion
of
ever
yki
nd:
cons
essi
onar
y,fa
mil
yvi
sits
,per
sona
laf
fair
san
dot
hers
tobe
esta
blis
hed
byse
rvic
eor
der.
3—T
heva
riou
sle
aves
are
gran
ted
inth
efo
llow
ing
way
:
Ben
efic
iary
Lea
veof
24-
Eve
ryon
e36
hour
s
Dis
pens
atio
nfr
omE
very
one
wor
kfo
rI
day
Per
mis
sion
tosl
eep
Eve
ryon
eaw
ayfr
omqu
arte
rs
Leav
efo
rm
ore
Ever
yone
than
15da
ys
II—
DE
CO
RA
TIO
NS
Ever
yone
Ever
yone
Reg
iona
lco
mm
and
onth
ere
com
men
datio
nof
the
resp
ectiv
eD
isci
plin
ary
Cou
ncil
4—A
nyco
mba
tant
can
beaw
arde
da
deco
rati
onby
the
Exe
cuti
vefo
rac
tsof
brav
ery,
exem
plar
ysp
irit
,le
ngth
ofse
rvic
ein
the
rank
s,et
c.T
here
leva
ntD
isci
plin
ary
Cou
ncils
mus
tbe
cons
ulte
din
the
awar
dof
dec
ora
Type
ofle
ave
Aut
hori
tygr
antin
gle
ave
Dc
‘achi
mci
i tCo
inm
amid
e r
Dct
aciii
nem
itco
initi
ande
ran
dii
i
his
abse
nce
die
most
seni
orre
spon
sibl
epC
rSoIi
I)et
achi
men
tco
rnni
ande
r
Com
man
der
orde
lega
ted
resp
onsi
ble
pers
on
Per
mis
sion
for
abse
nce
from
mea
ls
Lea
vefo
rm
ore
than
36ho
urs
I\lil
itary
Con
sniis
sion
onth
ere
com
men
datio
nof
Dis
cipl
inar
yC
ounc
il
The
Pres
iden
tof
tile
Rep
ublic
,A
nt6n
ioA
gost
inho
Net
oti
ons.
Ill
—-I5E
NA
I:F
IES
A—
Ot1
nces
5—O
lfei
ices
arc
clas
sifi
edin
the
ioii
owin
gw
ay:
a)O
fk’n
cew
ith
rega
rdto
law
s,au
thor
itie
san
dpe
ople
.b)
Pu
bli
cde
mon
stra
tion
,in
any
way
,of
op
inio
ns
win
chw
ould
p—
judi
cedi
scip
line
or
win
char
eco
ntra
ryto
the
stat
utor
ypr
inci
ples
anti
pro—
grai
nof
MP
IA.
c)
Lyi
ngor
conc
ealiu
ent
ofo
Ilen
ces
l)I)
iscl
osui
eof
secr
etor
conf
iden
tial
iiil
orm
atio
n.e)
llrea
clie
sof
mil
itar
yre
gula
tion
sor
ofin
stru
ctio
nsin
serv
ice
orde
rs.
1)In
dole
nce,
idle
ness
,ill
—w
ill,
negl
igen
cein
duty
.g)
Ofi
ence
sag
ains
tth
edi
gnit
yof
tile
stru
ggle
and
ofth
eun
its,
dru
nk
enne
ss,
braw
ling
,ro
wdi
ness
,ill
—ad
vise
dpr
acti
cal
joke
s,in
trig
ue,
einb
cz—
ziem
ent0f
fund
san
deq
uipm
ent
etc.
Ii)Fa
ilure
toob
serv
epo
lice
regu
lati
ons
of
the
enti
tyor
coun
trie
sw
liic
ligi
veu
sho
spit
alit
y.i)
‘fak
ing
ondu
ties
whi
char
eno
tau
thor
ized
bysu
peri
ors.
B—
RI(
;IIT
OF
PU
NIS
HM
EN
TA
N1)
EX
ER
CIS
EO
F‘I
l-uS
RIG
HT
6—E
very
cous
bata
nt,
whe
ther
inau
thor
ity
orno
t,ha
sth
edu
tyof
con—
trih
utin
gto
the
niai
iten
ance
of
disc
ipli
ne,
bypo
mti
ngou
thi
sow
nof
—fe
nces
orth
eot
fenc
esof
othe
rs.
The
auth
orit
ies
mus
tgi
vepr
ompt
pun—
iSlin
ient
toth
eir
subo
rdin
ates
.7—
Any
puni
shm
ent
give
nor
soug
htre
quir
esth
epr
esen
tati
on0
1evi
denc
ean
dpr
oof.
8—T
heac
cuse
dm
ust
hehe
ard
befu
reth
epu
nisl
nnen
tis
carr
ied
out.
C—
l)E
CIS
ION
ON
PE
NA
LT
IES
9—T
heau
thor
itie
sm
ust
act
soas
topr
even
tof
lenc
es.
Whe
nth
eyar
cob
lige
dto
use
pcna
liti
es,
they
shou
ldbe
guid
edby
the
foll
owin
gco
n—si
tiera
tion
s;a)
Just
ice
and
impa
rtia
lity
.P
enal
ties
are
not
anex
erci
seo
fper
sona
lau
thor
ity.
‘flie
auth
orit
ies
are
mer
ely
agen
tsto
carr
you
ttil
ere
gu
latio
ns.
The
pena
lty
ispr
opor
tion
alto
the
grav
ity
oftIl
eof
fenc
ean
dto
the
circ
umst
ance
sin
win
chit
was
coin
niit
ted.
‘ihe
pers
onre
spon
sibl
em
ust
take
iilt
oac
coun
tth
eba
ckgr
ound
ofth
eco
mba
tant
tohe
puni
shed
,hi
sus
ual
beha
viou
r,hi
sch
arac
ter
and
his
leng
tho
fse
rvic
ein
tile
rank
s.‘[
hefi
rst
pena
lty
mus
tbe
care
full
yst
udie
dow
ing
toth
eim
port
ance
itca
rrie
sii
ith
eey
esof
tile
com
bata
nt.
b)C
erta
inci
rcum
stan
ces
are
of
aki
ndto
aggr
avat
eti
leof
fenc
e,fo
rex
ampl
e:if
ther
eis
repe
titi
on,
ifit
isca
rrie
dou
top
enly
,if
itis
coll
ecti
ve.
c)In
110
case
can
indi
vidu
alof
fenc
esbe
deal
tw
ith
byco
llec
tive
pun
ishm
ent.
ci)A
nype
nalti
esca
nbe
susp
ende
dor
canc
elle
dby
high
erin
stan
ceto
thos
ew
hich
dete
rmin
edth
em.
1)—
CA
TE
GO
RY
OF
PE
NA
LT
IES
1O—
’[iie
vari
ous
kind
sof
pena
ltie
sar
eas
foll
ows;
a)O
ral
war
ning
.h)
Sim
ple,
oral
rebu
ke.
c)R
ebuk
eon
para
de.
‘[hi
sis
wri
tten
aiid
reco
rded
oii
indi
vidu
alre
cord
san
din
volv
esco
iifin
eiue
iitto
quar
ters
.ci)
Sim
ple
impr
ison
men
t.Ib
isis
reco
rded
and
can
invo
lve
loss
ofra
nk.
Invo
lves
late
rco
nfin
emen
tto
quar
ters
.e)
Sev
ere
impr
ison
men
t.T
his
isre
cord
edan
din
volv
esla
ter
detem
i—tio
nan
dlo
ssof
rank
.1)
Susp
ensi
onof
righ
tto
figh
t.R
ecor
ded.
g)E
xpul
sion
.R
ecor
ded.
On
the
deci
sion
of
time
Dir
ecto
rate
onre
com
men
dati
onfr
omth
eD
isci
plin
ary
Cou
ncil
.I)
I)ea
tli
pena
lty
byfi
ring
squa
d.T
obe
deci
ded
uiid
ersp
ecia
lla
w.
CA
’FE
GO
RY
TO
WH
OM
AU
TH
OR
ITY
WH
OD
IRE
CT
ED
PU
NIS
HE
SW
arni
ngE
very
one
Eve
ryon
eSi
mpl
ere
buke
Ever
yone
Eve
ryon
e
Rec
orde
dre
buke
Ever
yone
Zone
Con
unan
der
upw
ards
Sim
ple
Ever
youi
eZo
neC
omm
ande
rup
war
dson
impr
ison
nien
tex
cept
reco
mm
enda
tion
ofth
ere
leva
ntC
oinn
iand
e rs
Dis
cipl
inar
yC
ounc
ilS
ever
eE
very
one
and
Zone
Con
imai
ider
upw
ards
onim
pris
onm
ent
dese
rter
sor
reco
mm
enda
tion
ofth
ere
leva
ntdi
sarm
edl)
isci
plin
ary
Cou
ncil
enem
imics
Susp
ensi
onE
very
one
Mil
itar
yC
omm
issiom
ion
recom
nle
ncla
tiom
lof
the
rele
vail
Dis
cipl
inar
yC
ounc
ilEx
puls
ion
Ever
yone
Dir
ectin
gC
omm
ittee
(inre
com
mendati
on
of
the
rele
vant
Dis
cipl
inar
yC
ounc
ilD
eath
pena
ltyE
very
one
and
Dir
ectin
gC
omm
ittee
enem
ies
(spe
cial
regu
latio
ns)
IV—
DIS
CIP
LIN
AR
YC
OU
NC
ILS
11—
The
Dis
cipl
inar
yC
ounc
ils
are
cons
ulta
tive
orga
nsin
tile
awar
din
gof
pena
litie
san
dre
war
ds.
12—
The
Zon
alan
dR
egio
nal
Cou
ncil
sm
ust
beco
nsti
tute
dth
us:
a)If
the
offe
nder
isa
com
bata
nt—
byth
eC
omm
ande
r,th
eP
oli
tica
lC
omm
issa
ran
da
com
bata
nt.
b)If
tile
offe
nder
isa
civi
lian
—by
the
Com
man
der,
the
Polit
ical
Com
mis
sar
and
bya
civi
lian
.
c)In
any
ofth
ese
case
sth
ese
ttin
gU
ofa
defe
nce
isal
way
sal—
low
ed.
MA
TS
EN
I)E
,10
thJu
ly19
66T
heM
ilit
ary
Com
mis
sion
(App
rove
din
the
Exe
cuti
veM
eeti
ng)
PEO
PLE
’SM
OV
EM
EN
TFO
RT
HE
L!B
ER
AT
ION
OF
AN
GO
LA
SE
RV
ICE
OR
DE
R
Con
side
ring
the
disp
osit
ion
insu
b—pa
ragr
aph
ii,
para
grap
hN
o.10
ofSe
ctio
nD
ofC
hapt
erli
iof
the
LA
WO
FD
ISC
IPL
INE
FOR
T[I
EC
OM
BA
TA
NT
,an
dco
nlir
min
gth
ene
edto
mak
eap
plic
atio
nof
the
deat
hpe
lialty
liona
lon
prio
rhi
gher
cons
ider
atio
n,I
RU
LE
:In
futu
re,
node
ath
pena
lty
byfi
ring
squad
can
beca
rrie
dout
unle
ssit
has
prev
ious
lybe
enco
nfi
rmed
byth
ePr
esid
ent
ofM
PLA
.
12th
Sep
tem
ber
1970
.
AP
PE
ND
IXVD
r.A
gost
inho
Ne
toPr
esid
ent
ofM
PLA
CO
NS
TIT
UT
ION
AL
LA
WO
F1’
lIE
PEO
PLE
’SR
EP
Ubl
ICor
AN
GO
LA
PA
RT
I
Bas
icP
rin
cip
les
AR
TIC
LE
IT
hePe
ople
’sR
epub
licof
Ang
ola
shal
lbe
aso
vere
ign,
inde
pend
ent
and
dem
ocra
tic
Stat
ew
hose
prim
eob
ject
ive
shal
lbe
the
Ang
olan
peo
ple’
sto
tal
libe
rati
onfr
omth
eve
stig
esof
colo
nial
ism
and
the
dom
inat
ion
and
aggr
essi
onof
impe
rial
ism
,an
dbu
ildi
nga
pros
pero
usan
dde
moc
rati
cco
untr
yen
tire
lyfr
eefr
oman
yfo
rmof
expl
oita
tion
ofm
anby
man
,th
ereb
yfu
lfill
ing
the
aspi
rati
ons
ofth
em
asse
s.A
RT
ICL
E2
All
sove
reig
nty
shal
lbe
vest
edin
the
Ang
olan
peop
le.
The
MPL
A,
thei
rle
giti
mat
ere
pres
enta
tive
,co
nsti
tute
dby
abr
oad
fron
tw
hich
incl
udes
all
patr
ioti
cfo
rces
enga
ged
inth
ean
ti—in
iper
ialis
tst
rugg
le,
shal
lhe
resp
onsi
ble
for
the
poli
tica
l,ec
onom
ican
dso
cial
lead
ersh
ipof
the
tiO
ll.
AR
TIC
LE
3Ii
iem
asse
ssh
all
begu
aran
teed
broa
def
fect
ive
part
icip
atio
nin
the
exer
cise
of
polit
ical
pow
er,
thro
ugh
the
cons
olid
atio
n,ex
pans
ion
and
deve
lopm
ent
of
orga
nisa
tion
alfo
rms
ofpe
ople
’spo
wer
.
AR
TIC
LE
4T
hePe
ople
’sR
epub
licof
Ang
ola
shal
lbe
aun
itar
yan
din
divi
sibl
eSt
ate
who
sein
viol
able
and
inal
iena
ble
terr
itor
ysh
all
l)eth
atde
fine
dby
the
pres
ent
geog
raph
ical
limits
of
Ang
ola,
and
any
atte
mpt
atse
par
atis
mor
the
dism
embe
ring
ofits
terr
itor
ysh
all
bevi
goro
usly
coin
b,ite
d.A
RT
ICL
E5
Eco
nom
ic,
soci
alan
dcu
ltur
also
lida
rity
shal
lbe
prom
oted
and
inte
nsif
ied
betw
een
all
regi
ons
ofth
ePe
ople
’sR
epub
licof
Ang
ola,
for
the
com
mon
deve
lopm
ent
ofth
een
tire
Ang
olan
nati
onan
dth
ecl
imin
,i—tio
nof
rem
nant
sof
regi
onal
ism
and
trib
alis
m.
AR
TIC
LE
6U
nder
the
lead
ersh
ipof
MPL
Aan
dw
ith
itsP
resi
dent
asC
oinm
aii—
der—
in—
Cliie
f,th
ePe
ople
’sA
rmed
Forc
esfo
rth
eL
iber
atio
nof
Ang
ola
(FA
I>LA
),th
ear
med
win
gof
the
peop
le,
shal
lbe
inst
itutio
nalis
edas
the
nati
onal
arm
yof
the
Peop
le’s
Rep
ublic
ofA
ngol
a.It
shal
lbe
the
resp
onsi
bili
tyof
FAPL
Ato
defe
ndth
eco
untr
y’s
terr
itor
ial
inte
grit
yan
dto
part
icip
ate
alon
gsid
eth
epe
oi)l
ein
prod
ucti
on,
and
henc
ein
natio
nal
reco
nstr
ucti
on.
The
Com
man
der—
in—
Chi
efof
tile
Peo
ples
Arm
edFo
rces
for
the
lib
erat
ion
ofA
ngol
a(F
API
.A)
shal
lap
poin
tan
ddi
smis
shi
gh—
rank
ing
mil
itar
yot
licia
ls.
AR
TIC
LE
7T
hePe
ople
’sR
epub
licof
Ang
ola
shal
lbe
ase
cula
rSt
ate,
and
ther
esh
all
heco
mpl
ete
sepa
rati
onof
the
Stat
ean
dre
ligio
usin
stit
utio
ns.
All
relig
ions
shal
lbe
resp
ecte
d,an
tIth
eSt
ate
shal
lat
lirJ
chur
ches
and
plac
esan
dob
ject
sof
wor
ship
IO
Ctin
solo
ngas
they
cO
m)iy
with
the
Stat
ela
ws.
AR
TIC
LE
8T
hePe
ople
’sR
epub
licof
Ang
ola
shal
lre
gard
agri
cult
ure
asth
eba
sean
din
dust
ryas
the
deci
sive
fact
orin
itsde
velo
pmen
t.T
heSt
ate
shal
lor
ient
ate
and
plan
the
nati
onal
econ
omy
wit
ha
view
toth
esy
stem
.itic
and
harm
onio
usde
velo
pmen
tof
all
the
coun
try’
sna
tura
lan
dhu
man
reso
urce
san
dth
eus
eof
wea
lth
for
the
bene
fitof
the
Ang
olan
peop
le.
AR
TIC
LE
9T
hePe
ople
’sR
epub
licof
Ang
ola
shal
lpr
omot
eth
ees
tabl
ishm
ent
ofju
stso
cial
rela
tion
sin
all
sect
ors
ofpr
oduc
tion
,fu
rthe
ring
and
dev
elop
ing
the
publ
icse
ctor
and
fost
erin
gco
oper
ativ
efo
rms.
One
of
the
very
spec
ial
task
sof
the
Peop
le’s
Rep
ublic
of
Ang
ola
shal
lbe
toso
lve
the
land
prob
lem
inth
ein
tere
sts
ofth
epe
asan
tm
asse
s.A
RT
iCL
E10
The
Peop
le’s
Rep
ublic
ofA
ngol
ash
all
reco
gnis
epr
otec
tan
dguar
ante
epr
ivat
eac
tivi
ties
and
prop
erty
,ev
enth
ose
of
fore
igne
rs,
solo
ngas
they
are
usef
ulto
the
coun
try’
sec
onom
yan
dto
the
inte
rest
sof
the
An-
gola
npe
ople
.
AR
TIC
LE
11A
llna
tura
lre
sour
ces
intil
eso
ilan
dsu
bsoi
l,in
tile
terr
itor
ial
wat
ers,
on
the
cont
inen
tal
self
and
inth
eai
rsp
ace
shal
lbe
tile
prop
erty
oftil
eS
tate
,w
hich
shal
lde
term
ine
how
they
shal
lbe
used
.
AR
TIC
LE
12T
hefis
cal
syst
emsh
all
begu
ided
byth
epr
inci
ple
of
grad
uate
ddi
rect
taxa
tion
,an
dno
priv
ileg
esof
any
kind
shal
lbe
perm
itte
din
fisc
alm
atte
rs.
AR
TIC
LE
13T
hePe
ople
’sR
epub
licof
Ang
ola
shal
lvi
goro
usly
com
bat
illi
tera
cyan
dob
scur
anti
sm,
and
prom
ote
the
deve
lopm
ent
ofed
ucat
ion
atth
ese
rvi
ceof
the
peop
le,
and
ofa
true
nati
onal
cult
ure,
enri
ched
byth
ere
volu
tion
ary
cult
ural
gain
sof
oth
er
peop
les.
AR
TIC
LE
14T
hePe
ople
’sR
epub
licof
Ang
ola
shal
lre
spec
tan
dap
ply
the
pri
nci
ples
ofth
eC
hart
erof
the
Uni
ted
Nat
ions
and
ofth
eC
hart
erof
the
Org
aniz
atio
nof
Afr
ican
Uni
ty.
Itsh
all
esta
blis
hre
lati
ons
offr
ieiic
lshi
pan
dco
oper
atio
nw
ith
all
Stat
es,
base
don
die
pri
ncip
les
ofiii
utua
lre
spec
tfo
rso
vere
ignl
yan
dte
rrit
oria
lin
tegr
ity,
equa
lity
,lio
n—in
terf
eren
cein
the
inte
rnal
afhi
irs
ofea
chC
ou
ntr
y,
and
reci
proc
albe
nefi
ts.
AR
TIC
LE
15T
hePe
ople
’sR
epub
licof
Ang
ola
supp
orts
and
isin
soli
dari
tyw
ith
the
stru
ggle
ofth
epe
ople
sfo
rna
tion
alli
bera
tion
,an
dit
shal
les
tabl
ish
rela
tion
sof
frie
ndsh
ipan
dco
oper
atio
nw
ithal
lde
moc
rati
can
tipro
gre
ssi
vefo
rces
inth
ew
orld
.
AR
TIC
LE
16T
hePe
ople
’sR
epub
licof
Ang
ola
shal
lno
tjo
inan
yin
tern
atio
nal
mil
itar
yor
gani
sati
on,
nor
shal
lit
allo
wth
ein
stal
lati
onof
fore
ign
mil
ita
ryb:
ises
onits
nati
onal
terr
itor
y. PA
RT
II
Fund
amen
tal
Rig
hts
and
Dut
ies
AR
TIC
LE
17T
heSt
ate
shal
lre
spec
tan
dpr
otec
tdi
ehu
man
pers
onan
dhu
man
dign
ity.
Eve
ryci
tize
nsh
all
have
the
righ
tto
the
free
deve
lopm
ent
ofpe
rson
alit
yw
hile
mai
ntai
ning
the
resp
ect
due
toth
eri
ghts
ofot
her
cit
ize
nsan
dto
the
high
erin
tere
sts
of
the
Ang
olan
peop
le.
The
life,
libe
rty,
pers
onal
inte
grit
y,go
odna
me
and
repu
teof
ever
yci
tize
nsh
all
bepro
tect
edby
law
.
AR
TIC
LE
18A
llci
tize
nssh
all
beeq
ual
befo
reth
ela
wan
den
joy
the
sam
eri
ghts
.T
hey
shal
lbe
subj
ect
toth
esa
me
dutie
s,w
itho
utan
ydi
stin
ctio
nba
sed
onco
lour
,ra
ce,
ethn
icgr
oup,
sex,
plac
eof
birt
h,re
ligi
on,
leve
lof
edu
catio
n,or
econ
omic
orso
cial
stat
us.
Any
acts
desi
gned
toje
opar
dize
soci
alha
rmon
yor
crea
tedi
scri
min
atio
nor
priv
ileg
esba
sed
onsu
chfa
cto
rssh
all
bese
vere
lypu
nish
edun
der
the
law
.
AR
TIC
LE
19It
shal
lbe
the
righ
tof
the
high
est
and
inde
clin
able
duty
of
ever
yci
tize
nof
the
Peop
le‘c
Rt’
piib
brof
An’oi
C
of
the
co
un
try
’ste
rrit
oria
lin
tegri
tyan
dto
defe
ndan
dexte
nd
the
rev
olu
tion
ary
gain
s.
AR
TIC
LE
20A
llci
tize
nsag
edov
erei
ghte
en,
othe
rth
anth
ose
lega
llyde
priv
edof
poli
tica
lri
ghts
,sh
all
have
the
righ
tan
dth
edu
tyto
take
anac
tive
part
iiipu
blic
life,
tovo
tean
dbe
elec
ted
orap
poin
ted
toan
ySt
ate
orga
n,an
dto
disc
harg
eth
eir
man
date
wit
hfu
llde
dica
tion
toth
eca
use
ofth
eco
un
try
and
the
Ang
olan
peop
le.
AR
TIC
LE
21It
shal
lbe
the
duty
ofev
ery
elec
ted
citi
zen
toac
coun
tfo
rth
edis
—ch
arge
ofhi
sm
anda
teto
the
elec
tors
who
have
chos
enhi
m,
who
shal
lat
any
tim
eha
veth
eri
ght
enti
rely
tore
voke
the
man
date
gran
ted.
AR
TIC
LE
22In
the
cont
ext
ofth
eac
hiev
emen
tof
die
basi
cob
ject
ives
ofth
ePc
o—pI
esR
epub
licof
Ang
ola,
the
law
shal
len
sure
free
dom
ofex
pres
sion
,as
sem
bly
and
asso
ciat
ion.
AR
TIC
LE
23N
oci
tize
nsh
all
bear
rest
edan
dbr
ough
tto
tria
lex
cept
unde
rth
ete
rms
of
the
law
,an
dal
lac
cuse
dsh
all
begu
aran
teed
the
righ
tof
de
fenc
e
AR
TIC
LE
24T
hePe
ople
’sR
epub
licof
Ang
ola
shal
lgu
aran
tee
indi
vidu
alfr
eedo
ms,
nam
ely
the
invi
olab
ilit
yof
the
hom
ean
dth
epr
ivac
yof
corr
espo
nden
ce,
subj
ect
toth
elim
itses
peci
ally
prov
ided
byth
ela
w.
AR
TIC
LE
25Fr
eedo
mof
cons
cien
cean
dbe
lief
shal
lbe
invi
olab
le.
The
Peo
ple’
sR
epub
licof
Ang
ola
shal
lre
cogn
ise
the
equa
lity
and
guar
ante
eth
epr
acti
ceof
all
form
sof
wor
ship
com
pati
ble
wit
hpu
blic
orde
ran
dth
ena
tiona
lin
tere
st.
AR
TIC
LE
26W
ork
shal
lbe
the
righ
tan
ddu
tyof
all
citi
zens
,ea
chof
who
mm
ust
prod
uce
acco
rdin
gto
his
abil
ity
and
bere
mun
erat
edac
cord
ing
tohi
sw
ork.
AR
TIC
LE
27T
heSt
ate
shal
lpr
omot
eth
ere
quis
item
easu
res
toen
sure
the
righ
tof
citiz
ens
tom
edic
alan
dhe
alth
care
,an
dal
soth
eri
ght
toas
sist
ance
iii
chil
dhoo
d,m
othe
rhoo
d,di
sabi
lity
,ol
dag
ean
dan
yot
her
form
ofin
capa
city
for
wor
k.
AR
TIC
LE
28Fi
ghte
rsin
the
nati
onal
libe
rati
onw
arw
hoha
vebe
cis
disa
bled
and
the
fam
ilies
of
light
ers
who
died
inth
est
rugg
lesh
all,s
ade
btof
hono
urof
the
Peop
le’s
Rep
ublic
ofA
ngol
a,ha
veth
eri
ght
tosp
ciai
prot
ecti
on.
AR
TIC
LE
29T
hePe
ople
’sR
epub
licof
Ang
ola
shal
lpr
omot
ean
dgu
aran
tee
the
acce
ssof
all
citi
zens
toed
ucat
ion
and
cult
ure.
AR
TIC
LE
30T
hePe
ople
’sR
epub
licof
Ang
ola
mus
tcr
eate
poli
tica
l,ec
onom
ican
dcu
ltu
ral
condit
ions
whi
chef
fect
ivel
yen
able
cit
izen
sto
enjo
yth
eir
righ
tsI:
I1:1
(,I
PAR
’lIi
iC
isap
ter
HI
StI
le()
rgai
is
(:il
a[lt
erI
PRli
Sil
)IiN
TO
F11
IER
EPI.J
BL
IC
AR
FIC
LIE
31111
1.P
iesn
it.ii
tol
tile
Peo
ples
Rep
ublic
olA
ngol
ash
all
beth
ePi
esi—
dent
of
the
MP
IA.
Ilea
dof
Stu
e,th
ePr
esid
ent
ofth
eR
epub
licsh
all
repr
esen
t(li
eA
iigo
iui
iiito
il.
AR
TIC
LE
32T
hePr
esid
ent
oftil
eR
epub
lic
shal
lha
veth
efo
llow
ing
spec
ilie
func
—
(a)to
pres
ide
over
the
Cou
ncil
ofth
eR
evol
utio
nan
ddi
rect
itsp
roce
edn
(h)
tosw
ear
iii
the
(ov
ernm
ellt
a ppo
inte
dby
’ti
leC
ounc
ilof
the
Rev
olut
ion
c)to
decl
are
war
and
mak
epe
ace.
foll
owin
gail
tilo
ris
ati
on
byth
eC
ounc
ilof
tile
Rev
olut
ion;
(1)
tosw
ear
inth
epr
ovin
cial
com
mis
sion
ers
appo
inte
dby
the
Coun
cil
oftil
eR
evol
utio
non
the
rcco
niiu
enda
non
of
tile
MPL
A;
(c)to
sign
,pr
omul
gate
,an
dpu
blis
hth
ela
ws
oftil
eC
ounc
ilo
fth
eR
evol
utio
n,G
over
nmen
tde
cree
san
dst
atut
ory
Min
iste
rial
tic—
cree
s;(J)
todi
rect
nati
onal
defe
nce;
()to
pard
oii
and
com
mut
ese
nten
ces;
(Ii)
10
incl
ic;it
e,1
10
11
1ai
noti
gth
em
embe
rsof
tile
Cou
ncil
of
tile
Rev—
olli
tiol
l,(li
epe
rson
who
shal
lre
plac
ehi
min
his
abse
nce
orw
hen
tem
po
rari
lypr
evet
ited
from
exer
cisi
nghi
sfu
ncti
ons;
(i)
todi
scha
rge
all
oth
erfu
ncti
ons
conf
erre
don
him
byth
eC
ounc
ilof
the
Rev
olut
ion.
AR
TIC
LE
33In
case
of
the
deat
h,re
nunc
iati
onor
perm
anen
tin
capa
city
oftil
eP
resi
dent
of
the
Rep
ubli
c,th
eC
ounc
ilof
the
Rev
olut
ion
shal
lap
poin
tfr
omam
ong
itsm
embe
rsth
epe
rson
who
shal
lpr
ovis
iona
lly
exer
cise
the
duti
esof
the
Pre
side
nto
fth
eR
epub
lic.
(X)U
NC
ILO
F‘1
1I[E
RE
VO
LU
1’IO
N
AR
FIC
LE
35Pe
iidiii
g(li
eto
tal
libe
rati
onof
the
nati
onal
terr
itor
yan
dfn
hiili
uici
itof
the
cond
itio
nsfor
tile
insti
tuti
on
of
the
Peop
le’s
Ass
embl
y,th
eC
oun
cil
of
the
Rev
olut
ion
shal
lbe
the
supr
eme
orga
nof
Stat
epo
wer
.A
RT
ICL
E36
The
Cou
ncil
ofth
eR
evol
utio
nsh
all
com
pris
e:(a)
the
nie
nib
ers
oi
the
MPL
AP
olit
ical
Bur
eau;
(b)
the
mem
bers
of
the
FAPL
AG
ener
alSt
aff;
()th
eG
over
nmen
tiii
ctiib
ers
appo
inte
dby
the
MP
LAto
this
ef
fect
;(d
)th
eP
rovi
ncia
lC
omm
issi
oner
s;(e
)th
eC
hief
sof
Sta
ffan
dP
olit
ical
Com
mni
ssar
sof
the
Mil
itar
yFr
onts
.
AR
TIC
LE
37Ik
eC
ounc
ilof
the
Rev
olut
ion
shah
bepr
esid
edov
erby
the
Pres
iden
tof
the
Rep
ubli
c.
AR
TIC
LE
38T
heC
ounc
ilof
the
Rev
oiut
ioii
shal
lex
erci
setil
eFo
llow
ing
dutie
s:(a)
todi
scha
rge
legi
slat
ive
func
tions
,w
hich
itm
ayde
lega
teto
the
Gov
ernm
ent;
(b)
tode
line
and
cond
uct
the
coun
try’
sdo
mes
tic
and
fore
ign
polic
y;(c)
toap
prov
eth
eG
ener
alSt
ate
Bud
get
anti
tile
Eco
nom
ic1>
land
raw
nup
byth
eG
over
nmen
t;(d
)to
appo
int
and
dism
iss
the
Prim
eM
inis
ter
and
othe
rm
embe
rsof
the
Gov
ernm
ent,
onth
ere
com
men
dati
onof
the
MPL
A;
(e)
toap
poin
tam
iddi
smis
sP
rovi
ncia
lC
om
mis
sio
ners,
on
the
reco
ill—
mne
ndat
ion
ofth
eM
PLA
;U)
toau
thor
ise
the
Pres
iden
tof
the
Rep
ublic
tode
clar
ew
aran
dm
ake
peac
e;(g
)to
decr
eea
stat
eof
sieg
eor
ast
ate
of
emer
genc
y;(Ii
)to
decr
eeam
nest
ies.
Cha
pter
IV
GO
VE
RN
ME
NT
Cha
pter
II
PEO
PLE
’SA
SSE
MB
LY
the
Prim
eM
inis
ter,
the
AR
TIC
LE
34T
hePe
ople
’sA
ssem
bly
shal
lbe
the
supr
eme
Stat
ebo
dyin
the
Peo—
pie’
sR
epub
licof
Ang
ola.
Asp
ecia
lla
wsh
all
esta
blis
hits
com
posi
tion
and
itssy
stem
of
elec
tion
,an
dal
soits
juri
sdic
tion
and
man
ner
of
func
tion
ing.
AR
TIC
LE
39T
heG
over
nmen
tsh
all
beco
nst
itute
dby
Min
iste
rsan
dth
eS
ecre
tari
esof
Stat
e.T
heG
over
nmen
tsh
all
bepr
esid
edov
erby
the
Prim
eM
inis
ter.
AR
TIC
LE
40It
shal
lbe
incu
mbe
nton
the
Gov
ernm
ent,
asth
eex
ecut
ive
orga
n,to
cond
uct
the
Stat
e’s
dom
esti
can
dfo
reig
npo
licy,
unde
rth
ele
ader
ship
of
the
Cou
ncil
of
the
Rev
olut
ion
and
of
the
Pres
iden
tof
the
Rep
ublic
,an
dto
supe
rvis
epu
blic
adm
inis
trat
ion
asa
who
le
AR
TIC
LE
41T
heG
ovcr
iimen
t ‘s
fun
cti
on
ssh
all
bees
peci
ally
:()
toguar;
ult
ee
the
safe
tyof
pers
ons
and
prop
erty
;(b
)to
draw
upth
ege
nera
lSt
ate
budg
etan
dto
impl
emel
lit
once
itis
appr
oved
byth
eC
ounc
ilof
the
Rev
olut
ion;
(c)
todr
awti
pth
eE
conom
icPl
anan
dto
impl
emen
tit
once
itis
appr
oved
byth
eC
ounc
ilof
the
Rev
elli
nen.
AR
TIC
LE
42T
heG
ovcr
nnic
iit
may
exerc
ise
bydc
cree
the
legi
slat
ive
func
tions
dele
gate
dto
itby
the
Cou
ncil
ofth
eR
evol
utio
n.T
heim
plem
enta
tion
ofth
ela
ws
pass
eti
byth
eC
ounc
ilof
the
Rev
olut
ion
and
ofG
over
nmen
tde
cree
ssh
all
bein
cum
bent
onth
eM
inis
ters
.
AR
TIC
LE
43T
heG
over
nine
nt
may
mee
tw
iii
tile
Cou
ncil
ofth
eR
evol
utio
n,in
full
orin
part
,w
hene
ver
the
latt
erm
ayso
deci
de.
Cha
pter
V
(;O
uR
TS
AR
iIC
1. I
44T
hedi
scha
rge
oftid
icia
lfu
nctio
nss1i.i
11
beex
clus
ivel
yve
sted
iii
the
Court
sw
ith
avi
ewto
the
fiill
ihin
ent
of
deil
locra
tic
just
ice.
The
org
anis
atio
mi,
com
posi
tion
md
conip
ete
nce
of
time
Court
ssh
all
hees
tabl
ishe
dby
law
.
AR
IIC
LL
45je
dges
shal
lbe
inde
pend
ent
inth
edi
scha
rge
ofth
eir
func
tions
.
Ch
ap
ter
VI
AI)
MIN
IST
RA
TIV
EO
RG
AN
ISA
TIO
NA
NI)
AD
MIN
IST
RA
TIV
EB
O1)
IES
AR
TIC
LE
46T
heP
eop
le’s
Rep
ublic
ofA
ngol
ash
all
bead
min
istr
ativ
ely
divi
ded
into
Proi
’inci
as(P
rovi
nces
),C
once
llios
(Cou
ncil
s),
Coin
iom
as(C
omm
unes
),C
ircul
os(C
ircl
es),
Fiiir
ros
(Nei
ghbo
urho
ods)
and
Povo
ac&
s(V
illa
ges)
.A
RT
ICL
E47
The
loca
lad
iimiii
istr
atio
nsh
all
begu
ided
byth
eco
iiibi
ned
prin
cipl
esof
unit
y,de
cent
rali
sati
onam
idlo
cal
init
iati
ve.
AR
TIC
LE
48In
.mP
rovi
nce,
the
Pro
vinc
ial
Com
mis
sion
ersh
all
beth
edi
rect
repre
sent
ativ
eof
the
Cou
ncil
ofhe
Rev
olut
ion
and
ofth
eG
ovcr
nnie
nt.
‘[lie
Gov
ernm
ent
shal
lbe
repr
esen
ted
onth
eC
ounc
ilby
the
Loc
al(Z
oinm
issi
oner
,in
the
Con
smun
eby
the
Com
mun
eC
onun
issi
oner
and
inth
eC
ircl
eby
the
I)cl
egat
e,w
hosh
all
beap
poin
ted
onth
ere
com
men
dati
onof
the
MIL
A.
AR
TIC
LE
49E
ach
Prov
ince
shal
lha
vea
Prov
inci
alC
omm
issi
on,
whi
chsh
all
bepr
esid
edov
erby
the
Prov
inci
alC
omm
issi
oner
and
shal
lex
erci
sele
gis
lativ
efu
nctio
nsin
mat
ters
ofex
clus
ive
conc
ern
toth
eP
rovi
nce.
AR
TIC
LE
50T
heA
dmin
istr
ativ
eB
odie
sof
the
Cou
ncil
,C
omni
une,
Nei
ghbour
hood
and
Vill
age
shal
lbe
,re
spec
tive
ly,
the
Tow
nH
all,
the
Com
mun
eC
omm
issi
on,
and
the
Peop
le’s
Nei
ghbo
urho
odor
Vill
age
Co
mm
issi
on
.
AR
TIC
LE
51T
helo
cal
auth
orit
ies
shal
lha
vele
gal
pers
onal
ity
and
shal
len
joy
ad
min
istr
ativ
ean
dfi
nanc
ial
auto
nom
y.
AR
TIC
LE
52T
hest
ruct
ure
and
juri
sdic
tion
of
Adm
inis
trat
ive
Bod
ies
and
othe
ror
gans
of
loca
lad
min
istr
atio
nsh
all
bees
tabl
ishe
dby
law
.
PA
RT
IV
Sym
bols
of
the
Peop
le’s
Rep
ublic
ofA
ngol
a
AR
TIC
LE
53T
hesy
mbo
lsof
the
Peop
le’s
Rep
ublic
of
Ang
ola
shal
lbe
the
FLA
G,
the
INS
IGN
IAan
dth
eN
AT
ION
AL
AN
T[I
EM
.A
RT
ICL
E54
The
NA
1’IO
NA
LFL
AG
shal
lco
nsis
tof
two
colo
urs
inho
rizo
ntal
band
s.T
heup
per
band
shal
lbe
brig
htre
dan
dlo
wer
band
blac
k.B
righ
tre
dsh
all
repr
esen
tth
ebl
ood
shed
byA
ngol
ans
unde
rco
loni
alop
pres
sion
,th
ena
tion
alli
bera
tion
stru
ggle
,an
dth
ere
volu
tion
.B
lack
shal
lre
pres
ent
the
Afr
ican
Con
tine
nt.
Inth
ece
ntre
aco
mpo
siti
onsh
all
befo
rmed
ofa
segm
ent
of
aco
gw
heel
syni
bolis
ing
the
wor
king
clas
san
din
dust
rial
prod
ucti
on;
am
ach
ete
sym
bolis
ing
the
peas
ant
clas
s,ag
ricu
ltur
alpr
oduc
tion
and
the
arm
edst
rugg
le;
and
ast
arsy
mbo
lisin
gin
tern
atio
nali
sman
dpr
ogre
ss.
The
cog—
whe
el,
the
mac
hete
and
the
star
shal
lbe
yell
ow,
repre
sent
ing
the
coun
try’
sw
ealt
h.
AR
TIC
LE
55T
hein
sign
iaof
the
Peop
le’s
Rep
ublic
of
Ang
ola
shal
lbe
com
pose
dof
ase
gmen
tof
aco
g-w
heel
and
shea
fsof
mai
ze,
coff
eean
dco
tton
,re
pres
enti
ngre
spec
tive
ly,
the
wor
king
clas
san
din
dust
rial
prod
ucti
on,
and
the
peas
ant
clas
san
dag
ricu
ltur
alpr
oduc
tion
.A
tth
efo
otof
the
desi
gn,
anop
enbo
oksh
all
sym
bohi
seed
ucat
ion
and
cult
ure
and
the
risi
ngsu
nre
pres
enti
ngth
ene
wco
untr
y.In
the
cent
rea
mac
hete
and
aho
esh
all
syni
bolis
ew
ork
and
the
begi
nnin
gof
the
arm
edst
rugg
le.
At
the
top,
ast
arsh
all
sym
bolis
ein
tern
atio
nali
sman
dpr
ogre
ss.
Inth
elo
wer
part
ofth
eem
blem
,a
olde
nba
ndsh
all
bear
the
insc
ript
ion
of
((P
eopl
e’s
Rep
ublic
of
Angola
)A
RT
ICL
E56
The
Nat
iona
lA
nthe
msh
all
be<
(AN
GO
LA
AV
AN
TI>
>(
<(F
orw
ard
An2
ola
V
PA
RT
V
fina
lan
tiT
raii
sitio
naI
Pro
vis
ion
s
AR
TIC
LE
57Pe
ndin
gth
ees
tabl
ishm
ent
ofth
eA
ssen
thly
wit
hco
nstit
titiO
i)aI
pow
ers,
anai
nenc
lnw
ntto
the
pres
ent
Coi
isti
tnti
onm
aybe
mad
eonly
byth
eM
I’L
AC
entr
alC
omm
itte
e.
AR
TIC
LE
5ll
iela
ws
alit
1re
gula
tionS
atpr
esen
tin
forc
esh
all
beap
plic
able
un
less
repe
aled
or.l
mef
lcle
(lan
don
lyso
lung
asth
eydo
ho
tco
nfli
ctw
ith
tile
spir
itof
the
pres
ent
law
orth
eA
iigoi
anre
volu
tion
ary
proc
ess.
AR
TIC
LE
59A
lltr
eati
es,
.Igr
ecm
ciltS
ali
t1
alli
ance
sto
svlu
cli
Rsr
ruga
lha
sco
in—
itte
dA
iigol
.iw
hich
are
cont
rary
toth
ein
tere
sts
ofth
eA
iigol
anP
°P
1sh
all
iere
vie
wed.
AR
’I’I
CL
E60
The
pres
ent
docu
men
tsh
all
ente
rin
tofo
rce
atze
ro/z
ero
hour
son
11N
ovem
ber
1975
.
App
rove
dby
accl
amat
ion
byth
eC
entr
alC
ojis
mir
tee
ofth
ePe
ople
’sM
oven
ient
for
the
Lib
erat
ion
of
Ang
ola,
on
1(1N
ovem
ber
1975
.
;lfl
tO,l
ii)
Ast
i,ii
ioT
Jeio
,Pr
esid
ent
ofth
eM
1LA
.
AP
IEN
DIX
VI
INT
ER
NA
’I’I
ON
AL
CO
MM
ISS
ION
OF
EN
QU
IRY
ON
ME
RC
EN
AR
IES
DE
CL
AR
AT
ION
ON
TH
EC
OM
PLIA
NC
EO
FA
NG
OL
AN
PRO
CE
DU
RA
LLA
wW
ITH
THE
UN
IVE
RSA
LIR
INC
IPL
ES
GU
AR
AN
TE
EIN
GR
ESP
EC
TFO
RTH
ER
IGH
TT
OD
EFE
NC
E
I.T
heef
fect
ive
cons
ecra
tion
of
resp
ect
for
the
rights
of
defe
nce
de—
mands,
accord
ing
topri
ncip
les
com
mon
todif
fere
nt
juri
dic
al
syst
em
s,th
eobse
rvance
of
the
foll
owin
gru
les:
a)th
ede
fend
ant
has
ari
gh
tto
know
the
charg
es
that
are
bein
gm
ade
ag
ain
sth
im;
b)th
edefe
ndant
has
ari
ght
toexam
ine
the
case
file
;c)
the
defe
ndan
tha
sa
rig
ht
toquest
ion
the
wit
ness
es
for
the
pro
se
cuti
on;
ci)
the
defe
nd
an
thas
ari
gh
tto
beheard
;e)
the
defe
nd
an
th
asa
rig
ht
topre
sent
his
ow
nw
itn
ess
es;
0th
ede
fend
ant
has
ari
ght
tobe
ass
iste
db
yco
un
sel;
g)
the
tria
lm
ust
be
pu
bli
c.
II.
Auanaly
sis
byth
eIii
teri
tati
ona
IC
oinu
iiiss
ioti
ofL
iie
1ut
ry
ofl.,
iw[N
o.]
7/76
of1s
t[of]
May
,w
hich
crea
tes
the
Peop
le’s
Rev
oiut
ioiia
ryC
ourt
and
lays
dow
nth
epr
oced
itIra
lnorm
sw
hich
gove
rnth
eco
urt,
show
sth
atth
eab
ove
men
tion
edpr
inci
ples
refe
rrin
gto
the
righ
tol
defe
nce
have
been
fully
resp
ecte
d.in
fact
:a)
sub—
para
grap
h(a
)of
Art
icle
12in
cofl
jLhii
Cti
oIl
with
Art
icle
II)of
the
Ang
olan
law
stip
ulat
esth
atth
ecle
fen
daii
tis
obli
gato
rily
notif
ied
of
the
char
ges
agai
nst
him
,na
mel
y,a
brie
fst
atem
lient
ofth
ept
miii
slia
ble
acts
,an
indi
cati
onof
the
law
san
dru
les
whi
chw
ere
viol
ated
and
the
dem
and
for
appl
icar
iom
iof
the
corr
espo
ndin
gpe
nalti
es.
b)su
b—pa
ragr
aph
(c)
ofA
rtic
le12
cons
ecra
tes
the
righ
tof
tile
tie—
fend
ant,
thro
ugh
his
coun
sel,
toha
veac
cess
and
free
lyco
nsul
tti
leca
sefil
edu
ring
anei
ght
day
peri
odc)
No.
2o
iA
rtic
le23
ofth
eA
ngol
ami
law
prov
ides
fir
the
righ
tof
tIle
defe
ndan
tto
ques
tion
the
wit
ness
es
for
the
pros
ecut
ion.
d)T
heri
ght
ofth
ede
fend
ant
tobe
hear
dis
guar
ante
edby
Art
icle
s20
,22
nos.
Ian
d2,
24an
d25
no.
1,ill
from
the
abw
e—nt
euti
oned
Law
[No.
]7/
76.
e)A
rtic
le12
sub—
para
grap
h(c
i)an
dA
rtic
le23
no.
ISt
ipul
ate
that
the
defe
nd
ant
may
pres
ent
his
own
witn
esse
san
dth
atth
ese
shal
lbe
hear
d. f)T
heri
ght
tohe
assi
sted
byco
unse
lis
effe
ctiv
ely
guar
ante
edby
Art
icle
12,
sub—
para
grap
h(b
)am
idby
Art
icle
13,
not
only
byth
eri
ght
whi
chdi
ede
fend
ant
has
ofn
an
iin
ga
defe
nce
coun
sel
ofhi
sow
nch
oice
upto
the
day
ofth
etr
ial,
but
also
byth
eob
liga
tion
oftIm
eC
ourt
tonanie
anoI
hcia
lde
fenc
eco
unse
lin
the
noti
ceof
char
ges.
g)Fi
nally
,A
rtic
le15
no.
Ipr
escr
ibes
that
rite
tria
lis
publ
ic.
ill.
The
prin
cipl
e“n
till
uni
crim
emi
sine
lege
‘‘
accord
ing
tow
hich
nofa
ctis
cc)n
side
rcd
acr
ime
and
ther
efor
epu
nish
able
wit
hout
ap
reex
isti
ngla
wde
clar
ing
itas
such
,is
apr
inci
ple
whi
chis
reco
gniz
edby
the
clif
lere
ntju
ridi
cal
syst
ems
and
isco
nsec
rate
din
the
(om
isti
ttit
ioii
al
Law
of
the
Peop
le’s
Rep
ubli
cof
Ang
ola
and
reaf
firm
edin
Law
[No.
]7/
76o
f1s
t[o
f]M
ay,
whi
chcr
eate
sti
lePe
ople
’sR
evol
utio
nary
Cou
rt.
Itis
resp
ecte
dby
the
indi
ctm
ent
pres
ente
din
tile
pres
ent
case
asIt
ISba
sed
onin
tern
alla
wan
don
rite
norm
san
dpr
inci
Ple
sof
inte
rnat
iona
lla
wth
atth
ePe
ople
’sR
epub
lic
of
Ang
ola,
asa
sove
reig
itS
tate
,de
cide
dto
mak
eits
own.
LU
AN
DA
,12
June
1976
INT
ER
NA
TIO
NA
LC
OM
MIS
SIO
NO
FE
NQ
UIR
YO
NM
ER
CE
NA
RIE
S
FIN
AL
STA
TE
ME
NT
AN
I)V
ER
iim
cAri
oNO
FT
IlE
FAIR
NES
SO
FT
ilE
PRO
CE
DU
RE
OF
THE
TR
IAL
INA
CC
OR
DW
iTh
THE
CR
ITE
RIA
PRE
VIO
USL
YL
AID
1)o
wN
i-la
yin
gatt
ended
and
ob
serv
ed
all
sess
ions
of
tile
tria
lof
the
mne
r—cenari
es
befo
reth
eP
eo
ple
’sR
evolu
tionary
Co
urt
,th
eIn
tern
ati
onal
Coi
n—m
issi
on
of
En
qu
iry
on
Merc
en
ari
es
issa
tisf
ied
that
the
tria
lh
asb
een
fair
and
cond
ucte
dw
ith
dig
nit
yan
dso
lem
nit
y.
The
Com
mis
sion
isfu
rthe
rco
nvin
ced
that
all
rule
sof
proc
edur
eha
vebe
ets
inte
rpre
ted
infa
vour
of
orex
tend
edin
favo
urof
obse
rvin
gth
eri
ghts
of
the
defe
ndan
ts.
LU
AN
DA
,19
June
,19
76
AP
PE
ND
IXV
II
INT
ER
NA
TIO
NA
LC
OM
MIS
SIO
NO
FE
NQ
UIR
YO
NM
ER
CE
NA
RIE
S
DE
CL
AR
AT
ION
OF
LIJ
AN
DA
,10
ThJU
NE
,19
76
I.Fo
rtw
enty
year
sno
w,
ther
eha
vebe
enar
med
inte
rven
tion
sby
mer
cena
ries
agai
nst
the
sove
reig
nty
ofne
wst
ates
orag
ains
tli
bera
tion
mov
emen
ts.
The
mas
sm
edia
expo
sed
atth
eti
me
the
mas
sacr
eat
Sta
nley
vill
e,th
ear
med
inte
rven
tion
sin
Cub
a,So
uthe
rnSu
dan,
Nig
eria
duri
ngth
eci
vil
war
,in
Gui
nea,
Pale
stin
e,et
c.T
hus
seve
ral
Afr
ican
lead
ers
wer
eas
sass
iiia
ted.
II.
Inth
em
ost
rece
ntpe
riod
,th
ein
depe
nden
ceof
Ang
ola
and
the
proc
lam
atio
nof
the
Peop
le’s
Rep
ubli
cha
vebe
enqu
ickl
yfo
llow
edby
mil
itar
yin
terv
enti
onby
the
Rep
ubli
cof
Sout
hA
fric
aan
dth
eR
epub
lic
of
Zai
re,
Bes
ides
thes
ein
terv
enti
ons
byre
gula
rar
mie
s,gr
oups
of
mer
cena
ries
like
wis
ein
vade
dA
ngol
ante
rrit
ory
,w
here
they
enga
ged
inar
med
acti
ons
ofva
riou
ski
nds
(att
acks
onde
tacl
inie
nts
of
the
nati
onal
Ang
olan
arm
y,am
bush
es,
plan
ting
of
min
es,
dest
ruct
ion
ofbr
idge
san
dbu
ildi
ngs)
,in
the
sum
mar
yex
ecut
ion
ofpr
ison
ers
and
inth
em
assa
cres
ofci
vili
ans.
III.
The
mer
cena
ries
who
inva
ded
Ang
ola
had
been
recr
uite
din
the
Uni
ted
Stat
es,
Gre
atB
rita
in,
Fran
ce,
Bel
gium
,H
olla
ndan
dP
ort
uga
l.So
me
ofth
emw
ere
cont
acte
dby
way
ofad
vert
isem
ents
inth
epr
ess
and
tele
visi
onbr
oadc
asts
.N
oton
lydo
vari
ous
docu
men
tses
tabl
ish
the
exis
tenc
eof
priv
ate
recr
uiti
ngag
enci
esin
the
Uni
ted
Stat
esan
dG
reat
l3ri
tain
,bu
tth
ere
are
also
peri
odic
als
like
Sold
ier
of
For
tune
,fr
omC
olor
ado,
whi
chca
mpa
ign
for
the
recr
uitm
ent
ofm
erce
nari
es.
Itis
clea
rth
atth
ere
crui
tmen
t,tr
avel
and
equi
pmen
tof
mer
cena
ries
coul
dno
the
acco
mpl
ishe
dw
itho
utth
eta
cit
agre
emen
tof
’th
egover
nm
ents
inth
ecountr
ies
whe
reth
eyar
ere
crui
ted
and
equi
pped
.M
ore
part
icul
arly
,in
asm
uch
asth
ein
terv
enti
onof
the
mer
cena
ries
isdi
rect
edag
ains
tth
eli
bera
tion
ofpe
ople
sfr
omco
loni
alan
dne
o-co
loni
aldom
ina
tion
,th
ere
can
beno
doub
tth
atth
eyac
tin
the
serv
ice
ofth
ose
who
wou
ldlik
eto
supp
ress
orpr
even
tth
eir
libe
rati
on.
Thi
sis
all
the
mor
eob
viou
ssi
nce
man
yof
the
coun
trie
sco
ncer
ned,
inpa
rtic
ular
the
Uni
ted
Stat
esof
Am
eric
a,ha
vele
gisl
atio
nag
ains
tm
erce
nari
smw
hich
isno
tap
plie
d.
IV.
Infa
ct,
inte
rnat
iona
lor
gani
zatio
mis
have
cond
emne
dth
ese
acti
vi
ties
onse
vera
loc
casi
ons;
Res
olut
ions
2395
(XX
III)
,24
65(X
XII
I),
2548
(XX
IV)
and
3103
(XX
VII
)of
the
Uni
ted
Nat
ions
Gen
eral
As
sem
bly;
Sta
tem
ents
ofth
eH
eads
of
Stat
ean
dG
over
nmen
tof
the
OA
U,
Kin
shas
a19
67an
dA
ddis
Aba
ba19
71;
but
thes
eco
ndem
natio
nsof
mer
cena
rism
,w
hich
we
appl
aud,
have
had
nopr
acti
cal
effe
ctan
dpu
blic
opin
ion
has
not
yet
forc
edth
ere
leva
ntSt
ates
togi
veth
emco
nsid
era
tion
.U
nfor
tuna
tely
,th
eto
ofr
eque
ntgl
orif
icat
ion
ofm
erce
nary
acti
vity
byth
em
ass
med
iaha
sno
tm
ade
itan
yea
sier
tom
obili
seth
egr
eat
forc
ew
hich
inte
rnat
iona
lpu
blic
opin
ion
repr
esen
ts.
Mor
eove
r,de
spite
the
vict
ory
won
byth
ePe
ople
’sR
epub
licof
Ang
ola
inits
just
figh
tag
ains
tfo
reig
nin
terv
enti
on,
ther
ear
ere
ason
sfo
rth
ink
ing
that
new
acti
ons
of
asi
mil
arki
ndar
eno
wbe
ing
p’pal
inSo
uthe
rnA
fric
aan
dot
her
part
sof
the
wor
ld.
The
conc
entr
atio
nof
mer
cena
ries
has
been
disc
over
edin
Nan
sibi
aan
din
Zim
babw
e,un
der
the
aegi
sof
the
min
orit
yra
cist
regi
mes
now
inpo
wer
inth
ese
coun
trie
s.P
uert
oR
ico
issi
mil
arly
used
asa
base
for
mer
cena
ryag
gres
sion
inL
atin
Am
eric
a.Fi
nally
,ne
wfo
rms
ofin
erce
nari
smar
eco
ntin
uall
ybe
ing
crea
ted
inre
spon
seto
new
need
sto
repr
ess
wor
kers
’st
rugg
les
orm
ovem
ents
br
nati
onal
inde
pend
ence
thro
ugho
utth
ew
orld
.M
ulti
nati
onal
corp
ora
tions
and
espi
onag
eag
enci
esm
ake
mor
ean
dm
ore
use
ofth
em.
Inal
lth
ese
aspe
cts,
nser
cena
rism
nis
reve
aled
asth
ein
stru
ille
lit
of
thos
ew
hoat
tem
ptto
mai
ntai
n,es
tabl
ish
Or
rest
ore
fasc
ism
,co
loni
alis
m,
mie
o—co
loni
alis
man
dra
cism
and,
mor
ege
nera
lly,
ofim
per
iali
sm’s
coun
ter—
ob-f
ensi
veag
ains
tth
epr
ogre
ssof
libe
rty
and
peac
ein
the
wor
ld.
V.
‘i’Iie
mem
bers
ofth
eIn
tern
atio
nal
Com
mis
sion
(>1
hiqu
iry
onM
erce
nari
es,
calle
dto
geth
erat
the
init
iati
veof
the
Gov
ernm
ent
ofth
ePe
ople
’sR
epub
licof
Ang
ola,
com
ing
Iron
sal
lth
eco
ntin
ents
and
repre
sent
ing
forty
—tw
oco
untr
ies,
ata
plen
ary
sess
ion
held
inL
uaiid
aon
10th
June
1976
,ha
vede
cide
dto
draw
the
atte
ntio
nof
inte
rnat
iona
lpu
blic
opin
ion
toth
ese
riou
snes
sof
the
men
ace
whi
chth
ear
med
inte
rven
tion
ofm
erce
nari
espr
esen
tsto
peac
ein
Afr
ica
and
the
who
lew
orld
.It
isur
gent
toac
tnow
topr
even
tth
ere
crU
itm
ent
and
trav
elof
merc
enari
es
toN
amib
iaan
dZ
imba
bwe.
The
impe
rial
ist
pow
ers
are
who
lly
resp
onsi
ble
for
the
dest
ruct
ion
and
the
crim
esdo
nein
the
past
and
whi
chca
nbe
repe
ated
intim
efu
ture
onA
fric
anso
il.Pu
blic
opin
ion
can
and
mus
tpu
tan
end
tom
ilit
ary
inte
rven
tion
byin
term
edia
ries
.T
hedr
afti
ngof
anIn
tern
atio
nal
Con
vent
ion
proh
ibit
ing
recr
uitm
ent,
trav
elan
dar
min
gof
mer
cena
ries
,an
dal
lki
nds
ofsu
ppor
tw
hats
oeve
rfo
rth
eir
acti
viti
es,
shou
ldbe
stro
ngly
dem
ande
dof
all
coun
trie
s.W
eap
peal
toal
lgo
vern
men
tsto
adhe
reto
the
inte
rnat
iona
lpr
inci
ples
set
out
inU
nite
dN
atio
nsre
solu
tion
san
dde
clar
atio
nsof
the
Org
aniz
ati
onof
Afr
ican
Uni
ty,
tosi
gnth
ein
tern
atio
nal
Con
vent
ion,
toen
sure
that
thei
row
nna
tion
alle
gisl
atio
nac
cord
sw
ith
it,
and
toen
forc
eits
prov
isio
nsef
fect
ivel
y.1
The
mem
bers
ofth
eC
omm
issi
onho
peth
ata
Whi
teB
ook
will
bepu
blis
hed
onth
eac
tivi
ties
oi
mer
cena
ries
inA
fric
aan
din
all
the
wor
ld.
The
yas
kth
ose
who
are
able
topr
ovid
ein
form
atio
non
this
subj
ect
tose
ndit
toth
eM
inis
ter
of
Just
ice
of
tile
Peop
le’s
Rep
ublic
ofA
ngol
a.T
hey
appe
alto
all
prog
ress
ive
peop
lean
dfo
rces
inth
ew
orld
tom
ake
ever
yef
fort
tode
stro
yth
issc
ourg
eof
hum
anit
yw
hich
ism
erce
nari
sm.
LU
AN
DA
,10
June
1976
A1>
PE
ND
IXV
III
PR
EA
MB
LEI)R
AFT
Co
Nv
EN
TIo
NO
NT
IlE
PR
EV
EN
TIO
NA
ND
SU
PP
RE
SS
ION
op
The
Hig
hC
ontr
acti
ngPa
rtie
s
Serio
usly
conc
erne
dat
the
use
of
mer
cena
ries
inar
med
conf
lict
sw
ith
the
aim
of
oppo
sing
byar
med
forc
eth
epr
oces
so
fna
tion
alli
bera
tion
from
raci
stco
loni
alan
dne
o-co
loni
aldo
min
atio
n;Co
nsid
erin
gth
atth
ecr
ime
of
mer
cena
risn
sis
part
ofa
proc
ess
of
perp
etua
ting
byfo
rce
ofar
ms
raci
stco
loni
alor
itco—
colo
nial
dom
inat
ion
over
ape
ople
ora
Sta
te;
Con
side
riiiç
the
reso
lutio
nsof
the
Urn
ted
Na
LiOH
5(R
es.
2395
(XX
III)
,24
65(X
XII
I),
2548
(XX
IV)
and
3103
(XX
VII
I)o
fth
eG
ener
alA
ssem
bly)
and
of
the
Org
aniz
atio
nof
Afr
ican
Uni
ty(E
CM
/Res
.5
(III
),19
64;
Al
IG/R
es.
49(I
V),
1967
;E
CM
/Res
.17
(VII
),19
70;
and
OA
UI)
ecla
ra—
tion
onth
eA
ctiv
itie
sof
Mer
cena
ries
inA
fric
a—
CM
/St.
6(X
vii
)),
whi
chha
vede
iiolii
ice(
lth
eus
eii
ith
ese
arm
edco
nflic
tsol
mer
cena
ries
asa
crim
inal
act,
and
mer
cena
ries
ascr
imin
als,
and
whi
chha
veur
ged
Sta
res
tota
kefo
rcef
ulm
easu
res
topr
even
tth
eo
rgan
izat
ion
,re
cruit
men
tan
dm
ovem
ent
onth
eir
terr
ito
ryof
mer
cena
ries
,an
dto
brin
gto
just
ice
the
auth
ors
ofth
iscr
ime
and
thei
rac
com
plic
es;
Con
side
rinç
that
the
reso
lutio
nso
fth
eU
Nan
dth
eO
AU
and
the
stat
emen
tsof
atti
tude
and
the
prac
tice
ofa
gro
win
gnu
mbe
ro
fS
tate
sar
ein
dica
tive
ofth
ede
velo
pmen
to
fne
wru
les
of
inte
rnat
iona
lla
wm
ak
ing
mer
cena
risi
nan
inte
rnat
iona
lcr
ime;
Co,w
iiuce
do
fth
ene
edto
codi
fyin
asi
ngle
text
and
tode
velo
ppro
gres
sive
lyth
eru
les
ofin
tern
atio
nal
law
whi
chha
vede
velo
ped
inor
der
topr
even
tai
idsu
ppre
ssm
erce
nari
sm,
the
Hig
hC
ontr
acti
ngPa
rtie
sar
eco
nvin
ced
ofth
efo
llow
ing
mat
ters
:
Art
icle
One
(Def
initi
on)
The
crim
eo
fm
erce
nari
smis
com
mit
ted
byth
ein
divi
dual
,gr
oup
oras
soci
atio
n,re
pres
enta
tive
so
fst
ate
and
the
Stat
eit
self
whi
ch,
wit
hth
eai
mof
oppo
sing
byar
med
viol
ence
apr
oces
sof
self
—de
term
inat
ion,
prac
tice
san
yof
the
foll
owin
gac
ts:
a)or
gani
zes,
fina
nces
,su
ppli
es,
equi
ps,
trai
ns,
prom
otes
,su
ppor
tsor
empl
oys
inan
yw
aym
ilit
ary
forc
esco
nsis
ting
ofor
incl
udin
gpe
rson
sw
hoar
eno
tna
tion
als
ofth
eco
untr
yw
here
they
are
goin
gto
act,
for
pers
onal
gain
,th
roug
hth
epa
ymen
tof
asa
lary
oran
yot
her
kind
ofm
ater
ial
reco
nspe
nse;
b)en
lists
,en
rols
[sic
]or
trie
sto
enro
lin
the
said
forc
es;
c)al
low
sth
eac
tivi
ties
men
tion
edin
para
grap
h(a
)to
beca
rrie
dou
tin
any
terr
itor
yun
der
itsju
risd
icti
onor
inan
ypl
ace
unde
rits
con
trol
oraf
ford
sfa
cilit
ies
for
tran
sit,
tran
spor
tor
othe
rop
erat
ions
ofth
eab
ove—
men
tion
edfo
rces
.
Art
icle
Tw
oT
hefa
ctof
assu
min
gco
mm
and
over
mer
cena
ries
orgi
ving
orde
rsm
aybe
cons
ider
edas
anag
grav
atin
gci
rcum
stan
ce.
Art
icle
Thr
ee1.
Whe
nth
ere
pres
enta
tive
of
aSt
ate
isre
spon
sibl
eby
virt
ueof
the
fore
goin
gpr
ovis
ions
for
acts
orom
issi
ons
decl
ared
byth
efo
rego
ing
prov
isio
nsto
becr
imin
al,
liesh
all
bepu
nish
edfo
rsu
chan
act
orom
issio
n. 2.
Whe
na
Sta
teis
resp
onsi
ble
byvi
rtue
ofth
efo
rego
ing
prov
isio
nsfo
rac
tsor
omis
sion
sde
clar
edby
the
fore
goin
gpr
ovis
ions
tobe
crim
inal
,an
yot
her
Stat
em
ayin
voke
such
resp
onsi
bili
ty:
(a)
inits
rela
tion
sw
ith
the
Stat
ere
spon
sibl
e,an
d(b
)be
fore
com
pete
ntin
tern
atio
nal
orga
niza
tion
s.A
rtic
leFo
urM
erce
nari
esar
eno
tla
wfu
lco
mba
tant
s.II
capt
ured
they
are
not
enti
tled
topr
ison
erof
war
stat
us. Art
icle
Five
(Cro
nes
oftn
erce
naris
n,an
doi
lier
crim
esfo
rw
hich
rner
ce,ia
ries
can
bere
spon
sibl
e)A
mer
cena
rybe
ars
resp
onsi
bili
tybo
thfo
rbe
ing
am
erce
nary
and
for
any
oth
ercr
ime
com
mit
ted
byhi
mas
such
.A
rtic
leSi
x(N
atio
nal
leAlis
latio
n)E
ach
cont
ract
ing
stat
esh
all
enac
tal
lle
gisl
ativ
ean
dot
her
mea
sure
sne
cess
ary
toim
plem
ent
fully
the
prov
isio
nsof
the
pres
ent
Con
vent
ion.
Art
icle
Seve
nJu
risd
ictio
n)E
ach
cont
ract
ing
Stat
eun
dert
akes
tobr
ing
totr
ial
and
topu
nish
any
indi
vidu
alfo
und
inits
terr
itor
yw
hoha
sco
mm
itte
dth
ecr
ime
dc-
fine
din
Art
icle
Iof
the
pres
ent
Con
vent
ion,
unle
ssit
hand
sbi
nsov
erto
the
Stat
eag
ains
tw
hich
the
crim
eha
sbe
enco
mm
itte
dor
wou
ldha
vebe
ets
com
mit
ted.
Art
icle
Eig
lst
(Ext
radi
tion)
1.A
nySt
ate
inw
hose
terr
itor
yth
ecr
ime
ofm
erce
nari
sin
has
been
com
mit
ted
orof
whi
chth
epe
rson
sac
cuse
dof
the
crim
esde
fine
din
Art
icle
Iar
ena
tion
als,
can
mak
ea
requ
est
for
extr
adit
ion
toth
eSt
ate
hold
ing
the
pers
ons
accu
sed.
2.T
hecr
imes
defi
ned
inA
rtic
leI
bein
gde
ense
dto
beco
mm
on
crim
es,
they
are
not
cove
red
byna
tion
alle
gisl
atio
nex
clud
ing
extr
adit
ion
for
poli
tica
lof
fenc
es.
3.W
hen
are
ques
tfo
rex
trad
itio
nis
mad
eby
any
ofth
eSt
ates
refe
rred
toin
para
grap
h1,
the
Stat
efr
omw
hich
extr
adit
ion
isso
ught
mus
t,if
itre
fuse
s,un
dert
ake
pros
ecut
ion
ofth
eof
fenc
eco
mm
itte
d.4.
If,
inac
cord
ance
with
para
grap
hs1—
3of
this
arti
cle,
pros
ecut
ion
isun
dert
aken
,th
eSt
ate
inw
hich
itta
kes
plac
esh
all
noti
fyth
eou
tcom
eof
such
pros
ecut
ion
toth
eSt
ate
whi
chha
dso
ught
orgr
ante
dex
trad
itio
n.
1\
.4
..I
UI.
1.
j_j
1977
j
Art
icle
Nin
e(J
udic
ial •
çuar
ante
es)
Eve
rype
rson
orgr
oup
brou
ght
totri
alfo
rth
ecr
ime
set
out
inA
rtic
leI
isen
titl
edto
all
the
esse
ntia
lgu
aran
tees
ofa
fair
and
prop
ertr
ial.
The
segu
aran
tees
incl
ude:
the
righ
tof
the
defe
ndan
tto
get
acqu
aint
edin
his
nati
vela
ngua
gew
ith
all
the
mat
eria
lsof
tile
crim
inal
case
init
iate
dag
ains
thi
m,
the
righ
tto
give
any
expl
anat
ion
rega
rdin
gth
ech
arge
sag
ains
thi
m,
the
righ
tto
part
icip
ate
inth
epr
elim
inar
yin
vest
igat
ion
ofth
eev
iden
cean
ddu
ring
the
tria
lin
his
nativ
ela
ngua
ge,
the
righ
tto
have
the
serv
ices
ofan
advo
cate
,or
defe
ndhi
mse
lfif
hepr
efer
s,th
eri
ght
togi
veby
him
self
orth
roug
han
advo
cate
test
imon
yin
his
defe
nce,
tode
man
dth
athi
sw
itne
sses
besu
mm
oned
and
part
icip
ate
inth
eir
inve
stig
atio
nas
wel
las
inth
ein
vest
igat
ion
of
witn
esse
sfo
rth
epr
osec
utio
n.
Art
icle
Ten
(Atg
it,uj
las
sist
ance
for
crim
inal1;ro
ceed
inçs
)T
heC
ontr
acti
ngPa
rtie
ssh
all
alio
rdon
ean
othe
rth
egr
eate
stm
easu
reof
assi
stan
cein
conn
ectio
nw
ithcr
imin
alpr
ocee
ding
sbr
ough
tin
resp
ect
ofan
yof
the
crim
esde
fined
inA
rtic
leI
ofth
isC
onve
ntio
n.A
rtic
leE
leve
n(1
)uty
ofSt
ares
toen
sure
effe
crir
’epu
nish
men
t)E
very
cont
ract
ing
Sta
tesh
all
take
all
adm
inis
trat
ive
and
judi
cial
mea
sure
sne
cess
ary
toes
tabl
ish
effe
ctiv
ecr
imin
alpu
nish
men
tfo
rp
er
sons
and
grou
psgu
ilty
ofcr
imes
set
out
inA
rtic
leI
ofth
isC
onve
ntio
n.In
part
icul
ar,
the
Stat
ew
here
atr
ial
take
spl
ace
shal
len
sure
that
ef
fecti
ve
and
adeq
uate
puni
shm
ent
shal
lbe
met
edou
tto
the
guil
ty.
Art
icle
Tw
elve
(Set
tlem
ent
ofdi
sput
es)
Any
disp
ute
rela
ting
toth
ein
terp
reta
tion
orap
plic
atio
nof
the
pres
ent
Con
vent
ion
shal
lbe
sett
led
eith
erby
nego
tiat
ion
orby
any
Inte
rna
tiona
lT
ribu
nal
orA
rbit
rato
rac
cept
edby
all
the
Par
ties
conc
erne
d.
U.S
.M
ilita
ryE
xpor
ts
Arm
edE
xpor
tC
ontr
olA
The
P46
Sale
toI
rr
HE
RE
CA
NH
EN
OW
AR
wit
hou
tren
do
fhis
tory
stro
ngly
sugg
ests
that
read
yto
par
tw
ith
eith
er.
Sinc
eth
een
dW
ar,
ther
eha
vebe
en55
sign
ific
ant
arm
eth
ew
orld
.’F
urth
er,
the
inte
rnat
iona
lm
a
dest
ruct
ive
wea
pons
of
war
has
expa
nded
rate
.T
otal
yea
rly
inte
rnat
iona
lsa
les
ofha
vegr
own
from
$300
mill
ion
infi
scal
yea
$20
billi
onin
fisca
lye
ar19
75.2
Alt
houg
lnucl
ear
wea
pons
may
appea
rto
bea
mat
t•it
shou
ldbe
stre
ssed
that
the
astr
onom
ic;
outl
ined
refl
ect
the
trad
ein
conv
enti
onal
,M
ore
impo
rtan
t,th
ede
ath
and
dest
ruct
ion
war
arm
edco
nflic
tha
sre
sulte
dex
clus
ivel
yvc
ntio
nal
wea
pons
.T
hehi
stor
yo
fef
fort
sto
curb
the
iiite
tve
ntio
nal
arm
sis
not
asu
cces
sst
ory
.5
arm
str
ade
thro
ugh
the
Lea
gue
ofN
atio
ntio
nsha
vebe
enso
inef
fect
ive
that
they
ha
lyas
sym
boli
cge
stur
esof
disa
ppro
val.
”‘I
iso
nsfo
rth
isla
ckof
succ
ess.
Geo
rge
Tha
)na
tion
whi
chsh
ould
beco
nsid
ered
:
Mem
ber
coun
trie
sof
the
U.N
.w
illgl
adly
men
t”an
dnu
clea
rre
stri
ctio
nsbe
caus
eit
tions
,bu
tfe
ww
ould
beaf
fect
edby
the
dvo
tefo
ran
arm
sem
barg
oag
ains
tSo
uth
caus
eit
isa
spec
ific
reac
tion
agai
nst
anur
able
natio
nan
dfe
ww
illbe
affe
cted
.B
ut
IG
.T
HA
YE
R,
Tit
sW
AR
BU
SIN
ESS
2(1
969)
.2
May
er,
Nor
man
,Sc
ott,
Ana
tom
yof
die
Arm
s19
76,
at39
.
STO
CK
HO
LM
INT
ER
NA
TIO
NA
LPE
AC
ER
ESE
AR
CH
IW
ITH
TIl
ET
HIR
DW
OR
LD
86-1
32(1
971)
.C
hapt
cr2
tio
nal
eff
ort
sto
contr
ol
the
trad
eof
arm
s.