till geochemistry of the white bay area · rocks of the humber zone dominate the region, although...
TRANSCRIPT
GOVERNMENT OFNEWFOUNDLAND AND LABRADOR
Department of Mines and EnergyGeological Survey
TILL GEOCHEMISTRY OF THEWHITE BAY AREA
S. McCuaig
Open File NFLD 2823
St. John’s, NewfoundlandJune 25, 2003
NOTE
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DISCLAIMER
The Geological Survey, a division of the Department of Mines and Energy (the "authors and publishers"),retains the sole right to the original data and information found in any product produced. The authors andpublishers assume no legal liability or responsibility for any alterations, changes or misrepresentationsmade by third parties with respect to these products or the original data. Furthermore, the GeologicalSurvey assumes no liability with respect to digital reproductions or copies of original products or forderivative products made by third parties. Please consult with the Geological Survey in order to ensureoriginality and correctness of data and/or products.
Cover photo:Boulder-strewn landscape, Micmac Pond area.
GOVERNMENT OFNEWFOUNDLAND AND LABRADOR
Department of Mines and EnergyGeological Survey
TILL GEOCHEMISTRY OF THEWHITE BAY AREA
S. McCuaig
Open File NFLD 2823
St. John’s, NewfoundlandJune 25, 2003
Recommended citation:S. McCuaig
2003: Till geochemistry of the White Bay area. Newfoundland Department of Mines and Energy,Geological Survey, Open File NFLD 2823, 51 pages plus appendices and figures.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
INTRODUCTION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Physiography and access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Bedrock Geology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Humber Zone Rocks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dunnage Zone Rocks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Economic Geology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . QUATERNARY GEOLOGY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . GLACIAL HISTORY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ice Flow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sea Level. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
METHODS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Sampling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Geochemical Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Analytical Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Gravimetric analysis (LOI). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Inductively coupled plasma emission spectroscopy (ICP-ES). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Quality control. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Data presentation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
GEOCHEMICAL RESULTS AND INTERPRETATION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gold, Arsenic and Antimony . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Beryllium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Chromium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Copper, Lead and Zinc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Iron and LOI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Magnesium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Manganese. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nickel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Titanium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Uranium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
CONCLUSIONS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . APPENDIX A: Lab duplicate graphs, ICP and AAS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . APPENDIX B: Lab duplicate graphs, INAA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . APPENDIX C: Field duplicate graphs, ICP and AAS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . APPENDIX D: Field duplicate graphs, INAA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . APPENDIX E: Analytical data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1. Location map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Figure 2. Bedrock geology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Figure 3. Former ice flow directions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Figure 4. Sample locations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Figure 5. Gold values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Figure 6. Arsenic values. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Figure 7. Antimony values. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Figure 8. Beryllium values. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Figure 9. Chromium values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Figure 10. Copper values. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Figure 11. Lead values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Figure 12. Zinc values. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Figure 13. Loss on ignition values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Figure 14. Iron values. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Figure 15. Magnesium values. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Figure 16. Manganese values. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Figure 17. Nickel values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Figure 18. Titanium values. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Figure 19. Uranium. values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1. Variable list . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table 2. Observed vs. recommended values of geochemical standards, ICP, AAS. . . Table 3. Observed vs. recommended values of geochemical standards, INAA. . . . . . Table 4. Summary statistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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INTRODUCTION
Gold exploration has been an ongoing activity in the White Bay area of northeastern Newfoundlandfrom 1889 (Betz, 1948) to the present. However, other mineralization types are also present in the region.These include copper, fluorite, molybdenum and lead on the west side of White Bay, and titanium, cop-per and lead on the east side of the bay (Davenport et al., 1999). Lake sediment geochemistry shows sev-eral areas around the bay with anomalous values of Zn, Pb, Mo, Mn, Cr, Cu, Ni, Au, Ag and U(Davenport et al., 1999).
A surficial mapping project (McCuaig, 2003) was undertaken in NTS map areas 12H/10 and 12H/15.Ice flow indicators were recorded, and much of the area was sampled for till geochemistry. This reportwill focus on the geochemistry, the aim of which is to identify areas of possible mineralization in moredetail than that shown by regional lake sediment geochemistry.
Physiography and AccessWhite Bay separates the Great Northern and Baie Verte peninsulas. It is a north-northeast trending
bay that narrows to a point in the south (Figure 1). The coastal margin generally consists of steeply slop-ing bedrock cliffs.
The Long Range Mountains in the northwestern part of the study area form a hilly plateau and reacha maximum elevation of 509 m asl (metres above sea level). Rolling linear hills and valleys on both sidesof the bay take their shape from bedrock structure, which also trends north-northeast. An exception tothis is Purbeck’s Fiord (near Purbeck’s Cove), a curving fiord that cuts through the bedrock structure.Drainage patterns are directly related to bedrock geology, except in the southeastern part of the studyarea, near Micmac Pond. Glacial sediments are thicker in this area, covering much of the bedrock andcreating a locally subdued hummocky topography. Narrow beaches are located in sheltered coves and atriver mouths, but they are uncommon.
The area has three main roads, and an extensive network of woods roads, which together provided areasonable amount of vehicle access (4x4 truck and ATV). The remainder of the area was reached by hel-icopter.
Bedrock GeologyThe bedrock geology of the study area is complex (Figure 2). Rocks of the Humber Zone dominate
the region, although Dunnage Zone rocks outcrop in the southeastern corner of the study area. TheHumber Zone was once the margin of the Early Paleozoic continent Laurentia (Williams, 1979). TheDunnage Zone contains mostly volcanic oceanic rocks that were thrust over Humber Zone rocks whenthe Iapetus Ocean closed (Hibbard, 1983).
Humber Zone rocksThe oldest rocks, which have been subjected to high grade metamorphism, belong to the Long Range
Inlier of the Great Northern Peninsula (Owen, 1991). These rocks form the Middle Proterozoic LongRange Gneiss Complex, composed of granitic to granodioritic gneiss and minor migmatite (Owen, 1991).They were intruded first by the Late Proterozoic Lake Michel Intrusive Suite (Aspy and Main River gran-ites) and much later by the Devonian Devils Room granite (Owen, 1991).
Main River
0
km
105
ConeyArm
Jackson’s Arm
Sop’sArm
BearCove
Westport
Purbeck’sCove
Hampden
420
411
CornerBrookPond
Figure 1. Location map of the White Bay area. Jackson’s Valley is an informalname introduced to help clarify localities in the western zone of the study area.
GullLake
WildCovePond
BlackLake
MicmacPond
UpperIndian Pond
Whi
te B
ay
Western Arm
SopsIsland
Sops Arm
Gre
at C
oney
Arm
Jack
son’
s Val
ley
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Long Range InlierLong Range Gneiss Complex: granitic to granodioriticgneiss, minor migmatite
Devils Room Granite: granite
Lake Michel Intrusive Suite: granite
slate, phyllite
dolostone, limestonelimestone, dolostone, marble
slate, phyllite, schist, marble, conglmerate, sandstone,dolostone, limestone
Coney Arm Group
South White Bay Allochton
gabbrogranite, granodiorite, tonalite
Anguille Group: sandstone, siltstone, shale, conglomerate
conglomerate, sandstone, siltstone, limestone, dolostone,tuff, rhyolite, breccia, schist, slate
tuff, rhyolite
Sops Arm Group
amphibolite, marbleschistWhite Bay Group
Old House Cove Group: schist
East Pond Metamorphic Suite: schist, gneiss, minormigmatite
Wild Cove Igneous Suite: granite, granodiorite, dioriteminor migmatite
Unseparated Fleur-de-Lys Supergroup: schist
Advocate Complex: plutonic ultramafic rocks, gabbro, diabasedikes
Flatwater Pond Group: felsic volcanic/volcaniclastic rocks,mafic flows, sandstone, conglomerate
Mic Mac Lake Group: mafic volcaniclastic rocks, conglomerate,diabase dikes, pillow lava
granite, tonalite
Dunnage Zone
Humber Zone
Silurian
Neoproterozoic to Early Ordovician
Neoproterozoic to Silurian
Silurian
Fleur-de-Lys Supergroup
Neoproterozoic and older
Carboniferous and older
Devonian and OlderGull Lake Intrusive Suite
Cambrian to Middle Ordovician
schist, mafic tuff, metagabbro, chert
gabbro
sandstone, slate
undivided South White Bay Allochton
Middle Proterozoic
Long Range Inlier
Fault
Figure 2. Bedrock geology of the White Bay area.
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The Proterozoic rocks are unconformably overlain by much younger sandstone, conglomerate, dolo-stone, limestone, slate, schist, phyllite and marble of the Cambrian to Middle Ordovician Coney ArmGroup; ophiolitic volcanic/volcaniclastic rocks, sandstone, slate, phyllite, granite, tonalite and gabbro ofthe Cambrian to Middle Ordovician Southern White Bay Allochthon; and conglomerate, felsic tuff, rhy-olite, breccia, sandstone, siltstone, dolostone, limestone, schist and slate of the Silurian Sops Arm Group(Smyth and Schillereff, 1982). The Devonian and older Gull Lake Intrusive Suite lies to the south of theserocks. It consists of gabbro, granodiorite, tonalite and granite (Smyth and Schillereff, 1982). TheCarboniferous Anguille Group borders southern White Bay, east of the Sops Arm Group and the GullLake Intrusive Suite. It is mainly sandstone and shale (Smyth and Schillereff, 1982).
The Doucers Valley fault complex separates the Grenvillian rocks in the west and the younger SopsArm and Coney Arm Groups to the east, and extends from Doucers Valley to Great Coney Arm (Tuach,1987). The northern extension of the fault complex falls in a valley, which is informally named ‘Jackson’sValley’ here. The Birchy Ridge strike-slip fault and the Cabot-Hampden fault separate the Anguille andSops Arm groups (Smyth and Schillereff, 1982; Tuach, 1987).
Rocks outcropping on the Baie Verte Peninsula include the Neoproterozoic to Silurian Fleur-de-LysSupergroup, the highly deformed, Neoproterozoic or older East Pond Metamorphic Suite and the SilurianWild Cove Pond Igneous Suite (Cawood et al., 1994; Hibbard, 1983). Schistose rocks dominate theFleur-de-Lys Supergroup, which is mainly continental and is less deformed than the East Pond Suite. TheFleur-de-Lys Supergroup is subdivided into the White Bay Group, which contains schist, amphibolite andmarble, and the Old House Cove Group, which consists of schist (Hibbard, 1983). The East PondMetamorphic Suite includes banded and granitic gneiss, schist and minor migmatite (Hibbard, 1983).These rocks are intruded by the Wild Cove Pond Igneous Suite, which is composed of diorite, granodi-orite, granite, and minor migmatite (Hibbard, 1983)
Dunnage Zone rocksThe oceanic rocks in the southeastern-most portion of the study area include Neoproterozoic to Early
Ordovician plutonic ultramafic rocks, gabbro and diabase dikes of the Advocate Complex (Hibbard,1983). A younger Silurian sequence consists of mafic volcaniclastic rocks, conglomerate, diabase dikesand pillow lava of the Mic Mac Lake Group and felsic volcanic/volcaniclastic rocks, sandstone, con-glomerate and mafic flows of the Flatwater Pond Group (Hibbard, 1983).
Economic geologyGold mineralization is found in shear zones in the Aspy Granite, in the Sop’s Arm Group, and along
the Doucers Valley fault complex (Owen, 1991; Tuach, 1987). Browning’s Mine, near Sops Arm, wasone of Newfoundland’s first gold mines, and operated from 1903 to 1904 (Betz, 1948).
Localized fluorite and molybdenite are found in the Devils Room granite (Smyth and Schillereff,1982) and in the Gull Lake Intrusive Suite (Tuach, 1987). Fluorite-bearing breccia is exposed along theMain River’s north bank. Lead is found in limestone and rhyolite in the fault zone at the western edge ofthe Gull Lake Intrusive Suite, as well as minor copper and uranium (Tuach, 1987).
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The Doucers Valley fault complex consists of steeply dipping faults that transect carbonate and clas-tic rocks, which suggests that the area has potential for Carlin-type gold mineralization. If such mineral-ization is present, then As, Hg, Sb and Tl (Bonham Jr., 1985; Rytuba, 1985) will be pathfinders for goldin this area. Arsenic and antimony have already been found to be pathfinders for gold in lake sedimentsin the Doucers/Jackson’s valley areas (Davenport and Nolan, 1989; McConnell and Honarvar, 1989).
QUATERNARY GEOLOGY
The surficial geology is described in McCuaig (2003) and is summarized here. There is a single strati-graphic unit of till, which is thin and discontinuous. Bedrock outcrop is profuse, especially at higher ele-vations and along the coastline. Till thickness increases in the southeastern part of the study area, wherelarge hummocks are common. Tills are normally massive, matrix-supported, and very poorly sorted.Clast content is 40-70%. The matrix ranges from silt to very coarse sand, and is calcareous in Doucersand Jackson’s valleys. Clasts are granule to boulder size and generally subangular. Very large clasts arequite common and can be up to 12 m in diameter. Boulders 2 to 4 m in diameter are not uncommon, espe-cially in the southeastern portion of the study area, where till is thickest. The largest boulders are foundin the upper part of the till and on the ground surface. These boulders probably represent the englacialload of the ice sheet and were thus the last debris to be released from the melting ice.
Glaciofluvial sediments are uncommon. Two eskers were identified in the southern part of the maparea, but most other glaciofluvial sediments are subaerially deposited outwash plains. These are found invalleys and generally terminate near the sea at deltas that are elevated above current sea level. A few ice-contact deltas are also present. Glaciofluvial sediments consist of moderately to well-sorted beds of sandto boulder gravel. Pleistocene and early Holocene fossils are found only in deltaic sediments.
There are two types of marine deposits in the White Bay area: glaciomarine diamicton and raisedbeaches. The diamicton deposits have a finer matrix than the till typical of the region (clay to fine sand)and clast content is low (about 30%). They are also massive or crudely stratified, poorly sorted, and con-tain granule to boulder sized dropstones. The raised beach deposits are much coarser and are better sort-ed than the diamicton (moderately to well sorted). The deposits form low (about 3 m high) terraces up to10 m asl. Sediments are crudely stratified or have well defined horizontal bedding. Common clast sizesare pebbles and cobbles, but granules and boulders are also present; the matrix is medium to very coarsesand.
GLACIAL HISTORY
Evidence of the last (Late Wisconsinan) glaciation was found in the White Bay area (McCuaig, 2003).Ice flowed across the entire study area at the glacial maximum, changing flow directions as it retreatedduring deglaciation. Till was deposited beneath the ice, and was reworked by meltwater in some areaswhen ice retreated. Marine sediments, deposited when sea levels were higher, record a series of sea levelstands.
9
Ice FlowIce flow was determined from various ice-flow indicators, including striations and the provenance of
clasts within till. The ice flow history of the area is complex (Figure 3). The earliest flow (Flow 1) waseastward or southeastward out of the Long Range Mountains, as suggested by Liverman (1992) andVanderveer and Taylor (1987). This flow did not extend across White Bay - it likely represents the icebuild-up phase of the last glaciation. Ice probably accumulated in a similar manner over the Baie VertePeninsula but evidence for early westward ice flow was not found in that area.
The next flow event was northward and north-northeastward along White Bay (Flow 2, Figure 3).Flow was from a major ice centre south of the study area, which probably occurred when ice reached itsmaximum extent.
The last flow phase is shown by Flow 3 (Figure 3). A gradual drawdown of ice into White Bay (indi-cated by younger striations that are more strongly oriented toward the bay than older ones), along withoverall ice retreat after the glacial maximum, changed the locations of major ice caps. Ice centres shift-ed from south of the study area to new locations on the Baie Verte Peninsula and over the Long RangeMountains. This caused ice flow to be northwestward or southeastward into the bay from the surround-ing uplands. The change in ice cap locations was gradual, and ice flow directions slowly changed as aconsequence.
A study of clast lithologies within till shows that Flow 3 was the most important mover of debris andthat transport distances were variable (approximately 1 to 20 km) (McCuaig, 2003).
Sea LevelSeveral geomorphic features bordering White Bay record a series of former higher sea level stands
(deltas, glaciomarine terraces and raised beaches). The highest stand (the regional marine limit) is 70 mabove present sea level. There were also sea level stands of 60 and 40 m asl; the latter occurred at 11 200± 100 14C years BP (based on marine shells in an ice-proximal delta at Jackson’s Arm (Blake, 1988)). A30 m stand is dated at 10 200 ± 100 years BP (based on marine shells from a delta southwest of CornerBrook Pond (Blake, 1988)). The final sea level stand represented on land was at 10 m asl, shown by sev-eral raised beach deposits in the Coney Arm and Western Arm/Purbeck’s Cove areas.
METHODS
SamplingA total of 355 1-kg till samples were taken for geochemical analysis. The region was sampled at a
spacing of about 1 sample per 4 km2, with the exception of the Long Range Mountains, which were sam-pled only near the roads, as till was scarce in that area (Figure 4). The sample target was the C soil hori-zon (unaltered till). The majority of samples were taken from test pits at 40-60 cm depths and from roadcuts. Road cut sample depths averaged 100 cm below the surface. Mudboils were sampled at shallowerdepths (average 25 cm), and in areas of thin till samples were taken near the bedrock-till interface. Anumber of B- and BC-horizon samples were taken in areas where the soil was too thin for a C-horizonto be present or where till was too bouldery to penetrate to greater depths. However, 81% of all samplesare either from the BC- or C-horizon (45% are from the C-horizon).
0
km
105
Figure 3. Former ice flow directions. 1 is the oldest; 3 the most recent.
10
123
1578
1577
1576
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Figure 4. Sample locations overlain on the bedrock map of Figure 2.
11
12
Geochemical AnalysisThe silt-clay fraction of the till samples was analyzed for trace elements. At the Geological Survey
laboratory, the samples were oven-dried at 40EC and were sieved through 63 mm stainless steel sieves.The < 63 mm fraction was analyzed.
Analytical MethodsA suite of 355 samples was analyzed for trace element geochemistry. At the Geological Survey lab-
oratory, Ag and Rb were analyzed using atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), while Al, As, Ba, Be,Ca, Cd, Ce, Co, Cr, Cu, Dy, Fe, K, La, Li, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Nb, Ni, P, Pb, Sc, Sr, Ti, V, Y, Zn and Zrwere analyzed with inductively coupled plasma emission spectroscopy (ICP-ES). ActivationLaboratories (Ancaster, Ontario) did instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) for the followingelements: As, Au, Ba, Br, Ca, Ce, Co, Cr, Cs, Eu, Fe, Hf, Hg, Ir, La, Lu, Mo, Na, Nd, Ni, Rb, Sb, Sc, Se,Sm, Sn, Sr, Ta, Tb, Th, U, W, Yb, Zn, Zr. Field duplicates and control reference materials are includedincognito in all internal and external analyses. The trace elements are labeled with their elemental abbre-viation, a numeric code to distinguish the analysis type and the applicable unit of measurement (Table 1).
Gravimetric analysis (LOI)Organic carbon content was estimated from weight loss on ignition (LOI) during a controlled com-
bustion, in which 1 g aliquots of sample were gradually heated to 500EC in air, over a 3-hour period.
Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS)Silver (Ag) and Rubidium (Rb) were determined on 0.5 g aliquots of sample following digestion in
2 ml of concentrated nitric acid overnight at room temperature, and then in a water bath at 90EC for 2hours (Wagenbauer et al., 1983).
Inductively coupled plasma emission spectroscopy (ICP-ES) For these analyses, the residue of the 1g aliquot of sample remaining from the LOI determination was
digested in a mixture of 15 ml of concentrated hydrofluoric acid, 5 ml of concentrated hydrochloric acid,and 5 ml of 50 volume percent HClO4 in a 100 ml teflon beaker, and was allowed to stand overnightbefore being heated to dryness on a hot plate. The residue was taken up in 10 volume percent hydrochlo-ric acid by gentle heating on a hot plate, was allowed to cool and was made up to 50 ml with 10 percentvolume hydrochloric acid (Wagenbauer et al., 1983). For most elements dissolution is total with theexception of Cr from chromite, Ba from barite and Zr from zircon.
Instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA)An approximately 30 g aliquot is encapsulated and weighed in a polyethylene vial and irradiated with
flux wires and an internal standard (1 for 11 samples) at a thermal neutron flux of 7 x 1011 n/cm2s. Afterseven days (to allow Na24 to decay), the samples are counted on a high purity Ge detector with a resolu-tion of better than 1.7 KeV. Using the flux wires, the decay-corrected activities are compared to a cali-bration developed from multiple certified international reference materials. The standard present is onlya check on accuracy of the analysis and is not used for calibration purposes. 10-30% of the samples arechecked by re-measurement.
13
Table 1.Variable list and description of data.
VARIABLE DESCRIPTION
As1 ppm Arsenic, ppm, INAA Au1 ppb Gold, ppb, INAAAg1 ppm Silver, ppm, INAABa1 ppm Barium, ppm, INAABr1 ppm Bromine, ppm, INAACa1 % Calcium, %, INAACe1 ppm Cerium, ppm, INAACo1 ppm Cobalt, ppm, INAACr1 ppm Chromium, ppm, INAACs1 ppm Cesium, ppm, INAAEu1 ppm Europium, ppm, INAAFe1 % Iron, %, INAAHf1 ppm Hafnium, ppm, INAAHg1 ppm Mercury, ppm, INAAIr1 ppm Iridium, ppm, INAALa1 ppm Lanthanum, ppm, INAAMo1 ppm Molybdenum, ppm, INAANa1 % Sodium, %, INAANd1 ppm Neodymium, ppm, INAANi1 ppm Nickel, ppm, INAARb1 ppm Rubidium, ppm, INAASb1 ppm Antimony, ppm, INAASc1 ppm Scandium, ppm, INAASe1 ppm Selenium, ppm, INAASm1 ppm Samarium, ppm, INAASr1 ppm Strontium, ppm, INAATa1 ppm Tantalum, ppm, INAATb1 ppm Terbium, ppm, INAATh1 ppm Thorium, ppm, INAAU1 ppm Uranium, ppm, INAAW1 ppm Tungsten, ppm, INAAYb1 ppm Ytterbium, ppm, INAAZn1 ppm Zinc, ppm, INAAZr1 ppm Zirconium, ppm, INAA
Ag6 ppm Silver, AASRb6 ppm Rubidium, AAS
VARIABLE DESCRIPTION
Al2 % Aluminum, %, ICPAs2 % Arsenic, ppm, ICPBa2 ppm Barium, ppm, ICP Be2 ppm Beryllium, ppm, ICPCa2 % Calcium, %, ICPCd2 ppm Cadmium, ppm, ICPCe2 ppm Cerium, ppm, ICPCo2 ppm Cobalt, ppm, ICPCr2 ppm Chromium, ppm, ICPCu2 ppm Copper, ppm, ICPDy2 ppm Dysprosium, ppm, ICPFe2 % Iron, %, ICPK2 % Potassium, %, ICPLa2 ppm Lanthanum, ppm, ICPLi2 ppm Lithium, ppm, ICPMg2 % Magnesium, %, ICPMo2 ppm Molybdenum, ppm, ICPMn2 ppm Manganese, ppm, ICPNa2 % Sodium, %, ICPNb2 ppm Niobium, ppm, ICPNi2 ppm Nickel, ppm, ICPP2 ppm Phosphorus, ppm, ICPPb2 ppm Lead, ppm, ICPSc2 ppm Scandium, ppm, ICPSr2 ppm Strontium, ppm, ICPTi2 ppm Titanium, ppm, ICPV2 ppm Vanadium, ppm, ICPY2 ppm Yttrium, ppm, ICPZn2 ppm Zinc, ppm, ICP
Sample Sample numberNTS NTS sheet (1:50 000)Easting UTM map coordinateNorthing UTM map coordinateLOI % Loss-on-ignition,
%, gravimetricZone UTM zone Med Soil horizon sampledDepth Sample depth (cm)
14
Quality ControlDuplicate samples taken at the same site in the field, as well as lab duplicates (duplicate analyses of
random samples) of all elements are graphed in Appendices A-D. The extent of correlation of thesegraphs, which give a measure of analytical precision, is used to estimate data quality. If the duplicatesamples provide identical results, a graph of sample results against duplicate results will be a straight linewith slope of 1, and the correlation coefficient between the variables will be equal to 1. For elements thatwere analyzed using more than one method, the results were compared and the best method was chosenfor mapping purposes. Duplicate data is not included in this report, but is available from the author uponrequest.
Accuracy estimates are given in Tables 2 and 3, which show the values from this study compared tothe recommended values of standard reference materials.
The elements Ag, Hg, Ir, Lu and Sn were below detection limit in the INAA analysis and thus are notincluded in this report.
For some elements, the analysis of duplicates yields poor results, suggesting that the samples containlevels that are close to the element’s detection limit. For this reason, it is hard to evaluate the data qual-ity for Au, Cd, Cs, Mo, Sb, Se, Ta, Tb, U and W. Gold analyses are susceptible to the “nugget” effect,where the presence or absence of a native gold grain can cause differing results in duplicate samples.
Data presentationDot plots of selected elements (As, Au, Be, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sb, Ti, U, Zn) and loss on
ignition (LOI) are shown on page sized colour bedrock map bases. The dots represent values within aparticular size range, chosen by picking natural breaks using the Jenks statistical method. Dot plots of theremaining elements are available on the accompanying CD-ROM as .pdf files.
The appended data listings (Appendix E) provide the analytical data for all of the elements analyzed.The accompanying CD-ROM provides the same data as Excel 2001 files and as comma delimited textfiles (.csv). The numeric code distinguishes the type of analysis and the laboratory at which the analysiswas done (Table 1).
The summary statistics for the data set are given in Table 4.
15
Table 2. Accuracy of till geochemical data by INAA: results of analyses of CANMET reference samplesTILL-1 to 4. Observed values are compared against recommended values (from Lynch (1996)). In allcases, observed values are an average of 5 measurements.
TILL-1 TILL-2 TILL-3 TILL-4Observed Reccom. Observed Reccom. Observed Reccom. Observed Reccom.
As1 ppm 17 18 26 26 89 87 110 111Au1 ppb 15 13 2 2 5 6 3 5Ba1 ppm 718 702 552 540 474 489 458 395Br1 ppm 5.9 6.4 11.4 12.2 4.5 4.5 7.5 8.6Ca1 % 1.40 1.94 0.90 0.91 1.70 1.88 0.70 0.89Ce1 ppm 69 71 95 98 39 42 84 78Co1 ppm 16 18 14 15 14 15 8 8Cr1 ppm 58 65 75 74 124 123 47 53Cs1 ppm 0.6 1.0 9.2 12.0 1.6 1.7 10.0 12.0Eu1 ppm 1.7 1.3 1.3 1.0 0.9 <1 1.3 <1Fe1 % 4.91 4.80 3.89 3.80 2.92 2.80 4.15 4.00Hf1 ppm 15 13 13 11 8 8 12 10La1 ppm 29 28 47 44 21 21 46 41Mo1 ppm 3 <5 15 14 1.2 <5 12 16Na1 % 2.11 2.01 1.77 1.62 2.12 1.96 1.98 1.82Nd1 ppm 24 26 36 36 17 16 35 30Ni1 ppm 39 24 1 32 1 39 1 17Rb1 ppm 20 44 132 143 47 55 152 161Sb1 ppm 6.7 7.8 0.9 0.8 1.2 0.9 1.3 1.0Sc1 ppm 13 13 12 12 10 10 11 10Se1 ppm 0.9 ? 0.7 ? 0.5 ? 0.8 ?Sm1 ppm 6.0 5.9 7.5 7.4 3.3 3.3 6.6 6.1Sr1 ppm 0.03 291 0.03 144 0.03 300 0.03 109Ta1 ppm 0.1 0.7 1.7 1.9 0.9 <0.5 0.8 1.6Tb1 ppm 0.8 1.1 0.9 1.2 0.4 <0.5 1.1 1.1Th1 ppm 5.5 5.6 17.6 18.4 4.5 4.6 16.8 17.4U1 ppm 1.9 2.2 4.8 5.7 2.3 2.1 4.3 5.0W1 ppm 0.5 <1 4 5 0.5 <1 170 204Yb1 ppm 4.2 3.9 4.3 3.7 1.6 1.5 3.7 3.4Zn1 ppm 107 98 126 130 25 56 79 70Zr1 % 0.038 502 0.030 390 0.010 390 0.032 385
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Table 3. Accuracy of till geochemical data by ICP, AAS and gravimetry: results of analyses of CANMETreference samples TILL-1 to 4. Observed values are compared against recommended values (from Lynch(1996)). In all cases, observed values are an average of 5 measurements.
TILL-1 TILL-2 TILL-3 TILL-4Observed Reccom. Observed Reccom. Observed Reccom. Observed Reccom.
Al2 % 6.5 7.3 7.8 8.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.6As2 ppm 18 18 28 26 87 87 110 111Ba2 ppm 706 702 546 540 491 489 391 396Be2 ppm 1.4 2.4 3.3 4.0 1.2 2.0 2.9 3.7Ca2 % 1.73 1.94 0.87 0.91 1.72 1.88 0.86 0.89Cd2 ppm 0.21 ? 0.23 ? 0.08 ? 0.10 ?Ce2 ppm 63 71 89 98 37 42 69 78Co2 ppm 19 18 16 15 15 15 8 8Cr2 ppm 56 65 63 74 103 123 41 53Cu2 ppm 42 47 162 150 17 22 264 237Dy2 ppm 4.5 ? 3.8 ? 2.0 ? 3.3 ?Fe2 % 4.84 4.81 3.84 3.84 2.67 2.78 3.91 3.97K2 % 1.71 1.84 2.35 2.55 1.88 2.01 2.47 2.70La2 ppm 28 28 47 44 20 21 42 41Li2 ppm 16 15 48 47 22 21 30 30Mg2 % 1.22 1.30 1.05 1.10 0.99 1.03 0.72 0.76Mn2 ppm 1514 1420 834 780 533 520 529 490Mo2 ppm 1.7 2.0 13.8 14.0 1.4 2.0 15.2 16.0Na2 % 2.03 2.01 1.74 1.62 2.06 1.96 1.92 1.82Nb2 ppm 11 10 18 20 7 7 15 15Ni2 ppm 23 24 30 32 37 39 18 17P2 ppm 916 930 730 750 486 490 893 880Pb2 ppm 23 22 34 31 27 26 50 50Sc2 ppm 13.6 13.0 12.5 12.0 9.6 10.0 10.7 10.0Sr2 ppm 297 291 152 144 309 300 118 109Ti2 ppm 5367 5990 5214 5300 2855 2910 4864 4840V2 ppm 98 99 78 77 58 62 61 67Y2 ppm 28 38 20 40 13 17 17 33Zn2 ppm 93 98 125 130 55 56 71 70Zr2 ppm 100 502 100 390 80 390 89 385Rb6 ppm 37 44 132 143 47 55 153 161Ag6 ppm 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.2 1.2 1.6 0.1 <0.2LOI % 6.6 6.3 7.1 6.8 3.9 3.6 4.8 4.4
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Table 4. Summary statistics for analyzed elements.
Detection Standardlimit Minimum Maximum Median Mean Deviation
Ag6 ppm 0.1 0.5 0.30 0.05 0.5 0.03Al2 % 0.01 1.35 10.68 6.75 6.83 0.99As1 ppm 0.5 0.25 2300 3.8 13.44 122.99As2 ppm 1 0.50 2529 4 15 135Au1 ppb 1 0.5 2360 0.5 9.2 124.8Ba1 ppm 50 25 1700 450 498 212Ba2 ppm 50 52 1739 488 546 231Be2 ppm 0.2 0.1 15.8 2.0 2.2 1.1Br1 ppm 0.5 0.25 160 10 19 25Ca1 % 1 0.5 8.0 1.0 1.3 1.0Ca2 % 0.01 0.06 7.00 1.30 1.41 0.82Cd2 ppm 0.1 0.05 2.24 0.05 0.07 0.12Ce1 ppm 3 9 340 65 78 49Ce2 ppm 2 11 337 67 75 42Co1 ppm 1 0.5 49 13 14 8Co2 ppm 2 1 57 17 17 10Cr1 ppm 5 2.5 1300 100 188 202Cr2 ppm 2 3 392 79 96 60Cs1 ppm 1 0.5 17 2 2 1.7Cu2 ppm 2 1 234 14 24 30Dy2 ppm 0.2 0.1 35.9 3.9 4.2 2.5Eu1 ppm 0.5 0.3 4.9 1.3 1.4 0.6Fe1 % 0.1 0.11 13.90 3.90 4.16 1.84Fe2 % 0.01 0.26 14.58 3.96 4.26 1.94Hf1 ppm 1 0.5 70 12 14 8K2 % 0.01 0.12 4.62 1.78 1.80 0.57La1 ppm 1 3 290 30 36 25La2 ppm 1 2 308 31 35 23Li2 ppm 0.2 1.4 97.4 17.5 21.1 14.6LOI % 0.01 0.81 87.60 4.70 7.25 8.01Mg2 % 0.01 0.03 3.87` 1.23 1.31 0.70Mn2 ppm 2 48 5846 692 728 450Mo1 ppm 1 0.5 11 0.5 1.4 1.9Mo2 ppm 1 0.5 16.6 1.4 1.6 1.2Na1 % 0.1 0.04 4.19 2.10 2.05 0.54
18
Detection Standardlimit Minimum Maximum Median Mean Deviation
Na2 % 0.01 0.21 4.14 2.13 2.05 0.55Nb2 ppm 2 1 63 15 17 8Nd1 ppm 5 2.5 220 24 29 20Ni1 ppm 2 1 550 29 29 65Ni2 ppm 2 2 417 32 57 60P2 ppm 5 47 3090 671 744 484Pb2 ppm 2 7 95 18 21 10Rb1 ppm 15 7.5 200 58 60 30Rb6 ppm 5 6 266 58 63 34Sb1 ppm 0.1 0.05 3.00 0.33 0.31 0.29Sc1 ppm 0.1 0.5 49 12 13 6Sc2 ppm 2 1.6 49.0 13.5 14.1 6.0Se1 ppm 1 0.5 6.0 0.5 0.6 0.5Sm1 ppm 0.1 0.7 43 5.3 6.2 3.8Sr1 ppm 0.05 0.03 0.09 0.03 0.03 0.01Sr2 ppm 2 25 937 200 146 128Ta1 ppm 0.2 0.1 10 0.5 0.9 1.0Tb1 ppm 0.5 0.3 6.4 0.7 0.8 0.5Th1 ppm 0.2 0.1 52 7.1 8.3 5.3Ti2 ppm 5 739 24830 6003 6410 2865U1 ppm 0.5 0.25 11 2.2 2.4 1.4V2 ppm 5 3 427 96 104 57Y2 ppm 2 3 181 23 24 13W1 ppm 1 0.5 170 0.5 1.1 9.0Yb1 ppm 0.2 0.1 15.9 3.3 3.5 1.4Zn1 ppm 5 2.5 1690 2.5 55.3 103Zn2 ppm 2 13 1945 57 71 105Zr1 % 0.01 0.005 0.11 0.03 0.03 0.02
19
GEOCHEMICAL RESULTS AND INTERPRETATION
Till in the region is generally thin (<2 m thick). It is rarer near the coast and in the upland regions ofthe Long Range Mountains. It is also less common below 70 m asl, the local marine limit, and could beconfused with glaciomarine diamicton at these elevations. In areas where B- or BC-horizon samples weretaken, the samples were noted, as they can be depleted in some elements and enhanced in others due tosoil-forming processes.
Gold, Arsenic and AntimonyThe analytical results for gold are highly variable (Figure 5). The duplicate graphs (Appendices B and
D) show poor correlation and as a result, these values should be interpreted with caution. However,pathfinders can be useful in many cases where gold data are poor. Arsenic and antimony have been foundto be pathfinders for gold in lake sediments in the region (McConnell and Honarvar, 1989) and the knowngold mineralization area of the Doucers Valley fault complex (Owen, 1991; Tuach, 1987) shows high Asand Sb values, which indicates that they also act as pathfinders for gold in till in this area (Figures 6 and7). Statistical analysis of Au and As values gives a correlation coefficient of 0.986. These factors suggestthat Sb, and particularly As, can be used in the White Bay area as gold pathfinders in till. When takentogether with the presence of clastic and carbonate rocks in the Jackson’s and Doucers valleys, the geo-chemistry is certainly suggestive of Carlin-type mineralization (Bonham Jr., 1985; Rytuba, 1985).
The dispersed gold values show possible areas of mineralization north of Jackson’s Arm and in theLake Michel Intrusive Suite. A few other high values (>10 ppb) are found east of White Bay, possiblyreflecting northwestward dispersion from Dunnage Zone rocks. A single site with very high values (sam-ple 1058: 2360 ppb Au; 2300 ppm As) of gold and arsenic was found at the western edge of the DoucersValley fault complex. Such high values could reflect the nugget effect, but re-analysis of a different splitof the same sample yielded similar results. A number of gold mineral occurrences around this site maybe the source of the elevated gold values in the sample. The duplicate data for this sample is included forreference in the data listing (Appendix E) and on the CD-ROM.
Arsenic and antimony show stronger clustering in the Doucers and Jackson’s valleys, especially northof Jackson’s Arm (hereafter referred to as the Jackson’s Arm gold zone). There may be some southeast-ward dispersal (Flow 3) in this area, but transport distances may be minimal due to the steep sides of thetwo valleys. Antimony, however, shows a well-developed dispersal train extending southeastward fromthe gold zone.
Both arsenic and antimony have high values clustered over the Anguille Group, suggesting that goldmineralization may occur there as well. This area has yet to be prospected for gold. If there is some south-eastward dispersal here, then it is possible that the tuff and rhyolite of the Sops Arm Group are alsoprospective.
Antimony has mid to high range values that decline northwestward from Dunnage Zone rocks. Thisappears to be a fan-shaped dispersal train emanating from the oceanic rocks southeast and east of thestudy area. Sediments of the Sops Arm Group also show moderate values.
Canadian soil quality guidelines dictate that arsenic levels in soil should be below 12 ppm for healthpurposes. Elevated arsenic values around the communities of Hampden and Jackson’s Arm may be causefor some concern. Investigation of the water supplies in these communities may be warranted.
20
BerylliumBeryllium values are relatively high, reaching a maximum of 15.8 ppm (Figure 8). Higher values
occur just north of Sops Arm and around Gull Lake, both possibly showing southeastward dispersal fromthe Long Range Mountains. Values are moderate over the schists and amphibolites of the Fleur de LysGroup.
ChromiumChromium (Figure 9) values peak at 1300 ppm. A large fan-shaped dispersal train in the east likely
reflects flow 2 and 3 transport from Dunnage Zone mafic/ultramafic rocks.
Copper, Lead and ZincAnomalous values of these three elements are generally found in the same areas (Figures 10-12). The
Doucers Valley fault complex is the main area of interest, notably the 1945 ppm Zn value in the south-west. High values in the Hampden area could be from either the Anguille or White Bay Groups, depend-ing on whether northeastward or southwestward dispersal was stronger. This area is one in which basemetal mineralization has not previously been reported; these elements do not appear as highs in the lakesediment data (Davenport et al., 1999).
Iron and Loss on IgnitionLoss on ignition results provide an indication of concentrations of organic matter present in a sam-
ple. They correlate well with the locations of B-horizon samples, which are commonly enriched in iron.A comparison of LOI with the geochemical data for iron (Figures 13 and 14) shows that some high ironvalues can be explained by the fact that the B-horizon was sampled. However, a few areas are not cor-relative and high iron values must be present in the unaltered till. These include the Jackson’s Arm goldarea, the Doucers Valley fault complex, the Hampden area and the area northwest of Wild Cove Pond.
MagnesiumMagnesium seems to be independent of loss on ignition (Figure 15). High values mirror those of iron
except for the fact that it also shows a fan-shaped dispersal trend from the Dunnage Zone, perhaps reflect-ing the presence of olivine in these rocks.
ManganeseManganese values are high in the Jackson’s Arm gold zone, along the Doucers Valley Fault complex,
and in the Hampden area (Figure 16). The highs also extend northward through the Anguille Group.
NickelNickel values form a smooth dispersal fan originating in the Dunnage Zone rocks (Figure 17).
21
TitaniumSome of the titanium values are fairly high (>16 000 ppm, Figure 18), but they are neither tightly
clustered nor tapering off in one direction. As a result, it is difficult to pinpoint likely source areas for thiselement. Vanadium (not shown) has high values in many of the same locations.
UraniumThere are several sites with uranium values over 5.4 ppm (Figure 19). The lack of clustering, how-
ever, makes the possible sources of uranium difficult to isolate. High values in the Jackson’s Arm, BearCove and Hampden areas may be a safety concern for drinking water in those communities.
CONCLUSIONS
Not unexpectedly, the Doucers Valley fault complex appears to be highly prospective. It displays tillgeochemical anomalies for Au, As, Sb, Cu, Pb, Zn, Fe, Mg and Mn. In particular, the association of Au,As and Sb is suggestive of Carlin-type mineralization. The most prospective area is the Jackson’s Armgold zone, which is just north of Jackson’s Arm.
A new possible prospective zone encompasses the town of Hampden and the Anguille Group to thewest of it. As, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Sb and Zn are all enriched in this vicinity.
Some elements (Cr, Mg, Ni and Sb) form fan-shaped dispersal trains that appear to emanate fromDunnage Zone oceanic rocks that outcrop to the southeast of the study area.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
General field assistance (till sampling and mapping) was provided by Amy Newport; MartinBatterson and Dave Taylor helped with the helicopter component of the till sampling. Sid Parsons andJerry Hickey provided logistical support and Dave Leonard drafted part of Figure 1. Dave Liverman andMartin Batterson provided helpful reviews of the manuscript.
22
REFERENCES
Betz, F.J.1948: Geology and mineral deposits of southern White Bay. Newfoundland Geological SurveyBulletin, Volume 24, page 28.
Blake, W.J.1988: Geological Survey of Canada Radiocarbon Dates XXVII, 100 pages.
Bonham Jr., H.F.1985: Characteristics of bulk-minable gold-silver deposits in Cordilleran and island-arc settings. InGeologic Characteristics of Sediment- and Volcanic-Hosted Disseminated Gold Deposits-Search foran Occurrence Model. U.S.G.S. Bulletin 1646. Edited by E.W. Tooker. United States GeologicalSurvey, Washington, pages 71-77.
Cawood, P.A., Dunning, G.R., Lux, D., and Van Gool, J.A.M.1994: Timing of peak metamorphism and deformation along the Appalachian margin of Laurentia inNewfoundland – Silurian, not Ordovician. Geology, Volume 22, pages 399-402.
Davenport, P.H., and Nolan, L.W.1989: Mapping the regional distribution of gold in Newfoundland using lake sediment geochemistry.In Current Research. Newfoundland Department of Mines and Energy, Geological Survey Branch,Report 89-1, pages 259-266.
Davenport, P.H., Nolan, L.W., Wardle, R.W., Stapleton, G.J., and Kilfoil, G.J.1999: Digital Geoscience Atlas of Labrador. Geological Survey of Newfoundland and Labrador.
Hibbard, J.P.1983: Geology of the Baie Verte Peninsula, Newfoundland. Newfoundland Department of Mines andEnergy, Memoir 2, 279 pages.
Liverman, D.G.E.1992: Application of regional Quaternary mapping to mineral exploration, northeasternNewfoundland, Canada. Transactions of the Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, Volume 101, pagesB89-98.
Lynch, J.1996: Provisional Elemental Values for Four New Geochemical Soil and Till Reference Materials,Till-1, Till-2, Till-3 and Till-4. Geostandards Newsletter, Volume 20, pages 277-287.
McConnell, J.W., and Honarvar, P.1989: A study of the distribution of Au and associated elements in soils in proximity to gold miner-alization. Newfoundland and Labrador Geological Survey, Open File 1790, 135 pages.
23
McCuaig, S.J.2003: Glacial history and Quaternary geology of the White Bay region. In Current Research.Newfoundland Department of Mines and Energy, Geological Survey, Report 03-1, pages 279-292.
Owen, J.V.1991: Geology of the Long Range Inlier, Newfoundland. Geological Survey of Canada, Bulletin 395,89 pages.
Rytuba, J.J.1985: Geochemistry of hydrothermal transport and deposition of gold and sulfide minerals in Carlin-type gold deposits. In Geologic Characteristics of Sediment- and Volcanic-Hosted Disseminated GoldDeposits-Search for an Occurrence Model. U.S.G.S. Bulletin 1646. Edited by E.W. Tooker. UnitedStates Geological Survey, Washington, pages 27-34.
Smyth, W.R., and Schillereff, S.1982: The pre-Carboniferous geology of southwest White Bay. In Current Research. NewfoundlandDepartment of Mines and Energy, Mineral Development Division, Report 82-1, pages 78-98.
Tuach, J.1987: Mineralized environments, metallogenesis, and the Doucers Valley Fault complex, westernWhite Bay: a philosophy for gold exploration in Newfoundland. In Current Research. NewfoundlandDepartment of Mines and Energy, Geological Survey Branch, Report 87-1, pages 129-144.
Vanderveer, D.G., and Taylor, D.M.1987: Quaternary mapping – glacial-dispersal studies, Sops Arm area, Newfoundland. In CurrentResearch. Newfoundland Department of Mines and Energy, Geological Survey Branch, Report 87-1,pages 31-38.
Wagenbauer, H.A., Riley, C.A., and Dawe, G.1983: The Geochemical Laboratory. In Current Research. Newfoundland Department of Mines andEnergy, Mineral Development Division, Report 83-1, pages 133-137.
Williams, H.1979: Appalachian orogen in Canada. Canadian Journal of Earth Science, Volume 16, pages 792-807.
27
17
17
20
47
18
26
18
2360
5 0 52.5 km Au1
0.5 - 2.0
2.1 - 5.0
5.1 - 10.0
10.1 - 15.0
15.1 - 2400.0
Gold Occurrences
Figure 5. Gold values in till. Open File NFLD/2823.
24
(ppb)
41
42
48
81
48
40
36
100
340
2300
5 0 52.5 km As1
0.3 - 5.1
5.2 - 11.0
11.1 - 23.0
23.1 - 35.9
36.0 - 2300.0
Gold Occurrences
Figure 6. Arsenic values in till. Open File NFLD/2823.
25
(ppm)
1
1
1
3
1.8
1.3
1.1
1.3
5 0 52.5 km Sb1
0.05 - 0.10
0.11 - 0.31
0.32 - 0.70
0.71 - 0.99
1.00 - 3.00
Gold Occurrences
Figure 7. Antimony values in till. Open File NFLD/2823.
26
(ppm)
6.2
6.1
9.8
7.2
15.8
5 0 52.5 km Be2
0.1 - 1.7
1.8 - 2.4
2.5 - 3.7
3.8 - 6.1
6.2 - 15.8
Figure 8. Beryllium values in till. Open File NFLD/2823.
27
(ppm)
560840
710
620
930
640
740640
900
690
600640
640800
840
600
1300
10001300
5 0 52.5 km Cr1
3 - 66
67 - 170
171 - 340
341 - 557
558 - 1300
Figure 9. Chromium values in till. Open File NFLD/2823.
28
(ppm)
7595
68
72
96
87
84
244
101
118
167
113
206
5 0 52.5 km Cu2
1 - 12
13 - 30
31 - 52
53 - 87
88 - 244
Copper Occurrences
Figure 10. Copper values in till. Open File NFLD/2823.
29
(ppm)
62
14
16
33
90
72
24
50
65
117
5 0 52.5 km Pb2
7 - 16
17 - 22
23 - 31
32 - 42
43 - 95
Lead Occurrences
Figure 11. Lead values in till. Open File NFLD/2823.
30
(ppm)
229
143
146
145
145
181
145
162
161
190
135
136
137
162
1945
5 0 52.5 km Zn2
13 - 37
38 - 61
62 - 92
93 - 131
132 - 1945
Zinc Occurrences
Figure 12. Zinc values in till. Open File NFLD/2823.
31
(ppm)
28
40
34 29
26
45
27
30
8828
31
5 0 52.5 km LOI
1 - 4
5 - 9
10 - 14
15 - 28
29 - 88
Figure 13. Loss on ignition values in till. Open File NFLD/2823.
32
(%)
9.8
7.3
8.45
8.69
9.07
8.23
9.48
8.86
8.19
7.65
9.85
8.65
7.33
7.629.04
8.4614.53
12.56
14.56
10.16
5 0 52.5 km Fe2
0.26 - 2.21
2.22 - 3.65
3.66 - 4.97
4.98 - 7.27
7.28 - 14.56
Iron Occurrences
Figure 14. Iron values in till. Open File NFLD/2823.
33
(%)
3
3
3.9
3.4
2.7
3.8
3.6
2.8
2.73.4
3.6
2.7
2.5
2.7
2.7
2.9
2.9
3.5
5 0 52.5 km Mg2
0.0 - 0.6
0.7 - 1.1
1.2 - 1.6
1.7 - 2.5
2.6 - 3.9
Figure 15. Magnesium values in till. Open File NFLD/2823.
34
(%)
2025
1539
2270
1797
1597
1656
1588
1599
1876
5846
2055
2126
1503
1464
1950
5 0 52.5 km Mn2
48 - 508
509 - 870
871 - 1079
1080 - 1402
1403 - 5846
Figure 16. Manganese values in till. Open File NFLD/2823.
35
(ppm)
397
225
262
417
309
248
295
5 0 52.5 km Ni2
2 - 33
34 - 72
73 - 129
130 - 222
223 - 417
Figure 17. Nickel values in till. Open File NFLD/2823.
36
(ppm)
14956
16166
16446
16135
19421
18318
17311
24830
5 0 52.5 km Ti2
739 - 4689
4690 - 6651
6652 - 9224
9225 - 14017
14018 - 24830
Titanium Occurrences
Figure 18. Titanium values in till. Open File NFLD/2823.
37
(ppm)
6
6
11
5.9
7.8
6.6
6.4
8.5
7.2
9.6
7.65.6
5.5
5 0 52.5 km U1
0.3 - 1.8
1.9 - 2.5
2.6 - 3.4
3.5 - 5.4
5.5 - 11.0
Figure 19. Uranium values in till. Open File NFLD/2823.
38
(ppm)
Appendix A: Comparison plots of laboratory duplicates for elements analysed by ICP and AAS (Ag, Rb).
Barium
200
600
400
800
1000
1200
1400
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400
Ba (ppm)
Ba
(ppm
)
Arsenic
0
5
30
25
15
20
10
0 5 302010 2515
As (ppm)
As
(ppm
)
Beryllium
Be (ppm)
Be
(ppm
)
Aluminum
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0
Al (%)
Al (
%)
9.0
Cd (ppm)
Ce (ppm)
Cr
(ppm
)
Cr (ppm)
0
50
100
150
200
250
0 50 100 150 200
Chromium Cobalt
101010
0
5
15
20
25
30
35
40
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 4035
Co (ppm)
Co
(ppm
)Cerium
0
50
100
150
250
200
300
0 50 100 150 250200 300
Ce
(ppm
)
Copper
Cu (ppm)
Cu
(ppm
)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Dysprosium
2
3
4
5
6
7
2 3 4 5 6 7
Dy (ppm)
Dy
(ppm
)
Iron
3
0
2
1
4
5
6
7
8
3210 4 5 6 7 8
Fe (%)
Fe
(%)
39
250
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5
Cadmium
Cd
(ppm
)
0.00
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.14 0.16
Calcium
Ca (%)
Ca
(%)
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
Lanthanum
20
40
60
50
70
80
3020 40 6050 70 80
La (ppm)
La (
ppm
)
35 45
Lithium
5
0
10
15
20
25
30
40
35
50
45
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 40 50
Li (ppm)
Li (
ppm
)
Lead
10
20
30
40
50
10 20 30 40
Pb (ppm)
Pb
(ppm
)
Niobium
Nb (ppm)
Nb
(ppm
)
10
15
20
30
25
35
10 15 20 3025 35
Manganese
0
200
400
800
600
1000
1200
1400
1600
2000 400 800600 1000 14001200 1600
Mn (ppm)
Mn
(ppm
)
Ni (ppm)
Magnesium
1.00
0.00
0.50
1.50
3.00
2.00
2.50
3.50
4.00
1.000.00 0.50 1.50 3.002.00 4.002.50 3.50
Mg
(%)
Mg (%)
Molybdenum
Mo (ppm)
Mo
(ppm
)
0
1
2
3
0 1 2 3
Potassium
1.0
1.8
1.4
2.2
2.6
3.0
1.81.0 1.4 2.2 2.6 3.0
K (ppm)
K (
ppm
)
Phosphorous
P (ppm)
P (
ppm
)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
0 500 15001000 2000 2500 3000
Nickel
0
50
100
150
200
0 50 100 150 200
Ni (
ppm
)
Appendix A: cont.
Scandium
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
Sc (ppm)
Sc
(ppm
)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
200 40 60 80 100 120 140
Rubidium
Rb
(ppm
)
Rb (ppm)
40
30
0
0
Appendix A: cont.
Sodium
Na (ppm)
Na
(ppm
)
Strontium
100
200
300
600
500
400
800
700
100 200 300 400 800700600500
Sr (ppm)
Sr
(ppm
)
Yttrium
10
15
20
25
30
35
10 15 20 25 30 35
Y (
ppm
)
Y (ppm)
Zirconium
Zr (ppm)
Zr
(ppm
)
20
40
60
80
120
100
140
180
160
20 40 60 80 100 140 160120 180
80
60
100
120
140
160
180
8060 100 120 140 160 180
VanadiumV
(pp
m)
V (ppm)
Zinc
40
0
60
20
80
100
120
140
0 4020 60 80 100 120 140
Zn (ppm)
Zn
(ppm
)
Ti (ppm)
Titanium
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
12000
10000
11000
4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 120001100010000
Ti (
ppm
)
41
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.50
0
Silver
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3
Ag (ppm)
Ag
(ppm
)
Appendix B: Comparison plots of laboratory duplicates for elements analysed by INAA.
0
2
4
6
8
10
0 2 4 86 10
Gold
Au (ppm)
Au
(ppm
)
0
100
150
200
250
300
50 100 150 200 250 300
Ce (ppm)
Cerium
Ce
(ppm
)
Barium
200
400
600
800
1000
200 400 600 800 1000 1200
1200
Ba (ppm)
Arsenic
As (ppm)
As
(ppm
)
0.5
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.5
3.0
0.5 1.5 2.0 3.5
Calcium
Ca (%)
Ca
(%)
Europium
Eu (ppm)
Eu
(ppm
)
Iron
Fe (%)
Fe
(%)
4
5
6
11 4 5 62
2
7
7 8
8
3
3
0
20
40
60
80
100
100806040200
Bromine
Br
(ppm
)
Br (ppm)
Ba
(ppm
)
42
Cesium
Cs (ppm)
Cs
(ppm
)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
Cr
(ppm
)
Cr (ppm)
Chromium
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Cobalt
Co (ppm)
Co
(ppm
)
5 10 5
10
15
15 20
20
25
25 30
30
35
35 40 45
45
40
Hf (ppm)
Hf (
ppm
)
Hafnium
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
1.0
0.00.0 1.0 2.5 3.0
50
0
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
Appendix B: cont.
Lanthanum
La (ppm)
La (
ppm
)
10
20
30
40
60
80
50
70
90
10 20 40 6030 50 70 9080
Molybdenum
Mo (ppm)
Mo
(ppm
)
0
1
2
4
6
7
5
3
0 21 4 6 73 5
Neodymium
Nd (ppm)
Nd
(ppm
)
20
30
40
50
60
70
10
10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Ni (ppm)
NickelN
i (pp
m)
0
2020
60
80
40
100
140
120
160
0 60 8020 40 100 120 140 160
Rubidium
Rb
(ppm
)
Rb (ppm)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
0.1
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.7
0.4
0.3
0.5
0.6
0.8
0.9
1.0
0.10.0 0.2 0.3 0.80.70.60.50.4 0.9 1.0
Antimony
Sb (ppm)
Sb
(ppm
)
Scandium
Sc (ppm)
Sc
(ppm
)
5
10
15
20
25
5 10 15 20 25
Selenium
Se (ppm)
Se
(ppm
)
Samarium
Sm (ppm)
Sm
(pp
m)
22 4
4
6
8
86
10
10 12
12
14
14
Strontium
Sr (ppm)
Sr
(ppm
)
0.00
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
0.12
0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12
43
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5
Na (%)
Na
(%)
Sodium
Tantalum
Ta (ppm)
Ta
(ppm
)
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
Appendix B: cont.
Terbium
Tb (ppm)
Tb
(ppm
)
0
5
10
15
20
25
0 5 10 15 20 25
Thorium
Th (ppm)
Th
(ppm
)
Uranium
U (ppm)
U (
ppm
)
00
1
1 2
2
3
3 4 5 6
5
4
6
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
Tungsten
W (ppm)
W (
ppm
)
YtterbiumY
b (p
pm)
Yb (ppm)
1
2
3
1 2 3 4
4
5
5 6
6
7
7 8
8Zinc
Zn (ppm)
Zn
(ppm
)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Zirconium
Zr (ppm)
Zr
(ppm
)
0.02
0.00
0.01
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.08
0.07
0.09
0.00 0.020.01 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.080.07 0.09
44
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6
Appendix C: Comparison plots of field duplicates for elements analysed by ICP and AAS (Ag, Rb).
Arsenic
1
2
7
6
4
5
3
1 2 753 64
As (ppm)
As
(ppm
)
Beryllium
Be (ppm)
Be
(ppm
)
Ce (ppm)
Cerium
40
50
60
70
90
80
100
40 50 60 70 9080 100
Ce
(ppm
)
Copper
Cu (ppm)
Cu
(ppm
)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Dysprosium
11
2
3
4
5
6
2 3 4 5 6
Dy (ppm)
Dy
(ppm
)
45
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5
Calcium
Ca (%)
Ca
(%)
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
Cobalt
Co (ppm)
Co
(ppm
)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Barium
0
200
100
300
400
500
600
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Ba (ppm)
Ba
(ppm
)
Cadmium
Cd
(ppm
)
Cd (ppm)
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
0.12
0.14
0.18
0.16
0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.14 0.16 0.18
Cr
(ppm
)
Cr (ppm)
50
100
150
200
250
300
50 100 150 200 250
Chromium
300
Aluminum
Al (%)
Al (
%)
4
5
6
7
8
4 5 6 7 8
Silver
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3
Ag (ppm)
Ag
(ppm
)
Lanthanum
10
20
40
30
50
2010 30 40 50
La (ppm)
La (
ppm
)
Manganese
0
200
400
800
600
1000
1200
1400
1600
2000 400 800600 1000 14001200 1600
Mn (ppm)
Mn
(ppm
)
MagnesiumM
g (%
)
Mg (%)
Appendix C: cont.
46
0
0
Lithium
0
5
10
15
20
25
0 5 10 15 20 25
Li (ppm)
Li (
ppm
)
Molybdenum
Mo (ppm)
Mo
(ppm
)
0
1
2
3
0 1 2 3
Phosphorous
P (ppm)
P (
ppm
)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
0 500 15001000 2000 2500 3000
Iron
3
0
2
1
4
5
6
3210 4 5 6
Fe (%)
Fe
(%)
Niobium
Nb (ppm)
Nb
(ppm
)
5
10
15
20
30
25
10 15 20 3025
Potassium
0.5
1.5
1.0
2.0
2.5
3.0
1.50.5 1.0 2.0 2.5 3.0
K (ppm)
K (
ppm
)
Lead
10
15
20
25
30
10 15 20 25 30
Pb (ppm)
Pb
(ppm
)Sodium
Na
(ppm
)
0.50.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0Na (ppm)
Ni (ppm)
Nickel
Ni (
ppm
)
0
1
2
3
4
0 1 2 3 4
5
0
100
200
300
400
500
0 100 200 300 400 500
Appendix C: cont.
Strontium
50
100
200
150
300
250
50 100 150 300250200
Sr (ppm)
Sr
(ppm
)
Yttrium
10
15
20
25
30
35
10 15 20 25 30 35
Y (
ppm
)
Y (ppm)
Zirconium
Zr (ppm)
Zr
(ppm
)
40
60
80
100
140
120
40 60 80 100 120 140
80
60
40
40
100
120
140
160
8060 100 120 140 160
VanadiumV
(pp
m)
V (ppm)
Zinc
40
0
60
20
80
100
120
140
0 4020 60 80 100 120 140
Zn (ppm)
Zn
(ppm
)
Ti (ppm)
Titanium
2000
4000
6000
8000
12000
10000
2000 4000 6000 8000 1200010000
Ti (
ppm
)
47
0
0
Scandium
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Sc (ppm)
Sc
(ppm
)
Rb (ppm)
RubidiumR
b (p
pm)
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Appendix D: Comparison plots of field duplicates for elements analysed by INAA.
Gold
Au (ppm)
Au
(ppm
)
100
5040 60 70 80 90 100
Ce (ppm)
Cerium
Ce
(ppm
)
Barium
100
200
300
600
400
500
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Ba (ppm)
Arsenic
As (ppm)
As
(ppm
)
0.5
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.5
3.0
0.5 1.5 2.0 3.5
Calcium
Ca (%)
Ca
(%)
Europium
Eu (ppm)
Eu
(ppm
)
Iron
Fe (%)
Fe
(%)
4
5
6
11 4 5 62
2
3
3
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
302520151050
Bromine
Br
(ppm
)
Br (ppm)
Ba
(ppm
)
48
Cesium
Cs (ppm)
Cs
(ppm
)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
800
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900
Cr
(ppm
)
Cr (ppm)
Chromium
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Cobalt
Co (ppm)
Co
(ppm
)
2 42
4
6 8
10
10 12
12
14
14 16 18
18
16
Hf (ppm)
Hf (
ppm
)
Hafnium
0
2
4
6
1
3
7
5
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1.0
0.00.0 1.0 2.5 3.0
50
70
40
90
80
60
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.00
6
8
Appendix D: cont.
Lanthanum
La (ppm)
La (
ppm
)
10
20
30
40
60
50
10 20 40 6030 50
Molybdenum
Mo (ppm)
Mo
(ppm
)Neodymium
Nd (ppm)
Nd
(ppm
)
15
20
25
30
35
40
1010 25 20 25 30 35 40
Ni (ppm)
NickelN
i (pp
m)
0
50
150
100
250
200
350
300
400
0
150
50 250200100 150 300 350 400
Rubidium
Rb
(ppm
)
Rb (ppm)
20
10
30
40
50
60
70
2010 30 40 50 60 70
0.1
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.7
0.4
0.3
0.5
0.6
0.8
0.9
1.0
0.10.0 0.2 0.3 0.80.70.60.50.4 0.9 1.0
Antimony
Sb (ppm)
Sb
(ppm
)
Scandium
Sc (ppm)
Sc
(ppm
)
6
8
10
12
16
14
18
6 8 10 12 1614 18
Selenium
Se (ppm)
Se
(ppm
)
Samarium
Sm (ppm)
Sm
(pp
m)
33 4
4
5
6
65
7
7 8
8
9
9
Strontium
Sr (ppm)
Sr
(ppm
)
49
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
Na (%)
Na
(%)
Sodium
Tantalum
Ta (ppm)
Ta
(ppm
)
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
00 0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5
0.000
0.005
0.010
0.015
0.020
0.025
0.030
0.000 0.005 0.010 0.015 0.020 0.025 0.030
Appendix D: cont.
Terbium
Tb (ppm)
Tb
(ppm
)
2
4
6
8
10
12
2 4 6 8 10 12
Thorium
Th (ppm)
Th
(ppm
)
Uranium
U (ppm)
U (
ppm
)
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
Tungsten
W (ppm)
W (
ppm
)
YtterbiumY
b (p
pm)
Yb (ppm)
1
2
3
1 2 3 4
4
5
5 6
6
7
7 8
8Zinc
Zn (ppm)
Zn
(ppm
)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
Zirconium
Zr (ppm)
Zr
(ppm
)
0.02
0.00
0.01
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.08
0.07
0.09
0.00 0.020.01 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.080.07 0.09
50
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.60.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0
51
Appendix E
Sample Data Listings
For the data shown in this appendix please see the data files(icp and aas data.csv or icp and aas data.xls
and inaa data.csv or inaa data.xls) included on this CD.
1467 1148
1244
1739
1243
1353
1626
1112
1283
1203
5 0 52.5 km Ba2
52 - 291
292 - 517
518 - 727
728 - 1063
1064 - 1739
Figure 20. Barium values in till. Open File NFLD/2823.
(ppm)
88
77
98
99
91
89
98
90
110
150
140
110
160
140
5 0 52.5 km Br1
0 - 10
11 - 24
25 - 45
46 - 77
78 - 160
Figure 21. Bromine values in till. Open File NFLD/2823.
(ppm)
7
2.7
3.03
2.96
2.65
2.63
2.88
2.76
3.113.04
3.04
2.71
4.07
2.94
3.14
2.69
4.97
3.63
3.58
2.972.812.79
5 0 52.5 km Ca2
0.06 - 0.75
0.76 - 1.37
1.38 - 1.86
1.87 - 2.61
2.62 - 7.00
Figure 22. Calcium values in till. Open File NFLD/2823.
(%)
0.24
0.36
0.34
0.51
2.24
5 0 52.5 km Cd2
0.05-0.06
0.06 - 0.13
0.14 - 0.18
0.19 - 0.24
0.25 - 2.24
Figure 23. Cadmium values in till. Open File NFLD/2823.
(ppm)
182
337
193
219
270
277
307
201
5 0 52.5 km Ce2
11 - 48
49 - 76
77 - 118
119 - 170
171 - 337
Figure 24. Cerium values in till. Open File NFLD/2823.
(ppm)
53
41
41
57
4044
43
38
39
40
47
52
56
40
5 0 52.5 km Co2
1 - 9
10 - 17
18 - 25
26 - 37
38 - 57
Figure 25. Cobalt values in till. Open File NFLD/2823.
(ppm)
17
13
5 0 52.5 km Cs1
0.5 - 1
2 - 3
4 - 5
6 - 8
9 - 17
Figure 26. Cesium values in till. Open File NFLD/2823.
(ppm)
11
9.8
11.6
10.1
12.4
13.6
13.4
35.9
10.2
5 0 52.5 km Dy2
0.1 - 2.9
3.0 - 4.7
4.8 - 6.5
6.6 - 9.0
9.1 - 35.9
Figure 27. Dysprosium values in till. Open File NFLD/2823.
(ppm)
4
4.9
3.7
4.3
4.4
5 0 52.5 km Eu1
0.3 - 1.0
1.1 - 1.6
1.7 - 2.4
2.5 - 3.5
3.6 - 4.9
Figure 28. Europium values in till. Open File NFLD/2823.
(ppm)
42
49
38
60
60
52
70
37
43
5 0 52.5 km Hf1
0 - 10
11 - 15
16 - 21
22 - 34
35 - 70
Figure 29. Hafnium values in till. Open File NFLD/2823.
(ppm)
79
96
81
89
8492
87
96
86
86
128
102
110
308
5 0 52.5 km La2
2 - 21
22 - 36
37 - 54
55 - 75
76 - 308
Figure 30. Lanthanum values in till. Open File NFLD/2823.
(ppm)
79
85.5
93.2
64.6
62.4
59.1
60.2
97.4
64.4
5 0 52.5 km Li2
1.4 - 12.8
12.9 - 23.3
23.4 - 37.7
37.8 - 59.0
59.1 - 97.4
Figure 31. Lithium values in till. Open File NFLD/2823.
(ppm)
3.2
3.04
3.93
3.23
4.14
2.98
3.39
3.08
3.59
3.69
3.21
3.27
3.41
3.06
3.04
3.07
5 0 52.5 km Na2
0.21 - 1.29
1.30 - 1.89
1.90 - 2.32
2.33 - 2.89
2.90 - 4.14
Figure 33. Sodium values in till. Open File NFLD/2823.
(%)
43
54
47
4463
56
51
5 0 52.5 km Nb2
1 - 11
12 - 17
18 - 25
26 - 37
38 - 63
Figure 34. Niobium values in till. Open File NFLD/2823.
(ppm)
110
130
120
220
5 0 52.5 km Nd1
2.5 - 17
18 - 30
31 - 50
51 - 100
101 - 220
Figure 35. Neodymium values in till. Open File NFLD/2823.
(ppm)
2166
3090
2444
2539
2772
1994
5 0 52.5 km P2
47 - 430
431 - 822
823 - 1237
1238 - 1894
1895 - 3090
Figure 36. Phosphorous values in till. Open File NFLD/2823.
(ppm)
3.2
3.75
3.44
3.16
4.22
4.62
3.39
5 0 52.5 km K2
0.12 - 1.12
1.13 - 1.68
1.69 - 2.13
2.14 - 2.94
2.95 - 4.62
Figure 37. Potassium values in till. Open File NFLD/2823.
(ppm)
185
174
197
228
180
201
266
5 0 52.5 km Rb6
6 - 36
37 - 60
61 - 90
91 - 147
148 - 266
Figure 38. Rubidium values in till. Open File NFLD/2823.
(ppm)
49
26
26.4
31.6
35.2
28.4
27.9
36.736.3
28.2
33.2
26.6
27.3
37.9
26.8
27.8
28.2
5 0 52.5 km Sc2
1.6 - 7.7
7.8 - 12.2
12.3 - 16.9
17.0 - 24.7
24.8 - 49.0
Figure 39. Scandium values in till. Open File NFLD/2823.
(ppm)
6
5 0 52.5 km Se1
0.5
0.6 - 1.0
1.1 - 2.0
2.1 - 4.0
4.1 - 6.0
Figure 40. Selenium values in till. Open File NFLD/2823.
(ppm)
22
17
27
14
19
16
17
17
20
43
15
5 0 52.5 km Sm1
0.7 - 4.4
4.5 - 6.2
6.3 - 9.5
9.6 - 13.3
13.4 - 43.0
Figure 41. Samarium values in till. Open File NFLD/2823.
(ppm)
713
606
675 937
715
601
741674
803737
731
5 0 52.5 km Sr2
25 - 128
129 - 218
219 - 348
349 - 568
569 - 937
Figure 42. Strontium values in till. Open File NFLD/2823.
(ppm)
10
4.3
4.5
5 0 52.5 km Ta1
0.1 - 0.6
0.7 - 1.5
1.6 - 2.6
2.7 - 3.9
4.0 - 10.0
Figure 43. Tantalum values in till. Open File NFLD/2823.
(ppm)
2
0.1
0.1
3.5
5 0 52.5 km Tb1
0.3 - 0.5
0.6 - 0.9
1.0 - 1.5
1.6 - 2.4
2.5 - 6.4
Figure 44. Terbium values in till. Open File NFLD/2823.
(ppm)
31
52
40
33
32
5 0 52.5 km Th1
0.1 - 5.3
5.4 - 9.2
9.3 - 15.0
15.1 - 24.0
24.1 - 52.0
Figure 45. Thorium values in till. Open File NFLD/2823.
(ppm)
373
298
290
333
288
427
385
292
305
5 0 52.5 km V2
3 - 62
63 - 103
104 - 160
161 - 265
266 - 427
Figure 46. Vanadium values in till. Open File NFLD/2823.
(ppm)
170
5 0 52.5 km W1
1
2
3 - 4
5 - 22
23 - 170
Figure 47. Tungsten values in till. Open File NFLD/2823.
(ppm)
65
70
66
90
70
181
5 0 52.5 km Y2
3 - 17
18 - 27
28 - 38
39 - 63
64 - 181
Figure 48. Yttrium values in till. Open File NFLD/2823.
(ppm)
12.3
13.1
15.9
5 0 52.5 km Yb1
0.1 - 2.5
2.6 - 3.6
3.7 - 5.1
5.2 - 8.7
8.8 - 15.9
Figure 49. Ytterbium values in till. Open File NFLD/2823.
(ppm)
248
260
415
238
328
424 380233
309
5 0 52.5 km Zr2
6 - 55
56 - 87
88 - 122
123 - 195
196 - 424
Figure 50. Zirconium values in till. Open File NFLD/2823.
(ppm)