timber panelled doors andfire

Timber panelled doors and fireUpgrading the fire resistance performance

of timber panelled doors and frames

An English Heritage technical guidance note

EnglishHeritage policy

English Heritagebelieves tbat a fire safelystrategy which ensuresthe protection of itshistoric fabric and itsusers from the effects offire should be adoptedfor c\'cry historicbuilding, and achic\'cdin accordance with theprinciples of minimumintervention andreversibility should beadopted wherever andwhenever possible.

This guidance noteforms part of a series ofdocuments relating to

fire safelY beingproduced by EnglishHeritage. It will besupplemented by afuture fire and smokeresistance testingprogramme and report,which will aim toinvestigate· in moredetail - some of theissues discussed in thisdocument and toprovide, whereappropriate. morecomprehensiveguidance.

HamplOII COllri Palace - doorsetin comexr after the fire

Contents

Purpose and scope ofguidance 1

2 Fire and smoke resistantdoorsets 2

2.1 Purpose of fire and smokeresistant doorsets

2.2 Escape roUies2.2.1 Compartmentation2.2.2 Seals against hot andcold smoke

2.3 Methods for determiningfire and cold smokeresistance performance

3 Design of doors andframes 3

4 Factors affecting theperformance of fireresistant doorscts

4.1 Supporting structures4.2 Frames4.3 Doors4.4 Panels4.5 lronmongery

5 Methods of upgradingexisting doorsets toimpro\'l~ the level of fireresistance 12

5.1 Supporting Structures5.2 Frames5,3 Doors5.4 Door edge gaps5.5 Panels

5.5. J Glazed panels5.5.2 Solid timber based panels5.5.3 Upgrading panels; noteson method

5.6 lronmongery5.6.1 Methods of supportingthe door5.6.2 Lock or latch m«:hanism5.6.3 Self-dosing mechanisms

5.7 Cold smoke seals5.7.1 General guidance5.7.2 Specific guidance ongeneric types of smoke seals

Glossary of terms 35

Bibliography 35

Relevant legislation andregulations 36

Acknowledgements 36

1 Purpose and scopeof guidance

This guidance note is designed. tohelp those who own, manage, orare professionally concerned withmodifying existing joinery doorsetsin historic buildings, to achieveacceptable levels of fire and coldsmoke resistance. It offers background infonnarion and guidance on

• the need for doorsets to provideup to 30 minutes' fire resistance

• the need for smoke resistantdoorsets

• the principal factors affectingthe performance of a fire resistantdoorset in a fire resistance tCSt

• identifying problems whichneed to be addressed, with somepractical methods of solvingthem

It considers the relevant issues andprovides practical solutions to arange of commonly encounte~

problems. It is necessary, therefore,to confine the scope of thisdocument to doorsets which are

• single leaf

• latched

• single swing/acting

• limited in height, width andthickness (sec ecrion 4.3)

• of framed and panelled. timberconstruction

• rectangular in shape

Various limitations have beenspecified within this guidance note.These are necessary because ofproven performance limitationsand the complex interrelationshipof the various factors discussed.The limitations are intended toallow the reader, who is notexperienced in this field, to makeappropriate decisions and choices.A future testing programme isplanned. to widen the knowledgebase and hence choice of availablesolutions.

2

It is important to note that e\'enwithout further testing, solutions- outside the liJnitations given inthis document - which requirefeYo'er changes to existing fabricthan is shown can often beachieved by employing an expertin this field.

Please note

The information within thispublication is based on ourcurrent knowledge. Whilstevery effort has been made toensure the accuracy of theadvice given, EnglishHeritage does Dot acceptliability for loss or damagearising from the use of theinformation supplied. Thispublication is n guide. It hasno statutory authority, and isnot to be used as a substitutefor professional advice.

2 Fire and smokeresistant doorsets

2.1 Purpose

Obviously fire and smoke posc= asignificant threat to people's lives.It is necessary therefore to ensurethat buildings are designed ormodified in such 3 way thatamongst other issues, personsescaping from a fire can do so inrelative safety. The risk of injury ordeath as a ~uh of a fire issignificantly reduced by

• maximising the availability ofsafe escape routes

• controlling the rate of growth ofthe fire

• containing the fire and smokewithin restricted areas

2.2 Escape routes

\Vhere there are \'ery few routesoffering a means of escape, itbecomes increasingly important toensure that they can be used safelyin the event of a fire.

If adequate measurn have beentaken to ensure that fires do notoriginate in the corridors and stairs

forming the means of escape, themajor threat is from the spread offire and smoke into the escaperoutes. The concept of fire andsmoke resistant doorsets has beendeveloped in response to thisproblem. Accordingly doorsopening onto a means of escapewill need to have their resistance tofire and smoke assessed: this maynecessitate their being upgraded.

2.2.1 Compartmentation

One of the most significantcharacteristics of fire is the speedwith which it can spread if it is leftunchecked. The benefit of subdividing buildings into comparunentswhich provide levels of fireresistance has long been recognisedas a means of controlling the rateat which a fire grows. A doorsetwithin a fire resistant wall will needto provide the same degree of fireresistance as the wall if theperformance of the whole assemblyis nm to be compromised.

Particular benefits ofcomparunentation include

• limiting the damage to thebuilding and artefacts bycontaining the fire withina single comparunent

• limiting the size of the fire to beattended by the Fire Service

• reducing the risk that onegroup of occupants might causea fire hazard to another groupwithin the same building

• a degree of sub-companmentationis also offered by 30-minure fireresistant doorsets and partitionson means of escape

However, it is necessary to assessthe architectural and environmentalimplications when consideringmeasures to upgrade the existinglevel of compartmentation.

2.2.2 Seals against hot andcold smoke

Smoke has long been recognised asa greater threat to life than fireitself. It can also cause irreparable

damage to artefacts a long wayfrom the source of the fire. Oncethey have been thermally activated,intumescent seals significantly limitthe passage of hot smoke. Coldsmoke seals (developed specificallyto contain cold smoke) can oftenbe fitted beneficially to doorsetsdividing long corridors and to

those prmecting stairways.

2.3 Methods fordetermining fire and coldsmoke resistanceperformance

The British Standard fordetermining the fire resistance of atimber doorset is BS 476: Part 22:1987 which defines the testconditions and test criteria. Theresults are expressed in terms ofintegrity (essentially the preventionof the passage of flames and hotgases) and insulation (prevention ofan excessive temperature rise onthe unexposed face).

Insulation performance isimportant because radiated heatcan cause ignition of materialsstored against, or close to, a fireresisting element. Fire resistantdoorsets on a means of escape are,however, required to meet only theintegrity criterion, on the basis thatcombustible materials are unlikelyto be stored against a doorsetwhich is in use.

The fire resistance of a doorsetassembly can be determined eitherby conducting a fire resistance testto BS 476: Part 22: 1987 or byassessment to the same standardby an experienced fire safetyengineer.

The guidance given in thesenotes briefly explains some of thekey principles involved in theprOcess of making a technicalassessment, with some examples oftypical solutions. It is importanthowever to recognise thelimitations inherent in applying thecontents of this document to theassessment of the fire resistance ofa doorset.

Where specific situations deviatefrom the standard examples desaibedit is strongly recommended that anytechnical assessment is conductedby a professional who is experiencedin this field.

3

The ambient temperature smokeresistance performance of adoorset is determined by testing toBS 476: Part 31.1: 1983. Theresults from this test relate to theperformance of the smoke seal inthe configuration tested. It isimportant when determining thelikely performance to check thatthe test results for a smoke sealapply to the configuration in use.This British Standard does nminclude a pass/fail criterion. It isrecommended however, in linewith the guidance provided inBS 5588: Fire precautions in thedesign and COllstruction of buildings,that the maximum permissiblesmoke leakage rate is3mJ/hour/metre of the door'sperimeter (nm including thethreshold) when tested at apressure of 25 pascals.

3 Doors and fram.esThe design of doors and frameshas evolved over several hundredyears as a result of a variety offactors, probably the mostimportant being

• changes in style and taste

• improved facilities for workingwith timber

• greater technologicalappreciation of timber

• our understanding of how todesign doors which bestaccommodate the inherentcharacteristics of timber

• availability and cost of materials

The principles of design have,however, changed very little,particularly since the eighteenthcentury. In the seventeenth centurymany doors were constructed byjoining several full height timbermembers together. As techniquesand hand tools improved, the nowfamiliar design developed,incorporating mortice and tenonjointed framing members and infillpanels.

This new form of constructionprovided two importantperformance characteristics:

• greater stability and resistanceto distortion

• ability to accommodate shrinkageand expansion of the timbermembers without significantlyaffecting the door as a whole

These characteristics are equallybeneficial when the door isrequired to provide a level of fireresistance performance. Althougholder doors and frame assemblieswere not designed with this inmind, there are cases where, forexample, only very minormodifications are needed to

Pallelled door in original conditiollbefore upgrading

provide 20 or 30 minutes' fireresistance. It is important thereforeto understand and work with theinherent strengths and weaknessesof the existing construction inorder to modify it in the mostappropriate and sensitive manner.

There are still a number ofaspects affecting the behaviourof doors and frames in a fireresistance test which are notfully understood. EnglishHeritage therefore identifiedthe need to undertake additionaltesting in order to ensure thatthe inherent properties ofdoorsets , particularly theirexisting ability to resist fire,are more fully appreciated.

The drawings in Figures 3.1-3.4are intended to show some typicaldetails for doors and frames whichmay be required to provide somelevel of fire resistance.

4 Factors affecting theperformance of fireresistant doorsets

Doorsets subjected to the fireresistance test ofBS 476: Part 22:1987 tend to fail the integrity criteriafor one of three main reasons

• distortion of the door at itsjunction with the frame,

allowing the passage of flamesat the perimeter

• a weakness in the doorconstruction, usually occurringat the junction or edge ofcomponents, being exploited bythe fire and causing burn-through

• badly fitted or large items ofhardware such as locks andlatches increasing the thermalconductivity and rate of charring

Where a given period of fireresistance is required, it isnecessary to address all the issueswhich would cause a failure beforethe required time expires. Simplyupgrading the panels (for example)will, in the vast majority of cases,fail to give the desired results.Figure 4.1 shows many of the factorswhich are discussed in this section.

4.1 Supporting structures

It is essential to ensure that thesupporting structure is capable ofproviding at least the same level offire resistance as that required of thedoorsel. Lath and plaster partitionswith softwood studwork (forexample) are likely to provide atmOSt 15-20 minutes' fire resistance.The structure must also be sound. Ifthe door frame is fixed at positionswhere the structure is rotten orloose, secure repairs must be made.

Applying intumescent sandwich panel to raisesd and fielded panels ofdoor

4

Compleud door ready for rehangingwith imumescellt sandwich pallelapplied to panels a"d frame of door

~-~

From elevation

mortice lock

Parr cross secriou

Fig 3. 1 Two panel door showing plaill panels

5

plaster finish

brickwork

packing members

timber plug

integral doorstop

--'-

From elevalioll

( .:, ·;·:.~'·~i·'>"···:~,"",,+-I+J(f-----1f------lath and plaster...::,:, ..... ~....

IHlO+----'rc,#-----packing members

----+~~:<:C\r-+-=oj-------------sortwood studs

--'f----pinned doorstop

;" . -.,:~.. '. ,- '" ~

", .,;..-., . ".- . "::' :~ .. :" ,. ,

Part cross seCl;Orl

Fig 3.2 Six panel door with moulded beads

6

Pan crou sectio"

..

~

From tJetXll;on

lath and p)uler

_-+ inle,ral doofllop

---+--4---'''''-- 1On....ood .ludl

~'lZ7Variation

Fig 3.3 Eight panel door with raised andjidded paneh

7

Jurfacc mounted binlU

I ~IIII

II ·I ··

~ III

·I ·I ·II ·II ·I ·

From elevatioll

-7'7t----t----------t----+--------briclnrork

first fix stud'IJorksupporting door frame

ime plaster finish

, , .

~lIurtace mounted hinge

Part cross seerio"

Fig 3.4 Tim pallet gralld door

8

\Vhere the door frame is notdirectJy fixed back to the structuralopening at the head and the twOjambs (\·ertical frame members)there are tWO main problems whichcan cause a premature failure

• burn-through of the materialscovering the gap between theopening and the door frame

• faster erosion of the door frameand subsequent collapse due tocharring from more than oneside

Situations such as this can occurfor a variety of reasons. Inbuildings which have undergonechanges in use and/or design it isquite common to find doorsets inopenings which were not intendedfor that purpose. Structuralopenings were sometimesdeliberately oversized to allowflexibility in deciding whereultimately to locate the doors at alater stage in the building process.

Large doorsets often have brickarch openings covered withdecorative panelling. Sometimesvoids exist behind the frameassembly. It is advisable thereforeto check any available historicalrecords to establish whether \·oidsexist. In critical situations nondestructive sun·eys may need to beperformed.

4.2 Frames

It is important that the door ishung fully within the frame rebateas shown in all the examples givenin Figures 3.1-3.4. Doors which(for example) close partially orfully on to the face of the framehave considerably less scope forproviding a fire resistant doorsetand are therefore not includedwithin this guidance note.

The species of timber and inparticular the density of the timberused in the construction of theframe arc important. In straightgrained species of timber, generallyspeaking, the denser the timber theslower the rate at which it willchar. Charring of the frame canlead either to failure at thedoor/frame edge or to a significantreduction in the strength of thescrew fixings for the hinges. For 30

minutes' fire resistance a goodquality softwood frame is oftensufficient.

The door frame should besound: any areas of damage,significant wear or poor repairneed to be made good.

The door needs to hang neatlywithin the frame so that it is notsignificantly (ie, no more than3mm) proud of the frame face. Itfollows therefore that the frameshould be plumb, in-line andsquare, unless of course the door issimilarly misshapen. The architravecan playa significant role inprotecting the gap between thestructural opening and the frameedge. The overall thickness andcloseness of fit will largely dictatethe effectiveness of this protection.

4.3 Doors

During a fire resistance test theexposed face of the door will tendto shrink, causing the door to bow,which in turn causes the top andbottom edges of the door to movetowards the heat. The criticallocations for a doorset are the topcorners where the door tends tomove towards the fire, bothlaterally and vertically from anypoint of restraint. It follows thereforethat the fire resistance of the doorsetis significantly affected by

• the relationship between theheight, width and thickness ofthe door

• the size of the main framingmembers (stiles and rails)

• the method of construction

The structural stability of a door ina fire resistance test is relatedtherefore to the size of the door(height, width and thickness) andthe size of the stiles and rails. If theheight or width of the door isincreased, or if the thickness of thedoor or the section size of the stilesand rails is reduced, the distortionof the door will tend to increase.The relationship between thesefactors is complex and dependsalso on various other influences. Itis necessary, therefore, to limit mescope of these guidance notes todoors with the dimensions shown

9

in Table 4.1. Doors outside thesesize limitations can be upgraded toprovide me required level of fireresistance using the same principles.This should be done in collaborationwith a suitably qualified expert.

For 30 minutes' fire resistance amortice and tenon constructionbonded with animal glue has hadproven success in fire resistancetests. Doors are similar to doorframes in that the species of timberused, its density and the conditionof the door are each important.Softwood of reasonably highquality and good condition isgenerally sufficient given thedimension limitations listed above.Controlling distortion of me doorbecomes progressively harder withvery large doors and more complexconfigurations of doorset (ie,double leaves, over panels, etc).These guidance notes are necessarilylimited to single acting (singleswing), single leaf doorsets, whichcovers me vaSt majority of historicdoors.

It is necessary to seal the gapbetween the door edge and frame,which, as one would expect, is oneof the weakest areas on a fireresistant doorset. A variety ofintumescent products have beendeveloped by industry to overcomemis problem. These materials aredesigned to swell to several timesmeir original size to fill the gap.The various proprietary materialsavailable differ significantly in termsof their degree of intumescence,

Door bowing in fire rest

Table 4.1 Limiting dimensions for door leaves constructed from timber of minimum density 450 kg/m'and comprising at least 2 panels

Fire resistallce Minimwn Milll'mumperformance Minimum MaximulII Maximum width of stiles and width of mid a"d(Illtegn'cy) leaf thickness leaf wIdth leaf height top rail bOltom rail(mi"utes) (mm) [mm} [mmJ (mm) {mm}

30 40 900 2000 90 15030 45 950 2100 80 15020 35 900 2000 90 15020 40 950 2100 80 150

Note If larger doors are required to achieve these levels offire resistance the advice of a suitably qualified expert should besought.

their propensity to adhere to thedoor edge/frame, and the degree ofpressure exerted. Some materialsare more able than others toaccommodate large gaps. It isimportam therefore w choose asuitable proprietary material ineach case.

In general it is necessary toensure that gaps are a maximum of4mm at the head and two verticalsides. unless the seal manufacturercan provide suitable evidence todemonstrate that the sealant canfill larger sized gaps. It maytherefore be necessary to adjust thehinge settings or apply lippings toensure this requiremem is met. A25mm (I inch) deep Stop will notmake a significant comribution toincreasing the fire resistance. norwill it significamly improve thesmoke resistance performance ofthe doorset. Therefore, it may beworthwhile removing anyadditional doorstop wideningmembers so that the door frame isreturned w its original appearance.

4.4 PanelsAlthough the majority of paneldetails arc essentially similar thesubtle differences between theminfluence their presem level of fireresistance. the available methods ofupgrading. and consequently thepotential fire resistance of theupgraded panel.

Failure of a panel which has notbeen upgraded has usually beencaused either by burn-through ofthe panel material or by burnthrough at the panel perimeter.

Bwn-through of the panel materialis affected by factors such as

• panel thickness

• panel height and width

• method of jointing the panel

• panel design (eg flat, raised andfielded. linen-fold. etc)

• species and density of timber

• condition of timber

• natural features such as knOtS,splits. etc

Burn-through at the panelperimeter is affected by factorssuch as

• the size of the channel intowhich the panel is fitted

• size and method of fixing panelbeads

• the degree of panel shrinkagewhich has already occurred

Some of the available solutions arecapable of upgrading panelssatisfactorily irrespective of manyof these facwrs. Other solmionsrely on the inherent performanceof the panel and therefore requiremore extensive analysis beforebeing used.

4.5 Ironmongery

The performance of the hingesduring a fire resistance test isimportam for several reasons. Thehinges need to support the doorfor the full duration of the test andtherefore the fixings must be deep

10

enough to have penetrated fartherinto the timber than subsequentcharring. The type. quantity andlocation of the hinges have abearing on the degree of diswrtionwhich may be experienced. It isimportant that hinges functioncorrectly w enable self-closingdevices to work reliably andeffectively.

In the case of unproven doorsetassemblies. a latch is necessary wprovide a point of restraint.Morticed components can causepremature failure because theyincrease significantly theconduction of heat from the fireside to the non-fire side of thedoorset. Either they should beselected with care or they needadditional protection.

Methods of ensuring that thedoor is closed are necessary inorder to make certain that. in theevent of a fire, the doorset canperform its life-safety and propertyprotection functions. A fireresistant doorset which is wedgedopen is useless in this respect.\Vhere self-closing devices are usedthey require twO key attributes

• they must enable the door toself-close effectively, overcomingany resistance from seals or thelatch

• they must be designed so thatthey do nm cause prematurefailure

The manufacturer should producetest evidence to demonstrate thatself-dosing devices have beensuccessfully incorporated into arelevant fire resistant doorset.

I'

~

-

- ----

-

""""""f-- """""""""

Fig 4. J C01/Srructltmal factors affeceillg the fire resisra"'e ofjoinery doorsets

II

she and thickness of door leaf

opening up of joints

lbiclrne!ls of door panels

bull joints in panels

details of joints between panels andstiles, rails ele., depth of grooveretaining panel and lhickness of beading

ovenited mortice! for locke

leaf/frame junction:closeness of fit

dimension of frame or timors

concealed voids belween (rames/liningsand structure

ironmonc:ery(e.g. binges and latch)

GENERAL CONSTRUCTIONAL FACTORS• condition of leaf and frame

(e.g. splits. loose joints, warpin, ele.)

• type of timber used to constructthe door leaf and frame

5 Methods ofupgrading existingdoorsets to improvethe level of fireresistance

The solutions given in this sectionare necessarily limited to thosewhich have the greatest applicability.Solutions for doorsets either notcovered in this section or involvingalternative methods can often bedevised by an expert experiencedin this field.

5.1 Supporting structures

Where the performance of thesupporting structure provides lessthan 30 minutes' fire resistance itis necessary 10 choose one of thefollowing options

• accept the lower level ofperformance of the existingstructure, if !.his can betechnically justified

• upgrade the existing structureor as a last resOrt, rebuild theexisting structure

Where the supporting structure isunsound, suitable repairs shouldbe made to return it to its fonnercondition, eg by repairing loosemortar. or by replacing damagedor rouen timber, etc.

Where the frame is packed oU[.from the supporting Structure byup to a maximum of 30mm thisshould be prOlected by either

• a tightly fitting hardwood.archittave on both sides of theframe which is at least 15mmthick at the position where itcovers the gap between thesupporting structure and thedoorframe

• tight packing of the gap to aminimum depth of 30mm fromboth sides of the frame "~th

mineral wool and replacing anyexisting archittaves

For other situations, such as thatshown in Figure 3.4 where the doorframe is supported by a first fix framework system, it is advisable to seekguidance from a specialist in this field.

5.2 Frames

Worn or damaged areas of theframe should be repaired by acompetent joiner. Repairs shouldbe carried out by using tightlyscribed fillets of timber bonded"~th urea formaldehyde adhesive.The timber used should be of thesame type and density as theexisting frame. Areas whereironmongery was previouslyinstalled should be repaired in thcsame manncr. Unsound knotsmust be bonded, or plugged usingtimber as above.

Additional fixings back to thesupporting construction should bemade where the frame is nOlsecured in place.

5.3 Doors

It is not uncommon for olderdoors to fit poorly within the frame(ie, the door edge gaps varyconsiderably, or the door is proudof the frame at a particular point).

Excessive gaps at the door edgecan be rectified by

• adjusting the hinge positions tolift the door or even out the gaps

• applying a lipping to theappropriate cdge

\'<'hen applying a lipping it isnecessary to plane thc door edge toensure a clean surface and to bondthe lipping with urea formaldehydeadhesive. The timber used shouldbe of lhe same type and density asthe remainder of the door.

The point at which a gapbecomes excessi\'e is largelydependant on the intumescentmaterial used, but generally, unlessa manufacturer has cvidcnce toprove otherwise, the gap should beno more than 4mm at the headand two sides. The requirementsfor ventilation and fire resistanceare in conflict in relation to the gapat the bouom of the door. Itshould not exceed 25mm: a largergap would constitutc a failureaccording to thc test criteria ofBS 476: Part 22: 1987.

Doors should not be proud ofthe door frame by more than 3mmat any point. Where the door is

12

excessively warped this cansometimes be remedied by oncof the following

• relocating a pinned or screweddoorstop and re-hanging thedoor in a position further setinto the frame

• adjusting the hinge positions toobtain a bener fit of the distorteddoor within the frame

• auempting to flatten the doorby placing it on a flat surfaceand applying an even load tothe face of the door for severaldays or weeks. If the door issuccessfully sttaightened it isimportant to monitor itsprogress once it is rehung.

Repairs to areas which are worn,damaged or previously held itemsof ironmongery should be carriedout as for frames. \Vhere gaps existbetween stiles, rails and muntinsbecause the joints have opened upthe gaps should be dealt "~th by

• applying intumescent mastic tosmall gaps (up to 2mm across)

• opening up the joints andrebonding them with ureaformaldehyde adhesivc

\'<'here the thickness of the door isinsufficient for the fire resistanceperformance required it issometimes possible to increase thethickness by fixing on stile, rail andmuntin members and upgrading

Fire resl ofpam!ll~ddoor and panirio"assembly showi"g failure of ,he pa,tel

the panels at the same time. Thisconstruction should be designed bya specialist in this field.

5.4 Door edge gaps

Intumescent seals provide a suitablemethod of sealing the door edgegap and preventing the passage offlames. In addition they improvethe fire resistance by reducing thecharring of the frame and door edge.

Intumescent materials vary in thedegree to which they forcibly expandand exert a damping effect. Thosewhich are based on sodium silicateor graphite materials are particularlyeffective in providing a clampingaction. This assists in controllingthe distortion of the door andtherefore these types of seals areparticularly recommended.

A PVC-encascd intumescent stripmeasuring 10 x 4mm is sufficientfor 30 minute fire resistanceapplications in the case of flushpurpose-built fire resistant doors. Forjoinery doors, where there is lessconfidence about the doors' distortional behaviour in a fire test, the uscof PVC-encased intumescent stripsmeasuring 20 x 4mm is recommended.

PVC-encased intumescent stripsshould be centrally positioned in agroove within the frame rebate ordoor edge and any additionalinstructions from the manufacturershould be followed. Surfaceapplied seals as thin as Imm areavailable: these can be bonded tothe frame rebate, removing theneed to machine a groove into thedoor edge or frame, reducing theinvasiveness and increasing thereversibility of the process. In allcases only materials should be usedof which the supplier can providesatisfactory test evidence to eitherClause 6 ofBS 476: Part 23: 1987orto BS 476: Part 22: 1987.

5.5 Panels

The apertures between thestructural framing components ofthe door are usually either glazedor have timber or timber-basedpanels fitted within them.

5.5.1 Glazed panels

A number of proprietary fireresistant glasses have been

developed by industry. However,they are often heavily reliant on thepanels being glazed in a specificway. Incorrect glazing methods canin certain cases lead to the glassshattering a few minutes into a fireresistance test.

It is not possible to giveguidance here on this matter andtherefore a specialist in this fieldshould be employed whendeveloping replacement orsecondary fire resistant glazingdetails.

5.5.2 Solid timber-based panels

Table 5.1 provides a number ofmethods for upgrading existingpanels to provide 30 minutes' and,in some cases, 15, 20 or 25minutes' fire resistance.

The details are applicable where

• the door is single leaf and atleast 35mm thick

• the door is no larger than thesize limitations given in section4.3

• the panel beads or grooves intowhich the panels are retainedare at least 12mm in width anddepth (see Figure 5. J)

Table 5.1 shows variations on someof the detail to accommodate someof the various panel designs.Intumescent paint or varnishsolutions have been omittedbecause of the large number ofunquantified factors affecting theirperformance. It is hoped thatfuture work will be able to quantifysome of these.

It is recognised that new systemsand materials for upgrading doorpanels are constantly beingdeveloped. This guidance notedoes not wish to preclude othersolutions, provided that il can beshown by an appropriate testreport to BS 476: Part 22: 1987 or

13

max. 3

min. 12

Fig 5. 1 DimensiotlS of panel beadsand grooves

assessment by a competenl body(such as that referred 10 inApproved Document B of theBuilding Regulations 1991) thatthe required standard ofperformance can be achieved.Where proprietary upgradingsyslems are being used it isimportant that the upgrading isdone strictly in accordance withthe tested or assessed details.

5.5.3 Upgrading panels: noteson methodCross-pinning is often required tohelp retain the panel during the frn:and where specified will be requiredirrespective of whether the panelbeads are integral or pinned inposition. It is important to avoidinadvertently pinning through thepanel: this will prevent independentmovement in response toenvironmental changes, and cancause the panel to split.

The details shown often requirethe panel beads to be bonded withheat resisting adhesive to the stiles.rails and muntins. It is veryimportant that the beads are notinadvertently bonded to the panels.as this also may cause the panel tosplit. One of the objecth'es of thefuture testing programme wi.11 be toinvestigate where bonding of beadsusing this adhesive is unnecessary.

Please noteI Some of the suggested

upgrading methods have notyet been fully tested andtherefore conservativeestimates of fire resistanceperformance have beenincluded in Table 5.2. Asfuture testing is completedthe estimated performanccswill be replaced in futurerevisions of this guidancenote with actual test results.

2 When the door has Iinenfold,or other carved panels. theeffective average thicknesswould need to be assessed bya suitably qualified expert.

5.6 Ironmongery

5.6.1 Methods of supportingthe doorW'here doors are supported onhinges and 30 minutes' fire resistance is required it is advised that

• the hinges are made from steel,brass or some other metal or alloywith a melting point above 800°C

• the hinges should be in goodcondition and sufficiently robustto accommodate the additionalforce applied by an overheadcloser

• the hinge blade size should be75-IOOmm high by 30±3mmwide

For other methods of support, egfloor springs or pivots. or where theexisting hinges do not meet the abovecriteria, guidance should be soughtfrom a specialist in this field.

5.6.2 Lock and latchmechanismsIt is advised that all upgraded fireresistant joinery panelled doors arefined with either

• a positive latching mechanismcomprising a nib constructedfrom a metal or alloy with amelting point above 800oe,eg steel, iron, brass. Rollerballcatches are not includedwithin this category.

• a lock mechanism and a 'FireDoor - Keep Locked' sign wherethe door is nonnally kept locked.

Latch mechanisms should functioncorrectly and not cause excessiveresistance, which may prevent thedoor from self-dosing. Stiff latchmechanisms should therefore beserviced.

Surface mounted latch or lockmechanisms are preferable tomoniced items because. by theirnature. they are less likely tocompromise the fire resistanceperformance of the doorset.Surface mounted mechanismsshould be secured to the door withfixings which penetrate to aminimum depth of 25mm toensure continued effectiveness ofthe latch for the duration of therequired fire resistance period.

Mortice locks can causepremature failure of a doorset fortwo major reasons

• the structural integrity of thedoor stile is weakened byremoving large sections of timber

• the metal componentS conductheat from the fire side to thenon-fire side more effectivelythan timber

The most important factors withregard to the mortice lock or latchand whether or not it willpotentially reduce the performanceof the doorset are therefore

• the thickness of the door (A)

• the thickness of the lock. case (B)

• the size of the gap at either side ofthe lock case (C) [continued p23]

Proprietary products used in testsThe following proprietary productS were used in the tests on which the recommendations of this guide arebased. W'here alternative products are used it is necessary to ensure that an equivalent level of perfonnancewill be achieved.

• Imumescent paste

b Calcium silicate board

c Heat resisting adhesive

d Intumescent membrane.plywood and adhesive

• Intumescent mastic

f Intumescent sheet

• Glass reinforcedgypsum board

Pyromas (Mann McGowan Fabrications Ltd)

Supalux (Cape Boards Ltd)

Aerodux [Resorcillol- formaldehyde adhesive] (Ciba Geigy Plastics Ltd)

Fire/ace and Fire/ace Pius (Sealmaster Ltd)

Masreneal (Sealmaster Ltd)

Palusoi sheet (Mann McGowan Fabrications Ltd)

G/asroc Mu/riboard (British Gypsum Ltd)

14

Table S. t Methods of upgrading the fire resistance of existing panels to doors

~

Referellce

A

Al

Detail

J 0- I

: 1"-IL-j--J--'---III II

"RISK 9DE

"J) <pRISK SIDE

--, 11

"•,

I

(2) 6m", ca/cim" silicate board

® Plaster or other gypsllm based board

Minimllmpanel

thickness(mm)

>6

Fireresistance

20

Commems

Calcium silicate board should be fixed to the risk side using320101 long No 8 countersunk steel screws at 3000101maximum centres vertically and 2000101 centres horizoorally.

Gypsum based board should be

• bonded to calcium silicate board using urea formaldehydeadhesive

• (alternatively) screw·fixed to the calcium silicate boardaround the panel perimeter using 12-190101 long No 8countersunk steel woodscrews at 200mm maximumceorres. The board should be cut to fit tightly.

This detail has the advantages of

• being almost fully reversible, leaving only screw holes

• leaving the original appearance of one side of the doorunchanged. It is therefore particularly suitable for doors tounder-stair cupboards.

This detail has the converse disadvantage of

• looking unattractive from the upgraded side and maskingarchitectural details

Table 5.1 Methods of I;lpgrading the fire resistance of existing panels to doors (continued)

Comments

This method is applicable to panels with a maximumwidth across the grain of 300mm. Where fixed panelbeads hold the panel in place (Variant 82) it is necessaryto bond the fixed beads to the stiles, rails and muntins.

I Minimumpallel Fire

lhickness I resistance

(mm) +® I ~ 9 15

12 20~20 25

Detail

®CD

-'1 :!~ 1=

I

B

Reference

5

BI

-,

2

-, ,-------+---fJ_J-rt'''-----=..o~---+

-'-110."--=..."•

This method of upgrading will require the door to bepartially or fully disassembled in many cases. Whereintegral panel beads are removed by cutting away thebeads on one side they will need to be replaced by newbeads machined [0 the same profile.


CD Imumescelll pastea

® Cross pinnillg 38mmlong sleel panel pins @50mm in from each corller and @ maximum150/1//1/ cemres

Q) Butt joilllS ill pallels opened up and rebondedusing heat resisti"g adhesive c

.....J ~~1~:....l__--,--t~.... I;; ....~~::-T-----

~~..,~,--, ' .......IV

~

B2

B3

-,

2 CD

® Q:

®

5

• preserving the original appearance and charactcr ofthc door

• rctaining most of thc historic fabric

This dctail has the disadvantagcs of

• requiring some level of disassembly

• requiring a significant amount of ofT-site work

• providing only 30 minutes' fire resistancc whcre thepanels are free from defect

~

Table 5.1 Methods of upgrading the fire resistance of existing panels to doors (continued)

MinimUIII

Rejerenu Delallpanel Fire

COli/menuthitk"ess resista"ce

(mill)

C ~ 1 <D >6 25 Tllis method of upgrading has similar practical

- considerations to Method B. It differs in that the original

,1 panel is replaced with calcium silicate board.

......c... lJJ I,... ... ...This delail has the advantage of"...I,• retaining to some extent the original appearance of the

doc'

Cl (j) CJ) JThis detail has the disadvantages of

-.~ • removing part of the original fabric and altering the. ~ I character of the door--~

I • requiring some level of off-site work


C2 Q (i) <D-

f'\",.

I, -'" :!/

I

CD fllt/lmescem paste-

® Cross pi1lni"K 38m", long steel po"tl pi"s @50mm i" jrom each comer and @ maxill/IIII/150",,,, celllres

Q) 6111/11 calcium SIlicate board

I

Table 5.1 Methods of upgrading the fire rcsismnce of existing panels to doors (continued)

~

Reference

:-t

D1

Derail

( ;1 (() <p 0CA.. .'"

"'".'....: '.Ca/alllll Si/i"H4 board bcmded 10 origillal timber withhear resistam adhesiw

(j) «) $ (5)

.'"• • 0£

"•.'.' ," ."y

Calcillm silicat, board bo"ded to origillal timber withheal mis,alll adhesivtl

"'filii",,,,,,pallel

thicklless(mill)

>6

Fireresutall(:e

30

Commems

This method is applicable to panels of a maximum widthacross the grain of 300mm.

The bead securing the calcium silicate board must be not lessthan 12mm thick in any direction and must be effectivelyfixed to the stile and rails using heat resisting adhesive.

This method of upgrading is suitable only where the existingdimensions of the panel detail can accommodate a smallerbead as a result of inserting a 6mm thick board. Alternativelythe original panel can be cut down in thickness.

This detail has the advantage of

• retaining to some extent the [originalI appearance andcharacter of the door

This detail has the disadvantages of

CD lllllllllescellt paste"

® Cross pinning 38/11m la/lg steel panel pillS @50",,,, in from each cOrller and @ maximum/50",,,, cemres

(i) B/l1I joi"ts i" pal/Cis opened lip alld rebo"ded"sillg heat resisting adhesiwc

® Plamed pOllcl beads pinned alld gillcd to frail/I!/lsillg ollly heat res;Staflf adhcsifJCc

• altering the nature of the door


• requiring a significant amount of off-site work


'<>

Reference

E

Detail

(j) Cj) ®-

-""~--II I.'.I

~i\ RI$I< SIDE

Uislll\9 beod rt-used

ill bUl/mesee", pastel

(£) Cross pi""inK 38mm 10llC steel pallel pins @50111111 in frolll each corner and @ ma:-:iIll1l/11150111111 celllres

@ 6mm thick glass reinforced gypS/l1ll boardl

Minimlllllpallel

thicklless(11/11/)

>6

Fireresistance

25

Commews

This method is applicable to panels of a maximum widthacross the grain of 300mm.

Glass reinforced gypsum board is held in place on one side ofthe door using the existing panel beads.


• nOt requiring the door to be dismantled

• retaining the original appearance and character wholly onone side of the door and partially on the other

• allowing the door to be returned casily to its origin:11appearance

This detail has the disadvantage of

• not achieving 30 minutes' fire resistance

Tl.Ible 5.1 Methods of upgrading the fire resistance of existing panels to doors (continued)

Reference Detail

Mini"m",pand

thickness(mill)

Fireresistance

Commmt.s

_-~Fd,=~=.1~=~="i·.__ I

-- "-"F==.,d"--.",

F

--,

CD ® (7612

2530

The Fireface material can be fitted either under or butting upto the beads in conjunction with the mastic specified.

Fireface can be bonded to most existing paint or varnishsurfaces and subsequently removed.


~

o

FI CD (\: 7-

-'".- .... j I Ic_......."'..:1

• retaining to a large extent the appearance and character ofboth sides of the door

• allowing the door to be returned to its original appearance

• not requiring the door to be dismantled

• a capacity for bonding [Q most existing paint finishes

CD 8 CD • being reversible

l :~<~.""""""""""""",L-'1 I .-'''11F2

I

® Cross pi""ing 38111111 10llK sled pallel P;'1S @50mlll i" from each cOrller and @ maxi"'''111I50"wl cel/tres

(J) Z.5mm thick 'Fireface' incorporatillg illflllllescemmembrane, plywood and adhesive

® lmwnescem mastice

Table 5.1 Methods of upgrading the fire resistance of existing p~mels to doors (conLinued)

ReJereuce Detail

1\>lilli1ll111llpanel

thicklless(mm)

Fireresistallce

:ommetlts

'I :14f=L. "...~

This detail has me advanmgcs of

This method of upgrading will require me majority of doorsto be partially or fully disassembled. Where intcgral panelbeads are removed by cuning away the beads on one side meywill need to be replaced by new beads machincd to the sameprofile.

• retaining most of the historic fabric

This mcthod is applicablc to pancls with a maltimum widthacross the grain of 3000101.

• preserving the original appcarancc and character of thedoor

Where fixed panel beads hold the panel in place (Variant G2)it is necessary to bond the beads to the stiles, mils andmuntins.

202030

912

~ 20

<i:

5

®

tV<DCD

2 tV~~------+--/-,

Cf! ~~~-----+----J

i) CD (j:

G

G2

GI

N

-G3 l )<9*"",,3=

Q) Imllmescem pastel

® Cross pilllling 38/1/11/ IOllg steel pallel pillS @50",,,, ill Jrom each corner and @ maxillllllll150mm cemres

'2) B/l1I Joines ill panels opel/cd up alld relxmdedIIsillg heat resisting adltesitJec

® Panels sawlI throllgh alld bonded w core oJ 2mlllthick imumescem sheet!

This detail has the disadvantages of

• requiring a high level of disassembly and alteration to takeplace

• rcquiring a significant amount of ofT-site work

• necding to be undertaken by specialist contractors withsuitable expericncc


Co",,,,ents

• preserving the original appearance and character of thedoor

This method is suitable for raised and fielded panels onlywith a maximum width across the grain of 300mm.

This detail has the advantage of

"'lilli1ll111ll Ipanel Fire

t"icklless resistallce(mm)

® < 19 20>20 30

I

qJ q:J C$

Detail

I ::S9 kctH

Referellu

qJq:J C$ ® This detail has the disadvantages of

NN

HI '[ )1; ±d • requiring a high level of disassembly and alteration to takeplace

• requiring a significant amount of off-site work

I• needing to be undertaken by specialist contractors with

suitable experience

CD lmumescem paste-

® Cross pill/ling 38mm long steel pamd pillS @5011I11I i"from each corner alld@maximum15011I11I cemres

(i) Bllrr joints in pamu opened liP a"d rebonded/lSillg "ear resiHillg adhesiwc

@ 2","1 sheet illwmescem material bonded into slotCllt i" edge ofpallels. Depth of slot 51/1111 greaterthan width offielded portion ofpal/elf

NO Method H is patented by Longden Doors Ltd,Parkwood Road, Sheffield, S Yorks, S3 8AH. Thisdesign can only be made by Longden and that anyreproduction of these drawings would be aninfringement of the copyright and patent. Isiej

Table 5.2 Summary of methods of upgrading the fire resistance of existing panels to joinery doorsets.(Thu rabl~ !hould be nad in conjultClum with rh~ conums of Seetiolt 5.5)

Fire ruutaltee per/ormaltee ofpanel! (minutu)Upgrading ,netlrod A B C D E F G H

Panel thickness (mm)6 20' 25' 30 25' 25' 20'9 20' IS' 25' 30 25' 30 20' 20'12 25' 20' 30 30 25' 30 20' 20'20 30 25' 30 30 25' 30 20' 30

.. Fire resistance performances below 30 n,,:nutes ,uay be acceptable as part ofafire engineered solution.

• whether or not intumescenlmastic or sheet is used to protectthe sides of the lock case. ie tofill the gap (C)

• the width (0) and height of theforend and strike plate [Fig 5.2J

5.6.3 Self-closing mechanismsA fire resistant doorset must beclosed if it is to be effective duringa fire. In the absence of acontinuous managemem disciplinerequiring marshals to close all firedoors when a fire alarm is sounded,some form of self-closing devicemust be fined to the doorset.

There are several generic selfclosing devices available. However.only a few typeS ha....e proved o....ertime to be capable of consistentlyself-closing doors. It is thereforeadvised that either overhead facefixed closers or floor springs arefitted. Where floor springs are to

be used, guidance should besought from a specialist in thisfield. Evidence should be obtainedfrom suppliers to support the useof the intended device on the rypeof doorset being upgraded.

5.7 Cold smoke seals

5.7.1 General guidanceThe following general issues areimportant when choosing the mostsuitable product for specificapplications:

• Smoke leakage performancewhen tested to BS 476: Part31.1: 1987The supplier of the smoke sealshould supply test evidence to

this standard so that theperformance can be quantified.It is important to check that thesmoke seal was tested in thesame configuration as theimended use.

• DurabiHtyDoors in constant use shouldbe fitted with seals capable ofwithstanding extended cyclingtests without significantdamage. Some generic types,by the nature of their design,are more durable than others.However, seals of the samegeneric rype will vary from onebrand to another.

• Ability to acconllllodatevariable gaps between tiredoor edge andfrallle anddistortiOll of the doorThis is most important inretrofit situations where doorstend to be less well fitting.Frequently the gaps varysignificantly around the dooredge and the door is warped tosome degree. These problemsare more easily contrOlled whensupplying new doorsets whichare factory assembled.

• EJlect Oil the door's ability toself-closeWhere the building designprevents the movement of air,for instance because of sealedwindows, etc. smoke seals canmake it more difficult at timesto open and close a door. Thisis because the action of dosinga door can cause an atmosphericpressure difference between therooms on either side. Certaingeneric rypes of seal have agreater effect on this factor thanothers. If a seal is to be trulyeffective it must make contact

< '"': ",.'. ".'~

Lockcase

Lockcase forend

Striking plale

Metal mortice latch being fitted imo afire door with intumescem !heer Fig 5.2 Cross uetio1l ofdoor alldframe showillg mortice lock alld striking plate

23

Table 5.3 Guidance on minimum/maximum dimensions of mortice locks for 30 minute fire resistantapplications

Minimllm leaf Maximum lockcase A-Iaximllm gap 1IIl1llllescem MaximumOptioll thick"ess (A) thickness (B) arOlmd Itx:kcase masri;: sheer foremUstrike plate

(mm) (mm) (mm) fitted (V1l\l) dimensio1U(mm)

I 44 16 2 No 170H X 30w2 44 16 5 Ves 170H X 30\'(13 44 20 2 Ves 170H X 30\'(14 40 16 2 Ves 170H X 25\'(1

(This table provides guida"ce 011 txlnollS situations which tlJOlJd 'IOrmally enSllre that the lock case did 1I0t compromise theperformallce ofa doonet capable of 30 minuus' fire reSistmlCe.)

Advice should be SOllght from sllpplien of inlllmescem mastic sheets as to how their products shol/ld be used with respect (Q

proucting morticed lock cases.

with both adjacent surfaces. Thisintroduces friction inhibiting medoor-closing action. Some sealshave a lower frictional resistanceman omers. thus minimisingthe effect.

• Illterruptio'l by items ofironmongeryHinges. lock mechanisms andedge-mounted flush bolts are

examples of items ofironmongery which interruptsome generic types of smoke seal.The performance criteria formaximwn air leakage of 3m'hn!hrat 25 pascals when tested to BS476: Part 31.1 can still beachieved by some smoke sealswhen interrupted by certaintypes of ironrnongery. The adviceof the supplier should be sought.

5.7.2 Specific guidance ongeneric types of smoke sealsThe guidance given in Table 5.4 isintended to be only general in itsnature because of variationsbetween products of the samegeneric typC. Information onsmoke leakage performance is notgiven and therefore evidence ofperformance should be obtainedfrom the supplier.

Table 5.4 General guidance on generic cold smoke seals

1YPe A:Brush pile wipe seal i'l doorleaf edge

Variation A J:

Bmsh pile wipe seal in frame

Points to "ote

• positive fixing in the door edge groove improves its durabiliry.Gaps which are tOO small cause accelerated wear.

• the door edge gap must be accurately sized

• can accommodate some distortion in the door

• the wiping action is prone to interfere with the self-closing actionof the door

• is often interrupted by items of ironmongery. when centrallyfitted as shown

24

Table 5.4 General guidance on generic cold smoke seals (continued)

TYpe A (continlled)

Ikriation A 2.-Neoprene blade wipe ualin door leaf

Ikriation A3.-Assymetm blade wipe sealin door leaf edge

TYpeB

1YP< BeBlade attached to carrierfixed to doorstop

Variatio" B 1.-Bubble seal attached wcarrier fixed to doorstop

Points to note

• as for type A except that this configuration should reducesmoke leakage

• as for type A except that this configuration can reduce smokeleakage because it is designed to by-pass items of ironmongery

Points £0 nore

• is exposed to less wear from the action of the door closing

• can accommodate large variations in door edge gaps and existingdistortion of lhe door. In some smoke seals the blade can beadjusled to accommodate subsequent door distortion.

• should not interfere with self-closing of the door (although someType BI seals may make self-closing more difficult)

• this type is rarely interrupted by items of ironmongery

25


Poims to flote

+• its durability is dependent on the performance of the bond

between the seal and the frame

• is able to accommodate a limited range of door edge gap sizes

• thc limitcd wiping action could interfere with self-closing


1jJpe C:Blade surfau lIIollmed 011

frame

variatioll C 1:Blade slIrface mOllmed ondoorstop

variation C2:Blade surface mounted Oildoorstop

Variatioll C3:<'Tear Drop' seal surfacemounted on doorstep

• durability is dependent on the performance of the bond betweenthe seal and the frame

• is able to accommodate a wide variation in door edge gap sizes.However, an even gap between the door face and the doorstopis required. Hinges will often require adjusunent.

• the smoke seal cannot accommodate warped door leaves

• could interfere with self-closing of the door


26


Type DcBalloon seal fitted intogroove ill doorstop

fbims to note

• the positive nature of the fixing into the doorstop means that theseal is less likely to become detached than rype C

• can accommodate large variations in door edge gap. The gapbetween the doorstop and the door face is critical, however, andtherefore the seal cannot accommodate warped door leavesunless the doorstop is adjusted.

• should not interfere with self-dosing of the door

• this rype is rarely interrupted by items of ironmongery

Appendix: summary of fire test results

This Appendix has been included for informationonly. A large volume of test evidence, summarisedhere, was reviewed and analysed during the draftingof the T«ommendations within this technicalguidance note. The evidence is presented in thefonn of a cross·section through one edge of thetested assembly, and states the integrity ratingachieved, As the tests were carried out by a numberof sponsoring bodies, including English Heritage'sown test programme, and were performed in avariety of large and small scale test furnaces it wasnot possible to coordinate the testing so that theinfluence of a particular technique could beestablished in isolation, Fire resistance testing docshave a high degree of ·uncertainty of measurement'and therefore low levels of reproducibility andrepeatability. As a result there is poorcomparability: there are even some contradictionsbern'een the listed integrity ratings for the differentsystems. There is certainly some discrepancy

Test references:

between the listed results and the 'contribution' tofire resistance assigned to the system in the text.

When the test was analysed by acknowledged fireexperts to obtain the 'contribution' to fireresistance the test results were 'normalised', Thisprocess removes any enhancement or reduction inperformance derived from variations in

• restraint Oatcheslh.ingeslinrumescent)

• quality of materials

• form of construction

Without such an analysis of the full test report forthe listed techniques nothing should be inferredfrom the integrity rating given in this list. TheAppendix obviously does not include sufficientinformation to define the field of application for themethods sho....'".

EH / WFRC 55983 7/4/92T",

sponsorTesting house and ref number Test date

EHGLCHRPAFRSFIRTOTRADAWFRC

E"glish HeritageGreater Lo"don Cou"cilHistoric Royal Palaces AgemyFire Research Statio"Fire Imurers Test Orga"isawnTimber Research and Devdopment AnociatiottlVarn'"gwn Fire Research Centre

27

Summary of fire test resultsAll doors constructed from softwood unless otherwise stated

Resu.ltface exposed to fire (minutes)

1 ref: GLC/FRS 30/6/80

11'\

~=iLocation of failure:

• co Ir panel joint•

~ /-

W scotch ,Iued joint

2 ref GLC/FRS 30/6/80

'\ 9

,-U=i Location of failure:

~ co If panel joint

~ /-(oak framin, and panel) W scotch clued joint

3 ref: EH/IrIFRC 53430 612/92 pinned bead

cross pinnin.

[15

.X;/"401~

Location of failure:

"~:Il.. burn through panel

~J W~rl bonded wilh heal15 reai.atinl adhesive

intumescent paste

tlued and pinned bead

4 ref EH/WFRC 55983 7/4/92tlued and pinned beads

y croaa pinning 20Location of failure:

>~~ ~ =t paneUframing jointN•

~

y ~bonded joinl-

W inlume.cenl p....

28

Summary of fire test results (continued)All doors constructed from softwood unless otherwise stated

face exposed to f,'re

5 "l EH/WFRC 48927 6/6/9Q

_--- cross pinninl

jeinl bonded with healresisllnl adbellive

intumescent pule

Result(minllles)

24Location of failure:panel/framing joint

6 ref: EHI1\7FRC 53430 6/2190jeint bonded withinserted softwood slivenglued with beal resistingadhellive

inlumellcent pule

6Location of failure:

panel joint

7 "l GLC/FRS 2/7/80

8 "l GLC/FRS 2/7/80

fire rellisling board

fire rellilling board

29

16.5Location of failure:panel/framing joint

13Location of failure:panel/framing joint

Summary of fire test results (continued)All doors constructed from soft\\'ood unless otherwise staled

9 ref' EHIIVFRC 53462 6/4/92

15

10 ~l GLCIFIRTO 20110178

16

11 ~l -ITRADA D9A 4187

(hardwood framingand panel)

12 ~l -ITRADA D9A 4187

(hardwood framing Wand panel)

12

30

face exposed to fire

glued and pinned beadcross pinning

fire resisting board

inlumucent pasle

pl8!llerboard chamferedand pinned


plywood panel

plasterboard

croll pinning

intumescent pule


crolls pin nine

intumescent pasle


Result(minutes)

29

28Location of failure:

door leaf/frameJunction

30

21


face exposed to fireResult

(mimltes)

13 "'l-rrRADA 010 4187

30mescenl pasle

hre resisting boardbonded to panel withheal resi9ling adhesive

cross pinninr;

(hardwood rramingand panels)

~inlU.o~

'./"I

~

~ ,'/'.~r oJ "'.

14 "'l -ITRADA 07 4187

[cron pinninC

~ I.'umeoo,.' pe.le

r---------~~1~~~~~~~~(i~"~reSiSlingboard

>/ 4L---4'~~-#

30

Hortwood veneer

15 "'l -ITRADA 08 4187

[cron pinninc

//

fire resisting boardbonded to panel withheal resisting adhesive

plywood panel

intumescenl paille

30

16 "'l EHIWFRC 55984 714192crolll pinninC

/;

inlumellcenl paste

joint bonded to panelwith heal resistingadhesive

f5mm fire resistingboard bonded to panelwith heal resistingadhesive

clued and pinned beads

30+

31

Summary of fire test resuJts (continued)All doors constructed from softwood unless otherwise stated

fac~ ~xpos~d tofireResult

(mimlles)

17 .4 EHllflFRC 60184 25/10193

'><.

~----lIteei (moe IIpriolll

'Co"""----cross pinninl

clasll board

intumescent paste

27Location of failure;panel/framing joint

23Location of failure:burn through panel

joint bonded with heatreaisline adhellive

2mm intumescent aheetbonded with heatreaislinl adheaive

___clued and pinned beada

~ crolS pinniol-'\<,.-- r------------,'*'~ intumescent paste

18 "r EHllflFRC 55984 7/4192

19 "r EHIWFRC 48926 616190

30+heat

mm intumeScent sheetbonded with heatrcaistinl adhesive

,----;-

crou pinning. . t bonded with

sting adheaive

=aJom

>< \. relli

~y'.,

'" y ~2-

20 "r EHllflFRC 48926 616190 croall pinning

__- intumescent pule

joint bonded with heatresialiol adhesive

2mm intumescent sheetbonded with heatresilllinl adhesive

30+

32


Resultface exposed to fire (milllues)

21 ref: EHIWFRC 5]462 614192 croll pinninJ

[l.~~ntum"c·:f·le

29.5. Location of failure:

::. Y\: burn through panel

joint bonded with heatW ",loUD. .dh..;••shed2mm intumescent

bonded with heatreaiatinJ adhesive

22 ref EHltVFRC 5598] 714192

~ intumeacent coating II"- Location of failure:N 1/ ....-I 4= panel joint• ... / l unhond.d jo;nt

-

W23 ref: EHIIVFRC 48927 616190

glued and pinned beads.............................................~17.. c.. intumescent coatinl

'. Location of failure:

•....:/. ............................ 4-

panellframe joint•"~Q (-W

unbonded joint

24 ref Sealmasrerltr/FRC 62]98 J419/94cro8lf pinnin,

/2 layers or 2mm 30+/< intumelcent paper

N ...../. :5t=• .j'"-

Wunbonded joint

33

SUfTlfTlary of fire test results (continued)All doors constructed from somvood unless otherwise stated

Resultface exposed tafire (minutes)

25 ref: Sea/masterllYIFRC 61398 14/9/94 crells pinninr

~ ;",um....., p.p"

30'" ./ ~•

~ '.J.-W

unbended joint

26 ref: HRPAITRADA FR 95082 919195 crolls pinninr

(' ;"'ume"..' p.p" wi'hplywood veneer (ace 30

;><

~,/

•~.•~I ';/

'"

W27 ref: • TRADA D5 4/87 N'" 1 :- plain &)8IIS 30•

~ =$:

=4- \J V~~.mm

'"-' <--leerJian wired Ilasll

~ -2mm intumellcent IItrip

3.

28 ref: - TRADA D6 4/87 intumellcent strip

intumellcent

t=j vlI.I"nUh

...............................................30--;0, or

'" ~~,.\

1II•\~ ~..................................... ......,.....

~Bmm leorvan wired 11asll

34

Glossary of terInS

Architrave Timber member fixed to the face of thedoor frame which covers the gap between the frameand surrounding struclUfC

Bead I beading Timber members used to fix timberor glass panels into position

Beads, planted Beads which aTC separately fixedas opposed to integral to the main door components

Doonet Door, its frame, architraves and allassociated hardware and fiuings

Fire safety engineering The provision of fire safetyby a comprehensive appraisal of the 'active', and'passive' measures within the building, used inconjunction with fire safety management procedures

Forend That part of a morticed lock set which is setinto the face of the door edge

Intumescent Material which expands under fireconditions and is used to stop the passage of smokeand hot gases

Lock case Ilockcase Main body of a lachet unit

Bibliography(Publications by the organisations named)

British Standards Instirution

as 476: - Fire tnu on building materials and structures

-Part 20: 1987 Method for determination of rhefire resistance of elements of construction(general principles)

-Part 22: 1987 tHethods for determinatio" of thefire remtance of"oll-loadbean·"g elements ofC01lstruction

-Part 23: 1987 Methods for deter",i,wtiOll of thecomriblltioll of compo1le1lts to lhe fire resistanceoj a stmcture

-Part 31.1: 1983 Method oj measurement under ambintltemperalllre co,tditiOlfS

BS 8214: 1990 Code ofpractice for fire door assemblieswith "on-metallic leaves

PD 65 J2: Use ofek",nlts ofstruetumJ fire pr0t«ti01l withpartiadar refemu:.e to the reco",,,,nuiatimu given inBS 5588: - Fire precalltio1lS in the design, COIIStrIlCrio"alld use oj bllildillgs

Part 1: 1985 - Guide co Fire Doors

Part 3: 1985 - G"ide co the Performance oj Glass

35

Mastic A form of adhesive sealant usually packaged ina cartridge and applied using a cartridge gun

Muntins Secondary inner vertical members fixedbetween the rails of a panelled door

Non-destructive surveys Survey methods whichavoid disturbing the existing building fabric

Pascal Unit of pressure measurement (N/mm l )

Rails Horizontal members forming the framing of apanelled door

Shakes A form of splitting in timber where fibres separatealong the grain owing to streSses developing in a standardtree, or in felling or in drying or converted timber

Single swing I acting Denotes that a door leaf opensin one direction only

Stiles Main outer vertical timber members formingthe framing of a panelled door

Strike plate That pan of a lockset which is fitted to theframe and intO which the latch rub and/or dead bolt engage

Building Research Establishment

Digest 220: Timber fire doors

Digest 320: Fire doors

Information Paper 8/82: IlIcreasing the fire resistaltce ojexisting timber doors

English Heritage

-, 1991 Fire and its aftermath, Co1lservation Blliktin, 13

-, 1997 The we of imumesceltt products in historicblllJdings: an English Heritage guidance note, London

-, (forthcoming) Fire safery e"gineering alld mea,1S ofeu:ape in histon·c buildinKS

Fire Protection Association

-, 1995 Heritage under fire: a guide to the protectioll ofhistoric b"ildillKS, 2 edn. London

Titnber Research and Development Association

Wood Information Sheets 1 - 13: "Technology ojfireresiseing doorselS.

Wood Information Sheets 14 - 32: Fire resisting doorsetsby upgrading

Relevant legislation and regulations

Existing buildings arc required by various legislativeacts to make adequate provisions to ensure life safety inthe event of a fire. The appropriate legislation largelydepends on the nature and use of the building. Someof the major pieces of legislation affecting listedbuildings are as follows

Fire fucamions Act, 197J (as amended by lhe Fire SafetyGild Safety of Places of Sport Act, 1987)Building Act, 1984Bui/dillg Regulariolls, 1991Residelllial Homes Acz, 1984Cinemas ACl, 1985Thearres Act, 1968licensing Ace, 1964 (as amended by the Licl!1lsing Act, 1988)

Please note

Housing Acc, 1985London Bui/dillg Acts (Amelldmentj ACI, 1939 and olherrelevam Local Acts alld Bye·LawsHealth and Safety Act, 1974.Fire ?neautio"s (WfJrkplace) Regulations (forthcoming)Education Acz 1944.Education (School Premises) RegulariollS, 1981Local Govcmmelll (Miscellalteolls Provisions) Act, 1982Ancient Nlonumems altd Archaeological Areas Act, 1979Hanlting (Liszed Buildings and COltsertxltioll Area) Act, 1990

Also relevant are

(PPG 15) Planning altd lhe Historic EnvirolImem(PPG 16) Archaeology and Pla/lllillg

The information within this publication is based on our currentknowledge. Whilst every effort has been made to ensure the accuracy ofthe advice given, English Heritage does not accept liability for loss ordamage arising from the use of the information supplied. Thispublication is a guide. It has no statutory authority, and is not to be usedas a substitute for professional advice.

Acknowledgements

This publication was prepared by International Fire Consultants onbehalf of, and with, members of the Architectural Conservation Teamand the Fire Safety Adviser at English Heritage. Much of the preparatorywork was carried out by Warrington Fire Research Consultants on behalfof, and with, members of the Architectural Conservation Team atEnglish Heritage. Reference has been made to information from fire testscarried out by the Historic Royal Palaces Agency.

aENGLISH HERITAGE

Produced by English Heritage, 23 Savlle Row, umdoll IVIX lAB 0/71 9733434OEIIgiish Herirage /997 Product code XH20054 May 1997

36

timber panelled doors andfire

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